Shakespeare history presentation. Presentation on William Shakespeare. Tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"

William Shakespeare: life and work

"He was a man for all time."

Ben Johnson

William Shakespeare

English playwright, poet, Renaissance actor. In world history, he is undoubtedly the most famous and significant playwright who had a huge impact on the development of all theatrical art. The stage works of Shakespeare still do not leave the theater stage all over the world today.

RENAISSANCE

Renaissance, or Renaissance(French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) - an era in the history of European culture, which replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times.

Timeline of the era: XIV-XVI centuries.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

William Shakespeare was born April 23, 1564 year in the English town of Stratford-on-Ayven.

The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "a terrific spear."

William Shakespeare's father, John, was a craftsman, merchant (traded in wool), and in 1568 became mayor of Stratford.

William's mother, Mary of Ardenne, was the daughter of a farmer from Wilmcote.

From some sources it is known that William Shakespeare studied at a grammar school.

Shakespeare's house

The architecture of the house is typical of that time. On the ground floor there is a living room with a fireplace, a large hall with an open hearth and further along the corridor - the owner's workshop. On the second floor of the house there are three bedrooms. A small cottage and a room in which the kitchen is now located were added to the house later.

In 1582, William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway.

In the mid-1580s, Shakespeare and his family moved to London.

Shakespeare made money by guarding horses at the theater. This position was followed by behind-the-scenes work in the theater.

Only a few years later, William Shakespeare got his first small role.

Before working in the theater, Shakespeare also had to master the profession of a school teacher.

The Globe Theatre, where Shakespeare worked

"GLOBUS" is a public theater in London.

It was active from 1599 to 1644.

At the entrance was written: "The whole world is a theater, and the people in it are actors."

The name was borrowed from Greek mythology and refers to Hercules, who held the globe on his shoulders.

Under King James I, the theater received the status of "Royal" .

In 1612, Shakespeare left the theater and returned to Stratford, where he lived until his death. The last plays Shakespeare wrote for his company date from 1612-1613. After that, the playwright fell silent. Researchers suggest that Shakespeare was ill for the last four years of his life.

The great playwright died at the age of 52 and was buried under the altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity in his native city.

"Oh good friend, in the name of God,

You do not touch the dust under the stone,

Sleep do not disturb my bones;

Cursed be the one who touches them!”

"Shakespeare Question"

• Could a person from an illiterate family be a genius?
• If Shakespeare is the author, where is the evidence: there is not a single manuscript of his plays.
• This is easy to explain: the Globe Theater burned down many times, during the fires the scenery, costumes, respectively, and manuscripts burned down.
• As for illiteracy, we can recall Russian self-taught writers: Maxim Gorky, Sergei Yesenin.

Creativity of Shakespeare

Shakespeare's legacy is

154 sonnets,

several small poems, poetic cycles,

37 plays (comedies, tragedies).

Literary theory

• Comedy((Greek) - the song of a cheerful crowd) - a type of drama in which the action and characters are interpreted in the forms of the funny or imbued with the comic (Molière, Beaumarchais, Griboyedov, Gogol).
• Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines with a special rhyme.
• Tragedy((Greek) - the goat's song) - a type of drama, which is based on a particularly intense, irreconcilable conflict, ending in the death of the hero.

Tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"

Shakespeare sharply condemns the feudal foundations, the arbitrariness of parents, who became an obstacle to the happiness of their children and led them to death.

The main thing for Shakespeare is the person himself, and not his origin and condition.

• Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, while a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words.
• Shakespeare introduced about 3200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries put together.
• Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived.
• According to Ben Jonson, Shakespeare "knew a little Latin and even less Greek", although his plays show that he was fluent in foreign languages ​​- French, Italian, Greek and Latin.
• The whole family of Shakespeare - father, mother, wife, children - were not literate. At the moment there is no evidence that Shakespeare himself was literate.
• Shakespeare's direct lineage ended in 1670 with the death of his granddaughter Elizabeth.

