The correct technology of frame construction. What is the technology of building a frame house: step by step and with pictures. Installation of the lower trim, floor joists and subfloor

Turnkey frame houses are offered by many construction organizations, but what is a prefabricated structure? The future owner of a low-rise building would like to know more about the pros and cons frame house. We will try to gradually determine the effectiveness of the construction and identify shortcomings. We will understand the applied heat-insulating materials and construction technology.

AT last years residential building called frame house" is becoming more and more popular. Installation organizations have standard projects in their arsenal frame houses and also offer custom builds. At present, there is no perfect construction technology that would be superior to others and would not itself have obvious shortcomings.

However, according to statistics, most often they build houses from a frame. In the domestic (and not only) construction market, the obvious advantages could ensure demand for frame houses, even despite some minor drawbacks.

Quickly built houses are attracted by the fact that on a ready-made basis it is possible to build in record time. Only two people, having a frame house project in their arsenal, are able to independently build a frame house in about a month. Given the fact that it will be built by inexperienced builders.

Do-it-yourself frame house without lifting mechanisms

And all thanks step by step assembly- repetition of simple actions. Only one thing is important - to know how to properly assemble each of the nodes. With instructions and an understanding of the principle of construction, anyone can assemble a house from a frame.

Construction frame house also attracts with its cheapness. The specific amount depends on the size of the house and the building materials used (types of wood and finishes). One way or another, this option is rightfully considered one of the affordable and financially budgetary ones.

What are frame houses?

Frame houses are a special type of construction, where all load-bearing parts are closely interconnected. This type of construction of low-rise buildings has gained great popularity in America, Germany and the countries of the East.

It is noteworthy that in the cities of Germany, frame buildings began to be built nine centuries ago. To date, some details have undergone many changes, but the basic principle of operation has remained the same as centuries ago.

At the very beginning, the main structure is built from a bar, which is gradually filled with heat-insulating materials and sheathed with protective elements.

Technology and construction of frame houses

The basic principle of the technology for the construction of frame buildings is a stable frame and fillers with a low price and thermal conductivity. Basically, such a structure is made of wood or metal.

Accordingly, beams, boards or zinc-coated steel are used for this. And to sheathe the walls, they usually take oriented or

Used thermal insulation components:

• wood fiber wool;
• polyurethane foam;
• Cellulose ecowool.

Typical, multilayer scheme for the insulation of frame houses

The most common option for builders of private houses in the Russian Federation is basalt. It has a lot of advantages, including:

• Long service life;
• incombustibility;
• Excellent sound insulation;
• Moisture repellency.

"Silver medal" honestly deserved. It is used for the production of sandwich panels, for the construction of frame-panel houses using Western technology. The top three is closed by eco-friendly cotton wool made from cellulose.

There are only three methods for the construction of low-rise buildings:

• . The plant produces the same type of boards, consisting of a pair of sheets of oriented strand boards and a layer of expanded polystyrene between these boards. Shields are cut out already at the site of the proposed construction. Houses made of sip panels often become an alternative, displacing frame-panel houses.

• . OSB is cut into panels of the required size at the factory. Already at the place of construction, they are sewn onto the frame and insulation is carried out.

• German. Frame-panel houses are made up of panels prepared at the factory. They are brought to the construction site already with glazed window frames and ready-made door panels.

The first couple of options can completely do without unnecessary equipment - several people can handle them. As for the assembly of the building from huge shields, here you will already have to involve a crane.

Panel house on a screw foundation

Frame house insulation

As for the internal arrangement of the walls, frame houses are panel or frame. The first type is a kind of constructor, made up of parts made up in production, which you just need to assemble into a single whole. Frame frame houses involve the installation of a skeleton made of metal or wooden profiles, as well as cladding and thermal insulation.

Frame houses are subject to mandatory insulation

Using the latest technology allows you to fully control the quality of materials and the entire assembly process. Each of the stages. In contrast, the construction of panel houses takes much less time. The only thing worth carefully monitoring is the quality of the purchased shields.

The walls of typical private houses consist of many layers, including:

• OSB or DSP boards on both sides;
• A special lattice that forms;

The frame with internal insulation can be single or paired. In areas with a mild climate or for a summer residence that is not intended for permanent residence, the first option is fine.

The thickness of such walls is up to ten centimeters. In areas with cold winters, it will be better to get thick walls - fifteen centimeters or thicker.

SIPs are filled with polystyrene foam, and at the ends - bars. Their presence will allow in the construction process to do without such a powerful foundation. Partially, the load is taken by SIP shields.

The main advantages and disadvantages of low-rise frame houses

Currently, frame buildings are very popular, and all thanks to the short construction period, robust design and relatively low costs for building materials. Nevertheless, frame houses include the pros and cons of which the owners' reviews tell.

frame house on stilts - photo of staged construction

Such a house, with a great desire and the presence of the necessary skills, can even be built independently. Of course, all these undeniable advantages inspire many enthusiasts to lean towards this particular option of a private house.

