Methodology for conducting classes in educational institutions of primary and secondary professional legal education. To the question of the methodology of teaching legal disciplines The process and content of teaching law
LEGAL EDUCATION
O. A. Tarasenko*
MODERN METHODS OF TEACHING LEGAL DISCIPLINES
Annotation. This article discusses the current methods of teaching legal disciplines: passive, active and interactive; their distinction is made; the possibilities of conducting different types of classes in active and interactive forms, the formation of additional professional competencies (DPK) are discussed. An illustration of the application of a particular method is presented through the prism of the subjects of business and banking law, a generalization of methodological literature - on the basis of their approbation in the course of the author's pedagogical activity or his participation in the work of the Methodological Council.
Key words: master's degree, bachelor's degree, passive, active and interactive teaching methods, seminar-type classes, lecture-type classes; colloquium; case study, business game, role-playing game, training, master class, work in small groups.
001: 10.17803/1994-1471.2016.70.9.217-228
By order of the Ministry of Education and in the direction of "jurisprudence", the degree
research and implementation of the federal rules for the implementation of basic educational
state educational standard for undergraduate and graduate programs.
higher professional education according to the direction of
direction of training 030900 "jurisprudence - "jurisprudence", degree "bachelor", chief
dentia” (qualification (degree) “Bachelor”)
dentia”, “bachelor” degree) and an order from 14 specific disciplines in general should be
December 2010 No. 1763 “On the approval and introduction of the specific weight of classes conducted
bringing the federal state into action in active and interactive forms. Together
higher educational standard, this document establishes a mini-
professional education in the direction of a small share of such classes
training 030900 "jurisprudence" (qualification - "in the educational process they must
1 Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities. 2010. No. 26.
2 Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities. 2011. No. 14.
© Tarasenko O. A., 2016
* Tarasenko Olga Alexandrovna, Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Entrepreneurial and Corporate Law, Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSUA) [email protected]
123995, Russia, Moscow, st. Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 9
The programs of the basic disciplines of the professional cycle should include tasks that contribute to the development of competencies professional activity for which the graduate is preparing, to the extent that allows the formation of appropriate general cultural and professional competencies. As a guideline for such tasks, one can consider the norm of clause 7.3, which provides that active and interactive forms of conducting classes (computer simulations, business and role-playing games, analysis of specific situations, psychological and other trainings) in combination with extracurricular work with the purpose of formation and development of professional skills of students.
The training courses should include meetings with representatives of Russian and foreign companies, state and public organizations, master classes of experts and specialists.
The Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction of "jurisprudence", the degree of "Master" establishes that the main goal of the BEP of the magistracy, the peculiarity of the contingent of students and the content of specific disciplines should determine the proportion of classes conducted in interactive forms. In general, in the educational process, they should make up at least 30% of the classroom. As examples of active and interactive forms of conducting classes, the following are indicated: interactive seminars, discussions, computer simulations, business and role-playing games, analysis of specific situations, psychological and other trainings, group discussions, the results of the work of student research groups, university and interuniversity teleconferences, game litigation) combined with extracurricular work. Thus, one can see the difference in the requirements for the implementation of the competency-based approach between the two levels of education: the BEP of the bachelor's degree should include at least 20% of the classroom classes in active and interactive forms, and the BEP of the master's program - at least 30% and exclusively in the interactive form. In view of this, the list of possible options for tasks for the PEP
master's program has been expanded to include online seminars, discussions (including group discussions, the results of the work of student research groups, university and interuniversity teleconferences, and gaming trial). The similarity of the implementation of the competency-based approach for the analyzed levels of education is the need for meetings with representatives of Russian and foreign companies, state and public organizations, master classes of experts and specialists.
Active and interactive teaching methods are supposed to be used during classes, the types of which are listed in paragraph 53 of the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated December 19, 2013 No. 1367 “On Approval of the Procedure for Organizing and Implementing Educational Activities in Educational Programs of Higher Education - Bachelor’s Programs, Specialist’s Programs, master's programs"3. In accordance with this document, the following types of training sessions can be conducted on educational programs, including training sessions aimed at conducting ongoing monitoring of academic performance:
Lectures and other training sessions that provide for the primary transfer of educational information by the teacher to students (lecture-type classes);
Seminars, practical classes, workshops, laboratory work, colloquia and other similar classes (classes of a seminary type);
Course design (performing term papers);
Group consultations;
Individual consultations and other training sessions that provide for individual work of the teacher with the student (including practice management);
Independent work of students;
Other types of activities.
It should be noted that by the introduction of the above standards, the authors of the work programs of the bachelor's and master's academic disciplines somewhat distanced themselves from using the term "seminar" when conducting seminar-type classes; now in your
3 Russian newspaper. 2014. No. 56.
Most of the seminar-type classes are represented by “practical exercises”. However, since the content of these classes has remained the same (the teacher's coverage of certain issues of the topic, the classic survey), from a methodological point of view, it is incorrect to rename them into practical classes. In addition, there is no need for this, because, for example, the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction of "jurisprudence", the degree of "master", establishes that one of the main active forms of formation of professional competencies associated with the conduct of the type (s) of activity to which a master is being prepared, for the PEP of the master's program there is a seminar that lasts on a regular basis for at least two semesters, in which leading researchers and practitioners are involved, and which is the basis for adjusting the master's individual curricula. Given this, as well as the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction of "jurisprudence", the degree of "bachelor", the seminar can be the main active form of conducting classroom classes at both levels of education.
Quite often, such a type of seminar-type lesson as a colloquium does not quite fit correctly into the work programs of academic disciplines. Colloquium (from Latin colloquium - conversation, conversation) - a type of training session, primarily in universities, conducted to test and evaluate students' knowledge. This is a kind of oral exam. It can be conducted in the form of an individual conversation between a teacher and a student or as a mass survey. During a group discussion, students learn to express their point of view on a particular issue, to defend their opinion, applying the knowledge gained in the classroom on the subject.
When a subject is taught for 2-3 semesters, and there is only one final control, the colloquium plays the role of an intermediate exam. This is done in order to reduce the number of topics for preparing for the main exam. Usually the colloquium is scheduled for the last seminar-type session of the semester. The grade obtained in the colloquium affects the grade of the main exam.
A colloquium is also called a scientific meeting, the purpose of which is to listen and discuss a report, abstract, and the results of scientific conferences.
Thus, it can be concluded that such a type of seminar as a colloquium can be convenient for undergraduate and graduate disciplines during midterm control or discussion scientific works. It follows that the colloquium does not involve the traditional consideration of the topic, the analysis of specific situations, the solution of problems, business games etc.; this is what distinguishes it from seminars and workshops.
So, having decided on the minimum specific weight of classes in active and interactive forms for bachelor's PEP and interactive form for master's PEP, types of classroom classes, let's move on to considering the possibilities of using one or another teaching method in lecture and seminar classes.
To begin with, we will establish what is meant by the method of teaching. Teaching method (from other Greek Ts£0o6oq - path) - the process of interaction between teachers and students, as a result of which the transfer and assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities provided for by the content of training occurs. Teaching methods can be divided into three general groups:
1) passive method;
2) active method;
3) interactive method.
Each of these methods has its own characteristics. The passive method is a form of interaction between students and the teacher, in which the teacher is the main character and manager of the lesson, and students act as passive listeners, subject to the teacher's directives. Communication between the teacher and students in passive lessons is carried out through surveys, independent, control works, tests, presentations, essays, etc. From the point of view of modern pedagogical technologies and the effectiveness of students' assimilation of educational material, the passive method is considered the most inefficient, but despite this, it also has some advantages. This is a relatively easy preparation for the lesson on the part of the teacher and the opportunity to present a relatively large amount of educational material in the limited time frame of the lesson. Given these advantages, many teachers prefer the passive method to others.
methods. It must be said that in some cases this approach works successfully in the hands of an experienced teacher, especially if the students have clear goals aimed at a thorough study of the subject.
An active method should be understood as a form of interaction between students and a teacher, in which the teacher and students interact with each other during the lesson.
The interactive method is focused on a wider interaction of students not only with the teacher, but also with each other and on the dominance of the activity of students in the learning process.
The place of the teacher in interactive classes is reduced to the direction of students' activities to achieve the goals of the lesson. The teacher also develops a lesson plan (usually these are interactive tasks during which students study the material). Therefore, the main components of interactive classes are interactive tasks that are performed by students. An important difference between interactive tasks and ordinary tasks is that by completing them, students not only and not so much reinforce the already studied material, but learn new ones4.
Let us now consider in what type of classes one or another method can be successfully applied5.
The most common type of occupation in the passive form is a lecture. This type is widespread in universities, where adults study, fully formed people with clear goals to deeply study the subject. In addition, the passive teaching method is also used during seminars, when the current form of control is the classical survey and the teacher continues to illuminate the complex aspects of the topic in the development of the lecture.