Shakespeare in theater and cinema

Ballet "Romeo and Juliet"

Shakespeare in theater and cinema

Film

"King Lear"

Shakespeare in theater and cinema

Movie "Hamlet"

Monuments to Shakespeare

In our hearts you have erected yourself

The imperishable and blinding temple…

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Shakespeare I do not know how to hide my feelings: when I have a reason for sadness, I must be sad and not smile at anyone's jokes; when I am hungry, I must eat and not wait for anyone; when he makes me sleepy, he must sleep without worrying about anyone else's affairs; when I'm having fun, laugh - and never imitate anyone else's mood.

Born in the small town of Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23, 1654. He came from a family of merchants and artisans. He studied at the "grammar school", where the main subject was Latin and the basics of Greek. At school, he received a wide knowledge of ancient mythology, history and literature, which was reflected in his work. birth

MOVING TO LONDON At the turn of the 1590s. Shakespeare comes to London. During these years, his first play was created - the chronicle "Henry VI". Having become quite a prominent figure, Shakespeare immediately received a jealous attack from one of the playwrights of the "university minds" group then reigning on the stage, Robert Green, who called him "a stage shaker" (a pun on Shakespeare's surname: Shake-speare, that is, "spear shaker ") and a crow that "dresses itself in our feathers" (an altered quote from "Henry VI"). This was the first surviving review.

The Emergence of a New Dramatist In 1592-94 London's theaters were closed due to the plague. During an involuntary pause, Shakespeare creates several plays: the chronicle "Richard III", "The Comedy of Errors" and "The Taming of the Shrew", his first tragedy (still sustained in the common style of "bloody tragedy") "Titus Andronicus", and also publishes for the first time under his own name, the poems "Venus and Adonis" and "Lucretia". In 1594, after the opening of theaters, Shakespeare joined the new composition of the troupe of the Lord Chamberlain, named after the position of her patron Hunsdon. The “university minds” left the stage (died or stopped writing for the theatre). The age of Shakespeare begins.

Creative takeoff. "Globe" In the 1590s. (the period that is considered to be the first in Shakespeare's work) Shakespeare creates all of his main chronicles, as well as most of the comedies. In 1595-96, the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" was written, followed by "The Merchant of Venice" - the first comedy, which would later be called "serious". In the autumn of 1599, the Globe Theater opens. Above the entrance - winged words: "The whole world is a theater" ("Totus mundis agit histrionem"). Shakespeare is one of its co-owners, an actor in the troupe and principal playwright.

UNEXPECTED DEPARTURE The reason for the unexpected end of such a successful career as a playwright and departure from the capital was, apparently, illness. In March 1616, Shakespeare draws up and signs a will, which later will cause so much confusion about his personality, authorship and will become an occasion for what will be called the "Shakespearean question." It is generally accepted that Shakespeare died on the same day that he was born - April 23. Two days later there followed a burial in the altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity on the outskirts of Stratford, in whose register of birth this entry was made.

SHAKESPEARE'S QUESTION Shakespeare's testament served as a source of grief and doubt for Shakespeare's biographers. It talks about houses and property, about rings for the memory of friends, but not a word about books, about manuscripts. As if not a great writer died, but an ordinary man in the street. The will was the first reason to ask the so-called "Shakespearean question": was William Shakespeare of Stratford the author of all those works that we know under his name?

INTERESTING FACTS Shakespeare had a gigantic vocabulary - from 20 to 25 thousand words, while a modern Englishman with a higher education uses no more than 4 thousand words. Shakespeare introduced about 3200 new words into the English language - more than his literary contemporaries put together.

Not a single manuscript of Shakespeare has survived. Only six signatures on official documents made by his hand have survived. The whole family of Shakespeare - father, mother, wife, children - were not literate. At the moment there is no evidence that Shakespeare himself was literate.

To summarize: Shakespeare is the highest expression of English Renaissance literature, indeed, of all English literature: there is no equal to him in creative greatness, significance and vitality of his legacy in the literary history of England. A national genius, Shakespeare belongs to the geniuses of European and world literature, to a small number of writers who have had and are exerting an intense influence on the development of many national literatures and on the entire spiritual culture of the world. Shakespeare's view of things is extraordinarily real. Everything is captured by them, everything is given a real price. In this feeling, in this reality and sobriety of perception and transmission of reality, the essence and basis of his realism.

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Presentation for literature lessons in grade 7. The Life and Works of William Shakespeare.

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Who is born under a happy star - Proud of glory, title and power. And I have been more modestly rewarded by fate, And for me love is a source of happiness. Under the sun, the confidant of the prince, the protege of the nobleman, spread the leaves magnificently. But the sun's benevolent gaze goes out, And the golden sunflower goes out too. A military leader, a darling of victories, In the last battle he is defeated, And all his merits have been lost. His destiny is disgrace and oblivion. But there is no threat to my Lifetime titles: I loved, I love, I love.

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William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon (Warwickshire) in 1564, according to legend, on April 23rd. The surname "Shakespeare" can be translated from English as "a terrific spear."
"Not without a right"

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It is believed that Shakespeare studied at the Stratford "grammar school" (English "grammar school"), where he received a serious education: the Stratford teacher of Latin and literature wrote poetry in Latin. Some scholars claim that Shakespeare attended the King Edward VI School in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he studied the works of such poets as Ovid and Plautus, but the school journals have not survived, and now nothing can be said for sure.

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Plays commonly considered Shakespearean The Comedy of Errors (1623 - first edition, 1591 - probable year of first production) Titus Andronicus (1594 - first edition, authorship is debatable) Romeo and Juliet (1597 - first edition, 1595 - probable year writing) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600 - first edition, 1595-1596 - period of writing) Merchant of Venice (1600 - first edition, 1596 - probable year of writing) King Richard III (1597 - first edition) Measure for Measure (1623 - first edition, December 26, 1604 - first production) King John (1623 - first edition of the original text) Henry VI (1594 - first edition) Richard II (writing - no later than 1595 d.) Henry IV (1598 - first edition) Love's Labour's Lost (1598 - first edition) As You Like It (writing - 1599-1600, 1623 - first edition) Twelfth Night (writing - not later 1599, 1623 - first edition) Julius Caesar (writing - 1599, 1623 - first edition) Henry V (1600 - first and building) Much Ado About Nothing (1600 - first edition) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602 - first edition) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1603 - first edition, 1623 - second edition) All's well that ends well ( writing - 1603-1604, 1623 - first edition) Othello (creation - no later than 1605, first edition - 1622) King Lear (December 26, 1606 - first setting, 1608 - first edition ) Macbeth (creation - circa 1606, first edition - 1623) Antony and Cleopatra (creation - 1607, first edition - 1623) Coriolanus (1608 - year of composition) Pericles (1609 - first edition) Troilus and Cressida (1609 - first publication) The Tempest (November 1, 1609 - first production, 1623 - first edition) Cymbeline (writing - 1609, 1623 - first edition) The Winter's Tale (1623 - the only surviving edition) The Taming of the Shrew (1623 - first publication) Two Veronese (1623 - first publication) Henry VIII (1623 - first publication) Timon of Athens (1623 - first post)

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Sonnets by William Shakespeare
Sonnet - a poem of 14 lines Sonnet forms Italian scheme (Petrarch) - 4 + 4 + 3 + 3 The first quatrain is an exposition, a presentation of the topic. In the second quatrain, the development of the theme is given, sometimes according to the principle of opposition. In three lines, the solution of the topic, the result, the conclusion from the author's thoughts is given. The sonnet does not allow the repetition of words English form (Shakespearean) - 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 This system is simpler than Petrarch's Italian scheme. The last TWO lines are the so-called "SONNET LOCK".

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The basis of the internal form of the sonnet is comparison. For each theme, the poet found his own image or a whole chain of images. The more unexpected the likeness, the more it was valued. The comparison was often carried to the extreme degree of hyperbolism. But the poets were not afraid of exaggeration.

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The entire cycle of sonnets is divided into separate thematic groups: Sonnets dedicated to a friend: 1-126 Chanting of a friend: 1-26 Trials of friendship: 27-99 Bitterness of separation: 27-32 First disappointment in a friend: 33-42 Longing and fears: 43-55 Growing estrangement and melancholy: 56-75 Rivalry and jealousy of other poets: 76-96 "Winter" of separation: 97-99 Triumph of renewed friendship: 100-126 Sonnets dedicated to the swarthy beloved: 127-152 Conclusion - joy and beauty of love: 153 -154

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Translations of sonnets In Russia, interest in Shakespeare's work and his "Sonnets" arose in the first half of the 19th century, but the first translations were aesthetically weak. The most famous are the translations made by M. Tchaikovsky (1914), S. Marshak (1948), A. Finkel, S. Stepanov, A. Kuznetsov. Translations of individual sonnets belong to the Silver Age poets V. Bryusov, N. Gumilyov, B. Pasternak.

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I do not compete with the creators of odes, Who present the sky to the painted goddesses As a gift With all the earth and the blue ocean. Let them, to decorate the stanzas, Repeat in verse, arguing among themselves, About the stars of the sky, about the wreaths of flowers, About the jewels of the earth and the sea. In love and in the word - the truth is my law, And I write that my dear is beautiful, Like everyone who is born by a mortal mother, And not like the sun or a clear month. I do not want to praise my love - I do not sell it to anyone!

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Works exhausted, I want to sleep, Blissful rest to find in bed. But as soon as I lie down, I set off again - In my dreams - to the same goal. My dreams and feelings for the hundredth time Go to you on the path of a pilgrim, And without closing my weary eyes, I see the darkness that even the blind can see. With an earnest gaze of the heart and mind In the darkness I am looking for you, deprived of sight. And the darkness seems magnificent, When you enter it as a light shadow. I can't find peace from love. Day and night, I'm always on the go. 27

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How can I overcome fatigue, When I am deprived of the goodness of peace? The anxiety of the day is not alleviated by the night, And the night, like the day, torments me with melancholy. And day and night - enemies among themselves - As if giving each other hands. I work during the day, rejected by fate, And at night I do not sleep, sad in separation. In order to win over the dawn, I compared the fine day with you And sent greetings to the swarthy night, Saying that the stars are like you. But my next day is becoming more difficult, And the shadow of the coming night is getting darker. 28

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In your chest I hear all the hearts that I thought were hidden in the graves. In the features of your beautiful face There is a reflection of faces that were once dear to the heart. I shed a lot of tears over them, Bowing down at the coffin stone, But, apparently, fate carried them away for a while, - And now we meet again. In you have found their last refuge Me close and memorable faces, And all of you with a bow give My love a wasted particle. All dear in you I find And all of you - all of them - belong

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When I read in a scroll of dead years About fiery lips, long silent, About the beauty that composes a couplet To the glory of ladies and beautiful knights, Traits preserved for centuries - Eyes, smile, hair and eyebrows - I am told that only in an ancient word Could you be fully reflected. In any line to his beautiful lady, the Poet dreamed of predicting you, But he could not convey all of you, Staring into the distance with loving eyes. And to us, to whom you are finally close, - Where can I get a voice to sound for centuries? 106

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Being scolded is not your vice. The beautiful is doomed to rumor. He cannot be blackened by the reproach - the Crow in the radiant blue. You are good, but in a chorus of slander You are more highly valued. The worm finds the most delicate flowers, And you are innocent, like spring itself. You escaped the ambush of your youthful days, Or the attacker was defeated himself, But with your purity and truth You will not close the mouth of slanderers. Without this light shadow on the forehead, you would alone reign on earth! 70

