Standard of living,

The quality of life

Life style.

Standard of living- the quantitative side of living conditions, the size and structure of the material and spiritual needs of the population, consumption funds, incomes of the population, housing, medical care, education level, working and free time, etc.

The standard of living is primarily an economic category, representing the degree of satisfaction of material, spiritual and cultural needs.

Under the quality of life understand the degree of comfort in meeting human needs (mainly a social category).

Quality of life - the degree of confidence of individuals or groups of people that their needs are met, and the opportunities necessary for achieving happiness and self-realization are provided (WHO definition). As a method of measuring well-being and quality of life, you can use the assessment of the level of fulfillment of desires.

Life style- the behavior of a particular person or group of people. Lifestyle characterizes the behavioral characteristics of a person's life, that is, a certain standard, under which the psychology and psychophysiology of the individual (socio-psychological category) adjusts. This is an essential sign of individuality, a manifestation of relative independence, the ability to build oneself as a person in accordance with one's own ideas about a full and interesting life (VV Kolbanov, 1998).

If we try to evaluate the role of each of the lifestyle categories in the formation of individual health, we can see that the first two are of a public nature. From this it is clear that human health will primarily depend on the lifestyle, which is to a greater extent personalized and determined by historical and national traditions (mentality) and personal inclinations (image).

Human behavior is aimed at satisfying needs. With more or less the same level of needs, characteristic of a given society, each person is characterized by his own, individual way of satisfying them, so people's behavior is different and depends primarily on education.

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WAY OF LIFE is one of the most important biosocial categories integrating the idea of ​​a certain type (type) of human life activity.

The way of life is characterized by the features of a person's everyday life, covering his work activity, way of life, forms of using free time, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, participation in public life, norms and rules of behavior.

Lifestyle is one of the criteria of social progress, the “face” of a person.

When analyzing lifestyle usually consider various components:

professional;

public;

Socio-cultural;

Household, etc.

As main types allocate:

Social activity;

household activity;

Physical activity.

In other words, the main thing in a person's way of life is what are the main ways and forms of his life activity, its orientation. At the same time, each of the social groups has its own differences in lifestyle, its own values, attitudes, standards of behavior, which is due to a certain dependence of the lifestyle on socio-economic conditions. In general, the way of life is directly dependent on the motives of the activity of a particular person, the characteristics of his psyche, the state of health, and the functional capabilities of the body.

The lifestyle of a person includes three categories:

Standard of living- the degree of satisfaction with material, cultural, spiritual needs (to a greater extent concerns the economic category);

The quality of life- characterizes comfort in meeting human needs (mainly a sociological category);

Life style- a behavioral feature of human life, i.e. a certain standard, under which the psychology and psychophysiology of the individual (socio-psychological category) adapts.

Assessing the role of each of the lifestyle categories in the formation of health, it should be noted that when equal opportunity the first two (level and quality), which are more public in nature, human health largely depends on the lifestyle, which is personified and determined by historical and national traditions, as well as personal inclinations.

A concentrated expression of the relationship between lifestyle and human health is the concept of " healthy lifestyle».

A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE combines everything that contributes to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in the most optimal conditions for human health and development.

The scientific basis of a healthy lifestyle is the basic provisions of valeology. According to these provisions, a person's way of life is a choice of a way of life made by the person himself.

W healthy lifestyle is characterized striving for:

physical perfection;

Achievement of spiritual, mental harmony;

Ensuring a complete, balanced diet;

Exclusion from life of self-destructive behavior (eg, refusal of bad habits);

Maintaining optimal motor mode;

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;

Hardening and cleansing of the body.

To basic principles of a healthy lifestyle include the following:

- to social: the way of life should be aesthetic, moral, strong-willed;

- to biological: lifestyle should be age-related, energetically secure, strengthening, rhythmic, ascetic.

Scientists have found that the cause of the vast majority of diseases are various violations of the regime. So, disorderly eating inevitably leads to gastrointestinal diseases, going to bed at different times leads to insomnia and nervous exhaustion, violation of the rational alternation of work and rest reduces efficiency.

Unequal conditions of life, work and life, individual differences of people do not allow recommending one variant of the daily regimen for everyone. However, each person should, from a young age, develop a regime that suits his life.

The lifestyle of a normal person includes three basic categories: level, quality and lifestyle.

The standard of living determines the quantitative side of living conditions, the size, structure of the spiritual, material needs of people. It includes income, provision with medical care, housing, length of free, working time, level of education, and more.

