Presentation of what biology studies. Presentation on the topic “Biological sciences. Every little thing matters in the DNA molecule.

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Lesson 1

Science biology About what? When? For what?

Biology Biology is the doctrine of life, or the science of wildlife logos "- the doctrine of bios" - life

Sections of biology

Zoology is the science of animals What does zoology study? Diversity of animals Their structure Features of behavior

Anatomy - the science of man What does anatomy study? The structure of the human body Features of human life Preservation and strengthening of human health

Ecology - the science of the environment What does ecology study? The relationship of living organisms with each other and with the environment

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Nutrition Growth Movement Respiration (gas exchange) Cell structure

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Nutrition Form nutrients in the process of photosynthesis Eat ready-made organic substances Growth Unlimited Most grow up to a certain age

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Movement Sedentary, most lead an attached lifestyle Actively move, most have special organs for movement

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Respiration (gas exchange) They inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide. Capable of photosynthesis. They inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide. Not capable of photosynthesis.

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Cell structure The shell consists of cellulose (cellulose), there are plastids that provide the color of leaves and fruits. The outer layer of the cell is thin, elastic, plastids are absent.

Human use of plants

Food

Vegetable oil

Raw materials for industry

Construction Materials

Medications

Plants material for design

The impact of plants on the environment

Botany - the science of plants What does botany study? Variety of plants Structure Vital activity of plants

Sections of botany

Plant taxonomy Systematics is the science of classifying organisms.

Morphology of plants M Morphology is the science of the external structure of organisms.

Plant Anatomy Anatomy is the science of the internal structure of organisms.

Plant Embryology Embryology is the science of the embryonic development of an organism.

Geobotany is the science of the distribution of plants on Earth.

Plant ecology is the science that studies plant relationships with the environment and with other organisms.

Homework Textbook: pp. 9-12, RT No. 1 Here is ecology - a buzzword, Previously, nature did not know this, Banks, bottles were not thrown into the bushes, Waste and oil were not poured into the river.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

"There, on unknown paths..." A lesson-journey into the science of biology for elementary school graduates.

A journey into science in the form of a journey through the biology classroom pursues the following goals: the development of interest in the subject, communication skills and universal learning activities, broadening one's horizons and forming...

The work program of the elective course for grade 9 "Research tasks at the intersection of sciences (biology, physics, chemistry)"

The elective course “Research tasks at the intersection of sciences (biology, physics, chemistry)” is designed for 17 hours.

Biosphere (from other Greek ???? - life And ?????? - sphere, ball) - the shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms, under their influence and occupied by the products of their vital activity; "film of life"; global ecosystem of the Earth. The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. The biosphere was formed 500 million years ago, when the first organisms began to emerge on our planet. It penetrates the entire hydrosphere, the upper part of the lithosphere and the lower part of the atmosphere, that is, it inhabits the ecosphere. The biosphere is the totality of all living organisms. It is home to over 3,000,000 species of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and insects. Man is also a part of the biosphere, his activity surpasses many natural processes and, as V. I. Vernadsky said, “man becomes a powerful geological force.” The term "biosphere" was introduced in biology by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century. A holistic doctrine of the biosphere was created by the biogeochemist and philosopher V. I. Vernadsky. For the first time, he assigned to living organisms the role of the main transforming force of the planet Earth, taking into account their activity not only at the present time, but also in the past. There is another, broader definition: Biosphere - the area of ​​distribution of life on the cosmic body.

BIOLOGY IS THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

Umaralieva M. T.

Biology teacher at the academic lyceum at Tashfarmi

• Biology (Greekβιολογία; from other Greekβίος - life + λόγος - doctrine , the science) - a system of sciences, the objects of study of which are living beings and their interaction with environment .

• Biology studies all aspects life in particular the structure, functioning, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms Earth. Classifies and describes living beings, their origin species, interaction with each other and with environment .

• The term "biology" was introduced independently by several authors:
• Friedrich Burdakh in 1800 ,
• Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1802 year
• Jean Baptiste Lamarck .

• Modern biology is based on five fundamental principles:
• cellular theory ,
• evolution ,
• genetics ,
• homeostasis
• energy .
• At present, biology is a standard subject in secondary and higher educational institutions around the world. More than a million articles and books on biology are published annually, medicine and biomedicine

life forms

• non-cellular life forms
• viruses
• bacteriophages

• Cellular Life Forms - Organic World

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria - fungi

Blue - - plants

green - animals

algae (cyanobacteria)

The organic world can be divided into four kingdoms

bacteria

mushrooms

plants

animals

What unites bacteria, fungi, plants, animals into one single organic world?

What do they have in common?

SPECIFIC FEATURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS

1. Cell structure

8. Movement

9. Irritability

10.Growth

12.Release

13.Regeneration

7.Highlight

14. Self-regulation

• Generality of chemical composition . The main features of the chemical composition of a cell and a multicellular organism are carbon compounds - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. In inanimate nature, these compounds are not formed.
• The commonality of the chemical composition of living systems and inanimate nature speaks of the unity and connection of living and inanimate matter. The whole world is a system based on individual atoms. Atoms interact with each other to form molecules. Molecules in inanimate systems form rock crystals, stars, planets, and the universe. From the molecules that make up organisms, living systems are formed - cells, tissues, organisms.

1. Cell structure

Cell- a structural and functional elementary unit of the structure and vital activity of all organisms (except for viruses, which are often referred to as non-cellular life forms), which has its own metabolism, is capable of independent existence, self-reproduction, or is a unicellular organism.

• Metabolism- all living organisms are capable of exchanging substances with the environment, i.e. absorbs from it the substances necessary for nutrition, and excrete waste products.

• - the property of parents to pass on their signs and features of development to the next generations. Due to this, all individuals within a species are similar to each other.

• Such continuity of hereditary properties is ensured by the transfer of genetic information that is stored in DNA molecules.

• - the ability of organisms to show new signs and properties. Due to variability, all individuals within a species are different from each other.

• - the process of absorption of food by living organisms to maintain the normal course of physiological processes vital activity, in particular, to replenish the stock energy and implementation of processes growth and development .

carbon source

Energy source

inorganic carbon

light energy

organic carbon

Autotrophs (self-feeding)

chemical energy

Phototrophs

Heterotrophs

green plants

Chemotrophs

photosynthetic bacteria

Chemotrophic bacteria N, H, S, Fe (do not need prepared food)

Saprophytes

• Autotrophs(autotrophic organisms) - organisms that use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon (plants and some bacteria). In other words, these are organisms capable of creating organic substances from inorganic substances - carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts.

• Depending on the source of energy, autotrophs are divided into phototrophs and chemotrophs.
• Phototrophs – organisms that use light energy for biosynthesis (plants, cyanobacteria).
• Chemotrophs – organisms that use the energy of chemical reactions of oxidation of inorganic compounds for biosynthesis (chemotrophic bacteria: hydrogen bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, iron bacteria, sulfur bacteria, etc.).

• Heterotrophs(heterotrophic organisms) - organisms that use organic compounds as a source of carbon (animals, fungi and most bacteria). In other words, these are organisms that are not able to create organic substances from inorganic ones, but need ready-made organic substances.

• Saprophytes – organisms that feed on dead decaying food. Enzymes are isolated directly on the food product, which is digested or broken down and absorbed by the saprophyte.
• For example: green euglena, fermentation bacteria, putrefaction bacteria, yeasts, moulds, cap mushrooms

• - a process in which organic substances obtained as food are oxidized, broken down and energy is released, which is spent on the synthesis of ATP.
• Aerobic respiration
• C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H2O + Q 38ADP + 38H 3 RO 4 → 38 ATP

• Anaerobic respiration:
• A) lactic acid fermentation:
• C 6 H 12 O 6 → 2 lactic acids + Q 2ADP + 2H 3 RO 4 → 2ATP
• B) alcoholic fermentation:
• C 6 H 12 O 6 → ethyl alcohol + CO 2 + Q 2ADP + 2H 3 RO 4 → 2ATP

• - the response of living organisms to the influence of environmental factors:
• 1) The response of living organisms that do not have a nervous system is called: taxis, tropism, nastia.
• Phototaxis- motor reactions freely moving lower plants and animals under the influence of light (green euglena, chlamydomonas)
• Phototropism- motor reactions of the plant under the influence of light, the direction of which depends on the direction of the light.
• photonasty-motor reactions of plants under the influence of light, the direction of which does not depend on the direction of exposure.
• 2) The response of living organisms having a nervous system is called reflex .

• (reproduction or self-reproduction) The property of organisms to reproduce their own kind.
• Living organisms reproduce in two ways:
• a) asexual reproduction
• b) sexual reproduction.