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Goodbye! I dare not stop you. I highly value your love. I can't afford what I own, And I humbly give the pledge. I use love as a gift. She was not bought with merit. And, therefore, a voluntary condition On a whim, you are free to break. You gave, not knowing the price of the treasure Or not knowing, maybe, me. And I have kept the unjustly taken reward until this day. I was king only in a dream. I was deprived of the throne by awakening. 87

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Well, I will live, accepting, as a condition, that you are faithful. Although you have become different, But the shadow of love seems to us love. Not with your heart - so be with me with your eyes. Your gaze does not speak of change. He harbors neither boredom nor enmity. There are faces on which crimes trace indelible traces. But, apparently, it is so pleasing to higher powers: Let your beautiful lips lie, But in this look, gentle and sweet, Purity still shines. Beautiful was the apple that Eve plucked from the tree to Adam. 93

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Yes, it's true: where I have not been, Before whom I have not made a fool of the public. How cheaply he sold wealth And insulted love with new love! Yes, it's true: I didn't look straight into the eyes of the truth, but somewhere past. But youth again found my cursory glance - Wandering, he recognized you as beloved. It's all over, and I won't again Search for that which exacerbates passions, Test love with a new love. You are a deity, and I am all in your power. Near heaven you find me a shelter On this pure, loving breast. 110

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Beautiful is a hundred times more beautiful, Crowned with precious truth. In delicate roses we appreciate the aroma, In their purple, living secretly. Let the flowers, where vice has built a nest, And the stem, and the thorns, and the same leaves, And the purple of the petals is just as deep, And the same corolla as that of a fresh rose, - They bloom, not pleasing the hearts, And wither, poisoning us breath. But fragrant roses have a different end: Their soul will be poured into fragrance. When the sparkle of your eyes goes out, All the charm of truth will overflow into verse. 54

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I call death. I can’t bear to see Dignity that begs for alms, Lies mocking simplicity, Insignificance in luxurious attire, And a false sentence to perfection, And virginity, rudely abused, And disgraceful honor, And power in captivity of toothless weakness, And directness, which is considered stupidity, And stupidity in the mask of a wise man, a prophet, And a clamped mouth of inspiration, And righteousness in the service of vice. Everything is disgusting that I see around ... But how to leave you, dear friend! 66

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I reproached the early violet: The evil one steals her sweet smell From your mouth, and steals away every petal Its velvet from you. The lilies have the whiteness of your hand, Your dark hair is in marjoram buds, The white rose has the color of your cheek, The red rose has your ruddy fire. At the third rose - white as snow, And red as the dawn - is your breath. But the impudent thief did not escape retribution: His worm eats him as a punishment. What flowers are not in the spring garden! And everyone steals your scent or color. 99

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Her eyes don't look like stars, Her lips can't be called corals, Her open skin is not snow-white, And a strand twists like a black wire. With a damask rose, scarlet or white, The shade of these cheeks cannot be compared. And the body smells the way the body smells, Not like a delicate violet petal. You will not find perfect lines in it, Special light on the forehead. I don't know how the goddesses walk, But my dear steps on the ground. And yet she will hardly yield to those Whom in the comparisons of magnificent slandered. 130

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Love is blind and deprives us of eyes. I don't see what I see clearly. I saw beauty, but each time I could not understand what was bad, what was beautiful. And if the glances of the heart were brought And the anchor was thrown into such waters, Where many ships pass, - Why don't you give him freedom? How could a passing yard to my heart Seem like a happy estate? But everything that I saw, my gaze denied, Tinting the false face with truth. The truthful light was replaced by darkness, And the lie seized me like a plague. 137

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Do not force me to justify Your injustice and deceit. It's better to conquer strength by strength, But do not inflict wounds on me with cunning. Love another, but in the moments of meetings You do not take your eyelashes away from me. Why cheat? Your gaze is a smashing sword, And there is no armor on a loving chest. You yourself know the power of your eyes, And, perhaps, averting your eyes, You are preparing to kill others, Sparing Me out of mercy. Oh, have no mercy! Let your direct look Kill me - I will be glad of death. 139