But we must not forget that frame buildings, for all their quality, have some disadvantages that should not be ignored. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of this building in more detail.

Frame houses pluses:

1. An excellent prospect to hide and lay electrical and plumbing communications right in the walls;

2. Great pace of building construction;

3. Low level thermal conductivity - frame houses are very warm and lose, perhaps, to a log house;

4. Finishing can be started immediately after roofing;

5. Small weight of the structure, p the building does not shrink;

6. Cheap construction work. Panel cladding of the frame will cost several times cheaper than brick walls.

7. Lack of seasonality. Frame houses can be built all year round.

8. Improved wall insulation. The cavity between the wooden studs provides enough space for insulation.

9. Speed ​​and budget construction. Timber-framed walls are built much faster and, in the case of complex buildings and window configurations, they are much cheaper. Among other things, laying engineering communications through the wall is much easier.

The basic advantage of this design lies in the overall lightness of the whole house. This, in turn, allows in most cases to carry out construction work without the presence of special equipment.

the frame house is indistinguishable from ordinary buildings and is suitable for year-round use

Frame houses do not require a massive foundation, there is no need to lay it as deep as under a brick house. In this ratio, only aerated concrete blocks compete with frame houses sheathed with insulated wooden panels.

Frame houses cons

Now about the disadvantages of frame houses. Although they are relatively few, they are still worth mentioning:

• The project proposal must necessarily come from organizations with extensive experience. Otherwise, you can not even think about the durability and strength of the frame, which is the "skeleton" of your home;

• If the house is not forced ventilation, be prepared for the fact that the room will be quite stuffy;

• Expanded polystyrene, like polyurethane foam, are not environmentally friendly materials;

• Lumber is flammable and this is also worth considering;

• Frame buildings are much less resistant to snowstorms and strong winds than concrete. Wood frames, like concrete structures, must be tested to the same sustainability building code standards. And yet buildings made of wood are lighter.

• You will often have to deal with termite and ant attacks, because they have a much higher wood content. Prevention in the form of special traps, baits and antiseptics will help protect your building from pests.

• A frame house is not as resistant to water penetration. The outer layer of a wooden frame building is covered with a moisture-resistant shield, which carefully hides all openings. But if water penetrates a wall made of wood, it will cause much more damage to it than a wall made of concrete or brickwork.

Video review - the pros and cons of a frame house:

If we talk about the fire safety of wood, this can only apply to untreated frames. If the wood is impregnated with a special substance, it will be too tough for fire.

In most cases, all the disadvantages of frame buildings are attributed, mainly due to the gross errors of the builders. Or because of inexperience in the details of construction technology. There are even far-fetched ones among such minuses.

The main problem that residents of frame houses face every now and then is stuffy rooms. The walls of such a house, indeed, almost do not let air through. On the one hand, this is a significant savings on heating. On the other hand, the need to install forced ventilation.

The main threat to the frame building is called:

• wood rot;
• termites;
• Hurricanes.

In the last few decades, fires have also been added to them. Including cases when the fire happened in the forest, not far from residential buildings.

Modern technology in the construction of frame buildings

The technique of erecting frame structures allows you to build a house in the shortest possible time, with a relatively small estimate. If you build the same house from concrete, beams or brickwork, the same building will end up being an order of magnitude more expensive. But you can live in such a private house for up to a hundred years!

frame panel houses construction technology

On the other hand, a lot here may depend on the details, among which are the quality of the material and the climatic conditions in the construction area.

It is worth remembering that the main danger for a frame house is water. No matter how hard you try to protect the wood from water, doing it 100% will not work.

photo of frame houses using Canadian technology from sip panels

Advanced frame houses are always the best engineering design. It fully meets the intended goal of reducing the amount of lumber used and generates the least amount of waste during construction.

wood frame house

Modern construction methods that use frame houses improve energy efficiency by replacing lumber with insulation while maintaining the structural integrity of the house.

Insulation of a frame house made by technology improves the thermal conductivity value by reducing the thermal bridge through the framing and maximizing the insulated wall area.

Winter, construction sites are standing, it's time to prepare for spring construction, collect information, think about projects, make decisions on what technology and which one to start building in the spring, and it's just around the corner.

Last year, on this forum, I told how my brother and I built a frame bath. Now I want to present you a report with photographs and explanations of the construction process of a frame house. I hope that many forum participants who are going to build it on their own will learn something interesting and useful for themselves. It will be about building this house:

Many of you buy and read DOM magazines, in the second issue of this year there is an article that tells how, in just a few public holidays and summer vacation our friend managed to build such a house. In the editorial office of the magazine, the text prepared by me was slightly reduced, some of the photographs and drawings were removed, but nevertheless, the construction technology is understandable, I think, to many.

Here I present to you full text with a large number of photos, I will try to answer your questions, just do not contact me as a professional builder, I am the same as most of you, I will be happy to tell you about all the subtleties of the entire technological process that I use in the construction of frame houses.

