Presentation on the topic of the main environments of life. Presentation "Habitat. Ground-air environment" Ground-air habitat characteristic presentation

slide 1

environmental factors. Basic living environments.

slide 2

Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

slide 3

In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

slide 4

Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

slide 5

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

slide 6

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Slide 7

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

Slide 8

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

Slide 9

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, therefore they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Slide 10

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

slide 11

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

slide 12

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

slide 13

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Slide 14

Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms, depending on the age and phase of development of the organism.

slide 15

Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

slide 16

environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Slide 17

Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

Slide 18

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Slide 19

Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

Slide 20

geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. At the same time, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

slide 21

Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.

"Habitat of organisms" - Characteristics of environments. Water environment. Habitat - the conditions surrounding the organism. What kingdoms of organisms do you know? Lesson conclusions: Each organism is adapted to life in a certain environment. Adaptations to the aquatic environment. Wings limbs for movement on a hard surface wool, feathers adaptations for economical use of moisture adaptations for pollination of plants.

"Habitat" - Inhabitants of the ground-air environment - aerobionts. Water environment. The inhabitants of the aquatic environment are hydrobionts. Habitat (environment). The study of different habitats of organisms. Aquatic habitat. Place animals or plants from the proposed list in the appropriate habitat. Basic living environments.

"Soil habitat" - Ground-air environment. Weakly developed eyes and ears. There is also a mycelium of mushrooms, Short fur (for less friction with the soil). The special structure of the mouth (so that the earth does not fall). Powerful front teeth (for digging and biting roots). Plant roots. Animals are shown here. Mucus secretion (promotes movement in the soil).

"Habitat of polar bears" - The roar of a bear. Video of a brown bear. The habitat of polar bears is the Arctic. Bears eat fish and seals. Polar bear. Females are noticeably smaller (200-300kg). Kulkova Olga. Habitat and appearance. The polar bear is the largest terrestrial representative of the predatory mammals.

"Adaptation of organisms to the environment" - Limits of acceptable levels. Classification of space flight factors. Characteristics of animal survival at an altitude of 12 km at different times of the day (A) and different times of the year (B). Effect of weightlessness on the body. daily rhythm. Adaptation of the body and environment. Classification of biorhythms. The average duration of some rhythmic.

"The educational environment of the school" - Creativity. Organization of the teacher's workplace. It has a framework and open character. For all subsequent stages of training. Mastering work in a single information environment. Independence. Mastering the means of digital photo and video recording. Multimedia environments for child-adult interaction. Initial retraining in the field of ICT competence of an elementary school teacher.

"Land-Air Habitat"

Slideshow presentation:

Slide 1

Slide 2

The ground-air environment is of particular interest to us, since it is here - on the border of the two shells of the Earth - that the vast majority of animals and plants live. It is easy to see that this medium qualitatively differs from water in its physical parameters. What problems did organisms face when developing land and how did they learn to overcome them?

Slide 3

The ground-air environment is characterized by seven main abiotic factors. Let's consider each of them.

Slide 4

Low air density Makes it difficult to maintain the shape of the body and therefore provokes the formation of a support system. Thus, aquatic plants do not have mechanical tissues: they appear only in terrestrial forms. Animals necessarily have a skeleton: a hydroskeleton (as in roundworms, for example), or an external skeleton (in insects), or an internal skeleton (in mammals). On the other hand, the low density of the medium facilitates the movement of animals. Many terrestrial species are capable of flight. Basically, these are birds and insects, but among them there are also representatives of mammals, amphibians and reptiles. The flight is associated with the search for prey or resettlement. The inhabitants of the land breed only on the Earth, which serves as their support and place of attachment.

Slide 5

In connection with active flight, such organisms have modified forelimbs and developed pectoral muscles, like in bats, and in gliders (for example, flying squirrels and some tropical frogs) - skin folds that stretch and play the role of a parachute

Slide 6

Mobility of air masses Ensures the existence of aeroplankton. It consists of pollen, seeds and fruits of plants, small insects and arachnids, spores of fungi, bacteria and lower plants. This ecological group of organisms has adapted due to the large relative surface area of ​​the wings, outgrowths and even cobwebs, or due to very small sizes.

Slide 7

The oldest method of pollination of plants by the wind - anemophilia - is characteristic of the plants known to us in the middle zone: birches, firs, pines, nettles, cereals and sedges. Some are settled with the help of the wind: poplar, birch, ash, linden, dandelion, etc. The seeds of these plants have parachutes (dandelions, cattail) or wings (maple, linden).

