How to choose a centrifugal pump. How to choose a circulation pump for a heating system and install it correctly - an overview of models with prices. Well pump brands

Choosing a pump, if you do not have special knowledge, is not an easy task. In this review, we will try to help you decide what type of pump you need. Pumps are conditionally divided into several groups.

These are submersible, i.e. directly immersed in water (for wells and wells, drainage, and removal of feces) and surface, working above the surface of the water (various garden and country pumps, pressure, circulation, and pumping stations).

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

They operate with partial or complete immersion of the pump body in water, which requires reliable isolation from the contact of bare wiring and control electronics with water. The construction uses materials such as stainless steel, various "water-resistant" and durable polymers.
Well pumps (or deep wells) are used to lift water from artesian wells and are characterized by high pressure. The nature of the use of devices imposes significant restrictions, primarily on the diameter of the case and the material from which they are made. These are usually stainless steel cylinders less than 100mm across and between 500mm and 2500mm long.

Given the severe limitation of the base area, to create a high head and good performance, designers have to resort to complex technical solutions (for example, a multi-stage suction system), which naturally leads to an increase in the cost of devices.
Since a conventional household pump installed on the surface is not able to supply water from great depths (its maximum suction height, as a rule, does not exceed 10 meters), in such cases it is necessary to use borehole pumps. The action of deep-well pumps is based on the fact that it is easier to create enough water pressure from below to lift it than to try to lift it from above by pumping air.
Well pumps are similar to borehole pumps and can work not only in wells, but also in special tanks or natural reservoirs. They also have the shape of a cylinder, but with a larger diameter, which allows them to more efficiently use the capabilities of the engine. Such pumps, in comparison with borehole pumps, have greater productivity and lower cost at the same power consumption and pressure.
Due to the strong draft that forms the so-called "suction cone", they cannot be brought closer than a meter to the bottom of the well (the pump itself may not deteriorate, but the water quality will noticeably deteriorate).
Well pumps are equipped with an adjustable float switch that provides offline operation.
Drainage pumps are designed for pumping water from flooded basements, swimming pools and other places that need quick drainage. Sometimes they are also used to pump drinking water, but this is not their job.
Devices of this class are very productive, but they have low pressure and, for the most part, are not able to function at depths of more than 7 meters. They are installed directly on the bottom of a container with water or on the floor of a flooded room.
The scope of fecal pumps is clear from the name. It is worth saying that the design provides for work with soft and viscous substances. Especially for such purposes, the inlets of the units are enlarged (compared to drainage pumps).

SURFACE PUMPS

It is worth clarifying that the term "surface" means "not submerged". In other words, the body of such a pump is most often removed from the pumped liquid. Some of them, however, can be fixed on a special float (if weight and dimensions allow), for example, foam, and installed directly on the water. The need for this arises when a lot of algae accumulate near the shore or the bottom of the reservoir is silty.
Their suction height does not exceed 10 meters, so that in order to raise water from great depths, one has to resort to all sorts of tricks. One of them is to use an external ejector - a special device that is lowered into the water along with the suction hose. During the operation of the pump, part of the raised fluid flows through an additional hose back to the ejector, thereby increasing the inlet pressure. In other words, the water is "pushed" from below.

As the depth increases, the performance of the system decreases, while the power consumption and design complexity, on the contrary, increase. At depths of about 25 meters, the prices of surface and borehole pumps are equalized.
General purpose garden pumps are usually simple in design and therefore inexpensive. They are used for pumping water both for drinking and for various household needs. To ensure uninterrupted water supply, they are additionally equipped with a hydraulic accumulator and control automation.

Pressure pumps are initially equipped with the necessary automation and are designed for uninterrupted water supply even without an additional hydraulic accumulator. This is important not only in the case of water supply, but also when irrigating the site. For example, if the hose is likely to kink and the water flow stops, the pump will turn off automatically, preventing the engine from overloading. The device will "wait" until the interference is removed and continue to supply water. This fully applies to a simple tap when the pump is permanently connected to the water supply - as soon as it is opened, the unit will immediately start working.
Pumping stations are "full-fledged" systems of uninterrupted water supply, consisting of a pump, a pressure switch and a hydraulic accumulator. They are intended for stationary use only.
At a low flow rate, due to the available water supply, the engine of the pumping station does not turn on, due to which its resource is developed more slowly.
According to the principle of operation, pumps are divided into centrifugal and vibration.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

The largest group of household pumps. The main part of the working mechanism is a rotating wheel fixed on a shaft inside the housing (sometimes there are several of them). It consists of two discs connected by blades located between them. Each of them is bent in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the impeller.
During pump operation, the cavities between the blades ("interblade channels") are filled with the pumped medium. When such a wheel rotates, centrifugal force acts on the liquid, creating a region of low pressure in the center and high pressure at the periphery. Due to the pressure difference, water from the outside (atmospheric pressure) enters the epicenter (rarefaction) of this kind of hurricane and is thrown out through the outlet pipe.

VIBRATION PUMPS

The "working body" of such pumps is a flexible membrane. On one side of it there is a cavity filled with the pumped liquid, and on the other side there is a vibrator that periodically causes the membrane to deform. Depending on the direction of its bending, the working volume changes up or down, accompanied by a decrease or increase in pressure, respectively.
First, a vacuum is created, the inlet valve opens, and water is sucked in. Then the vibrator makes the working pressure excessive, as a result, the liquid is pushed out through the outlet valve to the outside (pump "Brook").

WHAT CAN CAUSE A PUMP BREAK

* "Dry running" (in other words, operation in the absence of water) leads to overheating of the motor, since the pumped medium, as a rule, also performs a cooling function. In addition, running dry is detrimental to the seals, which are normally "lubricated" by the liquid as it is pumped.
* Water hammer occurs when a "dry" pump is turned on - the liquid pumped into it hits the impeller blades and can damage them. The entry of an air bubble into the water intake hose during operation is also accompanied by water hammer.
Keep in mind: the working volume of most surface household pumps must be manually filled with water before operation.
* Freezing of the liquid in the case is unacceptable, as this may seriously damage the machine. If the pump is located where the temperature environment drops below 0 degrees Celsius (for example, it remains to spend the winter in an unheated room), all water must be drained from it.
* Exceeding the maximum allowable temperature of the pumped medium does not have such a detrimental effect on the pump as "dry running", but the "symptoms" are the same: at high water temperatures, heat transfer is slower and the engine overheats.

BASIC TERMS

abrasive action of sand- abrasion of the surface (from the Latin "abrasio" - "scraping").
Asynchronous motor- rotor speed depends on the load and does not coincide with the frequency of rotation of the stator magnetic field. As a result, for example, a soft start of the motor is ensured.
Shaft- a part that transmits torque and maintains the rotation of other parts. In the case of a pump, this is the metal cylinder on which the impellers are mounted.
Suction height- height difference between the pump installation site and the water intake point.
Hydraulic accumulator(in other words - a membrane or storage tank) - a sealed container, blocked inside by a special rubber or rubber membrane (from the Greek "hydor" - "water" and the Latin "accumulator" - "collector"). In one part of this device, separated in this way, there is air under a certain pressure. The other is filled with water during the operation of the pump.
Impeller- a set of blades located around the circumference of the impeller and representing plates curved in the direction opposite to the water flow.
Multi-stage suction system- sequential use of several impellers.
pressure- the height to which the pump is able to deliver the pumped liquid.
check valve- a valve that prevents the outflow of water from the suction line (hose, pipes, etc.).
Pipe branch- a short pipe on the pump housing, designed to enter or exit the pumped liquid.
Working wheel- consists of two discs spaced apart from each other, between which there is an impeller connecting them.
Rotor- a rotating part (from the Latin "roto" - "I rotate"), in this case an electric motor, located inside the stator.
bed- the main bearing part of the machine, on which the working units are mounted.
stator- a part of the electric motor that performs the functions of a magnetic circuit and a supporting structure. It consists of a core with a winding and a frame.
Thermal relay- a device for automatic control of the electrical circuit of the pump. It consists of a relay element with two positions of stable equilibrium and several electrical contacts. The latter close or open when the state of the relay element changes (respectively, "normal temperature" or "overheating").