The standard of living is mainly an economic category. It represents the degree of satisfaction of needs in spiritual, material, cultural values.

Quality of life refers to a category that includes a combination of health conditions and life support. They allow you to achieve mental, social, physical well-being, self-realization.

Life style is determined by the behavior of a particular person, group of people. Lifestyle is also a sign of independence, individuality, the ability to position oneself as a person according to one's own ideas about an interesting, fulfilling life.

The level and quality of life are mostly social in nature. And the last factor is individualized.

Therefore, human health depends mainly on a lifestyle that is personalized. Lifestyle is also determined by personal inclinations, national, historical traditions (mentality, worldview).

The behavior of many is aimed at satisfying personal needs. All individuals are characterized by an individual way of satisfying their desires. And therefore, the behavior is different for all people, depending mainly on education.

As for the concepts quality and lifestyle, the former is directly dependent on the latter. Because the quality of your life directly depends on the lifestyle you choose. That is, from the manner of your behavior, the chosen way to meet your needs.

A healthy lifestyle is one of the integral components of the lifestyle category. Included here are the positive conditions of human life, the level of culture (including behavioral), hygienic skills that allow maintaining and strengthening health.

All this contributes to the prevention of health disorders, provides conditions that support the optimal quality of life.

In other words, the key moment in the relation quality and lifestyle is a healthy lifestyle. And healthy, not only physically, but also spiritually and morally.

If a physically healthy lifestyle is currently the fashion trend, then most people do not worry about spiritual health.

How useful is a lifestyle aimed at a healthy lifestyle and how does it affect the quality of existence? Such a lifestyle is necessary:

• to perform all public, domestic functions in the optimal human mode;
• to improve and maintain health
• for the embodiment of psychological, social, physical capabilities, disclosure of personal potential;
• for active longevity, prolongation of a kind.

Contrary to common beliefs, a healthy lifestyle includes not only proper nutrition, physical activity and abstinence from various abuses and bad habits. It also includes:

• rational organization of educational (labor) activities;
• the correct mode of rest, work;
• balanced diet;
• rational organization of free personal time;
• suitable driving mode;
• hardening, observance of standards of personal hygiene;
• sexual culture;
• compliance with the rules of mental hygiene;
• family planning;
• prevention of aggression, nervous breakdowns, depression;
• monitoring of health indicators.

concept quality and lifestyle- is multifaceted and covers all layers of our existence and can serve as an integral, generalizing indicator.

1

Satisfaction with life is an integral indicator that summarizes such characteristics of satisfaction as the psychological state, the degree of psychological comfort and socio-psychological adaptation. It is closely related to well-being, the level of activity and the certainty of life plans, the presence of creative work.

Lifestyle includes three categories: standard of living, lifestyle, quality of life.

Standard of living- this is the degree of satisfaction of material, cultural and spiritual needs (mainly an economic category).

Life style- a behavioral feature of human life, i.e. a certain standard, under which the personality adapts (social-psychological category).

The quality of life(the international abbreviation for the concept of "quality of life" - Quality of Life - QOL) is characterized by comfort in meeting human needs (mainly a sociological category).

As a rule, four value aspects of quality of life (QOL) are considered:

• physical QOL: mobility, health, somatic comfort, functional parameters, etc.;
• mental QOL: satisfaction, peace, joy, etc.;
• social QOL: family, cultural, work, economic relations;
• spiritual QOL: the meaning of life, goals, values, metaphysical-religious relations.

Health. According to the World Health Organization, health is it is not only the absence of disease and infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Health is seen as dynamic indicator of human vitality.

It is studied from different angles: somatic health is the field of biology and medicine, physical health is the field of physical culture and sports, mental health is the psychological sciences, moral health is the field of education.

Currently in the concept health includes moral and spiritual well-being.

In this regard, the health model can be represented in the form of its components:

1. Physical health.

Medical definition - this is a state of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, which is based on morphological and functional reserves that provide adaptive reactions.

Pedagogical definition - this is the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes, maximum adaptation to the environment.

2. Mental health

Medical definition - this is a state of the mental sphere, the basis of which is the status of general spiritual comfort, an adequate behavioral response.

Pedagogical definition - this is a high consciousness, developed thinking, a great inner and moral force that encourages creative activity.

3. Social health

Medical definition - these are optimal, adequate conditions of the social environment that prevent the emergence of socially conditioned diseases, social maladjustment and determine the state of social immunity, the harmonious development of the individual in the social structure of society.

Pedagogical definition - this is moral self-control, an adequate assessment of one's "I", self-determination of the individual in optimal social conditions of the micro-I of the macro environment (family, school, social group).