They decided to build a one-story house using frame technology, for such a structure you can use a columnar foundation, which will not take much effort and time, and you can build the frame of such a house under the roof without interior decoration within a few days.

Project. The family of the owner of the house consists of four people, which means that the house should have at least three bedrooms, one large guest room, a kitchen, a toilet room with a shower, a large terrace for evening tea drinking and dinners. outdoors. A typical country house of a family with an average income. The development of the house project was taken very seriously, since not only the question of the convenience of the house in operation depends on it, but also the price of the house, the construction technology and the time during which it is possible to build and produce the exterior and interior decoration of the house.

Initially, they planned to make two bay windows so that the house would have, as it seemed to us, an unusual appearance. But in the process of working on the drawings of the frame details, we came to the decision that without bay windows, the construction time and costs can be significantly reduced, and the house will be warmer and more practical. Based on these conditions and their technical capabilities, they made a house project.

Entrance to the house through the terrace - 13m2, in winter time year, it will serve as a cold vestibule, from it we pass into a small heated corridor - 5m2, in which there is a hanger for outerwear and a shelf for shoes. From this corridor you can get to the parents' bedroom - 11m2, to the toilet room - 6m2 and to the kitchen - 18m2. The kitchen consists of two zones, next to the entrance door there is a working area with a sink, a gas stove, a refrigerator and shelves, then a dining area with a large table, a corner sofa and a metal stove-fireplace, from which you can get into the guest room-21m2 and children's bedrooms -8.6m2 and 10.8m2.

Foundation. Since it was decided to build a light one-story house using frame technology, 11 by 9 meters in size, the foundation of the house was made of a pillared one, using asbestos-cement pipes filled with concrete mortar. Such a foundation can be made very quickly, moreover, there is no need to wait for a month until the cement has completely hardened.

With the help of a benzo-drill, holes with a diameter of 200 mm were drilled in the ground. to a depth of about one meter. The distance between the posts is 80-90cm.
Asbestos-cement pipes with an inner diameter of 100 mm and a length of 1.3 m were installed in the drilled holes according to the level. They sprinkled sand around the pipes, spilled water and rammed it, poured concrete mortar into the pipes in proportion: a bucket of cement, four buckets of sand and five to six buckets of rubble. In the pipes on which the floor logs will rest, special plates were installed for attaching the log.
Over two weekends, 125 pipes were installed and filled with concrete.

Wells were drilled to a depth of about one meter.


The pipes were installed according to the level and plumb, and then they were sprinkled around with sand and thrombosed.


Pipes were filled with concrete mortar through a special funnel.


During the May holidays from May 7-9, all the pipes of the foundation of the future house were installed and filled with concrete mortar.

Frame construction has gained popularity due to price and technological accessibility. This technology allows you to build quickly. At the same time, simple available materials are used in construction and light warm walls are obtained. However, there are some rules that must be observed when working with this technology. They help to build a frame house reliably and correctly, choose the right panels and boards, insulate them with high quality, complete the sheathing, and assemble the roof. So, how to build a frame house?

Correct frame house

Frame construction is a new technology in which the sequence of work can be different. For example, you can first assemble the frame, then hang the roof and assemble the walls. Or you can do the work in a different way: after the construction of the frame, hang wall cladding, which will increase its strength, and then assemble the roof.

Building with attic and balcony.

To prevent discrepancies, here is what the scheme of the correct frame house looks like:

• Prepare and mark the site.
• Pour or build a foundation.
• Build a complete frame and rafters under the roof. For multi-storey construction - assemble the frame of the first floor, put the ceilings and assemble the frame of the second floor. After that, collect the rafters.
• Hang a roof that will close the interior from precipitation.
• Hang the outer wall cladding under the protection of the assembled roof.
• Lay insulation in the frame.
• Hang the inner lining of the frame.
• Make a subfloor.
• Install windows and doors.
• Lay electrical wiring, stretch water supply and sewage pipes, equip heating.
• Perform interior finishing of the floor and walls.

You can clearly see how to build a frame house correctly in the video. We will describe in more detail each stage of the construction of a new building.

Preparation for construction

Preparation for construction includes the following works:

1. Prepare construction tools. You will need a level, a tape measure, a hacksaw and a circular saw, a drill and a screwdriver, a hammer, possibly a concrete mixer. Work gloves and a pencil will also come in handy. It is necessary to provide a place for storing tools - a utility room, a canopy.
2. It is necessary to provide a supply for the operation of power tools, for this they pull the wire from the poles or connect to the neighbors.
3. To equip the entrance to the place of frame construction.
4. Perform preliminary marking for ground work - mark the location of the future building on the ground with pegs.

Earthworks and foundation

The foundation of the future house will be built in accordance with the project. It can be concrete slab or concrete tape. It can also be piled - stand on metal or concrete pillars. To equip the foundation, it is necessary to remove part of the soil, and pour concrete into the prepared pits or place ready-made concrete blocks.

On a note

Work on the preparation of pits and ditches for the foundation is called soil or earthworks.

In the course of excavation, pits and ditches are prepared, which are necessary for pouring or assembling the foundation. The type of foundation and its design determine the dimensions of the pits. Therefore, the choice of foundation determines the amount of soil work - the amount of land that needs to be dug.

Trench for strip foundation.

When pouring a concrete foundation, work is performed in the following sequence:

• Prepare a hole of the desired shape and size.
• The bottom of the trench is covered with sand - they perform the so-called sand cushion. A layer of sand will provide an accelerated outflow of water from under the foundation.
• They put formwork - boards or plywood along the edges of the pit.
• Reinforcement is laid in the formwork - for the strength of the future foundation of the house.
• Air ducts are laid (pipes for underground ventilation).
• Mix and pour concrete. Also, the concrete solution can be ordered at the factory, get it ready for pouring - in a concrete mixer machine.
• Anchors are installed on non-hardened concrete - fasteners for future frame supports and lower trim.
• After pouring, they are kept for 6-7 days if the weather is hot, and 9-10 days if the temperature outside is about + 20 ° C. At this time, the concrete is gaining the necessary strength. After - proceed to the assembly of the power frame of the frame house.

In order not to lose time, during the curing of concrete, you can prepare lumber: saw beams to the size of frame racks, partitions, jibs, treat them with an antiseptic.

Power frame and roof

The power frame of the house is assembled in accordance with the project. The drawings and diagrams indicate the dimensions of the supporting elements, their location, the distance between adjacent racks. Also in the drawings are described methods of attaching various boards and beams to each other.

Power frame.

The frame is assembled from separate parts. The assembly of each part is carried out in two stages. The first is the assembly of the frame section "on the ground". The second is the lifting of the assembled section and its installation, fastening. This technology makes it easy to assemble the right frame house with your own hands.

We give a description of the sequence of assembling the wall frame:

1. Future vertical racks are connected to the boards of the lower and upper strapping on the ground, according to the design scheme.
2. The assembled frame of each wall is lifted and installed on the foundation, attached to its surface.
3. A second upper trim and floor beams are laid on top of the frame.
4. On top of the floor beams - they are assembled from the frame elements prepared on the ground, the walls of the second floor, or attic.
5. The assembly of rafters under the roof begins with the assembly and installation of the frame under the gables.
6. They assemble the truss system - also from, which are pre-assembled from boards on the ground. For ease of assembly, all rafters are made according to the same template and have the same dimensions. They are lifted to the roof in assembled form, installed and attached to the upper trim of the upper floor.

The correct frame house uses a technology in which the roof is first built, and only after that the walls are sheathed. Therefore, after assembling the rafters, they are covered with a film, sheathing and roofing - metal tiles, ondulin.

How to sheathe a building

The wall cladding of the house forms the surface, protects from precipitation and ensures the stability of the house, prevents it from tilting. In order for the wall to perform strength functions, the sheathing is made of wall materials of a certain thickness. How to sheathe a frame house?

Exterior finish masonry imitation.

The dimensions of wall panels are regulated by GOST. So, for one-story houses, if OSB sheathing, plywood or cement board (DSP) is used, slabs with a thickness of at least 9 mm are required, and for two-story houses - at least 12 mm.

The correct frame wall of the house is assembled from separate PVC panels. In this case, the joints between adjacent panels must be reliably insulated or overlap each other. For example, when sheathing a wall with thin wall materials, siding, the bottom row of wall panels is first hung, then the top row located above it. So the wall is sheathed completely from the bottom up. At the same time, the next row of wall cladding overlaps the previous one by several cm.

Wall cladding is fastened with self-tapping screws. The sheathing is screwed to the frame wooden racks. Therefore, the process of assembling a wall is called a "constructor".

Correct wall

The frame wall performs the function of protecting the internal space of the house from heat and cold, from the encroachments of strangers, from rain and wind. To perform each of the necessary functions, a layer of material is intended, which is part of the frame wall cake. How right?

Ventilated facade.

• For the strength and load-bearing capacity of the wall, a strong load-bearing frame is constructed.
• For heat capacity - the inner space of the walls is filled with heat-insulating material.
• To protect against atmospheric precipitation - use moisture-resistant outer wall cladding.
• For outdoor and indoor decor, as well as to protect against moisture and wetting, wall cladding is necessary.

In addition, additional materials are used that ensure the functioning of the main layers of the frame wall. For example, cotton wool insulation must be covered with a vapor barrier film. This protects it from moisture.

On a note

The heat capacity of a cotton insulator decreases sharply when moisture gets inside it. Therefore, dampness inside the building wool is unacceptable.

Here is the minimum list of layers of the frame wall and the order of their alternation, how the correct pie of the frame house should look like:

1. Internal wall cladding - forms the surface of the walls of the interior. It is made of panel materials - plywood, drywall, wooden lining, MDF or OSB panels.
2. Polyethylene film to prevent dampening of the insulation with inside. Vapor barrier is important for cotton insulation and is not important for polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam.
3. Insulation is a heat-insulating material that is characterized by low thermal conductivity. It ensures the safety of heat inside, and cool air in the interior during hot summers. The traditional choice of insulating material for a frame house is mineral or basalt wool. Also, sometimes expanded polystyrene is used or cotton and foamed styrene materials are combined.
4. The film on the outside of the insulation is a membrane material that allows moisture particles to go outside and does not allow them to penetrate inside the insulation. The membrane structure ensures the ability of the film to pass steam in only one direction. This layer is important for cotton wool insulation and does not make sense when insulating a house with foam.
5. External wall cladding - forms the surface of the walls from the outside, protects against precipitation, mechanical damage. It should be made of durable, beautiful and waterproof material. Often used metal profiles, plastic siding, wooden boards or profiled timber, as well as OSB panels, followed by plastering or painting.

When using cotton wool insulation in the "pie", the walls of the frame house provide for ventilation gaps. The clearance on the outside is especially important. It acts as a ventilation space through which wet steam escapes.

It is necessary to take into account a large number of conditions in order to build the right frame house, the video will show the main points that you need to pay attention to.

Correct gender

Flooring is performed before the walls are insulated in order to make it convenient to move around inside the house during work. The correct floor in a frame house must be insulated. To do this, a heat insulator is laid between the lags of the floor. After - they close it with a vapor barrier with access to the walls. Sheathing boards are placed on top of the vapor barrier film. Moreover, if a plank floor is planned, then the crate is placed on top of the log, along their entire length. If a less durable OSB or plywood floor is planned, then the crate is laid across the log. After - a finishing floor is laid on top of the crate, they proceed to the insulation of the walls.

How to properly insulate

Mostly use cotton insulating material. - mineral basalt wool - a low-combustible material on a natural basis, which is obtained from molten stone - basalt. How to properly insulate a frame house?

On a note

At first glance, it is difficult to distinguish between glass wool and mineral wool. It is important to know that mineral basalt wool is more expensive and much more durable (40 years instead of 20 years for glass wool).

Cotton wool insulation is characterized by compressibility, which is used when mounting the material between the frame supports. Mineral wool slabs or mats compress slightly when laid between the studs of the frame. Then they are held between the supports without additional fixation.

We lay mineral wool in the frame of the house.

It starts with walls where mineral mats are used, which are characterized by low compressibility and increased rigidity. In such mats, the insulation does not sag and retains the ability to retain heat for a long time.

On a note

When using rolled insulation, additional horizontal beams are required on which the wool will “lie”. This will not allow her to sag or sag over time.

It uses ready-made slabs in which foam plastic slabs are laid as a heater. However, this is the worst option for wall insulation, more affordable and inferior in environmental friendliness and climate control.

Foam plastics "do not breathe", they do not provide natural gas exchange through the walls of the premises. What creates an unhealthy microclimate inside the house.

Windows and doors

Almost always, the manufacture and installation of windows is ordered from a company specializing in these works. Doors - non-standard sizes are also made to order. Standard canvases 60x180 are purchased together with the boat in finished form.

Do-it-yourself pvc window installation.

The choice of door material is determined by the place of its installation. For a room, it can be chipboard or wood. As a street entrance door, you can put metal or fiberglass.

Engineering Communication

During the assembly of the wall, engineering communications are laid inside it. They are placed on top of the vapor barrier film in such a way that the cross section of the wire or pipe is not squeezed by the subsequent wall cladding. For the convenience of subsequent wall cladding, small recesses are drilled in the crate, through which a pipe or cable wire is laid.

Finishing

Interior decoration of the premises begins with hanging wall panels from the inside of the wall. To do this, use materials with a flat surface. Or materials for finishing wall decoration.

Internal walls are often equipped with drywall or OSB boards. At the same time, OSB requires additional plaster. And drywall - gluing joints. Also, the internal walls of frame houses are often equipped with MDF panels or natural wooden lining.

A frame house is a great opportunity to acquire your own comfortable housing for reasonable money and in a short time. But so that the first strong wind or heaving of the soil does not fold it like a house of cards, you need to know a clear sequence of work and some secrets of frame construction. We provide step by step instructions on how to do it right.

Design project and house drawing

Significantly reduce construction time, avoid many mistakes and reduce material consumption, design will help you. But this is not only the study of the interior of the rooms. The design project includes blueprints. For the foundation, truss system and wall frame, they are simply necessary.

To develop a design project and drawings, you can turn to professional designers or try to master specialized programs. For example: ArchiCAD, Arcon, WoodEngine, CadWork. However, please note that some programs require the purchase of a license key and time to master.

Laying the foundation for a frame house

The frame house can be independently erected by you on a slab, pile, columnar or strip foundation. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, suitable for a certain type of soil. How to determine which one to choose?

Soil analysis on the construction site

The foundation, selected in accordance with the characteristics of the soil, is not just a reliable basis for the entire structure. It is also the rational use of your Money. Not always a frame house needs an expensive slab or deep foundation.