SELECTION OF THE CIRCULATION PUMP

The circulation pump is the main element in forced circulation heating systems and forces the coolant to move inside the system, which is especially true for houses with more than one floor with an extensive piping system. The circulation pump helps the coolant overcome the resistance in the pipe. The thicker the pipe, the lower the resistance and the lower the required pump power. Circulation pumps create a certain pressure drop at the installation site. The pressure difference serves to overcome the sum of all hydraulic losses due to friction in pipelines, that is, due to it, the fluid is kept in constant motion. To determine the actual pressure, the differential pressure is added to the static pressure.

When choosing a circulation pump, you need to know: Operating conditions (heat carrier temperature, substance used as a heat carrier or its percentage in solution, pipeline diameters). Performance. When selecting a pump, it is necessary to take into account the hydraulic losses that occur in pipelines at the obtained circulation rate.

The parameters of the circulation pump are selected in such a way that three times the total volume of the system coolant is driven through it within an hour. The performance of a specific pump model is determined by the pressure-flow characteristic of the second speed of rotation of the pump, at a pressure equal to the hydraulic resistance of the system. As a rule, due to the low circulation rate of the coolant, the value of hydraulic resistance for a private house does not lead to losses of more than 1-2 meters (0.1 - 0.2 atm). Therefore, if the calculation of hydraulic resistance is problematic, then the performance of a particular pump model is recommended to be determined at the midpoint of its pressure characteristic.

SURFACE PUMP SELECTION

Surface pumps are installed outside the source and can usually lift water from a depth of up to 7-8 m. Surface pumps, in turn, are divided into self-priming, designed to draw water directly from the source, and so-called normal suction pumps, which are used to increase pressure in an existing plumbing. Self-priming devices must be filled with water before starting; a special hole with a plug is provided for this. When selecting a surface pump, the following parameters must be taken into account: required performance head pressure loss depth of the water surface The surface pump produces maximum performance when water is raised from a depth of up to 9 m (from a river, lake, shallow well). In order to somehow compensate for the loss of power when working at great depths, manufacturers began to equip pumps with ejectors that maintain water circulation.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP SELECTION

A submersible pump looks very similar to a borehole pump, but is designed to lift water from a depth of no more than 10 m, and this already makes it similar to a surface pump. With the same technical characteristics of the two types of pumps, the question immediately arises, which one is better to buy - surface or submersible? The choice depends on the depth of the reservoir. For the operation of a submersible pump, a depth of at least a meter is needed, otherwise it will begin to suck in silt and sand from the bottom, which will quickly disable it.

A surface pump can pump water from a depth of several centimeters. If you take water for drinking from a well, and for watering the site - from a river or lake, then the best option is a surface pump. You can move the pump itself, or rearrange the hose. You can't do that with a submersible pump. It is necessary to disconnect the hose, pull the pump out of the well, then do everything in the reverse order. To extract water only from a well, a submersible pump is usually bought. It hangs in the well, does not make noise, it is not visible. It is only important that the water level does not decrease, since running dry for the pump will quickly lead to its failure.

SELECTING A WELL PUMP

The pump is selected according to two main parameters: productivity (flow rate) - how many liters per minute or cubic meters of water per hour the pump can pump, and pressure - to what height in meters the pump can deliver this water. For a normal comfortable existence, 1000 liters of water per day per person is usually enough (even if you take a bath twice). Therefore, it is easy to get the required amount: multiply the number of people permanently living in this house by 1000 liters (1 m3) per day.

For example, for three people, 3000 liters is enough. An additional indicator is the maximum consumption. It is determined by the possibility of simultaneous use of several points of water consumption. For example, if you have three people who can simultaneously use: a shower (bath) - 8-10 liters per minute a tap in the kitchen - 6 liters per minute a toilet - 6 liters per minute, then the maximum water flow will be 22 liters per minute.

For a family of 4-5 people, it is enough if the maximum flow rate is 30 liters per minute (1800 l = 1.8 m3 per hour), and the total daily consumption is 3000 l = 3 m3 of water per day. Separately, it is necessary to consider the case of choosing a pump if you use it for watering the garden. Here everything is determined by the size of your farm and the weather. Usually 2000 liters per day is enough for this case. To determine the minimum pump head you need, take the height of your house in meters and add 6 meters. Then multiply this number by 1.15 (head loss factor in the pipeline).

For example, your house has a height of 10 m, then the minimum required head characteristic of your pump is (10+6)x1.15=18.4m. If you have a well, then you need a pump with a head of 18.4 m, providing a flow rate of 1800 liters per hour (30 liters per minute) at this pressure. If you have a well, then you need to add the depth of the well to this pressure. More precisely, the distance from the surface of the earth to the water surface in the well.

For example, if this distance is 30 meters, then for the considered water supply system you need a pump with a head of 30 + 18.4 = 48.4 meters and a flow rate of 1800 liters per hour at this head. If the water supply source is remote from the house, then it should be taken into account that approximately 1 meter of pump pressure is lost per 10 meters of the length of the horizontal pipeline. In fact, it is more important to correctly determine the pressure characteristic, and it is quite enough to take the flow rate based on a value of 800 - 1000 liters per hour, since the simultaneous use of all points of water consumption is very rare, and in this case it is possible to ensure maximum flow using a hydraulic accumulator.

The flow of water from a well, unlike a well, cannot be provided with buckets. Be sure to use specialized equipment - a pump. What it should be, you should know any gardener, gardener, owner of a personal plot.

Peculiarities

A pump for a well, by definition, must be more productive than that installed in a heating or sewerage system. After all, it works, albeit for a relatively short time in most cases, but it must provide a powerful peak load. The height of the rise of the water column becomes a critical characteristic.

Another point: you will definitely have to supplement the device with a filter, since even the best and well-prepared well can become clogged.

Kinds

Engineers were able to develop a number of options for borehole pumps, among them there are even deep ones that raise water by 50 meters or more. Of course, the greater the height of the water column provided, the greater the power of the installation should be. Submersible systems are suitable for taking fluid from any reservoir. Of course, the developers take care of the anti-corrosion properties and high strength of all materials used. There is also a smaller division.

Thus, the vibratory submersible pump is distinguished by its simple design and minimal maintenance requirements. It is also important for consumers affordable price, as well as the exclusion of any rotating parts that are the most fragile and sensitive. The scheme of work is as follows:

• an electric current is applied to the coil;
• passing through the winding, it gives a magnetic field;
• under the influence of a magnetic field, the core is retracted;
• an attached rod extends behind the core, connected to a rubber diaphragm;
• it, bending, forms an area of ​​\u200b\u200blow pressure in the middle part of the pump;
• water is sucked into the chamber;
• the springs at this moment force the diaphragm to return to its original position;
• the consumer receives water after closing the valve under the action of excess pressure.

It is not surprising that such a device is widely used in gardens and vegetable gardens, and is used to drain flooded basements and cellars. The centrifugal scheme, however, also has certain advantages. It provides extraction of water of various temperatures. Such a pump works quietly with oil and acid solutions. The engine is connected through a shaft to the impeller, and holes are made in the wheel through which water can flow in and be directed in the right direction. Inside the housing, the liquid is drawn in under the action of the same pressure drop, only it is created by centrifugal force.

This option allows you to provide a very high pressure column even with mediocre performance. The centrifugal self-priming pump is equipped with a horizontal casing and starts to operate only after the intake pipe is 100% filled with air.

Normally, the suction unit is also pre-filled, but already with water. A multi-stage type can develop a stronger pressure than a single-stage type, but the total performance will not change from this. In dachas, surface units can also be used, which also supply water well to houses.

The difference is that surface-type devices “get along” extremely poorly even with minor fluid blockages. The pump itself is not immersed in wells and wells; only a flexible hose is placed there. The maximum depth of water intake is 9 m. If this is not enough, you will have to buy additional ejectors. Before starting up, the pump must be filled with water; automatic systems are preferred because they draw less current and are equipped with overheating protection.

Manual models can also lift water up to 9 m up. If necessary, they can be removed and used to move other liquids without abrasive inclusions. The highest temperature of transported substances is limited to 80 degrees. The wing rotates under the action of forces reported by a hand lever. Each side is involved in the suction or expulsion of water, so the movement of the fluid is theoretically infinite.

The minimum practical diameter for well pumps is 3 inches (sometimes 4). The fact is that it is not possible to place a sufficiently powerful “stuffing” in smaller buildings to pump water from a depth of more than 7-9 m. And this greatly limits the possibilities for water supply on contaminated soils. And even if the surface is relatively clean, top water is rarely suitable for technical needs, not to mention domestic purposes.

Do not use pumps whose casings are in close contact with the walls of the casing. The smallest gap size is 0.4 cm.

Rod pumps are well represented by everyone who has ever seen installations pumping "black gold" on a television screen. Water is lifted up, of course, not by such mechanized devices, but by simple manual counterparts. They allow you to work with layers located at a depth of more than 7 m (which is not available to piston devices). The limit of accessibility is a depth of 30 m. Slide technology for working with wells is not suitable, it is applicable only in open water.

Deep pumps do not care what standard depth to lift liquid from, whether it be 20 m or 50. But a pumping system with a single-phase motor that is not equipped with a capacitor must have a start-protective design. ROM can either be bundled or purchased by the consumer. But in both cases, it is connected independently. The advantage of a remote ROM is that replacing the capacitor does not require removing the pump itself from the well.

You need to choose this block, focusing on the total electrical capacity and on the rated starting current of the thermal relay. It exceeds the rated motor current by about 20%. When choosing a starter, it is not necessary to use models of the same brand as the pump itself, the main thing is that the capacity matches.

In order to get to work as soon as possible, without resorting to the help of specialists, and not to experience difficulties during the pumping of water, it is advisable to buy a system with industrial wiring.

Device

Great importance for an outboard pump in a well, it has a cable with which it is installed. An incorrectly selected mount can break at any time and you will need to buy a new one along with a replacement pump. It is almost impossible to extract the loss from a narrow deep well, and this will not affect the quality of the water in the best way. The main thing when choosing a cable is the mass that it is able to hold, along with the water covering the pump.

The load in some cases exceeds 80 kg, but there is no need to be afraid - professional equipment withstand several times the weight.

If you need to save money, it is recommended to choose cables based on synthetic materials. But even cheapness and immunity to corrosion do not make them an ideal solution. After all, synthetic fiber is gradually stretched, and therefore the load will act more and more on the pipes. You can improve the consumer characteristics of any cable by folding it in half or in four layers. Steel retaining elements even in very clean water last for about a year; zinc coating increases this period, but only slightly.

A more perfect option is a polymer tube around steel. For its manufacture, polyvinyl chloride is used. If you mount the device according to all the rules, the service life will be quite long. But the PVC at the place of attachment to the pump inevitably frays over time and there comes a moment when the cable rusts and breaks. An alternative is the use of stainless steel cables. There is only one problem: the high price of a similar design, approaching the prices of budget category pumps.

Some people use iron chains with a small link or climbing ropes to secure pumping equipment. It is better not to conduct such experiments, because no one will give a firm guarantee of their success. In any design, even the smallest load must not be applied to the network cable, this is extremely dangerous. In many cases, it is better to use not an plug-in motor, but an external device. But this imposes certain restrictions on the hoses used.

In any case, you should not buy a hose that is only good for one watering. It will help only in the warm season of the year, providing:

• car washing (motorcycle, bicycle, paths and sidewalks);
• actually, watering;
• filling containers;
• water supply of a country house.

The rigidity of the hoses taking water from the well is very important. It can be achieved by thickening the walls, introducing reinforcing parts, creating a corrugated structure. The most perfect option are hoses, which are reinforced with steel spirals. They will endure significant pressure for as long as possible. For hoses that will be used all year round, frost resistance is of particular importance.

Flattening and deterioration of characteristics under the influence of negative temperatures are strictly unacceptable. When it is known for sure that the water will be taken for drinking, any rubber hoses become unacceptable. The liquid that has passed through them not only acquires a bad smell, it gradually becomes unsafe for the health and even life of consumers. Therefore, drinking water is allowed to be pumped only through silicone and PVC channels. Silicone is definitely suitable for food use, lasts a long time and does not give off a negative smell.

The objective disadvantage of this material is its unsatisfactory strength and the risk of destruction at the junctions with other sections of the highway, with equipment. PVC is better in this regard and is relatively inexpensive. Regardless of the material of the hose, it is recommended to buy it in a large department store, and even better - in a branded point of sale. No one can guarantee the safety of water that has passed through a hose purchased on the market or in an underpass. The same applies to fittings and fasteners.

Calculation

Determining the exact characteristics of the pump, which must be ensured in any case, is very important. The following are taken into account in the calculations:

• real parameters of water sources;
• distance between the water intake and the consumer (consumers);
• required amount of water intake.

Now there is no particular need to use sophisticated formulas or use the help of experts. Online calculators come to the rescue, in which you only need to specify a few basic variables for calculation. But still, it would be much more accurate to use both calculation methods at once in order to make the result as accurate as possible. Professional formulas are especially important when the need for water supply of a large residential building with a subsidiary farm is calculated.

A mistake revealed at the height of the field season can be very serious in its consequences.

Manufacturers: review and reviews

Russian pumping units enjoy well-deserved prestige and demand, and it's not just about patriotic feelings. For example, products of the brand "Dzhileks", now presented in the sector of borehole pumps by the series "Vodomet". Model 40/50 allows immersion in the water column to a depth of 30 m, while in a minute the device will lift up to 40 liters of liquid.

Consumers invariably note that Jilex products better offers from any other Russian company. The device version 55/75, thanks to a special technological measure, can give the owners about 3 cubic meters. m of water per hour, even from wells saturated with sand.

The undoubted advantage of any domestic products is that they are initially designed taking into account the climatic features of the country. Significant positions in all major rankings are invariably occupied by German-made products.

Grundfos presents borehole pumps mainly as part of the "SQ" series. All of them are made using extra strong steel, treated in a special way to impart anti-corrosion properties. Engineers have taken care of protection from abrasive particles and other important points; only a solid price can become a problem for the consumer.

Unipump Eco products do a good job in wells that are pretty clogged with sand. A stainless steel housing that hides a single-phase motor is a great combination for solving most practical problems. The use of "floating" structural wheels can significantly reduce the risk of damage to the working parts by suspensions contained in the water. Disadvantages - the inability to pump liquid containing long fibers, as well as sensitivity to hard water. Consumers note that such pumps perform well in wells up to 15 m.

In search of guaranteed quality, you can purchase any Italian pump. So, Pedrollo products of the 6FK series have a power of 4 to 30 kW, equipped with a power wire up to 4 m long. You can start the devices up to 20 times per hour, making regular technological pauses at the same time. The electric motor will require a three-phase 400 V supply. Speroni is also one of the leaders in the Russian market.