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I do not intend to interfere with the connection of two hearts. Can the betrayal of love immeasurable put an end to it? Love knows no loss and decay. Love is a beacon raised above the storm, Not fading in darkness and fog. Love is the star by which the sailor Determines the place in the ocean. Love is not a pitiful doll in the hands of Time, which erases roses On fiery lips and cheeks, And threats are not afraid of time. And if I'm wrong and my verse lies, - Then there is no love and there are no my verses! 116

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In conscience, tell me: who do you love? You know, many people love you. But you are ruining youth so carelessly, What is clear to everyone is that you live without loving. Your fierce enemy, not knowing regret, You secretly destroy day after day, Magnificent, waiting for renewal, The house that has been inherited by you. Change - and I will forgive the offense, In the soul of love, not enmity warm. Be as gentle as you are beautiful in appearance, And become more generous and kind to yourself. Let beauty live not only now, But repeat itself in your beloved son. ten

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Neither my own fear, nor the prophetic gaze of the Worlds that sleepily dream of the future, Do not know how long Love has been given to me, whose death seemed a foregone conclusion. The mortal moon Survived its eclipse in spite of the false prophets. Hope is again on the throne, And a long peace promises the blossoming of the olives. Separation death does not threaten us. Let me die, but I will rise in verse. Blind death threatens only the tribes, Not yet enlightened, wordless. In my poems, you too will survive the Crowns of tyrants and the coats of arms of nobles. 107

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Slide text: William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) English playwright and poet, one of the most famous playwrights in the world, author of at least 17 comedies, 11 tragedies, 5 poems and 154 sonnets.

Slide text: Biography Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family Non Sanz Droict - fr. “Not without a right” The coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family - “Not without a right” Shakespeare's life is little known, he shares the fate of the vast majority of other English playwrights of the era, whose personal lives were of little interest to contemporaries. There are different views on the personality and biography of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon into a wealthy but not noble family and was a member of an acting troupe.

Slide text: In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe, and since 1599 - also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received the status of a royal troupe (1603), and Shakespeare himself, along with other old members of the troupe, received the title of valet. For many years Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a church tithe farmer. The reconstructed Globe Theatre, where Shakespeare's troupe worked

Slide text: Creativity Shakespeare's literary heritage is divided into two unequal parts: poetic (poems and sonnets) and dramatic. V. G. Belinsky wrote that "it would be too bold and strange to give Shakespeare a decisive advantage over all the poets of mankind, as a poet proper, but as a playwright he is now left without a rival whose name could be put next to his name."

Slide text: The first period (1590-1594) According to literary methods, it can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still completely dominated by his predecessors. According to the mood, supporters of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare's work defined this period as a period of idealistic faith in the best aspects of life: "The young Shakespeare enthusiastically punishes vice in his historical tragedies and enthusiastically sings of high and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and especially love" ( Vengerov).

Slide text: Second period (1594-1601) Around 1595, Shakespeare creates one of his most popular tragedies - "Romeo and Juliet", - the story of the development of the human personality in the struggle with external circumstances for the right to free love.

Slide text: The third period (1600-1609) The third period of his artistic activity, approximately covering the years 1600-1609, is called by the supporters of the subjectivist biographical approach to Shakespeare's work the period of "deep spiritual darkness". The heroes of Shakespeare's "great tragedies" are outstanding people in whom good and evil are mixed. Faced with the disharmony of the world around them, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it, they create their own destiny and bear full responsibility for it.

Slide text: The Fourth Period (1609-1612) In the plays of the last period, ordeals emphasize the joy of deliverance from adversity. Slander is caught, innocence is justified, loyalty is rewarded, the madness of jealousy has no tragic consequences, lovers are united in a happy marriage. The optimism of these works is perceived by critics as a sign of reconciliation of their author.

Slide text: Poems and poems In general, Shakespeare's poems, of course, cannot be compared with his brilliant dramas. But taken by themselves, they bear the imprint of an outstanding talent, and if they had not drowned in the glory of Shakespeare the playwright, some of them could well have brought, and indeed have brought, great fame to the author.