Slide 8

Low pressure Normal is 760 mm Hg (or 101,325 Pa). Pressure drops, compared to aquatic habitats, are very small; thus, at an altitude of 5,800 m, it is only half of its normal value. Consequently, almost all land dwellers are sensitive to strong pressure drops, i.e., they are stenobionts in relation to this factor.

Slide 9

The upper limit of life for most vertebrates is about 6,000 m. This is due to the fact that pressure drops with height, which means that the solubility of oxygen in the blood decreases. To maintain a constant concentration of oxygen in the blood, the respiratory rate must increase. However, as you know, we exhale not only carbon dioxide, but also water vapor, so frequent breathing should invariably lead to dehydration. This simple dependence is not typical only for rare species of organisms: birds and some invertebrates, ticks, spiders and springtails.

Slide 10

The gas composition of the ground-air environment is characterized by a high oxygen content: it is more than 20 times higher than in the aquatic environment. This allows the animals to have very high metabolic rates. Therefore, only on land could homoiotism arise - the ability to maintain a constant body temperature, mainly due to internal energy. Thanks to homoithermy, birds and mammals can remain active in the most severe conditions.

Slide 11

Soil and relief Very important, first of all, for plants. Some of them are very specialized. For example, saltworts (adapted specifically to saline soils, while bananas prefer neutral soils rich in organic matter. For animals, soil structure is more important than its chemical composition. For ungulates that make long migrations over dense soil, adaptation is a decrease in the number of fingers and, consequently, a decrease in the surface area of ​​the support.The inhabitants of free-flowing sands are characterized by an increase in the surface area of ​​​​the support, as in the fan-toed gecko, for example.

Slide 12

Soil density is also important for burrowing animals: prairie dogs, marmots, gerbils and others; some of them develop digging limbs.

Slide 13

Water deficiency Significant water shortage on land provokes the development of various adaptations aimed at saving water in the body: the development of respiratory organs capable of absorbing oxygen from the air environment (lungs, trachea, lung sacs) the development of waterproof integument changes in the excretory system and metabolic products (urea and uric acid) internal fertilization.

Lesson for grade 5 according to the program N.A. Sonina Contains tasks in a playful way. It will introduce you to various habitats of organisms, living conditions in the ground-air environment. Students find out the adaptability of organisms to living in a land-air environment

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"presentation "Habitat. Ground-air environment""

• tiger, goose, fly agaric, swallow;
• catfish, fly, spruce, rose;
• birch, grebe, amoeba;
• cat, leopard, crucian;
• bacterium Escherichia coli, lily, pike, mosquito;

• Get to know the different habitats of organisms.
• living conditions in ground-air environment.
• Find out the adaptability of organisms to living in the ground-air environment.

Habitat - conditions surrounding the body and affecting it.

• HABITAT

ground-air

Wednesday

soil environment

Water environment

environmental factors

ground-air

Oxygen

aquatic

Water

the soil

Temperature

Light

environmental factors

ground-air

Oxygen

enough

aquatic

Water

soil

often missing

Temperature

changes significantly

Light

enough

coloring,

fragrance

1) Animals must have either wings or limbs adapted for movement on a hard surface.

2) Outer covers adapt to changes in temperature.

3) In plants and animals of arid habitats, devices for obtaining, storing, and economically using water.

4) The presence of a bright color, aroma for pollination.

In the ground-air environment:

a) too much oxygen

b) lack of oxygen

c) too much water

d) lack of water

• In the ground-air environment, you can move on the ground and on ...
• There are significant fluctuations in the ground-air environment ...
• In the ground-air environment, there is enough oxygen, but often not enough ...

• What animal is encrypted in the rebus?
• Give him a description of the plan:

• unicellular or multicellular;
• what kingdom does it belong to?
• what habitat does it occupy?
• How is it adapted to this environment?

slide 2

PLAN

Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

slide 3

In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

slide 4

Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

slide 5

About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

slide 6

A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

Slide 7

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

Slide 8

Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

Slide 9

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, therefore they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Slide 10

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

slide 11

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

slide 12

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

slide 13

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Slide 14

Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is assessed in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms, depending on the age and phase of development of the organism.

slide 15

Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

slide 16

environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Slide 17

Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

Slide 18

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Slide 19

Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

Slide 20

geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. At the same time, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

slide 21

Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water. Soil inhabitants.

Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (ticks, primordial wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

slide 26

Living organisms as a habitat.

There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

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