The downhole multistage pump SCM 4/S-F is highly appreciated by consumers. It can be immersed up to 30 m in water containing up to 0.1 kg of sand particles per 1 cu. m, and put into operation 40 times in 60 minutes. Solid overload protection and a built-in capacitor are a great help when using the system. Graphite elements are used as a mechanical seal. All main parts are made of stainless steel, only the main working wheel is made of brass.

How to choose?

In order to correctly select a borehole pump, it is advisable to focus on the mark of the bottom base, on the dynamic water level. All must enter the first number construction organizations in technical passports for wells. The dynamic level is the distance from the ground level to the water table during the operation of the pump. When ½ hour after the start of the machine, there is still a lot of water left, this indicates both a good flow rate and a competent choice of equipment.

It is also worth paying attention to the static water level, that is, the distance between the top of the well and the water; for maximum accuracy, the liquid is not pumped out for some time.

By subtracting the static level from the total depth, the height of the water column of the well can be determined. The pipe diameter is measured in an elementary way, just like any other diameters. Submersible structures, for obvious reasons, have a diameter limit (18-20 cm). Larger systems simply cannot be lowered into casing pipes. The outer casing of mass-produced pumps is made of aluminum-based alloys, only the most expensive versions are equipped with steel casings.

Vortex pumps are similar to centrifugal pumps, but they also have specific features. They are larger and can deliver more water upwards than simpler appliances. It is not possible to force out centrifugal apparatuses due to objective weaknesses - a complicated design and an increased price. The screw circuit differs in the type of device for injecting liquid. As his engineers choose a screw, visually similar to the screw.

The vast majority of models on the market can pump 20-200 liters per minute from a well; at the same time, it is worth remembering that it is undesirable to take a wear-and-tear device to cover the basic need.

There is no need to save money for another reason: equipment manufactured by well-known manufacturers breaks down less often and works more stable. So, along with the cost of repairs and maintenance, buyers are only in the black.

The pressure of the water column must be guaranteed to ensure the passage of fluid through each vertical and horizontal section of the pipeline. In this case, the minimum pressure at any point should be made from 2.5 atm. In places with a high level of criminal danger and in dacha cooperatives, it is advisable to install surface pumps, since their security in the booths will be higher.

Those wells that are obtained on their own or with the help of informal teams do not have accompanying documents indicating their characteristics. Moreover, after long-term use of even official water sources, their properties can vary widely. All the necessary parameters are easily specified using the simplest tools at hand.

The static level is measured with a rope with a weight tied to it in the form of a cylinder or a cone without a bottom or just a plastic tube.

Before starting the measurement, it is worth at least an hour not to raise water from the well. This is usually enough to raise the liquid to its maximum natural level.

Of course, this is highly dependent on the degree of aquifer depletion. It is easy to recognize the touch of a tied load on the surface of the water by a characteristic sound. Immediately mark a point on the rope, and after lifting it is measured in any convenient way. For your information: if the dynamic and static levels are the same or very close, this indicates a good condition of the well. It is important to remember that the limit of underground water sources in different seasons of the year and depending on the prevailing weather conditions can vary markedly.

An overly powerful pump only seems like a good purchase: yes, at first it will supply a lot of liquid up, but working without water in a dried well, it will fail very quickly. For 3-4 consumers (excluding watering gardens and technical consumption) 70 liters of water are enough per day. It is very important to think about how the pump will pull the water up.

A simple rubber hose is not very practical, because the rarefaction of air in it causes the walls to collapse and stop pumping. The solution is to supplement the pump with plastic parts of a suitable size.

You should not purchase surface pumps if the distance between the surface of the earth and the water surface exceeds 8 m. Therefore, for filtration and artesian wells, unlike Abyssinian wells, this technique is unsuitable. With a lifting height of 40 m, it will be necessary to give preference to a higher power installation. Given the noise of any unit pumping water and its sensitivity to various contaminants, it is advisable to buy or make an external box with your own hands. Important: when selecting pumps by depth, it is worth reserving a certain margin.

Thus, a device declared by the manufacturer for lifting fluid from 60 m will ideally feel in a well 50 m deep. Continuous operation at the limit of the possible load leads to a reduction in working life and accelerated wear. A very important circumstance is the presence of protection against operation in dry mode. It is impossible to foresee all the situations when it may occur, it will not work and constantly manually control the water level. By entrusting this work to automation, the owners of the site will be reliably protected from various incidents.

Despite the wide popularity of vibration pumps, qualified specialists do not tire of warning about their adverse effects on wells. Even if such an impact is not detected at first, they say, destruction will still occur over time. Except choice pumping unit These parameters also need to be taken into account:

• the complexity of the repair;
• the possibility of obtaining spare parts;
• the duration of the guarantee;
• reviews for a specific model;
• well water quality;
• frequency and intensity of use of the system.

Wiring diagram

Even the best and perfectly matched pump must be connected according to a special scheme. Only under this condition can a stable water flow of the required volume be guaranteed. Surface pumps before installation are placed on a flat area and fixed to avoid the slightest displacement. You can connect them to the well using a pipe or a rigid hose with a diameter of 2.5-3.2 cm. One of the ends of the intake circuit must be immersed in water by at least 0.3 m.

Important: before lowering into the well, a check valve is attached to this end. The section taken away from the pump should be inclined towards the water source. Sealing of joints is carried out in the same ways as in other plumbing systems. It is possible to fill the pump with water (together with the line connected to it) through the filler plug or outlet.

It is absolutely impossible to rush during this work; you will have to ensure that all the air leaves the system.

Important: it is worth opening the water tap and looking at the pressure gauge. If the received figures differ from those contained in the documentation, the technique needs additional adjustment. The minimum volume of the accumulator must be 100 liters. Capacities smaller than this value do not justify the space that they occupy on the site. For the connection between the pump and the water storage, the so-called five-piece is used. As for automation, it should include at least a pressure gauge and a relay.

Next, connect the device to the pressure lines. The filler hole must be blocked, all parts of the equipment are tied together and bred around the house or plot. Be sure to check what the air pressure is in the drive, sometimes it needs to be pumped up additionally. Everything, now you can connect the pump to the mains. As soon as the pressure in the system, including the accumulator, reaches the required value, the machine will stop.

It is possible to ensure the longest possible operation of the automation unit only when it is connected by means of a contactor. Cost reduction is achieved by connection via a pressure switch. As soon as the pressure in the storage tank reaches the highest prescribed value, the pump is automatically disconnected from the supply line. Important: pressure thresholds must be measured inside the tank itself.

Installing a simplified protection relay instead of a full-fledged automatic device saves money, but then you have to restart the system every time you turn it off.

How to install?

Installing the pump correctly is the best guarantee that it will not need repairs for a long time. It is unacceptable to put the device at the very bottom of the well or bring it closer than 0.3 m to the lower edge of the pipe. This will end up filling the pump with sludge and it will burn out almost immediately. Assessing the maximum allowed depth of the apparatus, it is worth focusing on the length of the sump (a special filtered container that blocks the suction of dirt inside). The thickness of the layer containing water is also taken into account.

Determining the correct depth of immersion of the pump in the well, which exceeds significantly 15 m, is impossible with the help of ordinary improvised means. But such deep mines are drilled only after geological exploration and calculation of the necessary indicators using special formulas. In comparatively shallow mines, the ends of the cables are equipped with shock-absorbing springs, which must dampen the resulting vibrations.

Having connected this end with the pump, connect the nozzles, control whether the socket for connecting to the mains is airtight. The equipment is lowered into the mine using a manual or mechanical winch.