Growth

• Growth –

quantitative increase while maintaining its own structure.

• quality update.
• Living organisms are:
• a) personal development ontogenesis(Haeckel, 1866)
• b) historical development- phylogenesis .

• Regeneration– restoration of lost body parts (tissue, organ, cell) after damage
• Self-regulation Every organism has a mechanism of self-regulation. This property is related to homeostasis.
• homeostasis- ensuring the constancy of the external structure, internal environment, chemical composition and the course of physiological processes in response to continuously changing environmental conditions.

• - a property of all living systems associated with a constant supply of energy from the outside and the removal of waste products. In other words, an organism is alive while it exchanges matter and energy with the environment.

• - in the process of historical development and under the influence of natural selection, organisms acquire adaptations to environmental conditions (adaptation). Organisms that do not have the necessary adaptations die out.

• The levels of organization of living systems reflect the subordination, hierarchy of the structural organization of life. Living standards differ from each other by the complexity of the organization of the system.
• The standard of living is the form and way of its existence . For example, a virus exists as a DNA or RNA molecule enclosed in a protein shell. This is the form of existence of the virus. However, the properties of a living system, the virus shows only when it enters the cell of another organism. There he breeds. This is his way of being.

• Molecular genetic level represented by individual biopolymers (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and other compounds);
• Organoid - cellular - the level at which life exists in the form of a cell - the structural and functional unit of life. At this level, processes such as metabolism and energy, information exchange, reproduction, photosynthesis, transmission of nerve impulses, and many others are studied.
• Organismic - this is the independent existence of a separate individual - a unicellular or multicellular organism.
• population-species - the level, which is represented by a group of individuals of the same species - a population; It is in the population that elementary evolutionary processes take place - the accumulation, manifestation and selection of mutations.
• Biogeocenotic - represented by ecosystems consisting of different populations and their habitats.
• biospheric - a level representing the totality of all biogeocenoses. In the biosphere, the circulation of substances and the transformation of energy with the participation of organisms take place. The products of vital activity of organisms participate in the process of evolution of the Earth.

• 1. The main sign of the living -
• 1) movement;
• 2) weight gain;
• 3) growth;
• 4) metabolism and energy;
• 2. What is the unit of structure and life of the organism?
• 1) Fabric.
• 2) Organ system.
• 3) Organ.
• 4) Cell.
• 3. What signs are characteristic of all living organisms?
• 1) Active movement.
• 2) Respiration, nutrition, growth, reproduction.
• 3) Absorption of mineral salts dissolved in water from the soil.
• 4) The formation of organic substances from inorganic.

• 4. The cellular structure of organisms indicates:
• 1) about the similarity of animate and inanimate nature;
• 2) about the unity of the organic world;
• 3) about the connection of the organism with the environment;
• 4) about the difference between plants and animals.
• 5. All organisms are capable of
• 1) breathing, nutrition, reproduction
• 2) active movement in space
• 3) the formation of organic substances from inorganic
• 4) absorption from the soil of minerals dissolved in water
• 6. Mushrooms are living organisms, as they
• 1) feed, grow, multiply;
• 2) change under the influence of the environment;
• 3) have a variety of shapes and sizes;
• 4) constitute one of the links of the ecosystem.

• 7. Genetics is a science that studies patterns:
• 1) heredity and variability of organisms
• 2) the relationship of organisms and the environment
• 3) the historical development of the organic world
• 4) individual development of organisms 8. The structure and functions of cell organelles are studied by science:
• 1) genetics 3) selection
• 2) cytology 4) phenology 9. Living systems are considered open because they:
• 1) built from the same chemical elements as non-living systems
• 2) exchange substances, energy and information with the external environment
• 3) have the ability to adapt
• 4) able to reproduce
• 10. Interspecies relations begin to manifest themselves at the ... level:
• 1) biogeocenotic 3) organismic
• 2) population-species 4) biospheric

• Answers:
• 1 – 4
• 2 – 4
• 3 – 2
• 4 – 2
• 5 – 1
• 6 – 1
• 7 – 1
• 8 – 2
• 9 – 2
• 10 - 2

• Update biological knowledge.
• Consider the methods of science.
• Reveal the importance of general biology and its place in the system of biological knowledge.

