Presentation on the topic of the main environments of life. Ground-Air Habitat Ground-Air Habitat Ecology Presentation

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environmental factors. Basic living environments.

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Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

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In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

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Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

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About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

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A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

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Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

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The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, therefore they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

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Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

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Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

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The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

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Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

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Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is assessed in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms, depending on the age and phase of development of the organism.

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Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

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environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

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Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

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Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

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Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

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geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. At the same time, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

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Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.

"Habitat of organisms" - Characteristics of environments. Water environment. Habitat - the conditions surrounding the organism. What kingdoms of organisms do you know? Lesson conclusions: Each organism is adapted to life in a certain environment. Adaptations to the aquatic environment. Wings limbs for movement on a hard surface wool, feathers adaptations for economical use of moisture adaptations for pollination of plants.

"Habitat" - Inhabitants of the ground-air environment - aerobionts. Water environment. The inhabitants of the aquatic environment are hydrobionts. Habitat (environment). The study of different habitats of organisms. Aquatic habitat. Place animals or plants from the proposed list in the appropriate habitat. Basic living environments.

"Soil habitat" - Ground-air environment. Weakly developed eyes and ears. There is also a mycelium of mushrooms, Short fur (for less friction with the soil). The special structure of the mouth (so that the earth does not fall). Powerful front teeth (for digging and biting roots). Plant roots. Animals are shown here. Mucus secretion (promotes movement in the soil).

"Habitat of polar bears" - The roar of a bear. Video of a brown bear. The habitat of polar bears is the Arctic. Bears eat fish and seals. Polar bear. Females are noticeably smaller (200-300kg). Kulkova Olga. Habitat and appearance. The polar bear is the largest terrestrial representative of the predatory mammals.

"Adaptation of organisms to the environment" - Limits of acceptable levels. Classification of space flight factors. Characteristics of animal survival at an altitude of 12 km at different times of the day (A) and different times of the year (B). Effect of weightlessness on the body. daily rhythm. Adaptation of the body and environment. Classification of biorhythms. The average duration of some rhythmic.

"The educational environment of the school" - Creativity. Organization of the teacher's workplace. It has a framework and open character. For all subsequent stages of training. Mastering work in a single information environment. Independence. Mastering the means of digital photo and video recording. Multimedia environments for child-adult interaction. Initial retraining in the field of ICT competence of an elementary school teacher.

1. The concept of the organism's habitat The environment is one of the basic ecological concepts, which means the entire spectrum of the elements and conditions surrounding the organism in that part of the space where the organism lives, all that among which it lives and with which it directly interacts. At the same time, organisms, having adapted to a certain set of specific conditions, gradually change these conditions, i.e., the environment of their existence, in the process of life activity.

2. Aquatic habitat (hydrosphere) The most important components of the Earth's hydrosphere form the aquatic habitat: the World Ocean, continental waters and groundwater. Continental waters include rivers, lakes and glaciers. The aquatic habitat is the starting point for all terrestrial life forms. The vast majority of organisms are primary aquatic, that is, formed precisely in the aquatic habitat. The permanent inhabitants of the hydrosphere are called hydrobionts.

The composition of the aquatic environment. Most of the Earth's surface (about 366 out of 510 million km 2, or 72%) is covered with water. The distribution and vital activity of organisms in the aquatic environment largely depend on its chemical composition. There is no shortage of water as a chemical substance in aquatic environments, except when water bodies dry up. However, water-related problems occur even in aquatic organisms.

First of all, aquatic organisms are divided into freshwater and marine, depending on the salinity of the water in which they live. The salinity of ocean water varies both in depth and in water area. In the Arctic Ocean it is below 30/00, and in the Red Sea it is above 420/00. The salt content in the water of the Dead Sea reaches 2627%, while the concentration of salts in fresh water is about 0.05%. Sea water is a complex salt solution with an average salinity of 35.2 g per 1 kg of water, i.e. 3.52% by weight, or 3.520/00.

Bental. The population of the bottom (Bentali) is called benthos ("deep"). Vertically, the benthal is divided into a number of zones (only the main ones are listed): the littoral is a part of the coast that is flooded during high tides (occupies an intermediate position between the aquatic and terrestrial-air habitat); sublittoral - continental shelf, or continental shelf - part of the benthal from the lower boundary of the tides to a depth of about 200 m; bathial - an area of ​​a more or less steep continental slope to a depth of km; abyssal - an area of ​​the ocean floor with a depth of km.

