Russian language. Spelling and punctuation. Rosenthal D. Dietmar Rosenthal - a reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing A reference book on spelling and literary editing.E

M.: 2011. - 288 p.

The purpose of this manual is to help students strengthen their writing skills, prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian language study program at school. Special attention The book focuses on difficult spelling cases. The list of difficult words to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most complex texts, and exercises and dictations will help you test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant for students, teachers, tutors, as well as all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Format: pdf

Size: 2.14 MB

File:

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals. . . 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias. . . 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members. . 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and plug-in sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence. . . 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence. . 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281

The purpose of this manual is to help students strengthen their writing skills, prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it with the highest score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian language study program at school. The book pays special attention to difficult spelling cases. The list of difficult words to write in the book will help you cope with writing the most complex texts, and exercises and dictations will help you test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant for students, teachers, tutors, as well as all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Tested unstressed vowels.
The general rule for spelling the tested unstressed vowels does not cause any difficulties. It says: in unstressed syllables the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is stressed. For example: rinse (rinse) the mouth - caress (caress) the dog; thin out (rare) seedlings - unload (discharge) a gun.

Wed. different spelling vowels of the root in words similar in sound composition: climb (a tree) - lick (a wound), wrap (cold) - wrap (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), earth (on the ground) - winter ( winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (lantern) - dedicate (into a secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fasten (collar) - fasten (horse), chew (piece of meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), took (by hand up the stairs) - svila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (be in a sitting position), belittle (reduce) - beg (beg), pinch (a torch) - pinch (a hand), etc.

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling vowels in root 4
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants 8
§ 5. Vowels after Ts 9
Spelling of consonants in the root 11
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants 14
Use of capital letters 15
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ 13. Proper names of persons 16
§ 14. Animal names 20
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. Geographical names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conventional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Issues of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels И and И after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after sibilants and in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after sibilants 43
§ 36. Vowels after Ts 44
Spelling nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling difficult words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 72
§ 46. Numeral Gender - 73
Spelling pronouns 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. Use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in suffixes of participles 78
§ 52. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs 84
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling prepositions 95
§ 59. Complex prepositions 95
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling conjunctions 96
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions 96
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions 100
Spelling particles 100
§ 63. Separate writing of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphenated writing of interjections and onomatopoeias 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
§ 77. Exclamation mark 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between members of sentence 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma for repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
§ 93. Separate applications 150
§ 94. Special circumstances 156
§ 95. Separate additions 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Clarifying members of sentence 163
§ 97. Explanatory parts of sentence 164
§ 98. Accessory members of sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and inserted sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions that are integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks for direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation marks for quotations 203
§ 112. Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPLICATIONS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
A short list of difficult words to spell 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.

Academic codes of spelling and punctuation

(arranged in reverse chronological order)

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book: approved by the Spelling Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences / [author. N. S. Valgina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova; resp. ed. V.V. Lopatin] ; Ross. acad. Sciences, Dept. historical and philological Sciences, Institute of Rus. language them. V. V. Vinogradova. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2006. – 478, p. – The reference book is an amended edition of the current “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” of 1956. – Editions after 2006 have been erased.

A set of rules for Russian spelling. Spelling and punctuation: project / [ed. B. Z. Bukchina, N. A. Eskova, O. E. Ivanova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova (spelling), N. S. Valgina (punctuation); scientific ed. N. A. Eskova, S. M. Kuzmina, V. V. Lopatin (spelling), E. N. Shiryaev (punctuation); ed. O. E. Ivanova] ; Ross. acad. Sciences, Dept. lit. and language, Spelling Commission and Institute of Russian. language them. V. V. Vinogradova. – Moscow: Azbukovnik, 2000. – 396, p. – The project was not approved.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation: approved. Academician Sciences of the USSR, Moscow Higher. arr. USSR and M-vom education. RSFSR / [largest educational in comp. hosted by S. G. Barkhudarov, K. I. Bylinsky, V. V. Vinogradov, I. S. Istrina, I. A. Kairov, E. I. Korenevsky, S. E. Kryuchkov, S. P. Obnorsky, D N. Ushakov, A. B. Shapiro, L. V. Shcherba]. – Ed. 2nd, erased – Moscow: State. educational pedagogical publishing house M-va. enlightenment RSFSR, 1962. – 175, p. – Auth. indicated in approx. us. 4. – Ed. 1st – 1956 – The rules are posted on the portal in the “Help” section.

Reference books on spelling and literary editing by D. E. Rosenthal

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language: spelling, pronunciation, literary editing / D. E. Rosenthal, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. – 7th ed. – Moscow: Iris-press, 2010. – 491 p. – The text is printed in a new edition according to the publication: A reference book on spelling, pronunciation and literary editing/ D. E. Rosenthal, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. 4th ed., rev. Moscow: CheRo, 2001.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing / D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. I. B. Golub]. – Ed. 2nd, rev. – Moscow: Rolf, 1999. – 361, p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. – Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional – Moscow: Book, 1978. – 334 p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal. – Moscow: Book, 1967. – 407, p.

Guide to Punctuation by D. E. Rosenthal

(Editions are arranged in reverse chronological order)

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation / D. E. Rosenthal. – Moscow: ONIX 21st century: 2004. – 263 p.

Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of punctuation: for press workers / D. E. Rosenthal; [reviewer Dr. Philol. sciences, prof. V.F. Ivanov]. – Moscow: Book, 1984. – 272 p.

Reference books on spelling and punctuation by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky

(Editions are arranged in reverse chronological order)

Bylinsky K.I. Handbook of spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky, N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 4th, revised and additional – Moscow: Publishing house Mosk. Univ., 1970. – 343, p. – Previous edition: Handbook of spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. 3rd ed., revised. Moscow: Art, 1957. 336 p.

Bylinsky K.I. Handbook of spelling and punctuation for press workers / prof. K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. – Ed. 2nd, revised – Moscow: Art, 1952. – 311, p. – Previous edition: Handbook of spelling and punctuation for press workers / K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky. Moscow; Leningrad: Gizlegprom, 1947. 116 p.

Reference books on spelling, punctuation, speech culture and editing

Belchikov Yu. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language: norms for the use of words, phraseological expressions, grammatical forms and syntactic structures / Yu. A. Belchikov; Ross. acad. Sci. – 2nd. ed., rev. and additional – Moscow: AST-PRESS, 2012. – 422 p. – (Reference books of the Russian language).

Bylinsky K.I. Difficult cases of punctuation / K. I. Bylinsky, D. E. Rosenthal; [ed. A.E. Milchin]. – Moscow: Art, 1961. – 231 p.

Grot Y.K. Russian spelling: a guide compiled on behalf of the second department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences / J. Grot. – Ed. 21st. – St. Petersburg: Typogr. Ministry of Communications, 1914. – XII, 120, XLIV p.

Mamonov V. A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language / V. A. Mamonov, D. E. Rosenthal. – Moscow: Art, 1957. – 175, p.

Milchin A. E. Directory of the publisher and author: editorial and publishing design of the publication / Arkady Milchin, Lyudmila Cheltsova. – 4th ed. – Moscow: Artemy Lebedev Studio Publishing House, 2014. – 1006 p. – This edition repeats the previous, 3rd, rev. and additional ed. 2009

Ostroumova O. A. Difficulties of Russian punctuation. Dictionary introductory words, combinations and sentences: [experience of a reference dictionary] / O. A. Ostroumova, O. D. Frampol. – Moscow: SSU Publishing House, 2009. – 501 p.

Pakhomov V. M. Difficult cases of Russian punctuation: a reference dictionary / V. M. Pakhomov, V. V. Svintsov, I. V. Filatova. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. – 569, p. – (EXMO Dictionary Library). – The author’s electronic edition of the dictionary is posted on the portal in the “Help” section.

Editorial and publishing design of church printed publications: a directory of the author and publisher / Ed. Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Synodal Library named after. His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II, Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church; Ch. ed. Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate, Archpriest Vladimir Silovyov. – Moscow: Publishing House of the Moscow Russian Patriarchate Orthodox Church, 2015. – 205 p.

Sluzhivov L.I. Proofreader's Handbook: a practical guide for the proofreader, typesetter, editor and author / L. I. Sluzhivov. – Moscow: State. publishing house of light industry, 1932. – 256 p.

1. First names, patronymics, last names, nicknames, pseudonyms are written with a capital letter: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Gaius Julius Caesar, Emile Zola, Peter the Great (Peter I), Vsevolod the Big Nest, Catherine the Great, Timur the Iron Heel, Fedka Wash Yourself with Mud, Sinbad the Sailor, Demyan the Poor, False Nero, Knight of the Sad Countenance(about Don Quixote), etc.

Note. A nickname is never enclosed in quotation marks: Vladimir the Red Sun, Richard the Lionheart, Vanka Cain, the Maid nicknamed the Great Mogul.

Remember:

August Strong

Alexander the Great

Anne of Austria

Boleslav the Brave

Vasily the Third Dark

Wilgelm the conqueror

Vladimir Red Sun

Vladimir Monomakh

Heinrich Birdcatcher

Heraclitus of Ephesus

David of Sasun

Diogenes of Sinope

Elena the beautiful

Ivan groznyj

Ivan Kalita

John the Landless

John of Damascus

John Chrysostom

John the Baptist

Joseph the Beautiful

Charlemagne

Karl Baldy

Karl the Bold

Cato the Elder

Cato Utica

Kirill Turovsky

Louis the Pious

Saint Louis

Maria Catholic

Bloody Mary

Paskevich Erivansky

Nicholas the Wonderworker

Peter of Amiens

Peter the Hermit

Pepin the Short

Potemkin Tauride

Richard the Lionheart

Robin Hood

Suvorov Rymniksky

Tarquin the Proud

Tarquin the Ancient

Ferdinand the Catholic

Philip the Handsome

Friedrich Barbarossa

Edward the Confessor

Julian the Apostate

Yury Dolgoruky

Yaroslav the Wise

2. Proper names that have become common nouns are written with a lowercase letter: Alphonse, Derzhimorda, Don Juan, ladies' man, mentor, philanthropist, Vanka(‘cab driver in pre-revolutionary Russia’), vanka-vstanka (‘toy’).

If a surname used in a common noun does not become a common noun, the spelling with a capital letter is retained: We... were firmly convinced that we had our own Byrons, Shakespeares, Schillers, Walter Scotts(White).

But if a person’s individual name is used in a contemptuous sense, as a generic designation, then it is written with a lowercase letter: despicable Socks and Scheidemanns(‘traitors Social Democrats’), quislings (‘collaborators’).

3. The names of objects, units of physical quantities, plant species, etc., formed from the names of persons, are written with a lowercase letter: riding breeches, Macintosh, revolver, Remington, French, ampere, volt, pendant, ohm, x-ray, Ivan da Marya. Also: “Katyusha” (the common colloquial name for a guards mortar).

4. Individual names related to mythology and religion are written with a capital letter: Zeus, Pallas Athena, Mars, Pegasus, Isis, Brahma, Buddha, Jesus Christ, Allah, Mohammed.

Generic names mythological creatures written with a lowercase letter: Valkyrie, witch, devil, nymph, satyr, siren.

Note. The names of mythological creatures, used in a common noun or figurative meaning, are written with a lowercase letter: Hercules (‘croup’), Atlas (‘column’), Peruns (‘lightning’).

5. In complex surnames written with a hyphen, each part is written with a capital letter: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mamin-Sibiryak, Novikov-Priboy, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Bethmann-Hollweg, Georgiou-Dej.

6. In double (triple, etc.) non-Russian names, regardless of their separate or hyphenated spelling, all parts are written with a capital letter:

1) ancient Roman: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Tullius Cicero;

2) English (including Australian, Canadian, North American): George Noel Gordon Byron, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Boynton Priestley, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Katharina Susanna Pritchard;

3) German: Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, Erich Maria Remarque, Johann Sebastian Bach;

4) Scandinavian: Hans Christian Andersen, Svante August Arrhenius, Olof Ried Olsen;

5) French: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Pierre Henri Simon, Antoine Francois Prevost.

If there are only initials of names, a hyphen is placed between them: I.-S. Bach, W.-A. Mozart;

6) Italian: Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Maria Bianca Lugurin;

7) Spanish (including Latin American): Jose Raul Capablanca, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Maria Teresa Peon;

8) Portuguese (including Brazilian, Angolese): Luis Carlos Martinez Pena, Maria dlena Raposo, Agostinho Neto;

9) Flemish: Peter Paul Rubens;

10) Hungarian: Mihai Vitez Cioconai;

11) Romanian: Jona Stefan Radovic;

12) Polish: Bronislaw Wojciech Linke.

Note. In the names of literary characters Don Quixote and Don Juan, both parts are written with a capital letter and connected by a hyphen, forming a single proper name. But if the word don is used in the meaning of ‘master’, it is written separately and with a lowercase letter: Don Basilio, Don Andrea. Common nouns Don Quixote, Don Juan are written with a lowercase letter.

7. After the initial components viga-, quasi-, pan-, pseudo- and other proper names (names of persons and geographical names) are written with a capital letter: anti-France, quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe, pseudo-Raphael, false Voltaire(but: False Dmitry II), cinema-Anna (‘actress who played the role of Anna in the cinema’).

8. Articles, prepositions and particles ( af, van, yes, de la, della, del, der, di, dos, du, du, la, las, le, von) in Western European proper names are written with a lowercase letter:Gustav af Geijerstam, Ludwig van Beethoven, Leonardo da Vinci, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, d'Alembert, Garcilaso de la Vega, Luca della Robbia, Andrea del Sorta, Max von der Grün, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Cola di Rienzo, Fernando- di Noronha, Delmonte y Aponte, Lara y Sanchas de Castro, Enrique dos Santos, Jornal do Brasil, Roger Martin du Gard, Casa de las Américas, Le Chapelier.

Function words are written with a capital letter:

1) if they merged with the surname or name into one word (written together or with a hyphen): Vanloo, Descartes, Du-Belle, Dubois, Lamartine, Laplace, Las Vegas, Los Angeles;

2) if the surname is not used without a function word: Charles De Coster, De Leon, Dos Passos, Le Tellier;

3) if they are written with a capital letter in the source language: Edmondo De Amicis, Di Vitxorio.

9. The particles O' (Irish, appended with an apostrophe), Mac- (Scottish, appended with a hyphen), San-, Sen-, Saint- (Italian and French, appended with a hyphen) before the surname are written with a capital letter: O 'Henry, O ' Connor, McGregor, McDowell, San Marino, San Martin, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve.

10. In Arabic, Turkic, Persian personal names there are components denoting social status, family relationships, etc., as well as function words ( aha, al, al, as, ash, bey, bek, ben, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el etc., which, as a rule, are appended with a hyphen) are written with a lowercase letter: Kerim-aga, Zein al-Abadein, Sabah al-Salem, Omar al-Sharif, Izmail Bey, Bekir Bey, Yu "suf ben-Hedda, Tursun-zade, Salah-zul-Fikar, Marzaaga kyzy Suleymanova, Mamed- ogly(V Azerbaijani surnames the word oglu is written separately: Aliyev Arif Saradt oghlu, but: Koroglu) , Hakim ol-Molk, Suleiman Pasha, Seif ul-Islam, Mirza Khan, Nadir Shah, Ahmad ed-Din, Mohammed el-Kuni, es-Zayat, Ahmed ibn al-Farid, Abu al-Faraji, Ayvaz Oshar-ogly, Fakhrad-din-Razi, Jalal-ad-Din, Mustafa-Zarif Pasha, ibn Abd Robbihi, ibn al-Asir.

However, some of the named components of personal names, titles settlements and press organs are written with a capital letter: Al-Walid, "Al-Akhbar", Ben Yusuf, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sina, Ibn Saud, Ogly Bekir Bek, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Zahir Shah, El Alamein, Abu Ali, Haji Giray(the element of haji is an honorary title for a Muslim who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca).

11. In Chinese personal names consisting of two parts, both parts are written with a capital letter: Sun Yat-sen, An Qi, Lee Wo.

12. In Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, Indonesian, Ceylonese, Japanese personal names, all parts are written separately and with a capital letter: Pak Soo-yeon, Ho Shi Minh, Phom Van Donet, Le Duan, Wu Not Win, Mang Reng Soi, Kurahara Korehito.

In Japanese proper names, the suffix -san ('master', 'mistress'), expressing respect for a person, is written with a lowercase letter and appended with a hyphen: Cio-Cio-san, Suzuki-san, Toyama-san.

13. Names of characters in some works fiction(fables, fairy tales, plays, etc.) are written with a capital letter: The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Bear started playing a quartet(Kr.); Santa Claus, Serpent Gorynych, Little Red Riding Hood, Gray wolf, Blue Beard(heroes of fairy tales); Cat, Dog, Milk, Sugar, Bread(characters from M. Maeterlinck’s play “The Blue Bird”); "Song of the Petrel"(M.G.); Someone in gray (Andr.).

14. Animal names are written with a capital letter: the dog Zhuchka, the cat Vaska, the cat Murka, the horse Sivka, the cow Pestrushka, the elephant Sambo.

If an individual name is used as the name of an animal species or in a figurative sense, then it is written with a lowercase letter: bears in Shishkin's painting; Teddy bear; Vaskas and Murkas were rushing around the village; the yard was guarded by an ordinary bug('yard dog' - by a common nickname).

- Rosenthal D.E. - 1997.

The reference book contains the most important rules of spelling and punctuation, as well as recommendations for the correct use of words and their various forms, with a focus on difficult cases. The reference book is a good guide for media workers, authors, translators, students and schoolchildren and is of undoubted interest to all readers interested in issues of correct Russian writing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Spelling
I. Spelling vowels in the root
§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels
§ 3. Alternating vowels
§ 4. Vowels after sibilants
§ 5. Vowels after c
§ 6. Letters e-e
§ 7. Letter th
II. Spelling of consonants in the root
§ 8. Voiced and voiceless consonants
§ 9. Double consonants in the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root
§ 10. Unpronounceable consonants
III. Use of capital letters
§ 11. Capital letters at the beginning of the text
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks
§ 13. Proper names of persons
§ 14. Animal names, names of plant species, wine varieties
§ 15. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names
§ 17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names
§ 18. Astronomical names
§ 19. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods
§ 20. Names of holidays, popular movements, significant dates
§ 21. Names associated with religion
§ 22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign companies
§ 23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art
§ 24. Names of positions and titles
§ 25. Names of orders, medals, insignia, prizes
§ 26. Names of literary works and media
§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations
§ 28. Conventional proper names
IV. Separating ъ and ь
§ 29. Use of ъ
§ 30. Use of b
V. Spelling of prefixes
§ 31. Prefixes on s-
§ 32. Prefix c-
§ 33. Prefixes pre- and pre-
§ 34. Vowels ы and и after prefixes
VI. Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings
§ 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants
§ 36. Vowels after c
VII. Spelling nouns
§ 37. Endings of nouns
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns
VIII. Spelling adjectives
§ 39. Endings of adjectives
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives
IX. Spelling difficult words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
§ 43. Spelling of compound nouns
§ 44. Spelling of complex adjectives
X. Spelling of numerals
§ 45. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals
§ 46. Numeral gender
XI. Spelling pronouns
§ 47. Negative pronouns
XII. Spelling verbs
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs
§ 49. Use of the letter ь in verb forms
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs
XIII. Spelling participles
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes
§ 52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives
XIV. Spelling adverbs
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs
§ 54. Adverbs of hissing
§ 55. Negative adverbs
§ 56. Continuous writing of adverbs
§ 57. Hyphenated writing of adverbs
§ 58. Separate writing of adverbial combinations
XV. Spelling prepositions
§ 59. Complex prepositions
§ 60. Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations
XVI. Spelling conjunctions
§ 61. Continuous writing of conjunctions
§ 62. Separate writing of conjunctions
XVII. Spelling particles
§ 63. Separate writing of particles
§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles
§ 65. Spelling not with nouns
§ 66. Spelling not with adjectives
§ 67. Spelling not with numerals
§ 68. Spelling not with pronouns
§ 69. Spelling not with verbs
§ 70. Spelling not with participles
§ 71. Spelling not with adverbs
§ 72. Spelling neither
XVIII. Spelling interjections and onomatopoeic words
§ 73. Hyphenated spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words
XIX. Spelling foreign words
§ 74. Transcription of foreign words
Punctuation
XX. Punctuation marks at the end of sentences and during breaks in speech
§ 75. Point
§ 76. Question mark
§ 77. Exclamation mark
§ 78. Ellipsis
XXI. Dash between clauses
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate
§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 81. Intonation dash
§ 82. Connecting dash
XXII. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members
§ 83. Homogeneous members not united by unions
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
§ 85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions
§ 88. Homogeneous members connected by paired unions
§ 89. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms
XXIII. Punctuation marks for repeated words
§ 90. Comma for repeated words
§ 91. Hyphenation of repeated words
XXIV. Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members
§ 92. Separate definitions
§ 93. Separate applications
§ 94. Special circumstances
§ 95. Separate additions
XXV. Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence
§ 96. Clarifying members of a sentence
§ 97. Explanatory parts of a sentence
§ 98. Connecting members of a sentence
XXVI. Punctuation marks for words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases
§ 100. Introductory and insertion sentences
§ 101. Appeals
§ 102. Interjections
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words
XXVII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 104. Comma in a compound sentence
§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence
§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence
XXVIII. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
§ 107. Comma between the main and subordinate clauses
§ 108. Comma in complex subordinating conjunctions
§ 109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
§ 110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions
§ 111. Dash in a complex sentence
§ 112. Colon in a complex sentence
§ 113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence
XXIX. Punctuation for phrases other than subordinate clauses
§ 114. Expressions that are integral in meaning
§ 115. Comparative turnover
XXX. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence
§ 116. Comma and semicolon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 117. Colon in a non-union complex sentence
§ 118. Dash in a non-union complex sentence
XXXI. Punctuation marks for direct speech
§ 119. Direct speech after the author’s words
§ 120. Direct speech before the author’s words
§ 121. Author's words inside direct speech
§ 122. Direct speech within the author’s words
§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue
XXXII. Punctuation marks for quotations
§ 124. Quotation marks
§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting
§ 126. Capital and lower case in quotes
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and source of quotation
XXXIII. Using quotation marks
§ 128. Words used in an unusual, conventional, ironic meaning
§ 129. Names of literary works, press organs, enterprises, etc.
§ 130. Names of orders and medals
§ 131. Names of brand names of machines, industrial products, etc.
§ 132. Names of plant varieties
XXXIV. Punctuation combinations
§ 133. Comma and dash
§ 134. Interrogative and exclamation marks
§ 135. Quotation marks and other signs
§ 136. Parentheses and other signs
§ 137. Ellipsis and other signs
§ 138. Sequence of characters for footnotes
Stylistics
XXXV. Word choice
§ 139. Semantic and stylistic selection of lexical means
§ 140. Elimination of bureaucracy and cliches
§ 141. Pleonasms and tautologies
§ 142. Euphony of speech
§ 143. Use of phraseological means
XXXVI. Forms of nouns
§ 144. Fluctuations in the gender of nouns
§ 145. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings
§ 146. Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.
§ 147. Gender of indeclinable nouns
§ 148. Features of the declension of some words and phrases
§ 149. Declension of some names and surnames
§ 150. The endings of the singular genitive case of masculine nouns -а(-я) – -у(-у)
§ 151. Accusative forms of animate and inanimate nouns
§ 152. The endings of the prepositional singular case of masculine nouns -е – -у(-у)
§ 153. Endings of the nominative plural of masculine nouns -ы(-и) – -а(-я)
§ 154. Plural genitive endings
§ 155. The endings of the instrumental case -yami – -(ь)мi
§ 156. Use of the singular in the meaning of the plural
§ 157. Use of abstract, real and proper nouns in the plural
§ 158. Variants of suffixes of nouns
XXXVII. Forms of adjectives
§ 159. Complete and short form qualitative adjectives
§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives
§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives
§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives
§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns
XXXVIII. Forms of numerals
§ 164. Combinations of numerals with nouns
§ 165. Use of collective numerals
§ 166. Numerals in compound words
XXXIX. Use of pronouns
§ 167. Personal pronouns
§ 168. Reflexive and possessive pronouns
§ 169. Determinative pronouns
§ 170. Indefinite pronouns
XL. Use of verb forms
§ 171. Formation of some personal forms
§ 172. Variants of species forms
§ 173. Returnable and non-returnable forms
§ 174. Forms of participles
§ 175. Forms of participles
XLI. Construction of a simple sentence
§ 176. Types of sentences
§ 177. Forms of the predicate
XLII. Order of words in a sentence
§ 178. Place of subject and predicate
§ 179. Place of definition in a sentence
§ 180. Place of addition in a sentence
§ 181. Place of circumstances in a sentence
§ 182. Location of introductory words, addresses, particles, prepositions
XLIII. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
§ 183. Predicate with a subject containing a collective noun
§ 184. Predicate with subject - quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)
§ 185. Coordination of the predicate with the subject, which has an application with it
§ 186. Predicate with a subject like brother and sister
§ 187. Predicate with subject - interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative pronoun
§ 188. Predicate with subject - indeclinable noun, abbreviation, indivisible group of words, nickname
§ 189. Coordination of the copula with the nominal part of the predicate
§ 190. Agreement of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
XLIV. Harmonization of definitions and applications
§ 191. Definition of a noun general kind
§ 192. Definition of a noun with an attachment
§ 193. Definition for a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four
§ 194. Two definitions with one noun
§ 195. Definition for nouns - homogeneous members
§ 196. Approval of applications
§ 197. Applications – geographical names
XLV. Control
§ 198. Non-prepositional and prepositional control
§ 199. Choice of preposition
§ 200. Choice of case form
§ 201. Case of complement for transitive verbs with negation
§ 202. Management of synonymous words
§ 203. Various prepositional-case forms with one control word
§ 204. Stringing identical shapes
§ 205. Control with homogeneous members of a sentence
XLVI. Sentences with homogeneous members
§ 206. Unions with homogeneous members
§ 207. Prepositions with homogeneous members
§ 208. Errors in combinations homogeneous members
XLVII. Difficult sentence
§ 209. Conjunctions and allied words
§ 210. Errors in complex sentences
XLVIII. Parallel syntactic structures
§ 211. Participial phrases
§ 212. Participial phrases
§ 213. Constructions with verbal nouns
Dictionary index