SINQWINE CONCEPTS "BIOLOGY"

• concept(word)
• Adjective

• Biology.
• Interesting, meaningful.
• Discovering, exploring, experimenting.
• Helps to understand wildlife.
• The science.

(2 the words)

3. Verbs (3 the words)

4. Offer

(4 the words)

• Noun

(1 word)

Life on Earth is represented by an extraordinary variety of forms, many types of living beings. Currently, about 600 thousand plant species, more than 2.5 million animal species, a large number of fungal and prokaryotic species that inhabit our planet are already known. Scientists are constantly discovering and describing new species, both existing in modern conditions and extinct in past geological epochs.

Richard Owen with Moa skeleton

The disclosure of the general properties of living organisms and the explanation of the reasons for their diversity, the identification of relationships between the structure and environmental conditions are among the main tasks of biology. An important place in this science is occupied by the questions of the origin and laws of the development of life on Earth - the evolutionary doctrine. Understanding these laws is the basis of the scientific worldview and is necessary for solving practical problems.

WHAT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DO YOU KNOW?

BIOLOGY IS DIVIDED INTO SEPARATE SCIENCES ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT OF STUDY.

So, microbiology studies the world of bacteria;

Pale spirochete

Botany explores the structure and life of representatives of the plant kingdom;

heather

Cornflower meadow

Zoology- animal kingdoms, etc.

Squirrel ordinary

At the same time, areas of biology are developing that study the general properties of living organisms:

genetics- patterns of inheritance of traits

Mendel, Gregor Johann

1865. The laws of heredity are discovered.

Biochemistry- ways of transformation of organic molecules, ecology- the relationship of populations with the environment. The functions of living organisms are studied physiology .

Biochemistry Short course.

• http://health.sumy.ua/11758-biokhimija-kratkijj-kurs.-e.s.-severin.html

human physiology

• http://mednik.com.ua/node/2236

In accordance with the level of organization of living matter, such scientific disciplines as molecular biology, cytology- study of the cell histology- the doctrine of tissues, etc.

Every little thing matters in the DNA molecule.

WHAT DIFFERENTIATES THE NATURAL SCIENCES FROM OTHER SCIENCES?

• Experiment is one of the methods of biology.
• A method is a method of practical and theoretical action aimed at mastering an object.

What other methods of biology do you know?

Biology uses a variety of methods. One of the most important is historical, which serves as the basis for understanding the facts obtained. The traditional method is the descriptive method; instrumental methods are widely used: microscopy (light-optical and electronic), electrography, radar, etc.

Darwin Museum.

Microscope R. Hooke.

METHODS RESEARCH :

• Observations
• Descriptive
• Comparative
• Experimental
• Historical
• Simulation

THINK AND WRITE WHAT RESEARCH METHOD YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT:

Method characteristic

Method name

Method characteristic

Method name

1. Collection and description of facts

Descriptive

2. Purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, allowing to reproduce and observe these phenomena

Experimental

3. The study of a process or phenomenon through its reproduction in the form of a model; the method allows you to reproduce such experimental conditions that are sometimes impossible to recreate in reality

Simulation

4. Comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences

Comparative

5. Elucidation of the patterns of appearance and development of organisms

Historical

6. Intentional purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to realize its essential properties

Observations

EXPERIMENTAL ALGORITHM

• Statement of the problem, formulation of the topic, goals and objectives of the study.
• Putting forward hypotheses.
• Planning the course of the study, the choice of methodology.
• Conducting the practical part of the study, recording data.
• Processing of the received results.
• Analysis of the obtained results.
• Formulation of conclusions.
• Definition of a complex of unresolved issues.
• Drawing up the results of the study.

Recent achievements in biology have led to the emergence of fundamentally new directions in science, which have become independent sections in the complex of biological disciplines. Thus, the disclosure of the molecular structure of the structural units of heredity (genes) served as the basis for the creation of genetic engineering.

American biologists have proposed the use of genetic engineering methods to combat global warming. According to them, the cost of genetic research has decreased so much that the creation of special varieties of millet for processing into fuel has become a reality.

Based on the study of the relationship between organisms, biological methods for controlling pests of agricultural crops have been created, many adaptations of living organisms have served as models for the design of effective artificial structures and mechanisms.

The design of honeycomb formed the basis for the manufacture of "honeycomb panels" for construction

LITERATURE

Zakharov V. B. General biology: Proc. For 10-11 cells. general education institutions. - M.: Bustard, 2004.

Internet resources.