If we proceed from the requirements of the standards, then using the passive method, it is possible to conduct lecture-type classes in the academic disciplines of the magistracy and to a greater extent use this method (including its use in the classes of seven
Nar type) when teaching undergraduate disciplines. However, taking into account the need to implement the competency-based approach, it seems reasonable to make some modification, modernization of the passive method. For example, in seminar-type classes, it is possible to reduce the number of theoretical questions and replace them with practical tasks and tasks (for example, on the question “Legal status of an individual entrepreneur”, formulate the task as “Consulting a client about the pros and cons of this form of entrepreneurial activity compared to a legal entity »); replace mandatory test papers with essays and abstracts of choice and increase the use of demonstration in the submission of material and control of training (for example, ask students to schematically represent the content of laws, regulations, the mechanism for carrying out activities, etc.).
Using the active method, it is possible to conduct the vast majority of lectures and seminars.
Although, as noted earlier, the lecture tends to use the passive teaching method (and it is allowed by the standards). In some cases, the passive transfer of material can be transformed into a lecture-conversation, a lecture-discussion, a lecture using feedback, a problematic lecture5 and this type of lesson can be conducted in an active form. The lecture model using the active teaching method assumes:
Providing students with a presentation and handouts in advance of the lecture with the obligation to study them beforehand;
The expediency of starting a lecture with a dialogue (to identify existing knowledge and determine the level of preparation of the audience);
Statement during lectures of questions that provoke objections of students;
Use of audiovisual materials (presentations, videos, references to relevant Internet portals);
4 URL: wikipedia.org (date of access: 06.02.2016).
5 Androvnova T. A., Tarasenko O. A. Active and interactive forms of conducting classes for bachelors and masters // Legal education and science. 2013. No. 2.
Disclosure of material in mandatory connection with practical matters;
Taking time to answer questions discussed during lectures, sudden discussions;
Completing a single question with a task or little test for the purpose of immediate application of knowledge;
Generalization by students of lecture material (as feedback). It is difficult to use the interactive method during lecture-type classes, since it involves business communication between students. At the same time, the use of TCO and presentations does not give sufficient reason to talk about changing the method of conducting a lesson, since students continue to remain exclusively recipients of knowledge.
Next, we will consider in detail specific examples of active and interactive forms of conducting seminar-type classes. Let us make a remark that educational standards, indicating that active and interactive forms of conducting classes should be widely used in the educational process, name some of them. At the same time, it remains unclear which of them are active forms of conducting classes, and which are interactive (since they are presented in a general list). Having indicated above what is the difference between the active and interactive methods, we will try to isolate their varieties. However, it should be noted first that the legislator, most likely, deliberately did not distinguish between exemplary forms and methods of training, since, for example, brainstorming, training, case studies can be carried out using both active and interactive teaching methods.
Using the active method, you can conduct most seminar-type classes - seminars, practical classes, colloquia. Seminar-type classes using an active teaching method are aimed at developing students' independent thinking and the ability to competently solve non-standard professional tasks. To the types of active forms of conducting classes
seminar type can be attributed to dialogue, discussion, training, case study.
Dialogue - a conversation between a teacher and one or more students, consisting of an exchange of remarks. Dialogic unity is ensured by the connection of various kinds of replicas (formulas of speech etiquette, question-answer, addition, narration, distribution, agreement-disagreement). There are three main types of interaction between the participants in the dialogue: dependence, cooperation and equality. The dependence of students, as participants in the dialogue, on the teacher lies in their need to answer the questions they initiate. The dialogue on the type of cooperation involves the resolution of a certain problem by the joint efforts of students and the teacher. If the teacher and students are having a conversation not aimed at achieving any result, this is a dialogue-equality. Dialogue is considered as a primary, natural form of verbal communication, therefore, even in scientific speech, the deployment of a dialogue occurs spontaneously, because in the vast majority of cases, students' responses are unknown or unpredictable. The use of dialogue in seminar-type classes is valuable as an opportunity for students to improve their communicative and speech strategy; level the features of colloquial speech, the habit of speaking in incomplete structures6. The speech of university professors is distinguished by logic and harmony of presentation, a large vocabulary and is a kind of model for participating in a scientific conversation.
Debate is the exchange of conflicting arguments between two or more interlocutors. Participation in a discussion presupposes the existence of a common way of thinking, thanks to which an argument is possible. Thus, the discussion resembles a dialogue, moreover, sometimes both of these concepts are used as synonymous. If you still try to distinguish between them, then it is reasonable to rely on the etymology, which in the word "discussion" emphasizes the idea of \u200b\u200bcollision (discutere in Latin means "to break"). So, dialogue is an exchange of opinions, ideas or arguments, a discussion
6 URL: http://www.bibliotekar.ru/russkiy-yazyk/20.htm (date of access: 06.02.2016).
this is the clash of ideas and arguments7. Discussion is one of the most important forms of communication, a method of solving problems and a unique way of learning. Debate is useful in that it reduces the moment of subjectivity while providing general support for the beliefs of an individual student or group of students. Discussions are usually opposed to polemics, the purpose of which is to assert certain values using correct methods. In controversy, but not in discussion, one can speak of the victory of one of the disputing parties. When the truth is revealed as a result of a discussion, it becomes the property of both disputing parties, and the victory of one of them has a purely psychological character.
Training (English training, from train - to teach, educate) - a method of active learning aimed at developing knowledge, skills, abilities and social attitudes.
The advantage of the training is that it ensures the active involvement of all participants in the learning process.
Most of the trainings are aimed at the formation and development of a certain skill, for example, news training, self-presentation training, etc.
When starting a new curriculum(project);
When you need to pause and switch students' attention from one question to another;
At the end of the lesson, when the students are tired. When teaching legal disciplines
cross-cutting training is possible, stimulating, first of all, the formation of a stable habit among students to follow changes in the current legislation, using only relevant legal material (subscribing to the mailing lists of the Consultant-Plus ATP or the GARANT EPS system). Eg,
students are invited in turn to do a brief weekly review of changes in banking legislation. Through this training, students can develop additional professional competence - the ability to monitor regulatory legal information used in business activities and make changes to it, taking into account the requirements of the law.
Case study is an improved method of analyzing specific situations based on learning by solving specific problems - situations (case solving). Cases are divided into practical (reflecting real life situations), educational (artificially created, containing a significant element of conventionality when reflecting life in it) and research (focused on conducting research activities through the use of the modeling method).
The method of specific situations (case-study method) refers to simulation methods of teaching. When studying specific situations, the student must understand the situation, assess the situation, determine whether there is a problem in it and what is its essence, determine their role in solving the problem and develop an appropriate course of action9.
A case study can have several levels of complexity, which is clearly manifested when taking judicial practice materials as its basis. It is advisable to start its implementation already in the first years of study by setting students such a task as “illustrating the topic with the brightest court case”. Students gain skills in searching, selecting, graphic and oral demonstration of judicial practice. The absence of this skill is often found in course projects, final qualifying works, where examples of judicial practice are “far-fetched”, they are not the essence of the decision, but its complete copying.
Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville // URL: http://philosophy_sponville.academic.ru (Accessed: 06.02.2016) .
Philosophy: encyclopedic dictionary / ed. A.A. Ivin. M. : Gardariki, 2004.
An interesting case-study in an interactive form is proposed in the article: Shevchenko O. M. Formation of general cultural and professional competencies of students in teaching entrepreneurial law: issues of teaching methodology // Legal Education and Science. 2011. No. 2.
In the future, it is advisable to increase the level of complexity of the case study, gradually supplementing the practical exercises:
Analysis of the decision of the highest court in the relevant profile;
Solution of a practical incident;
Revealing the lack of uniformity of judicial practice and formulating proposals for its improvement or amendments to the current legislation.
Brainstorming is one of the most effective methods for stimulating creativity. This method can be applied in any group of students, both with a large number of students and not. The essence of the method is that the teacher at the beginning of working with students forms a problem (task), and then asks them a series of questions and receives answers to them, thereby revealing the level of awareness of the group in a particular issue. During the lesson, students form options for solving the problem. At the end of the lesson (part of the lesson), all the proposed ways to solve the problem are discussed and the most valuable ideas are noted. An example of a brainstorming task might be as follows: “There is an internal contradiction in the term "non-banking credit organization". What alternatives can you suggest to replace it?
Since the interactive method is based on direct contact between students and the teacher, it is advisable to conduct practical exercises with its help. Classes can be held in the form of discussions, business and role-playing games, brainstorming, pedagogical trainings, work in small groups, game litigation, master classes of specialists in order to form and develop the professional skills of students.
Conducting practical classes in an interactive form has one feature: replacement of theoretical questions and discussion of doctrinal approaches with practical tasks, creative tasks or resolution of incidents. Students are involved in the learning process by setting (simulating) specific practical tasks-questions with their subsequent resolution.
Therefore, interactive learning is primarily collaborative learning. All participants in the educational process (teacher, students) interact with each other, exchange information, jointly solve problems, simulate situations. Moreover, this happens in an atmosphere of goodwill and mutual support, which allows not only to receive new knowledge, but also develops cognitive activity itself.
Interactive learning is a special method of organizing cognitive activity. He has in mind very specific and predictable goals:
Improving the efficiency of the educational process, achieving high results;
Strengthening motivation to study the discipline;
Formation and development of professional skills of students;
Formation of communication skills;
Development of skills of analysis and reflective manifestations;
Development of skills in mastering modern technical means and technologies for the perception and processing of information. Let us consider some interactive forms of seminar-type classes, which, in our opinion, should be actively used in the educational process.