Pelagial. The population of the pelagic (water column) is called pelagos. The totality of organisms floating in the water column and unable to move against the current is called plankton (“wandering”). There are phytoplankton (a set of photosynthetic planktonic organisms) and zooplankton (a set of planktonic organisms incapable of photosynthesis). Organisms capable of active movement upstream are called nekton.

Vertically, the pelagial is divided into zones (only the main ones are listed): neustal - the surface layer of water bordering the atmosphere (the population of it became called neuston; organisms, part of whose body is in the water, and part above its surface, are called pleuston); epipelagial - corresponds to the depth of the sublittoral; bathypelagic - corresponds to the depth of the bathyal; abyssopelagial - corresponds to the depth of the abyssal.

Features of the aquatic habitat and the adaptability of organisms to specific environmental factors: 1. Low content of dissolved oxygen. The content of O2 in the atmosphere is 210 ml/l, the solubility of O2 in water depends on temperature: at 0°C it is 10.3 ml/l, and at 20°C it is 6.6 ml/l. Thus, the oxygen content in water is about 20–30 times less than in the atmosphere. In this case, the actual oxygen content can be reduced to 1 ml/l. Therefore, the oxygen content is a limiting (limiting) factor for most hydrobionts. The surface layers of water contain more oxygen, and oxygen can enter the deep layers either by diffusion (which proceeds very slowly in water) or due to vertical mixing of water masses.

2. High heat capacity and high thermal conductivity of water provide temperature equalization. In relation to the temperature factor, all organisms are divided into poikilothermic (unable to regulate body temperature) and homeothermic (maintaining a constant body temperature). The direct effect of temperature on poikilothermic hydrobionts is to change the nature of metabolism. The high thermal conductivity of water leads to the appearance of heat-insulating (fatty) layers in homoiothermic (warm-blooded) animals. Many aquatic organisms protect themselves from ice formation in cells by increasing the intracellular content of antifreezes (antifreezes are substances that reduce the freezing point of water).

3. Relatively high viscosity of water. It has the greatest effect on planktonic organisms (reduces the rate of immersion and ensures their soaring in the water column) and on nektonic organisms moving at high speed (creates resistance). Plankton are characterized by an increase in body surface compared to body volume, which facilitates hovering. A nekton is characterized by a streamlined body shape, which facilitates active movement.

5. Intense absorption of light in water: the red part of the spectrum is absorbed by water, and the blue part is scattered; as a result, red rays reach only a depth of 10 m, and blue-green rays reach 160 m or more. According to the illumination, zones are distinguished: euphotic zone - favorable conditions for photosynthesis; dysphotic, or twilight zone - unfavorable conditions for photosynthesis (mostly red algae and cyanobacteria live here); aphotic zone - photosynthesis is impossible.

6. Availability of water soluble substances (Na+, K+, Cl–, NH4+, NO3– ions) and inaccessibility of water insoluble substances (bound Ca2+ ions, heavy metal ions, phosphates). The availability of elements has the greatest impact on aquatic plants. The limiting factors for algae are the concentrations of nutrients: phosphates and nitrates. According to the content of nutrients, they distinguish: eutrophic waters - a high content of nutrients; mesotrophic waters - moderate content of nutrients; oligotrophic waters - low content of nutrients; dystrophic waters - a high content of biogens in a bound state.

7. The overall salinity of the water has the greatest impact on animals. In saline waters (hypertonic environment) there is a problem of water conservation within the body. In unicellular animals, contractile vacuoles contract less frequently, in multicellular animals, the distal (absorbing) parts of the renal tubules, nephridia, and other excretory organs develop. In bony fish, excess salts are excreted through the gills.

Littoral. In the littoral zone, marine organisms are affected by environmental factors that have a favorable and unfavorable effect on organisms. Favorable factors in the littoral zone include: high content of biogens of terrigenous (mainland) origin; high water aeration due to surf; high illumination.

Adverse (limiting) factors: periodic drying; destructive action of the surf; temperature differences (water and air temperatures often differ); salinity fluctuations (due to the runoff of fresh water and the evaporation of sea water in puddles); many aquatic and terrestrial predators.

Epipelagic. Favorable factors of the open ocean epipelagic include: sufficiently high aeration; high illumination. The limiting factor is the low content of nutrients due to their migration to the bottom waters. However, the concentration of biogens can increase due to upwelling - the removal of deep waters to the surface, for example, in the subpolar zones. The main producers of the epipelagic zone are planktonic diatoms and peridynes (capable of mixotrophic feeding) - about 1000 species. Due to the low content of nutrients, the productivity of the open ocean is very low: 50 mg carbon/1 m 2 day in the tropical zone and mg carbon/1 m 2 day in high latitudes.