Do right choice will help land analysis taken from the construction site. What it will help determine:

1. The depth of groundwater. If they flow close to the soil surface, the cellar device will have to be abandoned.
2. The qualitative composition of the earth (fine sand, gravel, clay, etc.). The best option for construction is gravel soil, the worst is fine sand.
3. The depth of soil freezing. The larger it is, the more time-consuming and costly the work on laying the foundation will be.

For research, you can dig a hole yourself at least one and a half meters deep, take samples of the earth and take them to the laboratory. A less time-consuming option is to invite geotechnical engineers directly to the construction site.

Features of the strip foundation

The strip foundation is a closed loop of reinforced concrete. It is laid under the load-bearing walls of the house along their entire length.

Despite the complexity and high cost of laying, strip base is the best option for a frame house. It has a large bearing surface, allows you to equip the basement and perform construction work even on heaving soil.

Construction sequence strip foundation:

1. Digging a trench and laying a sand cushion on its bottom.
2. Waterproofing of trench walls.
3. Installation of wooden formwork.
4. Assembly and installation of reinforcing mesh.
5. Filling the formwork with concrete and its compaction.

Strip foundation height must be at least 2 times its width. Under such conditions, transverse deformation does not occur in it.

Pile-screw foundation - a simple and affordable foundation for a house

The pile-screw foundation allows you to build a residential building on weak and uneven terrain without construction experience. It becomes a reliable support for the walls, as the piles firmly cling to solid rocks below the freezing level of the soil.

Screw piles- metal rods, on the pointed ends of which blades are welded. This design allows you to simply screw them into the ground, like a drill. This can be done with the help of special equipment or manually. But in the latter case, you will need at least three people.

Laying a column foundation

The columnar base is erected only on stable soils with high bearing capacity.

Work is carried out step by step:

1. Round wells are drilled along the selected perimeter in the ground.
2. A metal frame connected from reinforcement is installed in them.
3. The casing formwork is lowered into the wells.
4. Cut off above-ground elements at the same level.
5. The wells are filled with concrete and compacted.

The height of the heads (the above-ground part of the pillars) should not be less than 400 mm. Otherwise, the wood flooring will rot from constant exposure to moisture.

Slab foundation - when a considerable investment justifies itself

The slab foundation is rightfully considered the most expensive. This is due to the large bearing area, which is the main advantage of a monolithic base.

A house built on such a slab is protected from distortions, because even when exposed to frost heaving forces, it moves along with the foundation.

The technology of laying the base involves

1. Removal of the topsoil (fertile).
2. Geofabric laying, backfilling of sand and gravel cushion and its compaction.
3. Flooring waterproofing material.
4. Installation of wooden formwork.
5. Mounting and installation of a mesh connected from ribbed reinforcement.
6. Pouring concrete and its subsequent compaction with a special vibration machine.

The height of the slab base is usually 100 mm.

Lower trim of the house

If you are going to build a frame house with your own hands, you can’t do without a lower trim. It unites all the elements of the foundation, if it is columnar or pile-screw, connects the base of the house with its walls, and serves as a support for laying the floor.

For device bottom strapping use a beam of 150x200 mm or a bunch of boards placed on the end. Lumber must be pre-treated with an antiseptic and flame retardant.

They are fixed on the foundation with the help of anchor bolts with a wide nut. The connection of the beams to each other is carried out using panels or “half-tree”, “in the paw”, additionally strengthening them with nails, steel corners.

Laying and warming the subfloor

The basement beams form the basis of the subfloor. Their function is performed by bars with a cross section of 140x180 mm or boards with a size of at least 160x50 mm. The ideal option is a material with the same cross section as the elements of the lower trim.

The fastening of the floor beams is carried out “in half a tree”, making the appropriate cuts. For additional fixation, two nails are used for each junction of the bars.

Then the flooring and its insulation are performed according to the following scheme:

1. Fastening cranial bars to the bottom of the beams.
2. Fixing subfloor boards on them.
3. Waterproofing beams and flooring with dense polyethylene.
4. Laying insulation in the cells formed by the bars.
5. Installation of vapor barrier.
6. Flooring plywood, floorboard or OSB board.

Such a “pie” is ready for fine finishing at the final stage of self-construction of a frame house.

Stages of erection of the frame of walls and roof

The draft floor with its rigid base is the reference point for erecting the frame of the walls and mounting the truss system under the roof. This is one of the most time-consuming stages of building a frame house.

Installation of vertical racks for external walls

According to the existing lower strapping, markup is made for fixing the vertical racks of the frame. Their length determines the height of the ceiling on the floor minus its fine finish.

Work begins with the installation of corner elements with a cross section of at least 100x100 mm. They are fixed in two main ways:

• With the help of a wooden dowel, which should rise 80-100 mm above the corner connection of the piping. In this case, the rack is literally strung on it.
• With reinforced galvanized metal corners.