The use of business games contributes to the development of critical thinking skills, communication skills, problem solving skills, and the processing of various behaviors in problem situations.
Conducting a business game usually consists of the following parts:
Instructing the teacher about the game (goal, content, end result, formation of game teams and distribution of roles);
Studying documentation by students (script, rules, step-by-step tasks), distribution of roles within the subgroup;
The game itself (studying the situation, discussion, decision making, design);
Public defense of proposed solutions;
Determining the winners of the game;
Summing up and analysis of the game by the teacher.
As an example, we can cite a business game for the practical lesson “Bank accounts of legal entities”: “Card with sample signatures and seal imprints”. A business game is held during a practical lesson with the involvement of all those present. As part of the preparation for the business game, trainees should study Appendixes No. 1 and 2 to Instruction No. 153-I dated May 30, 2014 of the Bank of Russia “On opening and closing bank accounts, deposits (deposits), deposit accounts”10 and instructions of the Bank of Russia dated December 5, 2013 No. 147-I “On the procedure for conducting inspections of credit institutions (their branches) by authorized representatives of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)”11.
During the business game, students are divided into 3 groups. The first group fills out signature and seal sample cards on behalf of a specific legal entity or individual entrepreneur. Beforehand, the teacher distributes to students copies of bank cards of the operating bank and certificates of registration in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities (the more certificates of registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are available, the higher the degree of individualization of the task). The goal of the group is to accurately fill out the signature and seal sample card. The second group is bank employees authorized to draw up a card with samples of signatures and seal imprints. Their goal: to resolve the issue of the possibility of accepting a card with samples of signatures and a seal imprint and issue it in established by the Instruction 153-I'm fine. The last group of students are authorized representatives
Bank of Russia assessing compliance credit institution legislation of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts of the Bank of Russia. Conducting a business game allows students to master the skills of filling out a signature card and a seal imprint - a strictly formalized document required to open a bank account; the skills of a banking lawyer, an employee of the Bank of Russia.
Since the business game is similar to training, it becomes necessary to indicate some of them. features. For clarity, we present them in the form of a table.
Role play is a structured learning situation in which students temporarily assume certain social roles and demonstrate behavior patterns that (in their opinion) correspond to these roles. In the game, with the help of symbolic means (speech, table, document, etc.), the subject and social content of professional activity is recreated, the behavior of the game participants is imitated according to the given rules, reflecting the conditions and dynamics of the real production environment. A methodically correctly constructed game serves effective tool learning decision-making technology.
The main components of the game are the scenario, game environment, regulations. The script includes a feature game situation, the rules of the game and a description of the working environment. The behavior of the participants is the main instrument of the game. The correct choice of the time mode of the game, the recreation of the real situation are very important. The rules of the game determine the order of topics or
Business game Training
Develops a set of skills Used to train a specific skill
Assumes the distribution of roles Everyone is trained to perform the same function
The problematic content is expressed: competition, conflict of interest, winners and losers Competitiveness only in the degree of mastering the skill
Based on interaction, communication Can be carried out individually
10 Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. 2014. No. 60.
11 Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. 2014. No. 23-24.
documents, general requirements for the mode of its implementation and guidance materials12. At the same time, the main emphasis in the role-playing game is on the form, and not on the content of the activity. Looking at the very definition of a role-playing game, one can single out its key difference from a business one: in the first, it is most important to adhere to a certain course of action, playing a role without going beyond it, and in the second, the main thing is to develop a solution (or several alternative solutions) that allows you to resolve a given at the initial moment of the game the situation in the most favorable way13. The development of a role-playing game is a laborious and complex process, not every teacher can do it, and therefore, in the early stages of teaching, you can use the achievements of other authors.
Small group work is one of the most popular strategies, as it gives all students (including shy ones) to practice the skills of cooperation, interpersonal communication, in particular, the ability to actively listen, develop a common opinion, and resolve differences that arise. All this is often impossible in a large team. Small group work is an integral part of many active methods, for example, such as debates, case studies, almost all types of role-playing games, litigation, etc. For example, on the topic “Technical regulation”, the following task can be offered for work in small groups: to the range of new juice products. “Visual material” (the teacher can bring the actual packaging of juice to the classroom on his own or ask students to do it).
Note that working in small groups requires a lot of time, this strategy should not be abused. Experienced methodologists recommend forming groups with a heterogeneous composition of students, including strong, average and weak students, boys and girls.
shek, representatives of different cultures, social strata etc. In such groups, creative thinking is stimulated, an intensive exchange of ideas is stimulated, and more constructive relationships are built between the participants. It is desirable to distribute the roles within the group based on the educational opportunities and preferences of students. Usually the following roles within groups are offered to be performed: facilitator (organizer of the group's activities); registrar (records the results of work); speaker (reports the results of the work); journalist (asks clarifying questions, both to the group itself and to participants in other groups during further discussion of the results). The distribution of roles allows each member of the group to actively participate in the work. Let us note that when offering work in small groups, the teacher should not withdraw himself and expect that students will be able to do the task well without his help. It requires constantly walking around the classroom, helping students solve problems that arise in the group and be aware of what skills are required to work in a small group.
When preparing an assignment for small group work, consider the expected learning outcomes of each group, as well as the overall outcome of the audience. Usually, after the work in groups is completed, the speakers are given the floor to report the results of the assignment. The use of posters, tables, presentations is encouraged.
Pedagogical training. Do not forget that masters and bachelors in the direction of preparation of jurisprudence are preparing for such a type of professional activity as pedagogy. For example, a master should have the following professional competencies in teaching: the ability to teach legal disciplines at a high theoretical and methodological level; the ability to manage the independent work of students; be able to
12 Kulenko T. N. Application of interactive methods of teaching entrepreneurial law // Entrepreneurial law and methods of its teaching: materials of the international. scientific-practical. conferences. Moscow: Jurisprudence. 2008. S. 73-75.
13 Popov E. B., Babushkin S.S. From “games in general” to interdisciplinary business games // International electronic journal: sustainable development, science and practice. 2014. Issue. 2 (13). Art. 14.
organize and conduct pedagogical research; effective legal education. To form and develop these abilities in a student is the task of the teacher. An effective way in their formation, in our opinion, is the opportunity to allow bachelors and masters to conduct a certain part of the practical lesson (seminar) or the entire lesson. Students can be entrusted with developing a lesson plan, questions and cases to be researched, picking up literature, relevant examples of practice. The student should try to independently conduct the lesson, answer questions, maintain discipline. The value of such training lies not only in the formation of pedagogical skills, but also in a high degree of training of the student on the chosen issue.
At the master class, a conceptually new author's system, know-how is transferred. Master classes contribute to the student's personal orientation, his professional, intellectual and aesthetic education. In the context of a master class, professional excellence means, first of all, the ability to quickly and efficiently solve an educational problem in the practical field of the chosen subject. The master class solves the following tasks:
Teaching the student the basics of professional attitude to the chosen specialty;
Professional language training;
Transfer of productive ways of working (reception, method or technology);
An example of an adequate form and way of presenting one's experience.
The methodology for conducting master classes does not have strict standards, however, like all other interactive methods, it requires preliminary preparation (generating an idea, developing a plan, searching for the personality of a master, immersing students in a topic (you can first conduct a classic seminar on this topic), master -class, instant application of knowledge (optional), reflection An example of a master class by the chairman of the board
CB "Maxima" on the topic "Bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses" is disclosed in the monograph "Small and medium-sized businesses: legal support"14
As for computer simulations, which are simulations of a learning situation and its sequential playback with the aim of solving it on a computer, their use in legal education is rare. The disadvantage of this method is the need to involve IT specialists in the development of programs. But this method also has huge advantages. Computer simulations represent some part of the surrounding reality, they allow you to study those aspects of it that cannot be studied in another way for reasons of safety, ethics, high cost, necessary technical support or the scale of the phenomenon under study. Simulations help visualize abstract concepts.
Computer simulation as an interactive form of learning has the following capabilities:
Creates an image of the real attributes of the activity;
Acts as a virtual analogue of real interaction;
Creates conditions for replacing the real performance of social or professional roles;
It is a form of monitoring the effectiveness of vocational training.
When using a computer in a training session, the need to motivate students for a learning goal disappears, they are happy to get involved in the work, independently try to understand the proposed task, all its features and get to the very essence15. As an example of the use of computer simulation as a form of control, the well-known theoretical exam in the traffic police can serve as an example.
In conclusion, we note that the teacher can also stimulate extracurricular independent work in active and interactive
14 Small and medium business: legal support: monograph / [I. V. Ershova, L. V. Andreeva, A. G. Bobkov and others]; resp. ed. I. V. Ershova. M. : Jurisprudence, 2014. S. 182-186.