Having lowered the pump, fix the cable on the head and make the first test run. If there is a difference in power from the calculated one (in both directions), it is recommended to check whether all connections are tight. Additionally, the pump itself is raised to make sure that various contaminants have not appeared in it. Repeated descent and fixing are carried out according to the same algorithm.

The cable for installation is selected individually for each model, while taking into account the highest levels of permitted loads.

When working with your own hands or checking the actions of specialists, one should not forget about the tightness of the place where the cable is connected to the pump. Often a heat shrink sleeve is used for this purpose, while the ends are cut and degreased. The cores must be connected and pressed with clamps, small parts of the couplings are strung on each individual core. When this is finished, the connection is covered with a case, it is heated with a hairdryer or a soldering iron. The hot sleeve shrinks and turns out to tightly cover the ends of the cable.

The advantage of this solution can be considered the ability to immediately start the entire scheme in operation. The filling type of couplings is distinguished by the fact that the tightness is ensured by the use of a polymer compound. Both solutions are identical in cost, but you need to wait at least 24 hours before switching on. Attention: the connectors are designed primarily for surface pumps. For deep equipment, they are not reliable enough.

Prevention of accelerated wear is usually carried out using a frequency inverter that reduces the amplitude of fluctuations in the supply voltage. But it is important to consider that such measures apply mainly to powerful equipment options. Adding a converter to a circuit with a 300-400 W pump will only lead to excessive heating of the motor. But filters that cut off over high level tension, prove to be very useful in any variation.

The converter, if it is nevertheless installed, should be set to a certain minimum frequency.

The inverter must be connected to a flow meter, which is also set to the minimum value. The reason is simple - it ensures stable and uniform operation of the pump. As a result, the motor does not idle and the period of its operation is extended. Sometimes control over current frequencies helps to abandon the use of storage tanks. More importantly, it prevents hydraulic shocks and unjustified jumps in the dynamic level of the well.

In some places, the power supply is unstable or non-existent. And even in general, a normal electrical network sometimes, for a number of reasons, will not be able to provide pumping equipment with current. You can fix this problem by using a gasoline generator. For most models of such sources of electricity, acceptable conditions of use will be:

• humidity of the atmosphere maximum 60%;
• heating of the environment no more than 30 degrees;
• location above sea level - up to 150 m.

It must be taken into account when choosing a suitable version of the pumping system that intensively working filters can slightly reduce the generated pressure. Professionals recommend paying special attention to the joints that appear under water during normal operation. It is at these points that the most problems arise even with a slight manufacturing defect or violation of the principles of operation.

The bulk of pumps are now designed for four-inch casing pipes. Too frequent starts of household pumps are considered to be their switching on more than once within 120 seconds.

Sometimes pumps get stuck in wells, and a solution to this problem is usually impossible. As a result, both the device itself and the well are lost to the owner. It is much better to take care of excluding such a situation in principle. Electrical cables should be fastened with bundles to pipes or hoses. Yes, it will take a few minutes to cut them off and re-mount them every time the pump is lowered, but it justifies itself economically.

It happens that you have to pull the pump by a pipe, hose or even a cable. Then you need to carefully control that all these three elements rise evenly and there are no weak spots anywhere.

It is unacceptable to snap the cable to cables and hoses. Noticing a dangerous weakening, you can not panic or speed up work. It is better to push the pump a little deeper, holding on to the hose or pipe.

If it is impossible to move the pump down in this way, you can improvise (tying a crowbar to a rope, and so on). But even with a favorable outcome of the "experiment", no one can vouch for the safety of the case and the performance of the system. If the silt, after a long inactivity of the well, has risen above the pump, it remains only to try to swing the latter, but without too much enthusiasm.

When it is not possible to achieve the appearance of a gap between the body and the well, then, alas, you will have to come to terms with the loss. The flow rate of the water source will decrease sharply even with complete success (if it can be called such), and the quality may drop.

Silt-back and associated pump sticking can be prevented by not lowering the pump more than 10 m below the dynamic line and raising it to the surface at least once every 60 months. If such a situation nevertheless arose, you can try to pull the device, swinging it. It is advisable to attempt such an attempt with the pump turned on. This will help lift up the particles of crushed sludge.

When it is not possible to pull out the device with simple methods, you should immediately contact the professionals. For your information: even the use of the latest equipment can only solve about 70% of problems with jams, exacerbated by "innovative approaches."

Do not use spliced ​​hoses and cables. Each such connection increases the risk of jamming. An additional prevention of it is a fairly wide gap between the unit and the walls. The amount for drilling a very wide well at once is fully justified compared to paying for technical assistance services or preparing a new channel. It’s also worth spending money on a cap, which will prevent various objects from clogging the water source.

Preventive work and inspections on borehole pumps are recommended to be carried out in the spring and with the approach of cold weather. To reduce the likelihood of interruptions and the occurrence of extraneous noise, it is required to change the lubricant regularly. Experts advise during Maintenance assess the condition of hoses or pipes attached to pumps. It is not recommended to run the system more often than necessary, it will inevitably end in an early breakdown.

Only minor damage can be repaired on your own, while any significant defects can be repaired only by professionals.

When removing the pump for service or repair, you must first de-energize it. Pulling the device is better with assistants and without sudden movements. You need to mount a working device in the reverse order. A test run is mandatory, even if it is not practically necessary. Before the first maintenance, it is recommended to study the technical documentation again.

Drilling a well in itself does not mean a complete solution to the problem of water supply at home. Even if you are very lucky, and a solid artesian well has a certain pressure of water that raises it to the surface, it will clearly not be enough for the functioning of an autonomous water supply system. In addition to the fact that the pressure of the water column must ensure the passage of liquid through all vertical and horizontal communication sections, it is necessary to create its mandatory reserve of at least 2.5 atmospheres so that all household appliances (water heaters, boilers, washing machines and dishwashers, etc. .) worked correctly. Whatever it was, you can not do without a pump.

Before choosing a pump for a well, you need to get a certain idea of ​​the variety of such equipment, its design and operational features, and the criteria for evaluating the models offered for sale. It would be a shame to purchase a pump that simply cannot cope with the duties assigned to it. Probably, the situation will be no less unpleasant when it is acquired absolutely unnecessary"fancy" model, the functionality of which remains simply unclaimed. In both cases, it is a waste of money. In a word, you need to go to the store with a clear idea of ​​​​which pump will be optimal in a particular situation.

To begin with, it is worth understanding what borehole pumps are. Primarily, they can be divided into two large groups - surface and submersible.

Surface pumps

The name itself speaks for itself - such an installation for pumping water is installed outside the well, on the surface of the earth, and connected to the water horizon by pipes or flexible hoses.

It would seem that such a scheme has much more advantages - the mechanisms are always in sight, easy to control and periodic maintenance, there is no need to stretch long power cables to the place of water intake, worrying about the quality of the wire insulation. Installations are supervised or located in locked rooms, which means that the probability of their theft by intruders is significantly reduced.

However, the surface scheme of the installation is fraught with many disadvantages. First of all, these are much more modest indicators for the generated water pressure - they are simply incomparable with similar parameters. In addition, the noise factor cannot be ruled out - the installation of pumping equipment in the house will most likely require a separate room.

What types of pumps can be classified as surface pumps:

Hand pumps

The mention of hand pumps-columns familiar to everyone since childhood will probably make many people smile, but meanwhile they are still actively used and, for sure, they still have a future. Not in all situations, a constant flow of water is necessary - sometimes the possibility of a one-time set of it is enough (for example, points of collective use - in settlements, garden associations, garages, etc.). It is for such cases that hand pumps are used, which are extremely simple and reliable.

Manual column - such pumps are still relevant

Their working scheme is simple - a piston, a cylinder and two valves, air and water, working in antiphase. Muscular force through the lever is transmitted to the suction mechanism, which allows you to collect the right amount of water.

No dependence on the source of energy - often this is the only possible option for organizing irrigation in suburban garden plots where electricity has not yet been supplied. It is only necessary to drill a not very deep and labor-intensive Abyssinian well. Install such a column - and the issue will be resolved. Often this is also installed in a common system with an electric one, through a tee, with the ability to switch as needed - there will always be a backup source of water in case of problems with the power supply.

A manual column can be mounted directly on the well (in the case of the Abyssinian well), or have a pipe that descends into the water horizon.

Self-priming surface pumps

All other pumps discussed in this publication will be electrically driven. In fairness, it can be noted that pumping units with a power plant based on internal combustion engines, the so-called motor pumps, also exist and are actively used, but they do not, most often, have a pronounced domestic use.

So, family considerationsuperficialelectric pumps, which are designed to draw water from a well, it is worth starting from the simplest self-priming systems.

The housing of such pumps never comes into external contact with water and does not need special protection, which greatly simplifies their design. They are connected to the water source by hoses or permanently laid pipes, while the presence of a check valve is a prerequisite - when “aired”, they simply will not cope with the task.

They do not have a drive cooling system, and this is their weak point - if overlooked, there is a high probability of overheating. The design does not have any particular difficulties, control mechanisms and control - only switching on and turning off the engine. Thus, for the organization of an automatic control system for the operation of the water supply system, additional equipment will inevitably be required.

These pumps are not very high operational indicators. The average level of water pressure created by them usually does not exceed 8 ÷ 10 meters, which will obviously not be enough to organize a home water supply network. At best, they can be applied to the simplest home water supply system - with filling storage tankinstalled in the upper part of the building, from which water flows to distribution points without pressure, by gravity.

In a word, although it is inexpensive, it is far from the best option for providing a residential building with water. The scope of such pumps in a private household is, rather, the organization of a temporary irrigation system for a site from a well or a natural reservoir.

Home pumping stations

This technique is already much more serious, as it is adapted specifically for the tasks of organizing autonomous water supply in a residential building. Apart from self-primingpump, station must be equipped hydraulic accumulator- a membrane tank of a certain capacity, which will constantly maintain the required pressure in the home water supply network.

On this basis, the general design of such stations includes control devices and control mechanisms that turn on the drive when the pressure drops in the system to replenish the water supply, and turn off the power when the required pressure level is reached.

The main problems still remain unresolved - high noise and insufficient performance of the pumping part of the station, which does not allow raising water from considerable depths - the use is limited to sampling from Abyssinian or sandy wells up to 10 meters deep.

More modern models are also produced, with fully electronic control and the possibility of programming some operational parameters. Such pumping stations can be enclosed in a polymer casing, which partly solves the problems of increased noise and vibration.

Pump stations with ejector (injector)

But what if you still need to install a surface pump, but the water intake depth is from 10 to 25 meters? There is a way out - in this case, self-priming pumping stations equipped with an ejector (external) or injector (built-in) mechanism will help.

In this case, an additional water circuit with a smaller section pipe is formed in the water intake system, through which liquid is pumped at high speed. The vacuum created by it in the ejector creates additional pressure in the main intake pipe.

This leads to an increase in pressure - such installations can already work at considerable depths. True, this leads to a general decrease in the performance of the pump itself, since part of the water is sent back for circulation through the ejector circuit.

Another big minus is that these are even noisier than ordinary self-priming ones, that is, they will definitely require soundproof premises.

If this option is also unacceptable, there is nothing left but to choose a pump for a submersible well.

Video: device and operation of the pumping station

Prices for popular models of surface pumps

Surface pumps

Submersible pumps

The main feature of such pumps is already stipulated in their name - they are always located in the water column (in a well or in a well) and are connected to the water intake by a system of pipes and hoses. Power is supplied to them by means of a long, well-insulated cable.

The scheme of their installation predetermines their characteristic design features. They always have a reliable waterproof metal case, made of corrosion-resistant alloys, with effective waterproofing of detachable parts and assemblies. Be sure to have a hook for attaching a safety cable, on which the pump is lowered to the water intake.

The vast majority of pumps are equipped with built-in filters (grids) that prevent solid suspensions of an unacceptable size for this model from entering the mechanism and pipes. Many pumps, in addition, have a built-in check valve, which greatly simplifies its installation in the home plumbing system. If not, then a special threaded connection is usually provided for installing a valve device

There are many advantages to submersible pumps. These include:

• Noiseless operation - sound vibrations are damped by a layer of water.
• Such mechanisms are not afraid of thermal changes or freezing - the same temperature is almost always maintained in the aquifer of the well.
• At the same time, they are not afraid of overheating - the water pumped through them effectively cools the operating units.
• Such pumps have much higher performance and generated pressure. Some models of submersible pumps (deep) are capable of lifting water to a height of 100 meters or more.

The disadvantages are the following:

• Certain difficulties with the installation of such equipment, often requiring the involvement of specialists.
• The need to lay a high-quality, safe power line, sometimes over quite considerable distances.
• Difficulties with monitoring the operation of equipment, with carrying out preventive or repair work, requiring each time the pump is removed from the well.

The vast majority has a characteristic cylindrical shape, representing a metal column in height from half a meter to 2, 5 m. but in terms of the principle of action, they can differ significantly.

Vibratory submersible pumps

Simple in design, reliable, inexpensive, these pumps have gained a very wide popularity among the owners of country houses. They cannot “boast” with great productivity, but for domestic and garden needs it is often quite enough.

The principle of operation is as follows. An electric current passing through the coil windings causes a periodic, with a certain frequency, attraction of the armature, with which the membrane (diaphragm) and the piston are connected through the rod. The fast reciprocating movements of this mechanism create a vacuum in the working cylinder, and water is sucked from the well into the pump itself through the valve system and transferred through the outlet pipe to the points of consumption. The absence of rotating units predetermines the high mechanical reliability of the pump, and the simplicity of the electrical circuit, completely filled with a waterproof compound, guarantees its long-term trouble-free and safe operation.

Some models of vibration pumps are capable of creating a water column of 20 or even more meters. The pump is light, it is quite possible to lower it into the well even on a nylon cord. Their energy consumption is minimal. All this — pronounced benefits such devices

There are drawbacks to such mechanisms, and they are quite significant. Such pumps are quite noisy, but the main thing is that the vibration waves they create can eventually lead to the destruction of the wellbore or erosion of the clay bottom and walls, and rather rapid siltation of the aquifer. The use of such pumps is recommended only in sand wells, with certain precautions to prevent excessive turbidity of the water and sand from entering the water intakes. Ideally, they are more suitable for wells dressed in concrete rings, and for the well it would be wiser to choose a pump of a different principle of operation.

Video: vibration pump characteristics

Centrifugal submersible pumps

The most common well pumps are centrifugal. They are a cylinder with an electric drive placed inside. A vane turbine is installed on the axis of the engine rotor, which rotates in a working chamber, which has a peculiar “snail” shape, with a supply pipe in the center and an outlet pipe on the periphery.

The rapid rotation of the turbine causes the action of centrifugal forces, which reject the flow of incoming water (shown by green arrows in the diagram) from the center to the walls of the working chamber.

As a result, a significant pressure difference is created - from rarefaction in the region of the rotation axis (blue area) to increased pressure - towards the edges of the blades (in the figure - a gradual transition to red). This ensures both a constant flow of water from the supply pipe and the required pressure at the outlet.

A similar scheme of operation is also used in most surface pumps, but there the required output pressure parameters can be achieved by increasing the diameter of the working chamber. In downhole pumps, where dimensions are strictly limited, this issue is resolved differently. Achieving high water column performance occurs by successive installation of several cameras on one axis of the drive.

The water pressure created by one chamber is a kind of "support" for the next - and so on. As a result, the output pressure is the sum of the total effort of all impellers.

The number of working chambers determines the overall height of the "column" of the pump

The number of chambers can be different - from two to three and even up to several tens - this predetermines the height of the "column" of the submersible well pump and its performance characteristics.

This scheme fully justifies itself - such pumps are capable of lifting water from very great depths. their advantages also include quiet operation, the absence of significant vibrations, a wide choice in a wide range of generated water column and performance.

The main disadvantages are the complexity of installation, especially in deep wells, the need for fairly frequent maintenance, and a considerable cost.

Video: modern borehole centrifugal pumps

Screw pumps

Screw-type borehole pumps are not widely used, but, nevertheless, are commercially available.

Their working part consists of two main parts.

A rotor of complex spiral shape is eccentrically mounted on the drive shaft. It rotates in the cavity of the stator, which also has a complex geometry with one or two turns of the helix. The stator housing is usually made of elastomer - rubber, which ensures a tight fit of the rotor loops. Thus, in the working cylinder of the pump there is always a certain number of cavities filled with water. When rotated, the screw pushes these volumes from the inlet to the outlet. The total volume of liquid in the cylinder never changes, which makes it possible to maintain an even, stable pressure of the water column.

Such pumps easily cope even with liquids of increased viscosity, which predetermines them prevalence in production conditions. However, there are also models for lifting water from wells.

The scheme of such pumps is effective - they are able to lift water from considerable depths, about 40 — 50 meters. However, the presence of units with increased friction quickly leads to their wear, which requires regular maintenance with the replacement of parts. What is quite acceptable and justified in production conditions will bring a lot of trouble with the private use of such equipment.

vortex pumps

Another scheme that is used in both surface and submersible pumps. The special shape of the wheel creates not only centrifugal acceleration of the pumped ox, but also its powerful turbulent flow, which significantly increases the pressure at the outlet.

The advantages of such a scheme are high performance, low noise, relative simplicity of the device, which predetermines a lower price compared to centrifugal machines of the same power.

Pumps are not afraid of "airing" - in principle, they can even be used for pumping gas-liquid dispersions.

However, significant drawbacks - low durability and special requirements for the purity of the pumped water, seriously limit the widespread use of vortex pumps - they clearly lose to centrifugal ones.

Prices for the range of submersible pumps

Submersible pumps

What criteria should be followed when choosing a pump

So, what parameters, in addition to the principle diagram of the operation of the pump, must be evaluated when choosing it:

• Supply voltage and power consumption. If everything is clear with the first value - as a rule, all domestic-level well pumps are powered from 220 V, then the power is a special issue, since it corresponds to the existing capabilities of the power grid, installed fittings (machine, RCD) and the cable part. An important addition - some pumps (in particular, centrifugal) do not like voltage drops, therefore, additional installation of a stabilizer may be required.
• Maximum pressure (height of the water column) - the parameter will be indicated in the technical documentation of the product. pressure and have at least another 10% reserve. This issue should be considered in more detail.

There are special

After drilling a well and installing all related equipment, it is the turn to install and connect the most important element of water supply, namely the borehole pump. However, before you purchase it, you need to study the main characteristics of the well in order to select the necessary parameters of the pumping unit with maximum accuracy.

This, one might say, is the most critical stage of well construction. After all, the performance and durability of the water supply system, the safety of its use, as well as the qualitative composition of drinking water largely depend on how well the pump for the well is selected and installed.

Downhole pump

This article will offer instructions describing the main parameters of borehole pumps, which will help you make the right decision in favor of a particular unit.

In addition, the reader will be presented with the main selection criteria that you should pay attention to when buying it, as well as a brief guide on how to choose the right pump for a well with certain technical characteristics.

Surface pumps

For pumping water from underground wells, there are two types of pumping units: surface and submersible. As the name implies, surface pumps are installed on the surface of the earth in close proximity to the wellhead.

They are cheaper, easier to install and maintain, but they have some features that significantly limit their convenience and scope:

• Their installation requires a special room.
• High noise level during operation.
• The need for forced cooling of the engine.
• Before starting, filling of the working fluid is required.
• The maximum distance from the height of the working body to the dynamic water level in the well
  can be no more than 7-8 meters.

It is advisable to use such pumps for seasonal use in underground sources without a caisson at a high dynamic liquid level, as well as for the extraction of technical water in the upper layers of groundwater.

Submersible pumps

The most widely used devices for pumping water from a well are submersible type devices that are installed in the wellbore below the dynamic liquid level directly in the water column. They are considered the most versatile and have good performance.

The advantages of submersible pumps include their following characteristics:

• High reliability and durability.
• Ability to work in any climatic conditions, regardless of the season.
• High performance and fluid head height.
• Before start-up, filling of the working fluid is not required.
• During operation, forced cooling is not required.
• Quick start-up, low inertia and quiet operation make them ideal for pairing with an automated water supply system for a private house or household plot.

Of the shortcomings of submersible pumps, the most tangible is their rather high price and a more complicated process of installation, maintenance and repair.

Taking into account all the pros and cons of units of this type, their use is a priority for the extraction of water from underground sources, so in the future we will talk about submersible pumps.

Related articles:

Water consumption

One of the most important indicators of any pump is the flow rate of water, or in other words, its performance. This value is characterized by the volume of the pumped liquid per unit of time, for example, 6 cubic meters per hour or 0.5 cubic meters per minute.

To know how to choose a well pump on this basis, it is necessary to find out the flow rate of the well. The flow rate is understood as its ability to produce water for pumping at a certain speed without a significant decrease in the dynamic level.

Typically, the flow rate is indicated in the technical passport of the well, which is issued by the drilling company, however, it is very difficult to determine the exact value of the flow rate for each specific well, since this value is not constant and may change over time depending on various conditions.

It should only be said that the recommended pump performance should be 10-20% less than the well flow rate. This will allow the most rational use of the aquifer and at the same time avoid draining the well and running the pump in dry running mode.

Advice! The most optimal well flow rate is achieved under the following conditions: during pumping of water for one hour, the difference between the static and dynamic levels should be no more than 1 meter.

Head height

Another important parameter that affects the selection of a downhole pump is the maximum relative height to which it is able to lift the working fluid. The required head height mainly depends on the depth of the well and the level of the highest point of water consumption in the building above the ground.

In order to accurately calculate the required head height, you need to add the depth of the pump relative to ground level and maximum height location of water users. In addition, to ensure normal working pressure in the water supply system, it is necessary to add another 30 meters to the obtained value, which corresponds to a pressure of 3 bar.

Note! As an example, consider a well 40 meters deep, located next to a two-story house 6 meters high. To determine the height of the pressure, it is necessary to add the length of the pressure pipe (40 m) to the height of the second floor of the house (6 m) and add the height necessary to achieve the operating pressure of the system (30 m). Thus, the optimal pump head will be ~ 80 m.

Casing string diameter

To select the correct pump size, the inside diameter of the casing pipes must be known. The bulk of the submersible units are available in two sizes depending on their external diameter of 3 inches or 4 inches. In millimeters, these are ~75 and ~100 mm, respectively.

When drilling a well, keep in mind that a wider range of products are available in the 4-inch size range, so it is better to use casing pipes with an internal diameter of at least 110 mm.

Submersible units with a diameter of 3 inches, in addition to being less common and in a smaller assortment, also have a higher cost compared to 4 inches. Therefore, when installing a submersible pump in a well with your own hands, it is recommended to give preference to models with a body diameter of 4 inches.

Note! When choosing a unit for domestic water supply of a residential building, taking into account the average daily water consumption for a family of 4, its productivity should be 3-4 m³ / hour.