For racks on straight sections, a beam with a smaller section is suitable - 50x100 mm. Its connection with the strapping is carried out by complete, incomplete cutting or using steel corners. Here you can use fasteners without reinforcement.

When determining the pitch of the racks, be guided by the width of the insulation or wall sheathing sheet material. To prevent the vertical elements of the frame from heeling, they can be fixed with temporary jibs.

Upper frame frame and interfloor overlap

Only after fixing the racks strictly vertically and in a fixed position, they begin to work on the upper harness. All grooves and fastenings in it should be similar to those that took place in a similar lower belt. This will give the structure good spatial rigidity.

Note! The width of the beams of the upper trim should be equal to the width of the uprights.

Mounted similarly to the basement. Logs from a board 50x200 mm with a step of 600-800 mm are fastened with nails to the bars of the upper trim.

If the ceiling is not an element of the roof truss system, but the floor of the second floor, it must be further reinforced with spacers. Their function is performed by edged boards, which are lined up between the lags in one line and fixed with nails. With a span width of the second floor of 2.5-3 m, one line of spacers is sufficient. For a larger span, you will need two parallel lines.

Assembling the truss system

The truss system determines the shape of the roof of a frame house built from scratch. Most often, it is double-sided.

Suitable for rafters boards with a section of 50x150 mm or 50x200 mm. They are installed on the bars of the upper trim in increments of 0.6-1.1 m.

The rafters are also interconnected, which gives the roof the appropriate rigidity and causes it bearing capacity. To do this, use the following elements:

• longitudinal runs;
• crate;
• crossbars;
• racks;
• sill;
• puff.

If the span of the second floor or attic is less than 10 m and there are no load-bearing walls in the house, except for external ones, hanging rafters can be mounted. This system involves fastening each rafter with one end to the strapping, and the other - to the counter element. Tightening in the form of a horizontal beam allows you to strengthen the structure.

Rafters appropriate where there is an intermediate support for them in the form of a load-bearing wall or a columnar element. They are reinforced with internal middle racks.

Thermal insulation of walls and roofs

Work on the insulation of walls and roofs should be proceeded only after the installation of all windows and doors.

In the right frame house, the technology for their implementation is similar and comes down to creating a “pie” consisting of several layers.

• Outer cladding. It can be fiberboard, OSB, DSP or facade board.
• Waterproofing. It is necessary to protect the insulation from moisture from the street.
• Thermal insulation material. It can be polystyrene, extruded polystyrene foam, mineral wool, etc.
• Vapor barrier. Usually, a membrane film is used to remove moisture from the room.
• Internal lining. Suitable for these purposes: plywood, OSB, drywall.

The roof is not sheathed on the outside with sheet material. His place is taken by crate, which serves as the basis for the roofing material.

Insulation of the interfloor overlap is similar to the thermal insulation of the subfloor.

Engineering systems of a frame house

Without utilities, a frame house will be a dark and cold box. For this reason, it is necessary to know where and at what stage they are laid.

• Heating pipes and water supply systems are mounted inside the frame walls. Do this before warming them up. The cold water supply pipe is placed in a corrugated moisture-resistant "sleeve", which is associated with the constant formation of condensate on it.
• Sewer pipes are mounted in the walls and under the floor. Their supply to septic tanks is provided at the stage of laying the foundation.
• Electrical cables are located inside the walls, under the false ceiling or in the channels of the skirting boards.
• Laying hidden electrical cables can only be carried out in special pipes and ducts. These works are also performed before the thermal insulation of the walls.

Video: unacceptable mistakes in construction

Managers of construction companies engaged in the construction of frame and frame-panel houses give some arguments in their favor. The first is the high environmental friendliness of frame construction, since the construction uses new modern technology and environmentally friendly natural material - wood.

90% of the frame house materials are wood.

The second is the speed of construction of frame houses and their durability. The third and perhaps their main argument is the low cost of construction and, as a result, significant cost savings in the construction of such a house. It is for this reason that in all developed countries - the most popular. Does the frame method of construction really have only pluses, or are there also minuses of houses?

Scheme of the device frame house.

It is generally accepted that Canada is the birthplace of a frame house, although in the countries former USSR they are more often called Finnish houses. The technology of their construction is only considered new, but the prototypes of frame houses were built in Canada about 300 years ago, when the question of the rapid construction of inexpensive housing arose in this country. The idea of ​​frame construction of houses, brought to life, made it possible to significantly save both time and building materials.

Over the past time, this technology has been significantly updated, and today most private cottages in America, Canada and Western Europe are built using frame technology. On the territory of the former Soviet Union using this technology, mainly barracks, hostels and Finnish country houses, in which, due to poor materials and construction imperfections, it was very cold in winter and hot in summer. Therefore, the frame-panel method of building such houses is sometimes called frame-slot. Perhaps it is precisely because of this that the inhabitants of the post-Soviet space are still skeptical about such construction technology.

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High environmental friendliness of a frame house: is it really so?

Scheme of overlapping frame house.

The basis of a frame house is a frame. The material for the frame is wood. This tree must be fastened as securely as possible. And in the case of frame-panel houses, wooden shields must also be securely fastened. So, 90% of the material in frame-panel and frame houses is wood. It is potentially prone to rot and mold in excess moisture. It would seem that the solution to this problem lies on the surface: the tree must be well dried.

It is clear that the less moisture remains in the wood, the better for the house under construction. But in reality this is not entirely true. According to current building codes, the moisture content in the wood used for housing construction should not exceed 25%. Construction companies will readily show you a document in which the moisture content of the wood will be 20%, 14% and even 9%. But the problem is that in the documents there may be one percent, but in reality it is completely different.

After all, it is impossible to trace how correctly this wood was dried and stored. Now let's look at another aspect. It is well known that wood is a combustible material. Therefore, houses built of wood will be a source of increased fire hazard. To reduce its level, the whole house will have to be treated with special fire-fighting mixtures - flame retardants. What is the result? The tree needs to be treated with special compounds to protect against fungi and rot (antiseptics). Special impregnation and treatment of wooden structures with fire retardants is also required. In addition to all of the above, when fastening in wooden panels, adhesives are used.

What is included in the composition of the same fire retardants? If these are salt-based flame retardants, then they contain salts of mineral acids: carbonic, phosphoric or boric. If non-salt fire-fighting mixtures are used for impregnation, then they are all produced on the basis of organophosphorus compounds. The fact that phosphorus is toxic is known from the school chemistry course. And although flame retardant manufacturers claim that their products are non-toxic and do not harm human health, it is up to everyone to believe these statements or not. Moreover, there are also antiseptics and adhesive mixtures. And among them there are many such, which include toxic substances.

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The durability of a frame house

Panel structure diagram.

Construction firms engaged in the construction of houses using frame technology claim that houses built using this technology will last up to 100 years, and in support of their correctness, they refer to the experience of foreign colleagues. But much more important is not “before”, but “from” (although it is worth noting that the same brick or stone houses stand for several hundred, or even a thousand years). Western construction firms strictly adhere to all details of construction technology, from drying and wood processing to finishing work.

Is this not always possible for us? If the wooden structures used for are not properly or insufficiently dried or treated with an antiseptic in violation of the technology, the result will quickly manifest itself in the form of a fungus or mold. It would be useful for future developers to know that the white house fungus is capable of completely disabling an oak floor made of 40 mm oak planks in one month!

But even if everything is done exactly according to the technology, we must not forget that the period of action of the antiseptics with which the wooden panels are impregnated is mainly 15-20 years.

Further, the tree remains defenseless, because there is no way to disassemble the house in order to re-treat it with an antiseptic. Even in order to process the inner area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe walls, you will have to remove and then reinstall the drywall finish. And these are additional costs and time, and labor, and funds that are not taken into account in the initial cost of the house. Therefore, it would be quite logical to set the period of functioning of frame houses from 30 years. Therefore, the statement that such a house will be inherited by your grandchildren, and even great-grandchildren, sounds somewhat exaggerated. At best, your children will live in it.

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The cheapness of building a frame house

Model of wall insulation of a frame house.

In terms of cheapness construction works the method of frame construction of houses is really unrivaled. To build such a house, a deeply buried foundation is not needed, and the savings in wood due to the small thickness of the walls is 40-50% compared to a conventional log house. But this is ideal. In practice, everything turns out a little differently. Since, for a number of objective and subjective reasons, it is not yet in great demand in our country, finding really high-quality Construction Materials on affordable prices- a big problem.

It is very difficult to find a high-quality wooden board, it is almost impossible to find tile insulation for the 16-inch (407 mm) rack spacing provided for during the construction of a frame house. And the prices for domestic high-quality materials (for example, OSB for the outer skin of a house or plywood sheets of the tenon-groove type) are 1.5-3 times higher than the cost of foreign analogues. In addition, unlike timber or log buildings, a good ventilation system is required in frame houses. In addition to this, unlike abroad, where holes and cuts are made for the wiring device in the frame racks and self-extinguishing electrical wires are used, everything is exactly the opposite with us.

According to the current rules for the installation of electrical installations, hidden wiring in residential premises should be carried out in special metal pipes, and junction metal boxes and socket boxes should be used for wiring.

Therefore, in our conditions it will not be possible to do finishing work the way it is done in Western Europe and Canada by attaching drywall directly to the studs of the frame house, which ensures high speed of construction. In addition, in the West, frame houses are assembled from strictly calibrated planed boards.

In our conditions, this board is taken at a nearby construction market, it is good if it is cut off. Therefore, when finishing the interior of a frame house with drywall (and this is a prerequisite), you must additionally purchase and install metal profiles for fixing drywall.

With careful consideration of this issue, such an initially cheap house in the end turns out to be much more expensive. Although it must be said that this is due not so much to shortcomings as to the lack of a proper construction culture and the human factor in our country.