15 URL: ec.dstu.edu.ru/site/ci/documents/downloadFile/2648542 (accessed 02/06/2016).
different forms, examples of which can be work in small groups on a creative project, preparation of binary reports, translations of foreign legal literature. By
academic disciplines that require a large number of hours, the independent work of students can be reflected in the portfolio.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 . Androvnova T. A., Tarasenko O. A. Active and interactive forms of conducting classes for bachelors and masters // Legal education and science. - 2013. - № 2. 2. Small and medium business: legal support: monograph / [I. V. Ershova, L. V. Andreeva, A. G. Bobkov and others]; resp. ed. I. V. Ershova. - M.: Jurisprudence, 2014. - S. 182-186.
3 . Kulenko T. N. Application of interactive methods of teaching business law //
Entrepreneurial law and methods of its teaching: materials of the international scientific-practical conference. - M., Jurisprudence, 2008. - S. 73-75.
4 . Popov E. B., Babushkin S. S. From the “game in general” to the interdisciplinary business game // International
new electronic journal: sustainable development, science and practice. - 2014. - Issue. 2 (13). - Art. 14.
5 . Shevchenko O. M. Formation of general cultural and professional competencies of students in
teaching entrepreneurial law: issues of teaching methodology // Legal education and science. - 2011. - № 2. 6. Philosophy: encyclopedic dictionary / ed. A. A. Ivina. - M.: Gardariki, 2004.
CURRENT METHODS OF TEACHING COURSES IN LAW
TARASENKO Olga Aleksandrovna - Doctor of Law, Professor at the Department of Company and Corporate Law, Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) olg [email protected] 123995, Russia, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street, 9
review. The article discusses current methods for teaching courses in law: passive, active and interactive; the distinction between them; the possibility of delivering different types of classes in the active and interactive forms, the formation of additional professional competencies (DPK). Illustration of application of different methods is given through the prism of courses in company and banking law, review of literature on methodology, which is based on their testing during the pedagogical activity of the author or her participation in the work of the Methodical Council.
Keywords: Master, Bachelor, passive, active and interactive method of teaching, seminar-type classes, lecture type classes; oral examination, case study, business game, role-play, training, workshop, small groups work.
REFERENCES (TRANSLITERATION)
1 . Androvnova T. A., Tarasenko O. A.
magistrov // Juridicheskoe obrazovanie i nauka. - 2013. - No. 2. 2. Maloe i srednee predprinimatel "stvo: pravovoe obespechenie: monografija /; otv. red. I. V. Ershova. - M.: Jurisprudencija, 2014. - S. 182-186. 3. Kulenko T. N. Primenenie interaktivnyh metodov prepodavanija predprinimatel "skogo prava // Predprinimatel"skoe pravo i metodika ego prepodavanija: materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. - M., Jurisprudencija, 2008. - S. 73-75.
4 . Popov E. B., Babushkin S. S. Ot «igry voobshhe» k mezhdisciplinarnoj delovoj igre // Mezhdunarodnyj
jelektronnyj zhurnal: ustojchivoe razvitie, nauka i praktika. - 2014. - Vyp. 2 (13). -St. 14.
5 . Shevchenko O. M. Formirovanie obshhekul "turnyh i professional" nyh kompetencij studentsov pri obuchenii
predprinimatel "skomu pravu: voprosy metodiki prepodavanija // Juridicheskoe obrazovanie i nauka. - 2011. - No. 2.
6. Filosofija: jenciklopedicheskij slovar" / pod red. A. A. Ivina. - M. : Gardariki, 2004.
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Recently, there has been a trend of in-depth development of legal education, there are significant changes in pedagogy and methods of teaching legal disciplines. This is due to the increasing spread of humanistic values in society, increased attention to improving the methodology of education, which would reflect the level of understanding of the scientific and social nature of the surrounding world and was of decisive importance for improving the effectiveness of teaching the academic discipline.
A scientifically based high-quality methodology for teaching legal disciplines, being a necessary component of modern education, is of great importance. It should be aimed at improving the quality of educational activities, the level of professional training of students, increasing their interest in the acquired profession.
Among the most significant components of the methodology of teaching legal disciplines are: rationalization of the subject, setting goals and objectives of teaching; structuring the subject; determination of teaching methods and techniques; definition and use of assessment tools; planning of educational activities.
Teaching method- this is the process of interaction between the teacher and students, as a result of which the transfer and assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities provided for by the content of training occurs. In modern pedagogy, there are many classifications of teaching methods, but in one of the most relevant, all methods are typified into passive or traditional, active and interactive. The basis for this classification is the level of student involvement in learning activities, which is one of the main criteria for the effectiveness of education.
Consider these teaching methods and the features of their application in the teaching of legal disciplines.
Traditional Methods(lecture, demonstration, illustration, explanation, story, etc.) imply a one-sided influence of the teacher on the student, the students are passive participants or objects of the educational process. The essence of the traditional organization of the educational process is the transmission of information by the teacher and its subsequent reproduction by students. The student is in a situation where he only reads, hears, speaks about certain areas of knowledge, taking only the position of the perceiver. With the help of passive methods, a significant amount of educational information can be transmitted in a short time period; they help the teacher control the volume and depth of study of educational material, the learning process, and the results of educational activities.
The most common method in pedagogical practice in general and in the teaching of legal disciplines in particular is a lecture. The following types of lectures are distinguished: introductory, current, review, generalizing; illustrative and problematic, etc.
Explanation - a verbal interpretation of the essential properties of the educational material. The explanation is intended to prepare students for educational activities, familiarize themselves with new educational material, systematize and consolidate educational material.
Story - oral narrative presentation of educational material.
It is characteristic that a one-way form of communication is present not only in lectures, but also in seminars. The only difference is that not the teacher, but the student broadcasts some information. These can be answers to questions posed by the teacher before the seminar, abstracts, reproduction of lecture material. It should be noted that this form of teaching only to a small extent corresponds to the principles of the competence-based approach.
Using active learning methods(dialogue, conversation, etc.), the centric influence of the teacher on the audience is weakened, their interaction appears. Conversation is a teaching method in which the teacher, by posing a well-thought-out system of questions, organizes the effective development of new educational material by students, consolidation or verification of previously mastered knowledge. Teacher-to-student and student-to-teacher and student-to-student questions are one of the most common teaching methods. In modern legal education Special attention focuses on social problems, debatable issues, conflicts of values and ways to make informed, responsible decisions.
Consideration of complex controversial social issues is one of the main methods of legal education, since law and politics are most clearly manifested and reveal their purpose precisely in problem situations. Discussion helps students to discover such problems - sore points of society, understand them and the different points of view that exist in connection with these problems, form their own position, explore it, make a balanced and responsible decision about the problem and act in the chosen direction.
A discussion involves the discussion of an issue or a group of related issues by competent persons with the intention of reaching a mutually acceptable solution. A discussion is a kind of dispute, close to a polemic, and is a series of statements that are made in turn by the participants. The result of the discussion is an objective judgment supported by all the participants in the discussion or by their majority. Discussion, like debate, is an effective and objective way of communicative, intellectual and social exploration of complex controversial issues.
Interactive learning- this is a way of learning in the form of joint activity of students, in which all participants interact with each other, exchange information, jointly solve problems, model situations, evaluate the actions of others and their own behavior, immerse themselves in a real atmosphere of business cooperation to resolve a specific problem.
The introduction of the Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education (FSES HPE) on the basis of a competency-based approach has actualized the importance of applying educational technologies and interactive methods in the learning process.
In the 80s of the XX century. The National Training Center (USA, Maryland) conducted a study, as a result of which teaching methods were ranked based on the level of assimilation of educational material. The learning pyramid looks like this:
Thus, as can be seen from the table, passive methods have the lowest percentage of assimilation of educational material, while active and interactive methods have the highest.
The use of interactive forms and teaching methods in the process of studying at a university will allow the student to gain experience in mastering the content of future professional activity in conjunction with practice, developing communication and interaction skills in a small group, encouraging a flexible change of social roles depending on the situation, developing analysis and introspection skills in the process of group reflection, the development of the ability to resolve conflicts, the ability to compromise.
Consider the main interactive teaching methods, the use of which is most appropriate in the teaching of legal disciplines.
In legal education, one of the common interactive methods is modeling, which is the construction and study of models of real-life objects, processes or phenomena in order to obtain explanations for these phenomena. The purpose of this method is to effectively solve problem situations.
Education experts point out great importance games as a learning tool. Educational games are characterized by a clearly defined learning goal and a corresponding pedagogical result. An educational game as a teaching method has the following advantages: the game arouses interest and motivates learning activities, learning acquires a practical orientation, the game connects learning activities with real life problems, develops intellectual, communicative and Creative skills learners develop problem-solving and decision-making skills. There are a large number of classifications of educational games. In legal education, such types as plot, role-playing, business, simulation, didactic or educational games are most often used.
business game is one of the most common methods of legal education. A business game is an imitation of a specific situation, real conditions. The goal is the formation of professional competencies in conditions of imitation of real conditions, while working out specific specific operations; modeling an appropriate workflow; making and learning to make decisions in the legal field of activity.
Role-playing game how teaching method aims to solve a problem through research various ways behavior in specific situations. Students get used to the roles of other people and act within their framework. In a role-play, students are given usually unfinished situations and they must make a specific decision, resolve the conflict or complete the proposed situation.
Didactic games, intellectual or cognitive games have fixed rules. In didactic games, the task of students is to mobilize existing knowledge and quickly make a decision, show resourcefulness and, as a result, win the competition.
Moot court or the summary trial method allows students to act out a trial for educational purposes. Litigation modeling has recently become very popular both at school and at the university. The main educational goals of the use of the mock trial in the classroom are: getting students an idea about the purpose of the trial; understanding the fundamentals of the legal mechanism by which society resolves most conflicts; development of collectivism among students, the ability to work in a team; Moot court allows students to better understand the roles of individual participants in a trial and other goals. The moot court can be based on real cases and reproduce well-known lawsuits, as well as fictional ones. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the procedure chosen for modeling the mock court, as this significantly improves the quality of the trial and helps to realize its social significance.
brainstorming, brainstorming- this is a method in which any student's answer to a given problematic question is accepted. This is an effective method used when it is necessary to discuss controversial issues, collect a large number of ideas in a short period of time, ascertain the knowledge or preparedness of the audience. During brainstorming, participants freely exchange ideas as they arise, so that everyone can build on other people's ideas.
POPS formula used in the organization of disputes, discussions. Its essence is as follows. The student says:
P- position (explains what his point of view is);
ABOUT- substantiation (does not just explain the position, but also proves it);
P- an example (when explaining the essence of his position, he uses specific examples);
WITH- consequence (makes a conclusion as a result of discussion of a certain problem).
The POPS formula can be used for a survey on a topic covered, when consolidating the studied material, and checking homework.
Case method (analysis of specific situations). The case study method has about 30 modifications, one of which is the case-study method. This is a teaching technique that uses the description of real situations. Students are asked to analyze the situation, understand the essence of the problems, propose possible solutions and choose the best one. The case method is characterized by the activation of students, stimulating their success, emphasizing the achievements of the participants. It is the feeling of success that is one of the main driving forces of the method, it contributes to the formation of stable positive motivation and the growth of cognitive activity.
training- this is the process of obtaining skills and abilities in any area through the performance of sequential tasks, actions aimed at achieving the achievement and development of the required skill.
One of the most important tasks of legal education is skill work with printed, audiovisual and visual materials related to jurisprudence, as well as conduct legal correspondence. Printed, audiovisual and visual materials are an important alternative source of knowledge that complements educational literature. They help motivate, stimulate, intensify learning activities; increase the intensity of the learning process, activating previously acquired knowledge; deepen and expand the process of cognition; develop critical, analytical thinking, observation.
Effective use legal correspondence is a high indicator of legal literacy of students. Legal correspondence is a form of written activity of citizens that contributes to the development of the legal space in society and is a necessary part of everyday practice, which, with the competent use of legal means, is aimed at regulating state, public and personal political, economic and cultural relations.
Legislative educational activity is aimed at establishing and developing legal relations and creating a legal space both in the classroom and outside it. In the process of legislative educational activities, students receive the necessary legal and civil knowledge, skills and abilities.
So, interactive methods allow you to create a learning environment in which theory and practice are learned simultaneously, and this enables students to develop a legal worldview, logical thinking, and competent speech; form critical thinking; identify and realize individual opportunities. At the same time, the educational process is organized in such a way that students look for a connection between new and already acquired knowledge, make alternative decisions, form their own ideas and thoughts with the help of various means learn to cooperate.
Literature
1. Toolkit for trainers in teacher training / Ed. B. Chorak, G. Schwartz. Open Society Institute, Network Program Street Law, Inc., 2010.
2. Kropaneva E.M. Theory and methods of teaching law. Tutorial. Yekaterinburg, 2010. - 167 p.
Jurisprudence in the system of liberal education. The question of the relationship between legal science and other humanities. Complexity in the study of general theoretical and branch legal disciplines. The value of inter- and intrasubject communications.
Topic 3. The concept and types of forms of teaching jurisprudence.
The general concept of teaching methods. Types, forms and methods of teaching jurisprudence. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative forms of teaching. Advantages and prospects of an integrative form of teaching jurisprudence.
Topic 4. The specifics of jurisprudence as an applied discipline.
Practical orientation of legal education. The use of official acts in the study of law. The ratio of dogmatic (theoretical) and practical (visual) material in the process of teaching jurisprudence.
The lecture is the main link of the didactic learning cycle. Functions of lectures. Classification of lectures according to goals and forms. Advantages of lecture-dialogue. Seminars and practical classes. Types of seminars. The structure of practical classes. Criteria for evaluating lectures and seminars.
Topic 6. Game forms of teaching legal disciplines
The role of examples of legal practice and business games (solving incidents (tasks), legal dispute, litigation, registration, paperwork, etc.) in the process of studying law. Methodology for compiling tests in jurisprudence and holding Olympiads in law.
Topics of seminars and practical classes
Topic 2. The originality of jurisprudence as a subject of teaching.
1. Jurisprudence in the system of liberal education.
2. The ratio of legal science and other humanities.
3. Complexity in the study of general theoretical and branch legal disciplines.
4. The value of inter- and intrasubject communications.
Topic 3. The concept and types of forms of teaching jurisprudence.
1. The general concept of teaching methods.
2. Types, forms and methods of teaching law.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative forms of teaching.
4. Advantages and prospects of an integrative form of teaching jurisprudence.
Topic 5. Methods of preparing and conducting lectures and seminars.
1. The concept and history of the development of lectures as a form of teaching.
2. Classification of lectures according to goals and forms.
3. Concepts and advantages of lecture-dialogue.
4. The concept of seminary and practical classes. Types of seminars.
5. The structure of practical classes.
6. Criteria for evaluating lectures and seminars.
Topic 6. Game and other forms of teaching legal disciplines
1. Concept and types game forms teaching.
2. The role of examples of legal practice and business games.
3. The solution of incidents (tasks) as a method of teaching law.
4. Legal dispute, litigation, registration, paperwork, etc.) in the process of studying law.
5. Methodology for compiling tests in jurisprudence and holding Olympiads in law.
Literature for all topics of the discipline
Acts and documents
1. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated December 14, 2010 No. 1763 “On approval and implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the field of study 0030900 “Jurisprudence”.
2. Federal target program for the development of education for 2006-2010. // Legal education and science, 2006, No. 1.
3. Order of the rector of the Altai State University dated 07.05. 2009 No. 43/p. "Methodological recommendations for expert assessment of the quality of training sessions." Recommended by NMS Alt.GU dated 04.03.2009.
Main
1. Perevalov, V.D. Theory of state and law / V.D. Perevalov / M. -2010.
2. Ryzhov V. N. Didactics. Textbook - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012.
3. History of political and legal doctrines: textbook. for universities / Moscow State Law Academy; under total ed. O. V. Martyshina. – M.: NORMA, 2010. – 912 p.
Additional
1. Sinyukov V.N., Sunyukova T.V. On the development of university and applied education in Russia // State and Law, 2010, No. 3. pp.33-42.
2. Enikeev Z.D. Landmarks for the development of legal education in modern Russia// State and Law, 2010. S. 23-33.
3. Kenenova I. Methodology and methods of teaching the constitutional law of foreign countries / I. Kenenova // Comparative constitutional review.-2009. - N 6.-S. 66-71.
4. Kruglova N.V. Psychological preparation of law students for the professional activity of an investigator / NV Krugova // Secondary vocational education.-2010. - N 4.-S. 19-20.
5. Tomsinov V.A. Legal education and jurisprudence in Russia in the 60-70s of the XIX century: article six / V. A. Tomsinov // Legislation.-2010. - N 10.-S. 88-94.
6. Akhundova S.L. Interdisciplinary connections as a means of implementing the integrative possibilities of the subject "Knowledge of the World" / Akhundova S. L. // Actual problems of modern science.-2009. - N 2.-S. 52-56.
7. Urumov A.V. Didactic principles of teaching the discipline "Theory of State and Law" / Urumov A. V. // Legal Education and Science.-2010. - N 3.-S. 25-29.
Sample questions to prepare for the test
1. The history of the origin and development of legal education abroad and in Russia.
2. The current state of domestic legal education.
3. Jurisprudence in the system of liberal education.
4. The ratio of legal science and other humanities.
5. Complexity in the study of general theoretical and branch legal disciplines
6. The concept and meaning of inter- and intra-subject communications.
7. The general concept of teaching methods.
8. Types, forms and methods of teaching law.
9. The concept of traditional and innovative forms of teaching.
10. The concept and types of lectures.
11. The concept of types of seminars.
12. Criteria for evaluating lectures and seminars.
13. The concept and types of gaming forms of teaching.
14. The role of examples of legal practice and business games in teaching law.
15. The solution of incidents (tasks) as a method of teaching law. Legal dispute, litigation, registration, paperwork, etc.) in the process of studying law.
16. Methodology for compiling tests in jurisprudence
17. Methodology for conducting Olympiads in law.
To be admitted to the test, a graduate student must prepare the text of a lecture on a topic of their choice within their own specialization, highlighting the following blocks:
2) Teaching method;
3) The objectives of the lecture (teaching, developing, educational);
4) Stages of the lesson
1.1. Organizational
1.2. Block of theoretical material
1.3. Block of application of acquired knowledge (problem solving, analysis of examples of judicial practice, etc.)
1.4. Summing up the lecture.
The lecture is drawn up in compliance with the requirements for the design of term papers and tests, and is presented directly to the teacher on the day of passing the test.
8.6. Fundamentals of teaching methods of legal disciplines
Methodology for conducting classes in educational institutions of primary and secondary professional legal education
Legal science (jurisprudence, jurisprudence) is a social science that studies law as a special system of social norms, legal forms of organization and activities of the state, political systems of society as a whole 123 . Legal disciplines that study jurisprudence, jurisprudence and law enforcement are among the humanities. This means that it is legitimate to consider the methodology of their teaching from the standpoint of teaching humanitarian subjects in the system of professional education of lawyers, taking into account the status of an educational institution that provides primary, secondary or higher legal education, and the specific features of the training of certain categories of specialists. In educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, the main form of education in the pedagogical process is lesson, varieties and methods of which are presented in table. 8.9.
Table 8.9 Varieties of the lesson and methods for conducting it
For teachers of training centers (lyceums) and secondary vocational educational institutions, the following are of interest: lecture lessons, lessons for solving “key problems”, consulting lessons and test lessons.
For teachers of educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, it may be acceptable system of modular construction of lessons on the topic, lessons-explanations of new material; seminar lessons with in-depth study of educational material in the process independent work students; lessons of laboratory and practical classes (workshops); lessons in performing exercises (problem solving); lessons-tests on the topic; lessons for the defense of creative tasks prepared individually and collectively 124 .
Technology of preparing a teacher for a lesson subdivided into preliminary and immediate. Preliminary preparation includes: analysis of the requirements for the qualification characteristics of a specialist - a graduate of an educational institution - general and subject, which determines the requirements for the discipline being taught; detailed study of the content of the curriculum of their subject and related disciplines; study of special, pedagogical, psychological and methodical literature; studying the advanced pedagogical experience of other teachers; methodical work on the preparation of various organizational and methodological documents and the necessary educational and methodological materials for the teacher and students; development of reference notes, various visual aids and other didactic materials; mastering the method of application technical means on lessons. At direct preparation teacher for the lesson: teaching materials are studied on the topic of the lesson (methodological developments, etc.); the literature recommended to students is studied in detail; prepared or selected from cycle funds handouts for the lesson, visual aids, technical means and didactic materials for them; film and video films are ordered in special units; the lesson plan and methodological recommendations for teachers prepared by colleagues in the cycle are studied, or their own version of the work plan is drawn up.
Lesson methodology may have variations, but the most common frontal (group) technique- Organization of group work. Much attention is now being paid to the methodology of individualized learning. It is widely used in the lessons of consolidation of knowledge, the formation of skills and abilities, lessons of programmed learning, etc. Individual form of educational work in the lesson provides for a high level of independence of students to master the educational material. The main teaching methods in this case are individual exercises in special classes, laboratories, simulators and training grounds, as well as independent work of students, cadets and trainees under the guidance of a teacher. In such classes, the teacher acts as a leader, partner and assistant to the students.
The success of such classes largely depends on the quality of teaching materials prepared by teachers for students, as well as on the availability of the required amount of literature, regulations, various didactic aids, and, of course, on the methodological skills of teachers.
With all forms of organizing the educational work of students, cadets and listeners in the classroom, it is important character is relativecommunication between teacher and students, as well as between the students themselves. It is good if these relationships are based on the ideas of collaborative pedagogy. A healthy socio-psychological climate in study groups and psychological compatibility between students in microgroups stimulate their cognitive activity and contribute to the achievement of the didactic goals of the lesson. The considered methodology for preparing and conducting lessons does not pretend to be complete. It can and should be improved in the daily work of teachers of educational institutions of primary and secondary professional legal education.
Methodology for conducting classes in higher legal educational institutions
To teach legal disciplines in educational institutions of higher professional education, teachers use a wider arsenal of forms and teaching methods.
Lecture. This is the leading form of classes, as it lays the foundation for modern, scientific, theoretical, interconnected, fundamental knowledge that has educational value for students. It forms worldview views among students, cadets and listeners, instills love for the profession. A lecture in higher education plays the role of a "trunk of a tree", and all other forms of classes are its "branches".
The functions of the lecture are: cognitive (teaching), developing, educational and organizing. Cognitive the function of the lecture is expressed in equipping students with knowledge of the fundamentals of science and determining scientifically based ways to solve practical problems and problems. Educational function consists primarily in the development of intelligence, professional thinking, the lecture should teach to think, think scientifically, systematically, in a modern way.
Educational The function of a lecture is realized if its content is permeated with such material that affects not only the intellect of the students, but also their feelings and will. It ensures the education of a proper attitude to various phenomena of life and work. Lectures on legal and special disciplines should also be oriented towards professional education. The lecture has an educational effect if the authority of the teacher is high enough, and the attitude of the audience towards him, towards the discipline he teaches is respectful. Organizing The function primarily provides for managing the work of students both during the lecture and during self-study hours. These functions and some other features of the lecture develop diligence in students in their studies, and all taken together contributes to raising the level of education, training, upbringing and development of students, cadets and listeners.
Modern didactics considers the lecture as a developing form of education with its varieties (Table 8.10).
Table 8.10
Types of lecture
Lecture preparation includes: understanding the objectives of the lesson based on the requirements of the state educational standard and qualification characteristics; selection of the required amount of educational material; detailed study of the structure of the lecture; writing the text of the lassie; working out the text of the lecture and making it visual (the main thing - to highlight in one color, the binder, the background - in others); preparation of didactic materials for the lecture and the choice of technical means for their implementation; solution of other organizational issues; psychological mood of the teacher for lecturing.
The lecture in its structure contains: introduction, main part and conclusion, each of which has its own organizational and methodological features.
Seminar. This is a classic group form of training. It is used to discuss the most complex theoretical issues of the curriculum and ways to implement the acquired knowledge to solve applied problems. Therefore, the main didactic requirement for the seminar is that the educational questions (problems) submitted for discussion proceed from the needs of the scientific substantiation of practice and be reoriented from a system of knowledge to a system of actions. This allows you to activate students, develop their professional thinking and thereby implement the principle of linking learning with life, theory with practice.
The seminar is outwardly a simple form of education, but in essence one of the most difficult, since it obliges the teacher to organize this lesson in such a way as to include students in an active thought process, interest them in the problem under discussion and involve them in the discussion. This requires the teacher to be able to conduct a study group, create live communication in it, provide an opportunity for everyone to speak out and exchange opinions. The questions discussed at the seminar do not repeat the lectures, but develop them and direct them to the practical plane.
This approach to the seminar gives it, along with the functions inherent in the lecture, additionally search and control functions. The first allows students, cadets and listeners to develop not formal, but creative skills to search for ways and find reserves for improving practice on a scientific basis, and the second - to identify the level of assimilation of educational material. A methodically correctly conducted seminar teaches students, cadets and listeners to think creatively, reason, discuss, find truths, relying on scientific arguments, and publicly defend their point of view.
The varieties of the seminary form of education are: a seminar-conversation (pro-seminar), a seminar - a detailed heuristic conversation, a thematic seminar, an abstract seminar, a seminar with a report, a workshop, an interdisciplinary seminar. Each type of seminar has its own organizational and methodological features.
Conference - one of the forms of collective scientific and practical training in law schools. Organizationally, it is planned and carried out, as a rule, with teams of faculties, courses, and less often in study groups. Depending on the direction of the problems under consideration, conferences can have the following varieties: scientific (theoretical), scientific-practical, scientific-methodical.
The main objectives of any conference are:
Broad disclosure of the problem under discussion in theoretical, practical or methodological terms;
Deepening knowledge and replenishing it with new scientific information or practical data;
Determining the ways of practical application of knowledge, ensuring the connection between theory and practice;
Familiarization of the conference participants with the results of research and experiments in the field of theory, methodology and practice;
Solving the problems of vocational guidance and instilling in students a love for their future profession;
Generalization and "; dissemination of advanced pedagogical and professional experience of the work of teachers and graduates of the university.
All speakers at the conference - students, cadets and listeners - speak both on fixed topics (distributed among the students during its preparation) and in free discussion. Good results are obtained by inviting individual practitioners or scientists from other organizations to conferences. It justifies holding inter-departmental conferences if the problem under discussion is of a complex nature.
The methodology for preparing the conference is similar to that inherent in seminars, only the scale is wider and it takes longer - 15-30 days.
Practical lessons. Their goals are related to the formation of students' professional skills, abilities, habits, qualities and development of abilities.
Currently, the following types of practical exercises are used:
Classroom practical exercises;
Practical classes in special classes, classrooms, laboratories;
Practical exercises on simulators;
Practical training at training grounds, in parks;
Field practical exercises;
Practical training in law enforcement agencies and other organizations;
Professional training for the development of functional actions.
During the practical exercises are actively used and methods of professional practical training:
Analysis of law enforcement (or management) situations (APS, AUS);
Solving office problems: speculatively, with the help of video tutorials, on personal computers;
Work with documents and business papers (analysis of incoming and preparation of outgoing documents, working out certificates, reports, studying and conducting criminal cases, etc.);
Practicum (group and individual) in law enforcement agencies and other organizations;
Game method (working out by students of role-playing actions in simulated professional situations);
The method of brain attack ("psychic assault") - a non-standard search for solutions in the event of atypical (stressful) situations;
Algorithmic method (working out practical actions according to the algorithm - the scheme of the indicative basis of actions - OOD).
The preparation of such classes is also divided into preliminary and immediate, and the structure of the conduction into introductory, main and final parts with features arising from the specifics and methodology of their conduct.
A game. It differs from other forms of practical training in that it best reproduces the real professional environment and the activities of specialists in a complex of conditions and features (the nature of the activity is modeled).
In the pedagogical process, the game is a specially organized interdependent activity of the teacher and students, in which operational theoretical knowledge is translated into a practical context. This is achieved by imitation in the educational process of various dynamic service, production and other professional (management) situations.
All types of games that are used for the professional training of specialists in educational institutions are called educational and belong to the class simulation games. Even at the development stage, they lay down the combination of two models: simulation and game. The first one provides for the imitation of the subject content of the profession, and the second one for modeling the role (official) actions of specialists in the process of their professional work. According to the content, all educational games used in law schools are divided into:
functional - provide imitation of the roles of employees;
special(subject) - reveal the substantive aspects of the activities of specialists;
complex(interdisciplinary) - in them both the imitation of roles and the study of the subject content of the case are equally important.
Any game contributes not only to practical training, but also to the development of its participants, especially intelligence, professional thinking, its creative principles, resourcefulness, self-confidence, quick orientation in the environment and its changes, etc. The game determines the specific professional type of communication of its participants, which is close to real, and develops professional sociability.
Among educational simulation games, their varieties can be used: business, role-playing, operational, organizational and activity, innovative, pedagogical (training, educating and developing), etc. 125
All professionally oriented games, regardless of their variety, are held game method with a demonstration of the actions of the parties playing. Here it acts as a complex method in which, in fact, three methods are integrated: analytical, expert (experimental) And staging method.
Teachings. This is the largest and most complex form of practical professional training for cadets and students in departmental legal educational institutions. It is often viewed as a large professionally oriented game in which several departments (cycles) participate. It is used, as a rule, at the final stage of professional training of specialists for:
Consolidation of knowledge of various academic disciplines and their complex application in solving large-scale practical problems;
Formation of students' complex skills and abilities in assessing a dynamically changing operational environment and making optimal decisions in non-standard situations;
Development of cadets and students of professional and business qualities and their psychological preparation for skillful and active actions in extreme conditions.
The exercises conducted in educational institutions of law enforcement agencies have the following varieties: integrated operational exercises (COU), command-staff and command exercises (KShUiKU), tactical exercises (TU), special tactical exercises (TSU). All types of exercises are conducted by the game method as bilateral.
Technology for the development of educational and methodological materials for conducting cathedral games and inter-cathedral exercises focuses on the following requirements:
Problems (tasks) must be significant for all participants in the game (exercises);
We need to create two combined reality simulation models:
A) imitation- provides for the creation of a situation related to the performance of some professional action and the solution of a problem;
b) modeling of role (official) actions participants in the implementation of the planned action and problem solving.
Taking into account these requirements, for each cathedral (inter-cathedral) game and exercise, a methodical development, V
which should reflect three stages: preparatory, game and final, as well as the name of the topic, goals, intention, plan (scenario - see Table 8.11), initial information materials about the situation in the area (where the game is played, teaching), tasks, instructions for players and experts (intermediaries), the procedure and methodology for analysis and evaluation.
Table 8.11
8.7. Professional and pedagogical training of students in legal educational institutions 126
Goals and objectives of professional and pedagogical training of lawyers
The intensification of the pedagogical process in the system of legal educational institutions implies an increase in the quality and efficiency of training qualified specialists in primary, secondary and higher professional education. In the total set of professional education of students, cadets and listeners, a certain place is occupied by their professional and pedagogical training, the foundations of which are laid in the study of the academic discipline "Pedagogy" ("Legal Pedagogy"). It, being part of the general professional training of lawyers, aims to provide students with the arsenal of pedagogical knowledge that they should be able to use in their professional activities. The tasks of professional and pedagogical training of future lawyers are:
Mastering the basics of pedagogical knowledge in the field of education and self-education, learning and learning, upbringing and self-education, development and self-development;
Formation in students, cadets and trainees of the ability to identify pedagogical phenomena that are characteristic of their future law enforcement activities, to analyze, understand and professionally evaluate them;
Formation of skills to solve pedagogical problems, take into account the pedagogical aspect of professional problems and use pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical actions and pedagogical techniques to solve them;
Mastering pedagogical techniques and methods for studying the pedagogical characteristics of persons with whom lawyers will have to deal in solving their professional problems; pedagogical technique of communication, behavior and providing the interlocutors with the necessary pedagogical influence (legal, informational, educational, legal education) in communication and legal correction of their behavior;
Increasing the general professional culture, personal need for continuous self-improvement, mastering the forms and methods of self-education, self-education, self-education and self-development.
Improving the professional and pedagogical readiness of graduates of all legal educational institutions is capable of:
To positively influence the practice of law enforcement personnel to strengthen law and order, as well as their authority among the population;
Pedagogize the public environment, make a significant contribution to legal education and education of the population, form people's positive attitude towards law enforcement agencies and the need to assist them;
To improve the quality of recruitment to law enforcement agencies through pedagogical selection, a correct assessment of the actual education, training, good manners and development of applicants;
Pedagogically competently conduct work with the public, involve it in the protection of public order and increase the level of legal awareness and education of citizens;
Skillfully organize interaction with state and non-state organizations, with the media, promote the improvement of their legal culture in the work and legal education of the population;
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Methods of teaching law is a pedagogical science about the tasks, content, methods of teaching law.
Subject Methods of Teaching Law is a set of methodological techniques, means of teaching law, the formation of skills and behavior in the legal sphere. This is a scientific discipline that selects legal material for the school subject "Law" and develops, on the basis of general didactic theory, methodological tools for the formation of a legal culture in society.
The main tasks of science are:
1. Selection of educational legal material and the formation of special legal courses for the education system,
2. Creation of special legal training programs, textbooks and teaching aids,
3. Selection of teaching aids, determination of a system of methodological techniques and organizational forms of teaching law, as well as teaching a legal course,
4. Continuous improvement of methods of teaching law, taking into account the effectiveness of the application of existing ones.
The main functions of science:
1. Practical and organizational- allows you to give specific recommendations to teachers on building a competent system of legal education and upbringing in the state.
2. Worldview - ensures the formation of certain stable views of students on the issues of legal reality, understanding the value of law and its settings, and, consequently, the need to respect and comply with the laws of the state, the rights of the individual.
3. Heuristic - allows you to identify some gaps in the study of legal issues and, if necessary, fill them with new ideas for the transfer and understanding of legal life.
4. Prognostic - allows you to anticipate possible result learning processes in the form of learning models and adjust the ways to achieve them.
Education directly depends on goal setting, i.e., the definition of goals, which, as a rule, come from the state (or are fixed by its force) and are formed by the needs of social development. Target - this is a mental representation of the final result of pedagogical activity, and therefore it determines the necessary actions of the teacher to achieve it. The teacher, who organizes the cognitive activity of students, forms a specific goal in the unity of its three components: learning (acquisition of knowledge, skills, skills); education (formation of personal qualities, worldview); development (improvement of abilities, mental strength, etc.).
In science, general goals and specific ones are distinguished. So, the general goals are determined by the state policy in state normative documents (Concepts of civil science, social science and legal education, basic curriculum, instructive letters of the Ministry) the importance of educating a person with a high level of legal culture, who knows his rights, duties and respects the rights other people, tolerant in communication, democratically and humanely minded in resolving legal conflicts.
The goals of legal education can also include:
Increasing the level of legal culture of society;
Education of a citizen who is able to uphold and protect his own and others' legitimate interests, the formation of his active citizenship;
Formation of skills of lawful behavior, respect for the laws of the country and international law;
Formation of intolerance to violence, wars, crimes;
The study of national and democratic traditions and values, on the basis of which the law is improved or the formation of its new attitudes, etc.
Specific goals they are connected with the organization of individual events, lessons.
The content of teaching law at school is determined by the State Standard in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities. Knowledge of the educational field "Social Science" (this document indicates that it is imperative that someone who studies law at school or otherwise receives secondary education must know how to check, diagnose the learning process in order to prepare schoolchildren was carried out qualitatively), and also expressed in programs, textbooks.