4. Moral health

This is a set of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative sphere of life, the basis of which is determined by the system of values ​​of attitudes and motives for the behavior of an individual in society. Moral health mediates the spirituality of a person, since it is connected with the universal truths of goodness, love, mercy and beauty.

The main condition for teaching and educating children's motivations for health and a healthy lifestyle is the regular education of an appropriate health culture from early childhood: physical - movement control; physiological - control of processes in the body; psychological - control of one's feelings and internal state; intellectual - management of thought and reflection aimed at improving positive moral and spiritual values.

In the practice of the work of educational institutions, the guidelines for the state of health and physical development of the child are:

• indicators somatic health (medical data);
• general activity: physical, labor, social, cognitive;
• mastery children the basics of personal physical culture, theoretical and methodological knowledge about the ways of physical development at a particular age and perspective;
• awareness about the prospects for physical development: formation of adequate self-esteem their health, their physical abilities and characteristics;
• development of endurance, flexibility, speed, strength;
• development of motor speech memory, coordinating abilities, movements, varied sensitivity;
• need and ability in physical self-education: self-regulation of behavior, use of the daily routine, special exercises to create a positive mood, posture, gait development, etc.

As practice shows, the health of a child largely depends on the applied technologies of education, on a healthy lifestyle.

Healthy lifestyle. This concept represents a set of forms of behavior that contribute to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in optimal conditions for health, and expresses the orientation of the individual to form, maintain and strengthen his health.

Known in the 19th century doctor Schnell in his book "Organic Education" wrote: "But being only a concern of life, health becomes the goal of education! It should be the goal because the children and youth of our time are more prone to illness and weakness than ever ... The illnesses of childhood and youth have an inevitable impact on all life. The author already in those years considered the school to be the first destroyer of the health of children: “But now the teaching begins - the child is sent to school, and here the first commandment is to sit still and not move ... The blush of the cheeks and the roundness of the forms disappear, the muscles become weaker, the body grows thin, and many, many children, when they enter school, forever lose their health. The author comes to an unequivocal conclusion, which would not be a bad thing to draw the attention of today's teachers and managers: the nature of education and upbringing at school is the basis of "exhausting development". And it should be the other way around! It is time for all of us to clearly understand: health is a category of education, the formation of internal reserves, and we still have only one science of education - pedagogy. Therefore, health is a pedagogical category.

Specialist in the field of child health and development V.F. Bazarny urges us to:

“Dear teachers! Dear parents! Think for a moment: what remedies have proved to be the most effective in the treatment of severe depression, drug addiction, mental breakdowns, not only in young people, but also in adults? Here they are:

• it is therapy by contemplation of living nature (forest, sky, sunrise and sunset, stars, etc.);
• it is therapy with useful physical labor;
• it is therapy with artistic handiwork, and especially with drawing;
• it is calligraphic writing therapy;
• it is knitting and embroidery therapy;
• it is choir therapy;
• it is therapy with personal participation in theatrical performances, etc.

All that was previously a way of educating (“humanization”) of children, an image of popular educational cultures, everything that the school then expelled from its basic curriculum, many years later we are forced to bring in the form of re-education therapy! The conclusions are yours."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bazarny V.F. Neuropsychic fatigue of students in the traditional school environment: origins, approaches to prevention (Presidential program "Children of Russia"). - Sergiev Posad, 1995 // http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_b/utoml00.html
2. Bazarny V.F. Human child. Psychophysiology of development and regression. M., 2009. // http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_b/ditja00.html
3. Korobeinikov A.A. Education in Russia and the national security of the country: report at the All-Russian Forum "Education and Healthy Development of Students" December 27, 2005. // http://www.obrzdrav.ru/documents/korobejnikov.shtml
4. Korobeinikov A.A. Education for the Harmonious Development of Students: Report to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), 2008 // http://www.obrzdrav.ru/documents/KAA_PACE_report.pdf

Bibliographic link

Fedoseeva N.A. ANALYSIS OF THE KEY CATEGORIES OF THE WAY OF LIFE // Successes of modern natural science. - 2010. - No. 5. - P. 93-95;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=8133 (date of access: 03/05/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Data cited by the World Health Organization indicate that human health is 50% dependent on his lifestyle.

A way of life is understood as a stable way of life that has developed in certain socio-economic conditions, manifested in their work, life, leisure, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, in the norms of communication and behavior. The way of life includes three components: level, quality and style of life.

The quality of life characterizes the degree of comfort in meeting human needs(that is, it is predominantly a sociological category). In specialized literature, the phrase "quality of life" began to appear after 1975. Its generally accepted definition has not yet been found. The quality of life is interpreted as a fairly broad concept, covering many aspects of a person's life, related not only to the state of his health. These include: living conditions; satisfaction with studies and/or work; family relationships; social environment; political and economic situation in the country.

The subjective aspects of the quality of life are reflected in the following factors:

The state of the individual, allowing her to painlessly overcome the opposition (struggle, aggression, competition) of the outside world;

Ability to adequately solve assigned tasks;

The opportunity to live a full life in close contact with everything that a person loves;

The ability to be everything that you are able to become (self-realization);

Possibility is in physical and mental balance with nature and the social environment, with itself.

The entire set of known methods for assessing the quality of life on the subject of research can be dispersed into five main groups 46 .

Physical condition (state of physical health, physical abilities, physical limitations, temporary disability).

Mental state (psychological well-being, levels of anxiety and depression, self-control of emotions and behavior, cognitive functions).

Social functioning (interpersonal contacts, social connections, social support: allowances, benefits, etc.)

Role functioning (at work, at home).

General subjective perception of the state of one's health (assessment of the present state and its prospects, assessment of pain sensations).

According to N.M. Amosov, health from the standpoint of the quality of life category is the choice of a lifestyle in which a person enjoys health, and its stable presence ensures longevity with a high level of spiritual comfort.

Lifestyle is a socio-psychological category. It characterizes the features of a person's everyday life, that is, a certain standard, under which the psychology and physiology of the individual adapts. Lifestyle is an essential sign of individuality, a manifestation of its relative independence, the ability to form itself as a person in accordance with its own ideas about a full and interesting life. Human health largely depends on the lifestyle, which is determined by the mentality (national culture and traditions) and personal inclinations.

A healthy lifestyle is a complex concept, but narrower than the actual lifestyle. Most researchers define a healthy lifestyle as a set of external and internal conditions for the life of the human body, under which all its systems work for a long time, as well as a set of rational methods that promote health, harmonious development of the individual, methods of work and rest.

The lifestyle of a person is determined to a decisive extent by his attitude to his health.

Attitude to health is one of the central, but still very poorly developed issues of health psychology. The search for an answer to it comes down in its essence to one thing: how to ensure that health becomes the leading, organic need of a person throughout his life path. Actually, The formation of an adequate attitude of a person to his own health is hindered by a number of reasons. 39. Below is their content.

One of the problems is that a healthy person does not notice his health, perceives it as a natural reality, as a self-evident fact, not seeing it as an object of special attention. In a state of complete physical and mental well-being, the need for health, as it were, is not noticed by a person, falls out of his field of vision. He believes in his inviolability and does not consider it necessary (since everything is fine anyway) to take any special actions to preserve and strengthen his health.

As a rule, health attracts attention when there are some problems with it. Health acquires an urgent vital necessity, a special significance when it is already violated.

Unhealthy behavior is often based on the phenomenon of "unrealistic optimism", unjustified, unjustified. Certain psychological factors contribute to its formation:

lack of personal experience of the disease;

the belief that if the problem (disease) has not yet appeared, then it will not appear in the future;

the belief that if a health problem does occur, it can be dealt with by taking appropriate action.

Quite typical is the situation when people, weighed down by diseases, acutely feeling them, nevertheless, do not take effective measures, do not show proper activity aimed at eliminating them.

One of the reasons for the passive attitude to health lies in the lack of necessary knowledge about it, about the ways of its formation, preservation and strengthening.

Repeated unhealthy behavior in some cases can bring instant pleasure (drink vodka, smoke a “good” cigarette, etc.), and the long-term negative consequences of such actions seem distant and unlikely.

Often, people simply do not realize what danger this or that unhealthy behavior is associated with (violation in the field of nutrition, personal hygiene, work and rest, household culture).

A significant part of a person's self-preserving behavior is determined by his idea of ​​health. If the recommendations for health promotion received from the media or the doctor do not match, diverge from his ideas, the likelihood that he will follow these recommendations will be low.

There is an age dynamics of the importance of health. Its priority role is most often noted by the views of the middle and especially the older generation. Young people usually treat the problem of health as something quite important, but abstract, not directly related to them. Their hierarchy of values ​​is dominated by material goods and a career. They pay attention to health, then mainly to its physical component. In the understanding of young people, the role of mental and social health does not find its proper place.

Social pressure often forces people to engage in unhealthy behavior (for example, the role of reference groups in adolescents in terms of their introduction to smoking, alcohol, drugs).

There is a delayed feedback effect: people prefer not to burden themselves with work on their own health, since the result of the efforts expended may not be immediately noticeable and obvious. Morning exercises, some kind of health systems, hardening give a tangible positive result not immediately, after a few days, but more often after months and even years.

People do not understand this, they are often simply not explained. They are not set up for patient, systematic work on their own health. Not getting a quick effect from actions that are beneficial for their health, people give up the exercises and may never return to them.

The effect of delayed feedback is one of the main reasons for the unhygienic behavior of people, their neglect of the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

From time to time there is a fashion for health, but there are no attempts to put this problem in the long term as a state problem.

In 1965, American scientists Belloc and Breslau began to investigate the influence of lifestyle on human health (based on the book: Nikiforov G.S. Psychology of health. – St. Petersburg: Speech, 2002. – 256c.) They interviewed 7,000 people aged 25 to 75 years. Using one set of questions, the nature of the presence of seven factors in the lifestyle of the respondents was found out: sleep, breakfast, snacking between meals, maintaining an optimal weight, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Another list of questions was aimed at finding out the state of health of the respondents during the last twelve months: for example, did they have to take sick leave due to illness; whether they had periods of low energy; whether they were forced to give up certain types of activities, etc. Comparison of different age groups based on the results of the study showed that in each of them the overall level of health status increased as the “improvement” of the lifestyle increased. Moreover, those who followed all seven rules of a healthy lifestyle showed the same health results as those who were 30 years younger, but did not follow these rules at all or in part. Subsequently, these seven factors began to be considered as the basis of a healthy lifestyle. These include:

Sleep (7-8 hours),

regular meals,

Refusal of additional food intake (that is, in between meals),

Weight not exceeding 10% of the optimal (depending on age),

Regular exercise,

alcohol restriction,

To give up smoking.

Of course, this does not exhaust all the real variety of factors of a healthy lifestyle, which is constantly being refined empirically and is not yet a definitively established list. We present the most well-known factors of a healthy lifestyle and accompany them with comments of varying degrees of detail.

Psychological Library

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Ed. A.N. Sukhova, A.A. Derkach.

PART I. FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
SECTION IV. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Chapter 7

§ 3. Socio-psychological characteristics of the stratification of society. Image, quality and lifestyle

The word "stratum" means layer, i.e. any community or social group. Without stratification, the nature of communities cannot be understood. The foundations of the modern approach to the study of social stratification were laid by M. Weber, who considered the social structure of society as a multidimensional system, where, along with classes and the property relations that give rise to them, an important place belongs to the status. He believed that stratification was based on property inequality, prestige, and access to power.

The most developed is the functional concept of social stratification. From the point of view of this theory, the stratification system of society is a differentiation of social roles and positions. It is due to the division of labor and social differentiation of various groups, as well as the system of values ​​and cultural standards that determine the significance of a particular activity and legitimize social inequality.

According to T. Parsons, the universal criteria for social stratification are:

Quality (prescribing a certain characteristic to an individual, for example, competence);

Execution (assessment of the individual's activity in comparison with the activities of other people);

Possession of material values, talent, cultural resources.

There are three different approaches to the study of social stratification: a) self-assessment, or the method of class identification; b) from the standpoint of assessing reputation (for example, in the recent past it was beneficial to have a worker-peasant origin, but with the onset of other times, people began to look for the roots of their aristocratic origin); c) objective, based on the prestige of the profession, level of education and income. In this case, the following vertical stratification is used: 1) the highest class of professionals; 2) technical specialists middle level; 3) commercial class; 4) petty bourgeoisie; 5) technicians and workers performing managerial functions; 6) skilled workers; 7) unskilled workers.

Social mobility and social stratification are two sides of the same coin. Social stability is ensured by a certain state of the social structure: the presence of a set of certain strata, say the middle class, and the state of each of them, such as the number of unemployed.

The revolution is associated with a change in social stratification: some strata disappear, others take their place. Moreover, the revolution gives this process a mass character. So, after the revolution of 1917, the classes of the bourgeoisie, the aristocracy, the Cossacks, the kulaks, the clergy, etc., were liquidated.

The destruction of layers and classes is accompanied by changes in the way of life. Each stratum is the bearer of certain social (cultural, moral, etc.) relations, standards and way of life. With a sharp and all-encompassing change in stratification, society finds itself in a marginal, extremely unstable state.

In Russian social psychology, for a long time, the class approach to determining the structure of society dominated. A class is a large social group that differs from others in the possibility of access to social wealth (distribution of goods), power, and social prestige. The socio-psychological characteristics of classes are based on their social needs, interests, quality, image and style of life. The main drawback of the class approach is that it does not reflect real stratification, since it determines social differentiation on the basis of taking into account only two indicators: the social division of labor and private property to the means of production.

Stratification has always existed. In Russia, the tribal community was divided into tribal nobility, free community members and dependent members. Then gradually the estates began to take shape. They were social groups that differed not only in their actual position in society, but also in their legal place in the state. Belonging to a particular class was considered hereditary. However, this requirement was not strictly observed, in contrast to the unconditional implementation of caste norms. The upper classes included the nobility and the clergy. Real social differentiation has never been limited to such classes as workers, peasants and intelligentsia.

In a totalitarian state with a planned distributive economy, the real stratum-forming feature is the proximity to the distribution of funds, the deficit. In this regard, stratification consists of the following layers: nomenclature, sales workers, etc.

In order to get into the nomenklatura, that is, the elite, and receive a high status for life, one had to be a pioneer, a member of the Komsomol, a party, observe certain etiquette and have connections. But the stratification was not only corporate-departmental, but also territorial. The "watershed" was formed between people depending on where the person lived - in the capital, a provincial town or in a village. As for the so-called "declassed" elements, vagrants, the statistics did not take into account these strata.

Deformed stratification began to take shape after the liberalization of prices in the country. In market conditions, the differentiation of society is inevitable, but the character that it acquired immediately after the start of reforms cannot be called anything other than threatening. On the one hand, a layer of those with too high incomes has formed, on the other, an impoverished population: lumpen, unemployed. There was a sharp stratification on a material basis. The difference between the layers has reached a colossal size. At the same time, such features as education and competence have lost their significance. The process of stratification acquired an ugly, largely criminal character. Without starting opportunities, honest people were cut off from business. As for the nomenklatura and former offenders who had start-up capital, they were in a more advantageous position. The middle class of wealthy people never formed.

Deformed stratification has developed not only in society, but also in the army and in criminal communities (however, it has always existed here). In the army, such stratification was called "hazing", "hazing", the essence of which is the mockery of old-timers ("grandfathers") over the "young".

Stratification in a criminal environment, i.e., the caste distinction of people and giving them, in accordance with this, strictly defined rights and obligations, is one of the main manifestations of the criminal subculture. In the youth criminal environment, it suggests:

Rigid division into "us" and "them", and "our" - into "tops" and "bottoms";

Social stigma: designation of belonging to the "elite" with certain symbols (nicknames, etc.);

Difficult upward mobility and facilitated downward mobility (changing status from lower to higher is difficult, and vice versa);

Justification of upward mobility - enhanced passing of tests or guarantee of "authority", downward mobility - violation of the "laws" of the criminal world;

The autonomy of the existence of each caste, the difficulty, even the impossibility of friendly contacts between the "lower classes" and the "elite" because of the threat of ostracism for those from the "elite" who agreed to such contacts;

The “elite” of the criminal world has its own “laws”, value systems, taboos, privileges;

Stability of status: attempts by people from the “lower classes” to get rid of their status are severely punished, as well as attempts to use privileges in the criminal world that are not according to status (V. F. Pirozhkov).

The status-role structure is manifested not only in privileges, but also in appearance, especially clothes, manner of speaking, walking, etc.

Each stratum is characterized by a certain way of life - established typical forms of life of the individual and communities, in other words, habits, traditions, stereotypes of behavior.

There are different types of lifestyle:

Healthy, which involves proper nutrition, compliance with hygiene standards, the presence of psychologically comfortable conditions at work and at home, playing sports, orderly rest, avoiding stress, sound sleep, minimal alcohol consumption;

Morally healthy, corresponding to the content of the basic values ​​of life and culture;

Closed, ascetic, suggesting constant concern for the salvation of the soul and Spartan modesty;

Bohemian, associated with lax observance of everyday norms of communication;

- "student", associated with carelessness and easy attitude to life.

The list of these species can be continued for completely different reasons. The fact is that how many varieties of communities, so many types of lifestyle. In accordance with this, army, urban, rural, monastic, sectarian, resort lifestyles are distinguished, as well as the lifestyle of vagrants, the disabled, “golden youth”, the nomenklatura, “white collars”, trade workers, criminals, etc.