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Slide text: Sonnets A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines. In the English tradition, which is based primarily on Shakespeare's sonnets, a certain rhyme has been adopted. In total, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and most of them were created in 1592-1599. The entire cycle of sonnets is divided into separate thematic groups.

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Slide text: The Tragedies of William Shakespeare Shakespeare has been writing tragedies since the beginning of his literary career. One of his first plays was the Roman tragedy "Titus Andronicus", a few years later the play "Romeo and Juliet" appeared. However, Shakespeare's most famous tragedies were written during the seven years of 1601-1608. During this period, four great tragedies were created - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, as well as Antony and Cleopatra. Many researchers associated these plays with the genre settings: the protagonist must be an outstanding, but not devoid of vice person, and the audience must feel certain sympathy for him. The playwright follows the doctrine of free will: the (anti)hero is always given the opportunity to get out of the situation and atone for sins. However, he does not notice this opportunity and goes towards fate. 12

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Slide text: Tragedy is a dramatic genre based on the tragic collision of heroic characters, its tragic outcome, opposite to comedy. The tragedy is marked by severe seriousness, depicts reality most pointedly, as a clot of internal contradictions, reveals the deepest conflicts of reality in an extremely intense and rich form, which acquires the meaning of an artistic symbol; It is no coincidence that most tragedies are written in verse.

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Slide text: Tragedy "Hamlet" The tragic story of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous plays in world drama. Written in 1600-1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words. The tragedy is based on the legend of Hamlet, recorded by the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammatik and is dedicated primarily to revenge - in it the main character, Hamlet, like the other two, seeks revenge for the death of his father. According to researchers, the plot of the play was borrowed by Shakespeare from the play by Thomas Kidd.

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Slide text: Tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" "Romeo and Juliet" is a tragedy in 5 acts that tells about two warring families of the Montagues and the Capulets. The essay refers to 1595. The play is based on a short story by the 16th-century Italian writer Bandello, but the plot that formed the basis of both works is much more ancient: it was developed by Ovid in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. The historical accuracy of this story has not yet been established. "There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet."

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Slide text: The so-called "Juliet's house" with a balcony in Verona The so-called "Juliet's tomb" in Verona In Verona, the houses of Juliet and Romeo, as well as the tomb of the heroine, which historically have nothing to do with the heroes of the play, are popular with tourists.

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Slide text: S. Prokofiev's ballet "Romeo and Juliet" The ballet "Romeo and Juliet" saw the light of the stage in Leningrad in January 1940. Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev's music for the ballet "Romeo and Juliet" at first seemed incomprehensible and complex to many. The success of the premiere exceeded all expectations. The main roles were performed by Galina Ulanova and Konstantin Sergeev, after this ballet Ulanova was called great.

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William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) English playwright and poet, one of the most famous playwrights in the world, author of at least 17 comedies, 11 tragedies, 5 poems and 154 sonnets.

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Biography Coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family Non Sanz Droict - fr. “Not without a right” The coat of arms with the motto of the Shakespeare family - “Not without a right” Shakespeare's life is little known, he shares the fate of the vast majority of other English playwrights of the era, whose personal lives were of little interest to contemporaries. There are different views on the personality and biography of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon into a wealthy but not noble family and was a member of an acting troupe.

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In 1592, Shakespeare became a member of the London acting troupe, and from 1599 he was also one of the shareholders of the enterprise. Under James I, Shakespeare's troupe received the status of a royal troupe (1603), and Shakespeare himself, along with other old members of the troupe, received the title of valet. For many years Shakespeare was engaged in usury, and in 1605 he became a church tithe farmer. The reconstructed Globe Theatre, where Shakespeare's troupe worked

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Creativity Shakespeare's literary heritage is divided into two unequal parts: poetic (poems and sonnets) and dramatic. V. G. Belinsky wrote that "it would be too bold and strange to give Shakespeare a decisive advantage over all the poets of mankind, as a poet proper, but as a playwright he is now left without a rival whose name could be put next to his name."