The methodology of teaching law is based on the following principles:
1. Variability and alternativeness of models of legal education - this means that there are many different approaches in the field of teaching law and they really exist in practice (this is due to the lack of a unified, strictly compulsory system of legal education: in various regions have developed their own traditions and features of legal education, which, of course, are based on the requirements of the State Standard of Knowledge);
2. A student-centered approach that ensures the individualization and differentiation of teaching law (work with each student, based on his level of abilities, the ability to perceive legal material, which allows for the development and training of everyone who is included in the educational process) ;
3. The maximum system for activating the cognitive activity of students based on their social experience (schoolchildren must learn to acquire knowledge on their own, actively participate in educational activities, and not be passive contemplators of what is happening, forcibly following the "instructions" of adults and teachers.);
4. Education based on positive emotional experiences of the subjects of the learning process in the mode of dialogue cooperation “teacher-student” (legal education can be successful only at the level of mutually agreed, kind, respectful attitude of the teacher and students to each other);
5. Building a professionally competent and proven vertical of legal education, which is multi-stage in nature (teaching law in children's sap, school, university). This means that legal education should be phased: starting in early childhood, it continues to the senior level at school, naturally, not limited to this;
6. The introduction of a research component into the system of mutually coordinated actions of a teacher and a student (in the process of teaching law, a teacher, together with his pupil, learns law, “discovering” new mechanisms of its action, systematizing, generalizing legal phenomena);
7. Using modern legal teaching methods, including telecommunication technologies, distance legal education and work in the Internet system. New electronic law textbooks, multimedia programs require a different teaching methodology.
The role and significance of the methodology of teaching law lies in the fact that the methodology of teaching law is designed to equip the teacher with a whole arsenal of professional tools, techniques, methods of teaching law. It allows you to clearly formulate the objectives of training, provides the educational process with modern teaching methods, is associated with social science, law and history, within which the content of training is developed. The methodology of law is associated with psychology, pedagogy, individual legal branches and applied sciences.
The domestic method of teaching law has developed thanks to the professional activities of many specialists who have devoted their works to various aspects of this science. The intensification of scientific research in this area begins only from the middle of the 20th century. In the works of S.S. Alekseeva, B.C. Afanasiev, G.P. Davydova, A.V., Druzhkova, L.K. Ermolaeva, V.V. Lazareva, Ya.S. Shchatilo and many other authors raised questions of improving cognitive activity in the process of legal education.
Control questions
1) What is the theory and methodology of teaching law as a pedagogical science?
2) Describe the subject, goals, objectives and principles of teaching law.
3) What are the main features of the course?
4) What is the role of the methodology of teaching law in the system of social sciences and humanities?
5) What is the relevance of studying legal disciplines in a modern school?
FORMS AND TYPES OF LAW TEACHING TECHNOLOGIES
Law education form - it is a stable completed organization of the pedagogical process in the unity of all its components. In legal pedagogy, the forms of education according to the degree of complexity are divided into: simple; composite; complex. Simple forms of education are built on a minimum number of methods and means, usually devoted to one topic (content). These include: conversation; excursion; quiz; offset; exam; lecture; consultation; dispute; "battle of erudite and so on.
Composite forms of education are built on the development of simple forms of education or on their various combinations, these are: a lesson; competition of professional skills; conference. For example, the lesson may contain a conversation, a quiz, briefing, a survey, reports And etc.
Complex forms of education are created as a targeted selection (complex) of simple and compound forms, these include: open days; days dedicated to the chosen profession; weeks of civil, criminal law etc.
There are many organizational forms of training, but, speaking of them, the following groups are distinguished: forms of organization of the entire education system(they are also called learning systems); forms of organization of training are: lesson, lecture, seminar, test, consultation, practice, etc.; forms of educational activity of the student (types); forms of organization of the current educational work of the class, group. Each of these groups is, in fact, an independent and distinct phenomenon. However, pedagogy has not yet found separate names for them and has not determined their exact composition.
To date, the main forms of pedagogical communication in the "teacher-student" continuum are: monologue; dialogue; discussion; polylogue. So, a monologue is a form of utterance without focusing on the interlocutor. The amount of information loss in a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases even 80% of the volume of the original information. Monologue in communication brings up people with a sedentary psyche, low creative potential. Research shows that the most effective form of communication is dialogue.
Dialogue implies fluency in speech, sensitivity to non-verbal signals, the ability to distinguish sincere answers from evasive ones. At the heart of the dialogue is the ability to ask questions to yourself and others. Instead of giving peremptory monologues, it is much more effective to turn your ideas into questions, test them in conversation with colleagues, and see if they are supported or not. The very fact of the question demonstrates the desire to participate in communication, ensures its further flow and deepening. In dialogic relations, there are two forms of dialogue: internal and external.
For the emergence of internal and external forms of dialogue, it is necessary for the teacher to create special conditions. When creating conditions for internal dialogue, you can design situational tasks following character to which include choosing a solution from alternatives; resolution of problem situations; search for judgments regarding a certain fact or phenomenon; solving problems of an indefinite nature (having no unambiguous solution); putting forward hypotheses and assumptions.
To create the conditions for an external dialogue, the following are designed: an interrogative image of communication; exchange of opinions, ideas, positions; discussions; collective generation of ideas; opposing ideas, suggestions, evidence; polyfunctional analysis of ideas and hypotheses; creative workshops. To stimulate an external dialogue, it is assumed in advance for each of the participants: inconsistency; the possibility of evaluation; questioning; opportunity to express your point of view. The design of dialogic communication involves setting the openness of the positions of its participants. If the teacher does not take an open position, the dialogue is broken and is artificial, there is a discrepancy between the form and the internal content of communication.
discussion ( lat. discusso - research, consideration, analysis) is such a public dispute, the purpose of which is to clarify and compare different points of view, search, identify the true opinion, find the right solution to the controversial issue. The discussion is considered an effective way of persuasion, as its participants themselves come to a particular conclusion.
A discussion in the pedagogical process is an exchange of views on issues in accordance with more or less certain rules of conduct and with the participation of all or only some of those present at the lesson. In a mass discussion, all members, with the exception of the teacher, are in an equal position. No special speakers are singled out here, and everyone is present not only as listeners. A special issue is discussed in a certain order, usually in accordance with a strict or somewhat modified lesson schedule, which is determined by the teacher.
A group discussion consists in discussing issues with a dedicated group in front of an audience. Like any form of discussion in front of an audience, it presents a dispute. The purpose of the group discussion is present a possible solution to a problem or discuss opposing points of view on controversial issues. But usually it does not resolve the dispute and does not persuade the audience to any uniformity of action. In a group discussion, from 3 to 8 members take part, not counting the chairman. Its version - dialogue - includes only two participants. Participants must be well prepared, have notes with them with statistical and other necessary data. They should discuss issues in a casual, lively manner, asking questions and making brief remarks.
A polylogue is an exchange of views on a particular topic, where each participant expresses his point of view. Participants in the conversation ask each other questions to find out the point of view of the interlocutor or to clarify incomprehensible points in the discussion. This form of communication is especially effective if there is a need to clarify any issue, highlight the problem.
In the practice of the work of educational institutions, relatively isolated, differing in a number of characteristics types of education have developed. Type of training - this is a generalized characteristic of learning systems that establishes the features of teaching and learning activities; the nature of the interaction between the teacher and students in the learning process; functions of the means, methods and forms of teaching used.
The types of training are: explanatory and illustrative, dogmatic, problematic, programmed, developing, heuristic, personality-oriented, computer, modular, remote, interdisciplinary, etc.
1. Explanatory-illustrative (traditional, informing, ordinary) learning is a type of learning in which the teacher, as a rule, conveys information to ready-made through verbal explanation with the involvement of visibility; learners perceive and reproduce it.
2. Dogmatic education - a type of education built on the acceptance of information without evidence on faith.
3. Problem-based learning is a type of learning in which, under the guidance of a teacher, an independent search activity of students is organized to solve educational problems, during which they form new knowledge, skills and abilities, develop abilities, activity, curiosity, erudition , creative thinking and other personally significant qualities.
4. Developing education - a type of education that ensures the optimal development of students. The leading role belongs to theoretical knowledge, training is built at a fast pace and on high level, the learning process proceeds consciously, purposefully and systematically, the success of learning is achieved by all students.
5. Heuristic learning is a type of learning based on the basic principles of problem-based and developmental learning and assuming the success of a student's development through the construction and self-realization of a personal educational trajectory in a given educational space.
6. Student-centered learning is a type of learning in which educational programs and educational process aimed at each student with his inherent cognitive characteristics. Computer training is a type of training based on the programming of teaching and learning activities, embodied in a control and training program for a computer, which makes it possible to ensure the strengthening of individualization, personification of the process, learning through optimal feedback on the quality of assimilation of the content of education .
7. Modular education - a type of education that gives multifunctionality to the minimum didactic unit of educational information - a module that provides a holistic assimilation of the content of education.
8. Distance learning- a type of training that allows you to achieve the goals of learning with minimal time spent on mastering the content of education and the maximum amount of individual, independent work in the conditions of informatization of the educational process.
9. Interdisciplinary learning is a type of learning based on the study of integrated academic subjects built on the implementation of interdisciplinary and intradisciplinary connections in related fields of knowledge.
Control questions
1) What is the difference between complex forms of education and compound ones?
2) What is the essence of the form of education?
3) Name the types of training.
4) What is the purpose of the group discussion?
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