The structure of the lifestyle includes the following components:

Axiological (value, normative), meaning orientation towards the observance of certain rules of behavior. For example, the Soviet way of life was maintained through blind faith in the correctness of the policy pursued, the superiority of the system, giving the authorities the right to decide the fate of the country and each person. Based on these principles, national consent was ensured. A sharp rejection of them led to a spiritual crisis of entire generations. In this regard, it should be emphasized once again that only a convergence of values, a compromise are possible here;

Behavioral, expressed in habits, sustainable ways of responding to various social situations;

Cognitive, associated with the content of worldviews, cognitive stereotypes;

Communicative, due to the inclusion of a person in the system of social relations, as well as the state of the active vocabulary of various social groups, their thesaurus, vocabulary, style, jargon, professionalism, special terminology, pronunciation.

So, a certain system of socio-cultural values, priorities, preferences underlies this or that way of life; pictures of the world, understanding of the norm; social circle, interests, needs and ways to meet them; social stereotypes, habits.

The problem of the social way of life is closely connected with the socio-psychological typology of people. They try to classify people for different reasons. The socio-psychological approach to the typology of people differs from the typology based on taking into account individual differences. From the position of the socio-psychological approach, the normative side of the way of life and the expectations that are formed in connection with this matter; the status occupied by the person and her role behavior. As you know, a person can take a certain status only if his behavior meets expectations. The most striking examples are the heroes of M. Bulgakov Sharikov and Shvonder. These types corresponded to the expectations of the class ideology of the so-called proletarian culture.

Lifestyle is an essential characteristic not only of individual social groups, but of entire generations. This is a temporary, concrete historical characteristic. It is no coincidence that they speak of representatives of various groups who lived at the same time as a single community, for example, about the “sixties”. Behind this is a segment of the life of the nation.

From a moral point of view, it is of interest way of life, called "domostroy". It is dissonant with the modern, urbanized way of life, but it is very instructive and useful. The conservative way of life is not the worst, as evidenced by the history of England.

There was an attempt to justify the existence of the Soviet way of life, which is based on collectivism, etc. There are opinions that the Soviet way of life is just another myth. You can criticize it, disagree with those aspects of it that were formed in the conditions of communal apartments, dormitories, villages cut off from the whole world by impassability, but you can argue that the Soviet way of life did not exist at all, or it is impossible to endow it with only negative characteristics.

The way of life of specific social groups is always influenced by ethnopsychological characteristics. From this point of view, Russia is characterized not by an individual, but by a communal way of life. This cannot be ignored. P. A. Stolypin was the first to attempt to destroy this way of life, which is far from always economically efficient.

The reforms that began in 1991 in the country changed the content of the way of life of an entire generation. They gave it dynamism, a new meaning. A way of life has been formed in business circles, often not much reminiscent of the way of life of Russian merchants, the charitable activities of Savva Morozov, or the cultural and educational activities of S. Mamontov and P. Tretyakov. In many ways, it turned out to be criminalized, based on criminal ethics.

A criminal way of life is a way of life of criminal communities based on a subculture. It is not universal. Each criminal group, category of offenders has its own way of life. Its distinguishing features in some cases are secrecy, hierarchical relations, in others - demonstrative luxury, the cult of power.

Lifestyle cannot be imagined without it. quality. In domestic literature, instead of this concept, the concept of "standard of living" is used. The quality of life is characterized by the content of nutrition, provision of health, education, housing conditions, means of satisfying spiritual needs, durable goods, transport services, criminal security, etc.

As you can see, the level and quality of life are far from the same thing. Standard of living fixes only the ratio of income and expenses, the quality of life is a subtle and sensitive integral indicator that takes into account, for example, such signs: whether a person lives in a prestigious area or not, uses public transport or personal, eats environmentally friendly food or toxic, has access to cultural values or not, etc.

Life style no less significant socio-psychological characteristic. Usually, it means the dominant type of activity and its main features, and therefore they talk about a business, creative lifestyle, etc. At the same time, a lifestyle is formed from such actions and objects of property that are interpreted as symbols of the position occupied by a person in a particular stratification structure . In other words, it is "noticeable consumption". Such an understanding of the lifestyle is evidenced by the facts characterizing the numerous presentations of emerging Russian entrepreneurs, and the behavior of some representatives of the underworld.

At the same time, the style of life is largely associated with the cognitive sphere of a person, the formed pictures of the world, stereotypes, and individual differences.

Literature

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The concepts of "lifestyle", "quality of life", "lifestyle", "way of life", "standard of living", "standard of living"

Concept definition "Lifestyle" implies the identification of organized dynamic forms of people's existence in a differentiated socio-cultural space, i.e., their ordering of their interactions and communications at both its levels. The ways of organizing these processes are determined by the social and cultural conditions for their implementation, on the one hand, and by the personal characteristics of representatives of various sociocultural groups, on the other. The concept reflects the daily life of people and serves to identify the correlation of its established, typical and variable, individual characteristics, due to participation in various forms of institutional and everyday activity. The content of the lifestyle is determined by the stable sets of interactions and communications that fill their time. The form of lifestyle is determined by the way people organize the content of the processes they implement in the areas of sociocultural space. Consequently, a way of life is a dynamic socio-cultural "portrait" of the members of society, presented through the processes of their coexistence. Under certain conditions, this is an integrity that has a cultural meaning and is conditioned by a person’s ability for productive activity and its evaluation.

Natural, social, cultural conditions have a fundamental shaping influence on the organization by people of the diversity of their life manifestations. They provide and limit the choice of forms of self-realization of the individual in the socio-cultural space. Therefore, when analyzing a way of life, it is necessary to study the conditions for its implementation. However, they are not included in the concept itself, but are considered as a kind of socio-cultural determinants of the forms and processes of people organizing their life activity.

“way of life”, “standard of living”, “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “standard of living”. These concepts reveal and concretize the content of the category "way of life" at various levels of analysis of sociocultural dynamics.

concept "way of life" characterizes the specific historical socio-economic and political conditions within which the way of life of people unfolds. It is determined by indicators of the nature of property, the economy, social relations, leading ideologies, the political system, etc. The indicator of urbanization (the ratio of the number of inhabitants of different types of settlements) is also of paramount importance here.

concept "standard of living" is used for direct and indirect quantitative assessment of the degree of satisfaction of the needs and requests of members of society in the period under consideration. Its indicators include: the size of wages and income per capita, benefits and payments from public consumption funds, the structure of consumption of food and industrial products, the level of development of health systems, education, consumer services, and the state of housing conditions.

concept "the quality of life" indicates the degree of satisfaction of requests of a more complex nature, not amenable to direct quantitative measurement, and performs a social and evaluative function in relation to the category "lifestyle". Its indicators can be considered the nature and content of work and leisure, satisfaction with them, the degree of comfort in work and life (including the quality of residential, industrial premises and the surrounding object environment); the degree of satisfaction of the individual with knowledge, social activity and self-development, the degree of implementation of moral and moral norms existing in society. This also includes indicators of average life expectancy, morbidity, natural population growth, its demographic and social structure.

concept "life style" is used to designate characteristic specific ways of self-expression of representatives of various sociocultural groups, manifested in their daily life: in activities, behavior, relationships. Life style indicators are the features of the individual organization of methods and skills of work activity, the choice of the circle and forms of communication, the characteristic ways of self-expression (including demonstrative behavioral traits), the specific structure and content of the consumption of goods and services, as well as the organization of the immediate socio-cultural environment and free time. This concept is closely connected with the general cultural concept of fashion.

"Standard of Life" is a theoretical analytical concept designed to provide a point of reference when comparing the way of life, level and quality of life of representatives of various sociocultural groups. It is constructed as a statistical "mode" of these lifestyle parameters. In this sense, we can talk about the standards of the way, level, quality of life that are characteristic of society as a whole or individual social groups in the period under consideration.

Category "quality of life" denotes an assessment of the content side of the lifestyle in terms of favorable living conditions and the intensity of people's involvement in socially acceptable and approved forms of socio-cultural life. The criteria for such an assessment are the highest world standards, on the one hand, and the subjective satisfaction of people, on the other.

Accordingly, quality of life indicators can be divided into the following categories:

• 1. Quality of living conditions :
• 1.1. Well-being of the living environment (accessibility of cultural institutions, domestic and social services, living conditions, comfort of life, etc.);
• 1.2. Good quality and a wide range of goods and services;
• 1.3. Recruitment and cultural content of media messages, services offered by cultural institutions;
• 1.4. The set and quality of functioning of social services.
• 2. The quality of sociocultural activity :
• 2.1. The quality of the professional activity performed;
• 2.2. Degree and quality of social participation;
• 2.3. Attitude (type of response) to the processes of modernization of society.
• 3. Subjective assessment of the quality of life :
• 3.1. Degree of satisfaction with own quality of life;
• 3.2. The nature of claims to the quality of living conditions and the content of the lifestyle;
• 3.3. Assessing one's own abilities to improve one's own quality of life.