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The first period (1590-1594) According to literary methods, it can be called a period of imitation: Shakespeare is still completely dominated by his predecessors. According to the mood, supporters of the biographical approach to the study of Shakespeare's work defined this period as a period of idealistic faith in the best aspects of life: "The young Shakespeare enthusiastically punishes vice in his historical tragedies and enthusiastically sings of high and poetic feelings - friendship, self-sacrifice and especially love" ( Vengerov).

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Second period (1594-1601) Around 1595, Shakespeare creates one of his most popular tragedies - "Romeo and Juliet" - the story of the development of the human personality in the struggle with external circumstances for the right to free love.

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The third period (1600-1609) The third period of his artistic activity, approximately covering the years 1600-1609, is called by the supporters of the subjectivist biographical approach to Shakespeare's work the period of "deep spiritual darkness". The heroes of Shakespeare's "great tragedies" are outstanding people in whom good and evil are mixed. Faced with the disharmony of the world around them, they make a difficult choice - how to exist in it, they create their own destiny and bear full responsibility for it.

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Fourth Period (1609-1612) In the plays of the last period, ordeals emphasize the joy of deliverance from adversity. Slander is caught, innocence is justified, loyalty is rewarded, the madness of jealousy has no tragic consequences, lovers are united in a happy marriage. The optimism of these works is perceived by critics as a sign of reconciliation of their author.

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Poems and poems In general, Shakespeare's poems, of course, cannot be compared with his brilliant dramas. But taken by themselves, they bear the imprint of an outstanding talent, and if they had not drowned in the glory of Shakespeare the playwright, some of them could well have brought, and indeed have brought, great fame to the author.

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Sonnets A sonnet is a poem of 14 lines. In the English tradition, which is based primarily on Shakespeare's sonnets, a certain rhyme has been adopted. In total, Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, and most of them were created in 1592-1599. The entire cycle of sonnets is divided into separate thematic groups.

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The Tragedies of William Shakespeare Shakespeare wrote tragedies from the beginning of his literary career. One of his first plays was the Roman tragedy "Titus Andronicus", a few years later the play "Romeo and Juliet" appeared. However, Shakespeare's most famous tragedies were written during the seven years of 1601-1608. During this period, four great tragedies were created - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, as well as Antony and Cleopatra. Many researchers associated these plays with the genre settings: the protagonist must be an outstanding, but not devoid of vice person, and the audience must feel certain sympathy for him. The playwright follows the doctrine of free will: the (anti)hero is always given the opportunity to get out of the situation and atone for sins. However, he does not notice this opportunity and goes towards fate. 12

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Tragedy is a dramatic genre based on the tragic conflict of heroic characters, its tragic outcome, the opposite of comedy. The tragedy is marked by severe seriousness, depicts reality most pointedly, as a clot of internal contradictions, reveals the deepest conflicts of reality in an extremely intense and rich form, which acquires the meaning of an artistic symbol; It is no coincidence that most tragedies are written in verse.

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Tragedy "Hamlet" The tragic story of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, is one of the most famous plays in world drama. Written in 1600-1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 4,042 lines and 29,551 words. The tragedy is based on the legend of Hamlet, recorded by the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammatik and is dedicated primarily to revenge - in it the main character, Hamlet, like the other two, seeks revenge for the death of his father. According to researchers, the plot of the play was borrowed by Shakespeare from the play by Thomas Kidd.

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The tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" "Romeo and Juliet" is a tragedy in 5 acts, telling about two warring families, the Montagues and the Capulets. The essay refers to 1595. The play is based on a short story by the 16th-century Italian writer Bandello, but the plot that formed the basis of both works is much more ancient: it was developed by Ovid in the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. The historical accuracy of this story has not yet been established. "There is no sadder story in the world than the story of Romeo and Juliet."