The lack of central water supply on suburban land necessitates the organization of water supply independently. For this purpose, a well is built or a well is drilled, depending on the needs. This raises the question of choosing a pump for the well.

What to know when choosing a pump

Daily water consumption

One of the main characteristics that influences the choice of a pump for a well is the number of appliances in the house. It is important to determine how many units can be turned on at the same time and the duration of continuous operation. All these factors determine the required volume of water that the pump needs to supply to the water supply system.

These data are found out from the passport attached to a particular device. To obtain the value of the maximum water intake, add the data for each of them and add the water requirement for irrigation.

It should be understood that all existing consumers in the house will not work at the same time, but only for a certain period of time. Thus, it is necessary to determine the short-term water flow per minute and the long-term one for several hours (most often, no more than 6 hours).

Accurate Source Depth

Determine the depth of the well

The passport data of the pump indicates, among other characteristics of the device, the maximum depth for which this model is designed. It is important to find out whether the technical capabilities of the equipment correspond to the actual depth of the well.

In the absence of accurate data, the depth of the well is measured independently. For this purpose, a load is fixed on a rope or twine, followed by its immersion in the well cavity until the moment when this object reaches the bottom. Then the load is taken out, and measurements of the wetted section of the rope and its dry section are carried out. The height of the water column will be equal to the length of the wetted area, and the distance from the water surface to the top of the shaft will correspond to the dry section. The sum of them will give the depth of the well.

The rate of filling the well with water

Well productivity indirectly characterizes its type and static water level. More important is the flow rate of the well, which represents the volume of water that can be taken from it without dropping below the critical level. The unit of measure for this parameter is the number of liters pumped out per hour.

The result of the calculation of the flow rate, obtained on the basis of only the depth of the well and the water level in it, will be erroneous. Obtaining data close to the actual state of affairs is possible only empirically. To obtain a reliable result, water is pumped out with a powerful pump for a sufficiently long time.

Casing pipe diameter

Pipe diameter

The size of the well diameter largely determines the choice of pumping equipment capacity. If drilling was carried out by a specialized organization, then the data is contained in the well passport. If such information is not available, then you can easily get it yourself, and convert the result to inches.

As a rule, the pump is calculated for wells with a diameter of 4 inches. Much less often, the device is calculated for operation in three-inch wells. This circumstance may require the selection of the pump according to the catalog.

pressure

The choice of a pump for a well will be incorrect if it is made without taking this parameter into account. It is determined by adding the number 30 to the depth of the well (in meters). The result is the height of the water column. It is recommended to increase the result obtained by 10%, and in accordance with the figure obtained, the choice of equipment is carried out.

Drilled well quality

When drilling a well with your own hands or when there are doubts about the quality of the work of the drillers, a pump specifically designed for wells may be required. The cost of universal pumping equipment is lower, and its efficiency is sometimes insufficient.

Water sources that are built by non-professional drillers or long-term wells run the risk of being washed out by sand. This circumstance adversely affects the operation of the equipment and leads to clogging, and also reduces the life of the pump. A unit designed specifically to work in well conditions is less susceptible to the negative impact of well quality deterioration.

Price

It is important to take into account the possibility that water may dry out at the horizon of the pump. A device model that does not have protective systems will inevitably fail.

With comparable parameters of well flow rate and pump power, the latter must have the ability to automatically shutdown in automatic mode. This is because there is an abundance of water in a freshly drilled well, but over time the flow rate is reduced. Pumping equipment with a higher cost must have protection; cheaper models may not have it.

We select the pump according to the features of work

Surface pumps

Understanding the principles by which surface-type units operate will greatly facilitate the choice of a pump for a well. Devices of this type operate as follows:

• The motor shaft is connected to the pump, which has holes for water intake and supply.
• Water is taken from the source using a hose or sleeve that has a check valve. The quality of this element of the system must ensure reliable operation and prevent the possibility of depressurization.
• It is important to monitor the condition of the pump in terms of a constant supply of water to it. Otherwise, idling may cause damage to the pump.
• In order to increase the depth of the fence more than 9 meters, an ejector is used. This device is immersed together with a hose, as a result of which water is partially lowered into it. Thus, the pressure increases and, accordingly, the pressure value. The use of such additional equipment leads to a significant increase in noise levels, which limits the time of its operation.
• Installation of equipment consists in installing the pump near a water source, immersing the hose in it and turning on the pump in the electrical network.
• To install the pump, it is recommended to organize a special warm room or use an insulated container.

Centrifugal pumps

These pumps are characterized by the fact that they are able to work when the system is "aired" or when air pockets form. Heavily contaminated water can cause damage to the equipment. To prevent accidents, it is imperative to organize a filter on the suction pipe. Such equipment during operation creates a high level of noise.

Centrifugal pump

Self-priming pumps

The self-priming pump is centrifugal pump equipped with an ejector. The presence of this improvement leads to an increase in the efficiency of the device. With an internal location of the ejector, it is possible to lift water from a depth of 5-6 m. Installing an ejector outside allows this indicator to reach a level of 25-30 m. Such pumping equipment is used quite rarely for water supply to private houses, which is associated with low-rise buildings.

vortex pumps

vortex pump

The power of such pumps for a well makes it possible to create significant pressure in the water supply system of a private house. This indicator exceeds the similar parameter of centrifugal equipment by 5-7 times. The use of vortex pumps is advisable when the distance from the source to the consumer is large. The noise level of the units is at an acceptable level.

With increased power, the efficiency of pumping equipment does not exceed 45%. Reliable operation can only be ensured if the water purity is sufficiently high. Therefore, it is important to organize highly efficient water purification and constantly monitor the condition of the well, which requires more frequent cleaning.

Submersible units

Vibratory pumps

This type of equipment can only be used in sand wells, the depth of which is 40-50 m. It has a relatively low cost.

Submersible pump

The design of such pumps is equipped with a rubber flexible membrane. On one side of it there is a chamber with water, and on the other side a part is installed that vibrates during operation. Due to vibration, the volume of the chamber alternately changes up and down and, therefore, the pressure in it changes alternately. A decrease in pressure causes the intake valve to open and water to be sucked in. With an increase in pressure and reaching an excess value, the liquid is pushed out with pressure.

Centrifugal

The design of pumps for centrifugal wells is a modern and expensive type of equipment. These pumps are universal in terms of performance.

The principle of operation of the pump is based on the rotation of the wheel placed on the shaft. It consists of two discs, which are connected by means of blades. The latter are bent in such a way that their direction is opposite to the direction of rotation of the wheel. When water enters the body of the device, the interblade space is filled and centrifugal force is activated. As a result, a zone with reduced pressure appears in the central part of the body, and the peripheral regions are characterized by the presence of increased pressure. This circumstance is the cause of the pressure difference. Water is drawn in by the rarefied area, and is ejected through the outlet pipe.

Centrifugal pump

Features of the operation and operation of submersible devices are the reason for their division into the following types of devices.

Deep pumps

Deep pump

The purpose of this pumping equipment is to pump water from wells of various types and containers with process fluids. In fact, they are centrifugal pumps that are small in size, capable of creating high pressure and high performance. The pump is a narrow cylinder with a sufficiently long length, which allows them to be successfully placed in wells of various diameters. The use of high-tech solutions in the design of this device leads to an increase in its cost.

Well

The main difference between well pumps and well pumps is the narrowing of the scope. They can be used to pump water from shallow wells, wells or other bodies of water. Well pumps can work trouble-free with water, which has a significant amount of mechanical impurities.

The diameter of these devices is larger than that of deep-well pumps. This circumstance limits the capabilities of the apparatus, but allows more efficient use of the technical capabilities of the electric motor.