Abyssal and abyssopelagial. A favorable factor in the abyssal and abyssopelagial is the stability of habitat conditions. The limiting factors include: the absence of light and the impossibility of photosynthesis; high pressure. With a decrease in illumination, the organs of vision in animals hypertrophy, but in the complete absence of light, a complete reduction of the organs of vision occurs. The inhabitants of the depths are characterized by luminescence with the participation of symbiotic luminous bacteria.

3. Ground-air habitat (atmosphere) Ground-air habitat is the most difficult in terms of environmental conditions. Different groups of organisms made it possible to enter the ground-air habitat due to the emergence of specific adaptations, including those of an amorphous nature. Permanent inhabitants of the ground-air habitat are called aerobionts.

Features of the ground-air habitat and the adaptability of organisms to specific environmental factors: 1. Lack of water is often a limiting factor for terrestrial organisms. 2. Low heat capacity and low thermal conductivity of air leads to significant temperature fluctuations: with changes in direct illumination, diurnal fluctuations, seasonal fluctuations (seasonality is typical for temperate and high latitudes). At the same time, the low heat capacity and thermal conductivity of air make it possible for birds and mammals to develop warm-bloodedness.

3. The low viscosity and low density of the air allows the animal to acquire a variety of body shapes. At the same time, gravity becomes the limiting factor. For flying animals, the formation of a streamlined shape of the body and wings is necessary. For large animals, the formation of the skeleton is necessary. For plants, the presence of mechanical tissues and a certain shape of the crown is necessary. 4. Light absorption occurs due to topical interspecies interactions, which leads to the appearance of layering. 5. High oxygen content at low air humidity leads to the appearance of various respiratory organs (trachea, lungs) in animals. 6. The uneven distribution of mineral nutrition elements affects, first of all, plants, which leads to mosaicism.

4. Soil as a habitat (lithosphere, or pedosphere) The soil, or pedosphere, is a loose surface layer of land that has fertility. Soil is a three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water. The composition of the soil includes various types of matter: living matter (living organisms), biogenic matter (organic and inorganic substances, the origin of which is associated with the activity of living organisms), inert matter (rocks) and others. Therefore, the soil is a special type of substance in the biosphere - a bio-inert substance.

Soil composition. Soil is a layer of substances lying on the surface of the earth's crust. It is a product of the physical, chemical and biological transformation of rocks and is a three-phase medium, including solid, liquid and gaseous components, which are in the following ratios

5. An organism as a habitat Any organism (even the smallest one) is a complex system that provides a variety of habitat conditions for other organisms. If organisms of one species use the organism of another species as a habitat, then various biotic interactions arise between them.

The positive aspects of the organism as a habitat lead to the degeneration of the body of endosymbionts (a vivid example is the gradual reduction of organ systems in flukes and tapeworms); as a rule, gigantism is observed - endosymbiont forms are much larger than their related free-living forms.

At the same time, the organism as a habitat also has negative aspects: limited living space, lack of oxygen, difficulties in spreading from one host to another, protective reactions of the host organism, lack of light for photoautotrophic organisms.

Control questions and tasks 1. What is a habitat? 2. What habitats do you know? 3. What characterizes the ground-air habitat? 4. What is the peculiarity of the organisms inhabiting the aquatic environment? 5. What is the importance of soil? What are its characteristics associated with it? 6. What are the adaptations of living organisms inhabiting the internal environment of other organisms?

PLAN The distribution of organisms in the environments of life. Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

Water environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

About 7% of animal species (7% of the total number on Earth) and plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2С to + 36С. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, therefore they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, therefore they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: Concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; pH 3.7-4.7 - are considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - phytoplankton - zooplankton. - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is assessed in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms, depending on the age and phase of development of the organism.

Ground-air environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

environmental factors. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) Indirect - is carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) d.)

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Ecoclimate and microclimate. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

geographic zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. At the same time, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

Relatively tight build. Relatively tight build. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. The composition of soil air varies with depth. The composition of soil air varies with depth. Saturated with living organisms. Saturated with living organisms.

Soil dwellers. Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Mesofauna - more large air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews. Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

Living organisms as a habitat. There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism.