What year did Stalin live in? When and where was Stalin born? The role of Stalin in history. Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Regions, administrative, municipal units

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (real name - Dzhugashvili, Georgian. იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი). Born December 6 (18), 1878 (officially December 9 (21), 1879) in Gori (Tiflis province, Russian Empire) - died March 5, 1953 in the village. Volynskoye (Kuntsevsky district, Moscow region). Russian revolutionary, Soviet political, state, military and party leader. From the end of the 1920s until his death, the permanent leader of the Soviet state.

Iosif Dzhugashvili was born on December 6 (18 according to the new style) in 1878 in Gori, Tiflis province.

For a long time it was believed that he was born on December 9 (21), 1879, but later researchers established the real date of Joseph Stalin's birth: December 6 (18), 1878. The date of his baptism, December 17 (29), 1878, also became known.

Born into a Georgian family belonging to the lower class. A number of sources express versions about the Ossetian origin of Stalin's ancestors.

Father- Vissarion (Beso) Dzhugashvili, came from the peasants of the village of Didi-Lilo, Tiflis province, a shoemaker by profession.

A drinker in fits of rage, he severely beat his wife Ekaterina and little Coco (Joseph). There was a case when a child tried to protect his mother from being beaten. He threw a knife at Vissarion and took to his heels. According to the recollections of the son of a policeman in Gori, on another occasion Vissarion broke into the house where Ekaterina and little Coco were, and attacked them with beatings, inflicting a head injury on the child.

Mother- Ekaterina Georgievna - came from the family of a serf (gardener) Geladze in the village of Gambareuli, worked as a day laborer. She was a hard-working Puritan woman who often beat her only surviving child, but was boundlessly devoted to him.

Stalin's childhood friend David Machavariani said that “Kato surrounded Joseph with excessive maternal love and, like a she-wolf, protected him from everyone and everything. She exhausted herself with work to the point of exhaustion in order to make her darling happy. Catherine, however, according to some historians, was disappointed that her son never became a priest.

Joseph was the third son in the family, the first two died in infancy. Some time after the birth of Joseph, things did not go well for his father, and he began to drink. The family changed homes frequently. Ultimately, Vissarion left his wife, while trying to take his son, but Catherine did not give him away.

When Coco was eleven years old, Vissarion "died in a drunken brawl - someone stabbed him."

In 1886, Ekaterina Georgievna wanted to assign Joseph to study at the Gori Orthodox Theological School, however, since he did not know the Russian language at all, he failed to enter.

In 1886-1888, at the request of his mother, the children of the priest Christopher Charkviani undertook to teach Joseph the Russian language. As a result, in 1888, Soso did not enter the first preparatory class at the school, but immediately entered the second preparatory class, in September of the following year he entered the first class of the school, which he graduated in June 1894.

In September 1894, Joseph passed the entrance exams and was enrolled in the Orthodox Tiflis Theological Seminary. There he first became acquainted with Marxism, and by the beginning of 1895 came into contact with underground groups of revolutionary Marxists exiled by the government to Transcaucasia.

Subsequently, Stalin himself recalled: “I entered the revolutionary movement from the age of 15, when I got in touch with underground groups of Russian Marxists who then lived in Transcaucasia. These groups had a great influence on me and instilled in me a taste for underground Marxist literature.”

Stalin was an extremely gifted student, receiving high marks in all subjects: mathematics, theology, Greek, Russian. Stalin liked poetry, and in his youth he himself wrote poems in Georgian, which attracted the attention of connoisseurs.

In 1931, in an interview with the German writer Emil Ludwig, to the question “What prompted you to be in opposition? Perhaps it was bad treatment from the parents?” Stalin replied: “No. My parents treated me quite well. Another thing is the theological seminary where I studied then. Out of protest against the mocking regime and the Jesuit methods that existed in the seminary, I was ready to become and really became a revolutionary, a supporter of Marxism ... ".

In 1898, Dzhugashvili gained experience as a propagandist at a meeting with workers at the apartment of the revolutionary Vano Sturua and soon began to lead a workers' circle of young railway workers, he began to conduct classes in several workers' circles and even compiled a Marxist study program for them.

In August of the same 1898, Joseph joined the Georgian Social Democratic organization "Mesame-dasi" ("Third Group"). Together with V. Z. Ketskhoveli and A. G. Tsulukidze, Dzhugashvili forms the core of the revolutionary minority of this organization, the majority of which stood on the positions of “legal Marxism” and leaned towards nationalism.

On May 29, 1899, in his fifth year of study, he was expelled from the seminary "for failure to appear for exams for an unknown reason" (probably the actual reason for the expulsion was the activity of Joseph Dzhugashvili in promoting Marxism among seminarians and workers of railway workshops). The certificate issued to him indicated that he had completed four classes and could serve as a teacher in elementary public schools.

After being expelled from the seminary, Dzhugashvili was interrupted by tutoring for some time. Among his students, in particular, was his closest childhood friend Simon Ter-Petrosyan (the future revolutionary Kamo).

From the end of December 1899, Dzhugashvili was admitted to the Tiflis Physical Observatory as an observer-computer.

On April 23, 1900, Iosif Dzhugashvili, Vano Sturua and Zakro Chodrishvili organized a workers' Mayday, which brought together 400-500 workers. At the rally, among others, Joseph himself spoke. This speech was Stalin's first appearance in front of a large gathering of people.

In August of the same year, Dzhugashvili participated in the preparation and conduct of a major demonstration by the workers of Tiflis - a strike in the Main Railway Workshops. Workers-revolutionaries took part in organizing the protests of the workers: M. I. Kalinin (expelled from St. Petersburg to the Caucasus), S. Ya. Alliluev, and also M. Z. Bochoridze, A. G. Okuashvili, V. F. Sturua. From 1 to 15 August, up to four thousand people took part in the strike. As a result, more than five hundred strikers were arrested.

On March 21, 1901, the police searched the physical observatory where Dzhugashvili lived and worked. He himself, however, escaped arrest and went underground, becoming an underground revolutionary.

In September 1901, in the printing house "Nina", organized by Lado Ketskhoveli in Baku, the illegal newspaper "Brdzola" ("Struggle") began to be printed. The front of the first issue belonged to the twenty-two-year-old Iosif Dzhugashvili. This article is Stalin's first known political work.

In November 1901, he was introduced to the Tiflis Committee of the RSDLP, on behalf of which he was sent to Batum in the same month, where he participates in the creation of the Social Democrat organization.

After the split in 1903 of the Russian Social Democrats into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Stalin joined the Bolsheviks.

In December 1905, a delegate from the Caucasian Union of the RSDLP at the I Conference of the RSDLP in Tammerfors (Finland) where I first met in person.

In May 1906, a delegate from Tiflis at the IV Congress of the RSDLP in Stockholm, this was his first trip abroad.

On the night of July 16, 1906, in the St. David Church in Tiflis, Joseph Dzhugashvili married Ekaterina Svanidze. From this marriage in 1907, Stalin's first son, Yakov, was born. At the end of that year, Stalin's wife died of typhus.

In 1907, Stalin was a delegate to the Fifth Congress of the RSDLP in London.

According to a number of historians, Stalin was involved in the so-called. "Tiflis expropriation" in the summer of 1907 (the stolen (expropriated) money was intended for the needs of the party).

Since 1910, Stalin has been an authorized representative of the Central Committee of the party ("agent of the Central Committee") for the Caucasus.

In January 1912, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, which took place after the VI (Prague) All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP held in the same month, at the suggestion of Lenin, Stalin was co-opted in absentia to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1912-1913, while working in St. Petersburg, he was one of the main contributors to the first mass Bolshevik newspaper Pravda.

In 1912, Joseph Dzhugashvili finally takes the pseudonym "Stalin".

In March 1913, Stalin was once again arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Turukhansk region of the Yenisei province, where he stayed until the end of autumn 1916. In exile he corresponded with Lenin.

Received freedom as a result February Revolution, Stalin returned to Petersburg. Before Lenin arrived from exile, he was one of the leaders of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and the St. Petersburg Committee of the Bolshevik Party, and was a member of the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper.

At first, Stalin supported the Provisional Government on the basis that the democratic revolution was not yet completed and that the overthrow of the government was not a practical task. At the All-Russian Conference of the Bolsheviks on March 28 in Petrograd, during a discussion of the Menshevik initiative on the possibility of reunification into a single party, Stalin noted that "unification is possible along the Zimmerwald-Kienthal line." However, after Lenin's return to Russia, Stalin supported his slogan of turning the "bourgeois-democratic" February revolution into a proletarian socialist revolution.

April 14 - 22 was a delegate to the I Petrograd city conference of the Bolsheviks. April 24 - 29 at the VII All-Russian Conference of the RSDLP (b) spoke in the debate on the report on the current situation, supported the views of Lenin, made a report on the national question; was elected a member of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b).

In May - June he participated in anti-war propaganda; was one of the organizers of the re-elections of the Soviets and participated in the municipal campaign in Petrograd. June 3 - 24 participated as a delegate in the I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies; was elected a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and a member of the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee from the Bolshevik faction. Also participated in the preparation of the failed demonstration, scheduled for June 10, and the demonstration on June 18; published a number of articles in the newspapers Pravda and Soldatskaya Pravda.

In view of the forced departure of Lenin into the underground, Stalin spoke at the VI Congress of the RSDLP (b) (July - August 1917) with a report of the Central Committee. At a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) on August 5, he was elected a member of the narrow membership of the Central Committee. In August - September, he mainly conducted organizational and journalistic work. On October 10, at a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), he voted in favor of a resolution on an armed uprising, was elected a member of the Political Bureau, created "for political leadership in the near future."

On the night of October 16, at an expanded meeting of the Central Committee, he opposed the position of L. B. Kamenev and G. E. Zinoviev, who voted against the decision to insurrection, at the same time he was elected a member of the Military Revolutionary Center, which entered the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee.

On October 24 (November 6), after the Junkers destroyed the printing house of the Pravda newspaper, Stalin ensured the publication of the newspaper, in which he published the editorial "What do we need?" calling for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and its replacement by a Soviet government elected by "representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants." On the same day, Stalin and Trotsky held a meeting of the Bolsheviks - delegates to the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD, at which Stalin made a report on the course of political events. On the night of October 25 (November 7) - participated in a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), which determined the structure and name of the new, Soviet government.

After the victory of the October Revolution, Stalin joined the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) as People's Commissar for Nationalities (at the end of 1912-1913, Stalin wrote the article "Marxism and the National Question" and from that time was considered an expert on national problems).

On November 29, Stalin entered the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), together with Lenin, and Sverdlov. This body was given "the right to decide all urgent matters, but with the obligatory involvement in the decision of all members of the Central Committee who were at that moment in Smolny."

From October 8, 1918 to July 8, 1919 and from May 18, 1920 to April 1, 1922, Stalin is a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the RSFSR. Stalin was also a member of the Revolutionary Military Councils of the Western, Southern, Southwestern Fronts.

During the Civil War, Stalin gained vast experience in the military-political leadership of large masses of troops on many fronts (the defense of Tsaritsyn, Petrograd, on the fronts against Wrangel, the White Poles, etc.).

As many researchers note, during the defense of Tsaritsyn there was a personal quarrel between Stalin and Voroshilov with Commissar Trotsky. The parties made accusations against each other. In response, Trotsky accused Stalin and Voroshilov of insubordination, in response to receiving accusations of excessive trust in the "counter-revolutionary" military experts.

In 1919, Stalin was ideologically close to the "military opposition", condemned personally by Lenin at the VIII Congress of the RCP (b), but never officially joined it.

Under the influence of the leaders of the Kavburo Ordzhonikidze and Kirov, in 1921 Stalin spoke in defense of the Sovietization of Georgia.

At the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on April 3, 1922, Stalin was elected to the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), as well as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, and Lenin continued to be perceived as the leader of the party and government by everyone.

Since 1922, due to illness, Lenin actually retired from political activity. Within the Politburo, Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev organized a "troika" based on opposition to Trotsky. All three party leaders at that time combined a number of key positions. Zinoviev headed the influential Leningrad party organization, while also being chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Kamenev headed the Moscow party organization and at the same time also led the Council of Labor and Defense, which united a number of key people's commissariats. With Lenin's departure from political activity, it was Kamenev who most often presided over meetings of the Council of People's Commissars instead of him. Stalin, on the other hand, united the leadership of the Secretariat and the Orgburo of the Central Committee at the same time, also heading the Rabkrin and the People's Commissariat of Nationalities.

In contrast to the "troika", Trotsky led the Red Army in key positions of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the Pre-revolutionary Military Council.

In September 1922, Stalin proposed a plan for "autonomization" (inclusion of the outskirts into the RSFSR as autonomies), in particular, Georgia was to remain part of the Transcaucasian Republic. This plan met with fierce resistance in Ukraine, and especially in Georgia, and was rejected under pressure from Lenin personally. The outskirts became part of the Soviet federation as union republics with all the attributes of statehood, however, fictitious under the conditions of a one-party system. From the name of the federation itself (“USSR”), the word “Russian” (“Russian”) was eliminated, and in general geographical names.

In late December 1922 - early January 1923, Lenin dictated a "Letter to the Congress", in which he gave critical characteristics to his closest associates in the party, including Stalin, proposing to remove him from the post of general secretary. The situation was aggravated by the fact that in the last months of Lenin's life there was a personal quarrel between Stalin and Krupskaya N.K.

The letter was read among the members of the Central Committee on the eve of the XIII Congress of the RCP(b), held in May 1924. Stalin resigned, but it was not accepted. At the congress, the letter was read out to each delegation, however, following the results of the congress, Stalin remained in his post.

After the 13th Congress (1924), at which Trotsky suffered a crushing defeat, Stalin launched an attack on his former allies in the Troika. After the "literary discussion with Trotskyism" (1924), Trotsky was forced to resign from the post of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council. Following this, Stalin's bloc with Zinoviev and Kamenev collapsed completely.

At the XIV Congress (December 1925) the so-called "Leningrad opposition", also known as the "platform of 4" was condemned: Zinoviev, Kamenev, People's Commissariat of Finance Sokolnikov and N. K. Krupskaya (a year later she withdrew from the opposition). To combat them, Stalin preferred to rely on one of the largest party theorists of that time, N. I. Bukharin, and Rykov and Tomsky, who were close to him (later - "right deviators").

The congress itself was held in an atmosphere of noisy scandals and obstruction. The parties accused each other of various deviations (Zinoviev accused the Stalin-Bukharin group of "semi-Trotskyism" and "kulak deviation", especially focusing on the slogan "Get rich"; in return, he received accusations of "Akselrodovism" and "underestimation of the middle peasant"), used directly opposite quotes from the rich heritage of Lenin. There were also diametrically opposed accusations of purges and counter-purges; Zinoviev was directly accused of turning into the "viceroy" of Leningrad, of having purged from the Leningrad delegation of all persons who had the reputation of "Stalinists".

Kamenev's statement that "Comrade Stalin cannot fulfill the role of a unifier of the Bolshevik headquarters" was interrupted by mass shouts from the place: "The cards have been revealed!", "We will not give you commanding heights!", "Stalin! Stalin!”, “This is where the party united! The Bolshevik headquarters must unite!”, “Long live the Central Committee! Hooray!".

Trotsky, who did not share Stalin's theory of the victory of socialism in one country, joined Zinoviev and Kamenev in April 1926. The so-called "United Opposition" was created, putting forward the slogan "let's move the fire to the right - against the Nepman, the kulak and the bureaucrat."

In 1926-27, internal party relations became especially tense. Stalin slowly but surely squeezed the opposition out of the legal field. Among his political opponents were many people with rich experience of pre-revolutionary underground activities.

To publish propaganda literature, the opposition created an illegal printing house. On the anniversary of the October Revolution on November 7, 1927, they held a "parallel" opposition demonstration. These actions became the reason for the exclusion of Zinoviev and Trotsky from the party (November 16, 1927).

In 1927, Soviet-British relations sharply escalated, the country was gripped by military psychosis. Stalin considered that such a situation would be convenient for the final organizational defeat of the left.

However, the picture changed dramatically the following year. Under the influence of the grain procurement crisis of 1927, Stalin made a “left turn”, in practice intercepting the Trotskyist slogans, still popular among student youth and radical workers, dissatisfied with the negative aspects of the NEP (unemployment, sharply increased social inequality).

In 1928-1929, Stalin accused Bukharin and his allies of "right deviation" and in fact began to implement the program of the "leftists" to curtail the NEP and accelerate industrialization. Among the defeated “rightists” were many active fighters against the so-called “Trotskyite-Zinovievist bloc”: Rykov, Tomsky, Uglanov and Ryutin, who led the defeat of the Trotskyists in Moscow, and many others. The third chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR Syrtsov also became an oppositionist.

Stalin declared 1929 the year of the "great turning point". Industrialization, collectivization and cultural revolution were declared strategic tasks of the state.

One of the last oppositions was the Ryutin group. In his 1932 programmatic work "Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship" (better known as "Ryutin's platform"), the author made his first serious attack on Stalin personally. It is known that Stalin took this work as an incitement to terrorism, and demanded execution. However, this proposal was then rejected by the OGPU, which sentenced Ryutin to 10 years in prison (he was shot later, in 1937).

The exclusion of Zinoviev and Trotsky from the party in 1927 was carried out by a mechanism developed personally by Lenin in 1921 to combat the "workers' opposition" - the joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission (party control bodies).

At the XV Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which was held from December 2 to 19, 1927, it was decided to carry out the collectivization of agricultural production in the USSR - the elimination of individual peasant farms and their unification into collective farms (collective farms). Collectivization was carried out in 1928-1933 (in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, as well as in Moldova, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, annexed to the USSR in 1939-1940 - after the war, in 1949-1950).

The background for the transition to collectivization was the grain procurement crisis of 1927, aggravated by the military psychosis that gripped the country and the massive buying up of essential goods by the population. The notion that the peasants are holding back grain in an effort to raise the price of it (the so-called "kulak grain strike") has become widespread. On January 15 - February 6, 1928, Stalin personally made a trip to Siberia, during which he demanded the maximum pressure on "kulaks and speculators."

In 1926-27, the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev bloc” widely accused the supporters of the “general line” of underestimating the so-called kulak danger, demanded that a “compulsory grain loan” be introduced among the wealthy sections of the countryside at fixed prices. In practice, Stalin even exceeded the demands of the "leftists", the scale of the seizure of grain was significantly increased, and fell with its weight on the middle peasants. This was also facilitated by the widespread falsification of statistics, which created the idea that the peasants had some fabulous hidden stocks of grain. According to the recipes of the Civil War, attempts were also made to set one part of the village against another; up to 25% of the seized bread was sent to the rural poor.

Collectivization was accompanied by the so-called "dispossession" (a number of historians speak of "de-peasantization") - political repressions used administratively by local authorities on the basis of the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated January 30, 1930 "On measures to eliminate kulak farms in the regions complete collectivization.

According to the order of the OGPU No. 44.21 of February 6, 1930, an operation began to “seize” 60 thousand fists of the “first category”. Already on the first day of the operation, the OGPU arrested about 16 thousand people, and on February 9, 1930, 25 thousand people were “seized”.

In total, in 1930-1931, as indicated in the certificate of the Department for Special Settlers of the Gulag of the OGPU, 381,026 families with a total number of 1,803,392 people were sent to a special settlement. During 1932-1940, another 489,822 dispossessed people arrived in special settlements.

The actions of the authorities to carry out collectivization led to mass resistance among the peasants. In March 1930 alone, the OGPU counted 6,500 riots, eight hundred of which were suppressed with the use of weapons. On the whole, during 1930 about 2.5 million peasants took part in 14,000 protests against collectivization.

The situation in the country in 1929-1932 was close to a new civil war. According to the reports of the OGPU, in a number of cases, local Soviet and party workers took part in the unrest, and in one case even a district representative of the OGPU. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the Red Army was, due to demographic reasons, mostly peasant in composition.

In 1932, a number of regions of the USSR (Ukraine, the Volga region, Kuban, Belarus, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan) were struck by famine.

At the same time, starting at least from the summer of 1932, the state allocated extensive assistance to the starving regions in the form of the so-called "prodsud" and "semsud", grain procurement plans were repeatedly reduced, but even in a reduced form they were frustrated. The archives contain, in particular, a cipher telegram from the secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk regional committee, Khataevich, dated June 27, 1933, with a request to allocate an additional 50,000 poods of grain to the regions; the document contains Stalin's resolution: “We must give. I. St.

The five-year plan for the construction of 1,500 factories, approved by Stalin in 1928, required huge expenditures on the purchase of foreign technologies and equipment. To finance purchases in the West, Stalin decided to increase the export of raw materials, mainly oil, furs, and grain. The problem was compounded by the fall in the scale of grain production. So, if in 1913 pre-revolutionary Russia exported about 10 million tons of grain, then in 1925-1926 the annual export was only 2 million tons. Stalin believed that the collective farms could be a means to restore grain exports, through which the state was going to withdraw agricultural products from the countryside needed to finance war-oriented industrialization.

Rogovin V. Z. points out that the export of bread was by no means the main item of the export income of the USSR. So, in 1930, the country received 883 million rubles from the export of bread, oil products and timber gave 1 billion 430 million, furs and flax - up to 500 million. According to the results of 1932-33, bread gave only 8% of export earnings.

Industrialization and collectivization led to enormous social changes. Millions of people moved from the collective farms to the cities. The USSR was engulfed in a grandiose migration. The number of workers and employees increased from 9 million people. in 1928 to 23 million in 1940. The population of cities increased sharply, in particular, Moscow from 2 million to 5, Sverdlovsk from 150 thousand to 500. At the same time, the pace of housing construction was completely insufficient to accommodate such a number of new citizens. Typical housing in the 30s was communal apartments and barracks, and in some cases dugouts.

At the January Plenum of the Central Committee in 1933, Stalin announced that the first five-year plan had been completed in 4 years and 3 months. During the years of the first five-year plan, up to 1,500 enterprises were built, whole new industries appeared (tractor building, the aviation industry, etc.). However, in practice, growth was achieved due to the industry of group “A” (production of means of production), the plan for group “B” was not completed. According to a number of indicators, the plans of group "B" were fulfilled only by 50%, and even less. In addition, agricultural production has fallen sharply. In particular, the number of cattle was supposed to increase by 20-30% over the years 1927-1932, instead it fell by half.

The euphoria of the first years of the five-year plan led to an assault, to an unrealistic inflation of planned indicators. According to Rogovin, the first five-year plan drawn up at the 16th Party Conference and the 5th Congress of Soviets was not actually implemented, not to mention increased rates, approved by the XVI Congress (1930). So, instead of 10 million tons of pig iron, 6.2 were smelted, cars in 1932 were produced 23.9 thousand instead of 100 thousand. cast iron, tractors and automobiles - in 1950, 1956 and 1957, respectively.

Official propaganda in every possible way glorified the names of the leading worker of production Stakhanov, the pilot Chkalov, the construction site of Magnitogorsk, Dneproges, Uralmash. During the second five-year plan in the USSR, there was a certain increase in housing construction, and, as part of the cultural revolution, theaters and rest homes.

Commenting on a certain increase in the standard of living that emerged with the beginning of the Stakhanov movement, on November 17, 1935, Stalin remarked that "Life has become better, life has become more fun." Indeed, just a month before this statement, cards were canceled in the USSR. However, at the same time, the standard of living in 1913 was only reached again in the 1950s (according to official statistics, the level of 1913 in terms of GDP per capita was reached in 1934).

One of the strategic goals of the state was declared a cultural revolution. Within its framework, educational campaigns were carried out (which began in 1920), since 1930, universal primary education was introduced in the country for the first time. In parallel with the mass construction of rest houses, museums, parks, an aggressive anti-religious campaign was also carried out.

After Hitler came to power, Stalin drastically changed the traditional Soviet policy: if earlier it was aimed at an alliance with Germany against the Versailles system, and along the line of the Comintern - at fighting the Social Democrats as the main enemy (the theory of "social fascism" - Stalin's personal attitude ), now it consisted in creating a system of "collective security" as part of the USSR and the former countries of the Entente against Germany and an alliance of communists with all leftist forces against fascism ("popular front" tactics).

A week after the start of the war (June 30, 1941), Stalin was appointed Chairman of the newly formed State Defense Committee. On July 3, Stalin delivered a radio address to the Soviet people, beginning with the words: “Comrades, citizens, brothers and sisters, soldiers of our army and navy! I turn to you, my friends! On July 10, 1941, the Headquarters of the High Command was transformed into the Headquarters of the High Command, and Stalin was appointed chairman instead of Timoshenko.

July 19, 1941 Stalin replaces Tymoshenko as People's Commissar of Defense. On August 8, 1941, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Stalin was appointed Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

On July 31, 1941, Stalin received the personal representative and closest adviser to US President Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Hopkins. On December 16-20, in Moscow, Stalin negotiates with British Foreign Minister E. Eden on the issue of concluding an agreement between the USSR and Great Britain on an alliance in the war against Germany and on post-war cooperation.

During the Battle of Moscow in 1941, after Moscow was declared under a state of siege, Stalin remained in the capital. On November 6, 1941, Stalin spoke at a solemn meeting held at the Mayakovskaya metro station, which was dedicated to the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution. In his speech, Stalin explained the start of the war, which was unsuccessful for the Red Army, in particular, by the "lack of tanks and partly aviation."

The next day, November 7, 1941, at the direction of Stalin, a traditional military parade was held on Red Square.

On February 11, 1943, Stalin signed the GKO decree on the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. The beginning of a radical turning point in the war, laid in the Battle of Stalingrad, was continued during the Winter Offensive of the Red Army in 1943. In the Battle of Kursk, what had been started near Stalingrad was completed, a radical turning point came not only in the Second World War, but in the entire Second World War.

On November 25, Stalin, accompanied by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov and a member of the State Defense Committee, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR K. E. Voroshilov, travels to Stalingrad and Baku, from where he flies by plane to Tehran (Iran). From November 28 to December 1, 1943, Stalin participates in the Tehran Conference - the first conference of the "Big Three" in the years of World War II - the leaders of three countries: the USSR, the USA and Great Britain.

February 4 - February 11, 1945, Stalin participates in the Yalta Conference of the Allied Powers, dedicated to the establishment of a post-war world order.

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin at the Yalta Conference

On December 14, 1947, Stalin signed Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 4004 “On the implementation of the monetary reform and the abolition of cards for food and industrial goods.”

On October 20, 1948, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. 3960 “On the plan for field-protective afforestation, the introduction of grass-field crop rotations, the construction of ponds and reservoirs to ensure high sustainable yields in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR” was adopted, which was included in history as Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature. An integral part of this grandiose plan was the large-scale construction of industrial power plants and canals, which were called the Great Construction Sites of Communism.

On July 24, 1945, in Potsdam, Truman informed Stalin that the United States "now has a weapon of extraordinary destructive power." According to Churchill's memoirs, Stalin smiled, but did not become interested in the details. From this, Churchill concluded that Stalin did not understand anything and was not aware of the events. That same evening, Stalin ordered Molotov to speak with Kurchatov about speeding up work on the atomic project.

On August 20, 1945, to manage the atomic project, the GKO created a Special Committee with emergency powers headed by L.P. Beria. Under the Special Committee, an executive body was created - the First Main Directorate under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (PGU). Stalin's directive obliged PGU to ensure the creation of atomic bombs, uranium and plutonium, in 1948.

On January 25, 1946, Stalin first met with the developer of the atomic bomb, Academician I. V. Kurchatov; present at the meeting: Chairman of the Special Committee on the Use of Atomic Energy L.P. Beria, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR N.A. Voznesensky, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars G.M. Malenkov, People's Commissar for Foreign Trade A.I. Mikoyan, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A. A. Zhdanov, President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. I. Vavilov, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. V. Kaftanov.

In 1946, Stalin signed about sixty documents that determined the development of atomic science and technology, the result of which was the successful testing of the first Soviet atomic bomb on August 29, 1949 at a test site in the Semipalatinsk region of the Kazakh SSR and the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk (1954) .

Death of Stalin

Stalin died at his official residence, the Near Dacha, where he lived permanently in the post-war period. On March 1, 1953, one of the guards found him lying on the floor of a small dining room. On the morning of March 2, doctors arrived at the Near Dacha and diagnosed paralysis on the right side of the body. On March 5, at 21:50, Stalin died. According to the medical report, death was the result of a cerebral hemorrhage.

The medical history and autopsy results show that Stalin had several ischemic strokes (lacunar, but probably atherothrombotic as well).

There are numerous versions that suggest the unnaturalness of death and the involvement of Stalin's entourage in it. According to the historian I. I. Chigirin, the killer-conspirator should be considered. Other historians consider him involved in the death of Stalin. Almost all researchers agree that Stalin's associates contributed (not necessarily intentionally) to his death, not in a hurry to call for medical help.

In the obituary on the death of I. V. Stalin in the Manchester Guardian newspaper dated March 6, 1953, his truly historical achievement is called the transformation of the Soviet Union from an economically backward to the level of a second industrial developed country peace.

The embalmed body of Stalin was placed in the Lenin Mausoleum, which in 1953-1961 was called the "Mausoleum of V. I. Lenin and I. V. Stalin."

After Stalin's death, public opinion about Stalin was largely formed in accordance with the position of the officials of the USSR and Russia. After the XX Congress of the CPSU, Soviet historians assessed Stalin taking into account the position of the ideological bodies of the USSR. In the index of names to the Complete Collected Works of Lenin, published in 1974, it is written about Stalin: “In addition to the positive side, there was also a negative side to Stalin’s activities. Being in the most important party and government posts, Stalin committed gross violations of the Leninist principles of collective leadership and the norms of party life , violation of socialist legality, unjustified mass repressions against prominent state, political and military figures of the Soviet Union and other honest Soviet people.

On October 30, 1961, the XXII Congress of the CPSU decided that "Stalin's serious violations of Lenin's precepts ... make it impossible to leave the coffin with his body in the Mausoleum." On the night of October 31 to November 1, 1961, Stalin's body was taken out of the Mausoleum and buried in a grave near the Kremlin wall.

Joseph Stalin awards:

● November 27, 1919 - Order of the Red Banner No. 400 (replaced by duplicate No. 3) - "in commemoration of his merits in the defense of Petrograd and selfless work on the Southern Front";
● August 18, 1922 - Order of the Red Star, 1st class (Bukhara People's Soviet Republic);
● February 13, 1030 - Order of the Red Banner No. 19 (with the number "2" in the shield) - "at the numerous petitions of organizations, general meetings of workers, peasants and Red Army soldiers ... for great services on the front of social construction";
● 1938 - Jubilee medal "XX years of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army";
● December 20, 1939 - Hammer and Sickle Medal of the Hero of Socialist Labor No. 1 - "for exceptional services in organizing the Bolshevik Party, building a socialist society in the USSR and strengthening friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union ... on the day of the sixtieth anniversary";
● December 20, 1939 - Order of Lenin (order book No. 59382) - "for exceptional services in organizing the Bolshevik Party, building a socialist society in the USSR and strengthening friendship between the peoples of the Soviet Union ... on the day of the sixtieth anniversary";
● 1943 - Order of the Republic (Tuva Arat Republic);
● 1943 - Military Cross (Czechoslovakia);
● November 6, 1943 - Order of Suvorov, I degree No. 112 - "for the correct leadership of the operations of the Red Army in the Patriotic War against the German invaders and the successes achieved";
● July 20, 1944 - Medal "For the Defense of Moscow" (Certificate for the medal No. 000001) - "For Participation in the Heroic Defense of Moscow"; "for the leadership of the heroic defense of Moscow and the organization of the defeat German troops near Moscow";
● July 29, 1944 - Order "Victory" (Order Book No. 3) - "for exceptional merits in organizing and conducting offensive operations of the Red Army, which led to the largest defeat of the German army and to a radical change in the situation on the front against the German invaders in favor of the Red Army »;
● November 3, 1944 - Order of the Red Banner No. 1361 (with the number "3" in the shield) - "for 20 years of service";
● 1945 - Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945";
● 1945 - Order of Sukhe-Bator (Mongolian People's Republic);
● June 26, 1945 - Medal "Gold Star" of the Hero of the Soviet Union No. 7931 - "who led the Red Army in the difficult days of our Motherland and its capital Moscow, who led the fight against Nazi Germany";
● June 26, 1945 - Order of Lenin No. 117859 - "who led the Red Army in the difficult days of our Motherland and its capital Moscow, who led the fight against Nazi Germany";
● June 26, 1945 - Order "Victory" (Order Book No. 15) - "for exceptional services in organizing all armed forces of the Soviet Union and their skillful leadership in the Great Patriotic War, which ended in complete victory over Nazi Germany”;
● 1945 - Military Cross (Czechoslovakia);
● 1945 - Order of the White Lion, 1st class (Czechoslovakia);
● 1945 - Order of the White Lion "For Victory", 1st class (Czechoslovakia);
● 1945 - Medal "For the Victory over Japan";
● 1945 - Medal "For the Victory over Japan" (Mongolian People's Republic);
● 1946 - Medal "25 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution" (Mongolian People's Republic);
● 1947 - Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow";
● December 17, 1949 - Medal "Gold Star" of the Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolian People's Republic);
● December 17, 1949 - Order of Sukhe-Bator (Mongolian People's Republic);
● December 20, 1949 - Order of Lenin No. 117864 - "in connection with the seventieth anniversary of the birth of comrade. Stalin I.V. and taking into account his exceptional merits in the strengthening and development of the USSR, building communism in our country, the organization of the defeat Nazi German invaders and Japanese imperialists, as well as in the reconstruction of the national economy in the post-war period.

Joseph Stalin ( documentary)

Height of Joseph Stalin: 167 centimeters.

Personal life of Joseph Stalin:

Ekaterina Svanidze died of tuberculosis (according to other sources, the cause of death was typhoid fever), leaving an eight-month-old son. She was buried in Tbilisi at the Kuki cemetery.

Ekaterina Svanidze - Stalin's first wife

On the night of November 8-9, 1932, Nadezhda Sergeevna shot herself in the heart with a Walter pistol, locking herself in her room.

Artyom Sergeev was brought up in the Stalin family, whom Stalin adopted after the death of his close friend, the revolutionary F. A. Sergeev.

According to some statements, Stalin's actual wife was Valentina Vasilievna Istomina (nee Zhbychkina; 1917-1995).

Istomina was born on November 7, 1917 in the village of Donok (now in the Korsakov district of the Oryol region). At the age of eighteen, she came to Moscow, where she got a job working at a factory, and attracted the attention of the head of security, I.V. Stalin, after which she was hired as a cook at the Near Dacha. Over time, she married Ivan Istomin, who also worked in military structures. Subsequently, Istomina became so close to Stalin himself and his entourage that she practically became a member of his family and was with him inseparably until his death. Stalin trusted Istomina so much that he only allowed food or medicine to be served to her.

After the death of Stalin, Istomina was relieved of her post and sent to a personal pension, she no longer worked. She adopted the son of her brother who died in the war. During the years of perestroika, she categorically avoided contact with journalists, she did not tell anyone about her work at the Near Dacha. She died in December 1995 and was buried at the Khovansky cemetery.

Bibliography of Joseph Stalin:

Stalin IV Works. Volume 1. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 2. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 3. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 4. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 5. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 6. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 7. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 8. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 9. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 10. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 11. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 12. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 13. - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 14. March 1934 - June 1941. - M .: Information and Publishing Center "Soyuz", 2007;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 15. Part 1. June 1941 - February 1943. - M .: ITRK, 2010;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 15. Part 2. February 1943 - November 1944. - M .: ITRK, 2010;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 15. Part 3. November 1944 - September 1945. - M .: ITRK, 2010;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 16. Part 1. September 1945 - December 1948. - M .: ITRK, 2011;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 16. Part 2. January 1949 - February 1953. - M .: Rychenkov, 2012;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 17. 1895-1932. - Tver: Scientific and publishing company "Northern Crown", 2004;
Stalin IV Works. Volume 18. 1917-1953. - M.: Information and publishing center "Soyuz", 2006;
Stalin IV Questions of Leninism. / Edition 11th. - M.: OGIZ, State publishing house of political literature, 1953;
Stalin I. V. Poems. Correspondence with mother and relatives. - M.: FUAinform, 2005;
Stalin IV About Lenin. - M.: Partizdat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1937;
Stalin I. V. Marxism and the national-colonial question. - M .: Partizdat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1936;
Stalin IV Marxism and questions of linguistics. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1952;
Stalin IV On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, OGIZ, 1947;
Stalin I. V. On the industrialization of the country and on the right deviation in the CPSU (b). - M.: Partizdat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1935;
Stalin I. V. About dialectical and historical materialism. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1950;
Stalin IV Marxism and the national question. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1953;
Stalin IV Economic problems of socialism in the USSR. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1952;
Stalin I. V. On the shortcomings of party work and the measure of liquidation of Trotskyists and other double-dealers. - M.: Partizdat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1937;
Orders of the Supreme Commander during the Great Patriotic War Soviet Union. - M.: Military Publishing, 1975;
Correspondence of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR with the Presidents of the United States and Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Tt. 1-2.;
Stalin I.V. The October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists. The international character of the October Revolution. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1954;
Stalin I. V. Report on the draft Constitution of the USSR. Constitution (basic law) of the USSR. - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1951;
Stalin IV Anarchism or socialism? - M.: State publishing house of political literature, 1950;
Stalin I.V. The National Question and Leninism - M .: State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1950

The image of Stalin in the cinema:

1934 - "British Agent" (British Agent), USA - Joseph Mario;
1937 - "Lenin in October" - Semyon Goldshtab;
1938 - "Vyborg side" -;
1938 - "Man with a gun" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1938 - "The Great Glow" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1938 - "If there is war tomorrow";
1939 - "Lenin in 1918" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1940 - "Siberians" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1940 - "Yakov Sverdlov" - Andro Kobaladze;
1941 - "Valery Chkalov" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1941 - "First equestrian" - Semyon Goldshtab;
1942 - "Defense of Tsaritsyn" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1942 - "Alexander Parkhomenko" - Semyon Goldshtab;
1942 - “His name is Sukhe-Bator” - Semyon Goldshtab;
1943 - "Mission to Moscow" (Mission to Moscow, USA) - Manart Kippen;
1946 - "Oath" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1947 - "Light over Russia" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1947 - "Private Alexander Matrosov" - Alexey Dikiy;
1948 - "The Third Strike" - Alexey Dikiy;
1949 - "Battle of Stalingrad" - Alexey Dikiy;
1949 - "The Fall of Berlin" - Mikhail Gelovani

1950 - "Fires of Baku" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1951 - "Unforgettable 1919" - Mikhail Gelovani;
1953 - “Hostile whirlwinds” (“Felix Dzerzhinsky”) - Mikhail Gelovani;
1953 - Soldier of Victory (Żołnierz Zwycięstwa, Poland) - Kazimierz Wilyamowski;
1954 - "Ernst Thälmann - the son of his class" (Ernst Thälmann - Sohn seiner Klasse, GDR) - Gerd Jager;
1957 - The Girl in the Kremlin - Maurice Manson;
1957 - "Truth" - Andro Kobaladze;
1958 - "In the days of October" - Andro Kobaladze;
1960 - "Morning" (Azerbaijan) - Andro Kobaladze;
1965 - "On the same planet" - Andro Kobaladze

1965 - "Bürgerkrieg in Rußland", television series (Germany) - Hubert Drying;
1968-1971 - "Liberation" - Bukhuti Zakariadze;
1970 - "Why Russians made a revolution" (Why Russians Are Revolting), USA - Saul Katz;
1971 - "Nicholas and Alexandra" (Nicholas and Alexandra) - James Hazeldin;
1974-1977 - Blockade - Boris Gorbatov;
1972 - "Taming the Fire" - Andro Kobaladze;
1973 - "Seventeen Moments of Spring" - Andro Kobaladze;
1975 - "Choice of purpose" - Yakov Tripolsky;
1977 - "Soldiers of Freedom" - Yakov Tripolsky;
1978 - "Sodan ja rauhan miehet" (Finland) - Mikko Niskanen;
1979 - "To the last drop of blood" - Andro Kobaladze;
1979 - "Stalin - Trotsky" (Staline - Trotsky: Le pouvoir et la révolution), France - Maurice Barrier;
1980 - "Tehran-43" - Georgy Sahakyan;
1981 - "December 20" - Vladimir Zumakalov;
1981 - "Through the Gobi and Khingan" - Andro Kobaladze;
1982 - " state border. Eastern border"- Andro Kobaladze;
1982 - "Lenin" Lénine (France) - Jacques Giraud;
1982 - “If the enemy does not surrender ...” - Yakov Tripolsky

1983 - "Red Bells" - Tengiz Daushvili;
1983 - "Reilly - the king of spies (TV series)" - David Burke;
1983 - "Red Monarch" "Red Monarch" (England, 1983) - Colin Blakely;
1984 - Yalta (France, 1984) - Danilo Bata Stoikovich;
1985 - "Battle for Moscow" - Yakov Tripolsky;
1985 - "Victory" - Ramaz Chkhikvadze;
1986 - “State border. Year forty-one - Archil Gomiashvili;
1988 - "Testament" (USA) - Terence Rigby;
1989 - "Stalingrad" - Archil Gomiashvili;
1989 - “Black rose is the emblem of sadness, red rose is the emblem of love” - Georgy Sahakyan;
1989 - "Feasts of Belshazzar, or Night with Stalin" - Alexei Petrenko

1990 - "10 years without the right to correspond" - Georgy Sahakyan;
1990 - "Jakov, son of Stalin" - Evgeny Dzhugashvili;
1990 - "Enemy of the people - Bukharin" - Sergey Shakurov;
1990 - "The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon" - Viktor Proskurin;
1990 - "War in the Western Direction" - Archil Gomiashvili;
1990 - "Nikolai Vavilov" - Georgy Kavtaradze;
1991 - "Inner circle" - Alexander Zbruev;
1992 - "Stalin" (USA) - Robert Duval;
1991 - "Comrade Stalin's Journey to Africa" ​​- Ramaz Chkhikvadze;
1992 - "Waiter with a golden tray" - Ramaz Chkhikvadze;
1992 - "In the first circle" (USA) - Murray Abraham;
1992 - "Cooperative "Politburo", or It will be a long farewell" (Belarus) - Alexei Petrenko;
1993 - "Lenin in the Ring of Fire" - Levan Mskhiladze;
1993 - "Trotsky" - Evgeny Zharikov;
1993 - "Angels of Death" - Archil Gomiashvili;
1993-1994 - "The Tragedy of the Century" - Yakov Tripolsky, Archil Gomiashvili, Bukhuti Zakariadze;
1994 - Hammer and Sickle - Vladimir Steklov;
1994 - "Second World War: When the lions roared ”(World War II: When Lions Roared) - Michael Caine;
1995 - "The Great Commander Georgy Zhukov" - Yakov Tripolsky;
1995 - "Under the sign of Scorpio" - Igor Kvasha;
1996 - "Children of the Revolution" (Australia) - Murray Abraham;
1996 - “Ms. Kollontai” (Gospodja Kolontaj) (Yugoslavia) - Mihailo Janketich;
1997 - “All my Lenins” (Estonia) - Eduard Toman;
1998 - "Khrustalev, the car!" - Ali Misirov;
2000 - “In August 44th ...” - Ramaz Chkhikvadze;
2001 - "Taurus" - Sergey Razhuk;
2002 - "The Adventures of a Magician" - Igor Guzun;
2003 - Spy Sorge (Japan-Germany);
2004 - "Moscow Saga" - Vladimir Mironov;
2004 - "Children of the Arbat" - Maxim Sukhanov;
2004 - "Death of Tairov" - Alexey Petrenko;
2005 - "In the first circle" - Igor Kvasha;
2005 - "Star of the era" - Armen Dzhigarkhanyan;
2005 - "Yesenin" - Andrey Krasko;
2005 - "Archangel" - Avtandil Makharadze;
2005 - "Tehran-43" (Canada) - Igor Guzun;
2006 - "Stalin's Wife" - Duta Skhirtladze;
2006 - "Cliffs. A life-long song" - Yevgeny Paperny;
2006 - "6 frames" - Fedor Dobronravov;
2007 - “Stalin. Live" - ​​David Giorgobiani;
2008 - Mustafa Shokai (Kazakhstan) - Igor Guzun;
2009 - "Hour of Volkov-3" - Igor Guzun;
2009 - “Ordered to destroy! Operation: "Chinese Box" - Gennady Khazanov;
2009 - "Wolf Messing: who saw through time" - Alexey Petrenko;
2009 - "The Legend of Olga" - Malkhaz Zhvania;
2009 - "One and a half rooms, or Sentimental journey home";
2010 - "Burnt by the Sun 2: Anticipation" - Maxim Sukhanov;
2010 - "Tukhachevsky: Marshal's Conspiracy" - Anatoly Dzivaev;
2011 - "Battle of Warsaw. 1920 "(Poland) - Igor Guzun;
2011 - "Comrade Stalin" - Sergei Yursky;
2011 - "Hotel Lux" (Germany) - Valery Grishko;
2011 - "Counterplay" - Levan Mskhiladze;
2011 - "Narkomovsky convoy" - Ivan Matskevich;
2011 - "House of exemplary content" - Igor Guzun;
2011 - "Furtseva" - Gennady Khazanov;
2011 - "Burnt by the Sun 2: Citadel" - Maxim Sukhanov;
2012 - "Zhukov" - Anatoly Dzivaev;
2012 - "Chkalov" - Viktor Terelya;
2012 - "Spy" - Mikhail Fillipov;
2012 - "The Second Revolt of Spartacus" - Anatoly Dzivaev;
2012 - "It all started in Harbin" - Alexander Voitov;
2012 - El efecto K. El montador de Stalin (Spain) - Antonio Bachero;
2013 - "Stalin is with us" - Roman Kheidze;
2013 - "Kill Stalin" - Anatoly Dzivaev;
2013 - "Son of the Father of Nations" - Anatoly Dzivaev;
2013 - "The centenary old man who climbed out the window and disappeared" (Sweden) - Algirdas Romualdas; David Giorgobiani;
;
(5 films);
Yakov Trypolsky (6 films);
Igor Kvasha ("Under the sign of the scorpion", "In the first circle");
Andrey Krasko ("Yesenin");
Victor Proskurin;
Sergei Shakurov ("Enemy of the people - Bukharin");
Yevgeny Zharikov ("Trotsky");
(“Lenin in the Ring of Fire”, “Vlasik. The Shadow of Stalin”);
Ali Misirov ("Khrustalev, the car!");
Vladimir Mironov ("Moscow Saga");
("Hammer and sickle");
David Burke ("Reilly - King of Spies");
Robert Duvall (Stalin);
Terence Rigby ("Will");
Murray Abraham (Children of the Revolution);
Ilya Oleinikov (in the program "Gorodok");
Fedor Dobronravov (in the program "6 frames");
Igor Guzun (7 films);
Gennady Khazanov;
Mikhail Fillipov;
Ivan Matskevich;
Victor Terelya;
Georgy Kavtaradze;
("Tukhachevsky. The Marshal's Conspiracy", "Zhukov", "The Second Spartacus Uprising", "Son of the Father of Nations", "Kill Stalin", "Sorge")

This man made the whole world respect himself and his country. Under him, Russia reached the peak of its power and became a world power. He was feared and respected. Winston Churchill remembers how he tried to force himself not to get up when he appeared. But Stalin entered, and some unknown force grabbed the British Prime Minister and tore him from his chair. You can accuse Stalin of villainy and tyranny, but he was unmercenary and acted for the good of the country, as he understood it. For many years, they tried to slander Stalin, then forget. But it is impossible to ignore the fact that he took the country with a plow and surrendered with an atomic bomb. It is not surprising, therefore, that at the Hero of Russia competition he took second place, losing to the compromise figure of Alexander Nevsky. Even his most cruel acts were dictated by state necessity. It is from this position that one should study his deeds.

Praise to you, Gori Valley

This is the first line of a song about Stalin known in the thirties, which reliably reports the place of his birth. At that semi-legendary time, the biography of the leader of the peoples was dictated by the leader himself, so many unflattering testimonies have been erased, and the date of his birth has been corrected. In fact, Joseph (Soso) Dzhugashvili was born on December 6 (18), 1978 in the city of Gori, Tiflis province. His father, a shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili, drank a lot and raged. Mother, Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, buried two children before giving birth to Joseph. She worked as a day laborer and dreamed of Soso becoming a priest. When the almighty son visits her in Gori and says that he has become something like a tsar in Russia, she will answer: “It would be better if you became a priest.” For this, she worked hard, washing the local nobility and intelligentsia. The courageous woman had to endure the death of her husband in a drunken fight and the trauma of her son, which made him crippled all his life. Stalin was unlucky with appearance- a face covered with pockmarks, small stature and a low forehead. The stronger was his inner energy, subordinating stronger peers and attracting women.

But not only family circumstances and appearance determined the low start of his career. Young Soso did not know Russian at all. But he had perseverance, which helped him overcome this barrier and enter the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Stalin was far from the only seminarian who lost faith in God. At night, would-be clerics indiscriminately devoured revolutionary literature, from Sergei Nechaev's Catechism of a Revolutionary to Manifesto Communist Party» Karl Marx. Even before being expelled from the seminary for not appearing for the exam, Joseph shows his organizational skills, creating work circles and propagating Marxism. It is difficult to say what is true here, but Stalin's influence on the bandits is confirmed by facts. The most famous Bolshevik terrorist Simon Ter-Petrosyan was betrayed by Dzhugashvili and even got his party nickname Kamo from him.

The beginning of the revolutionary path

At the beginning of the century, the Tiflis proletariat went on strike. Stalin was involved and, in order not to be arrested, goes into hiding. Around this time, he takes his first pseudonym - Koba, in honor of the glorious Georgian robber. Subsequently, this nickname will often be used by Trotsky, wanting to humiliate an opponent.

Koba actively participates in all working actions in the Caucasus. He unquestioningly trusts Lenin, whom he meets in December 1905 at the 1st Conference of the RSDLP in Finland. In 1906, he was a delegate to the IV Congress of the RSDLP in Stockholm, and in 1907 - the V Congress of the RSDLP in London. Between these events, short-term family happiness and the tragedy of Koba fit in. Ekaterina Svanidze, with whom he secretly marries in a church, dies of typhus, leaving him a son, Yakov. Iosif Dzhugashvili by that time was a very important member of the Leninist party, through whom the money seized during the famous Tiflis expropriation passed. But he does not have the funds to buy medicine for his wife.

The following years, right up to the February Revolution, Stalin almost did not get out of exile. In between, he visits Lenin in Switzerland and contributes to the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. The last and most difficult exile to the Turukhansk region, which he ended up in, probably by betrayal, will embitter him, make him a cruel and distrustful person. Lenin sees in Stalin a limited, but efficient guy, whom he instructs to interact with the militants in order to expropriate funds to the party fund. Koba organizes Lenin's flight to Finland in the summer of 1917. He does not orate or theorize. It is difficult to say what his role was in preparing the October Revolution, but at the beginning of 1918 only two were allowed to enter Ilyich without a report and at any time - Trotsky and Stalin.

dashing twenties

As expected, the Bolshevik coup caused in Russia civil war. Stalin heads the Commissariat for Nationalities and is a member of the Revolutionary Military Councils of the Western, Southern, Southwestern Fronts. He will show his iron grip and monstrous capacity for work even before Lenin's death. The leaders of the Bolsheviks, whose portraits floated above the demonstrations, are bored with routine work. All organizational issues fall on the shoulders of Comrade Stalin, who in 1922 was appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). In this humble position, he will concentrate enormous power in his hands and crush his rivals.

And there were many competitors. The second man in the party, Leon Trotsky, a brilliant orator and creator of the Red Army, does not hide his contempt for the provincial Stalin. Their first and only conflict will take place during the defense of Tsaritsyn, where Stalin was sent as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council. Then Koba gave vent to his feelings and expressed disobedience to Trotsky, who led the army in key positions of the People's Commissar of the Navy and the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council. He will not repeat his mistake again and will act from behind the scenes. After Lenin's death, Stalin crushes the arrogant Trotsky, and then destroys the entire Leninist guard.

The secret of industrialization

Why was it necessary to shoot the weak and demoralized Lenin's comrades-in-arms, who glorified him more than others? One NKVD pensioner who participated in the interrogations told the historian A.I. Fursov: “Stalin always came to the first interrogation and asked the same question: where is the money?” For the first years Soviet power a lot of money and jewelry settled in foreign banks. These were countless treasures on the accounts of prominent party members who were in no hurry to return them to the country. Meanwhile, the Nazis came to power. They made no secret of their plans to crush Bolshevism. That is why Stalin said: "If we do not go through the path that the Western countries have gone through in 100 years in ten years, we will perish." For 10 years, the USSR became a powerful industrial power and was able to crush the Nazi machine, which was supplied by almost all of Europe. 9,000 largest enterprises were built, but where did the money come from?! Grain, which as a result of collectivization was snatched from the destitute peasants and sold to the West, brought an insignificant income. The Comintern, the NKVD and other structures of the state waged a secret struggle for the return of the confiscated and looted. The power of the Soviet state was built on this money, torn out under torture.

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Western countries condemn Stalin for the treaty of friendship and borders with Nazi Germany, but they forget to say that Hitler concluded the first such treaty with Poland. Moreover, the USSR was the last country to officially recognize the claims of the Nazis. What did we get in return? Two years of respite and help from Germany, from which we took a large loan. In addition, the fact that we did not become the aggressor endeared us to the United States, which entered the war on the side of the USSR. Now it is difficult to understand, but things could have been much worse, and not only the Reich, but also America and Japan would have taken up arms against us. Stalin led the country between Scylla and Charybdis.

The mystery of the death of Joseph Stalin

The version that he was helped to die is getting louder and louder. Strange events recent years life speaks in her favor. Who played on Stalin's manic suspicion and persuaded him to remove his closest people from him - the head of the personal guard Vlasik and the faithful maid? Who sent the guards to bed the night he had a brain hemorrhage? Who inspired the members of the Politburo not to allow doctors to the body of the paralyzed leader? Witnesses of these events will no longer be able to answer these questions, but it is known what some of them feared. Joseph Stalin understood that he had become a hostage to the apparatus he had fed. Some historians claim that he was preparing a new bloodbath for his associates, others that he planned to move the center of power from the party apparatus to Soviet bodies. Perhaps the secret archives will still tell us the truth about this.

The USSR ate Stalin's legacy until 1991. Many factories, bridges and power plants built by him are still in operation. In search of a new greatness, Russia is doomed to study its experience, trying to avoid Stalin's mistakes. Wherever the gigantic country he built goes, it will look back at Joseph Stalin and will not emerge from his shadow for a long time to come.

Locomotive, steel and engineer Lenin

Seven years of revolutions and war that flew over the Yuzovsky factories and mines left so many bloody wounds in the history of the region, myths that have not been destroyed to this day, legends that have not been exposed, that it is perhaps worth setting aside a field for a separate study for this period. We will start with a document that has already become a textbook for local historians, but little known to most townspeople - the minutes of the meeting of the plenum of the Yuzovsky district council (then there were no regions, but only the district) dated March 8, 1924, at which it was decided to rename Yuzovka to Stalin, and the Yuzovsky district respectively in Stalin. Chairman of the district executive committee comrade. Shkadinov justified this decision in the following way: “... The executive committee received a lot of applications from workers, workers and villagers with a proposal on how to perpetuate the memory of comrade. Lenin. Under the conditions of our district, where the steel industry predominates, and the revolution itself, which, in the words of Comrade. Lenin, a locomotive made of steel, on which Comrade was a machinist. Lenin, the executive committee believes that the symbol that characterizes our great leader Comrade. Lenin - will be "Steel", and decided to call the city of Yuzovka - the city of Stalin, and the district and the plant - Stalin's.

Such is the revolutionary style and impulse. I wonder how the Yuz Bolsheviks would get out, trying to get rid of the damned capitalist-imperialist name of their city, if Comrade. Lenin lived longer? Tellingly, the city somehow, in a natural way, added the letter “o” to the name - “StalinO”. And of course, Joseph Stalin, who stood at the helm of the state, is simply not sideways here ... Only one circumstance confuses: if the name of the city was in no way connected with the “Kremlin mountaineer”, why was it changed to “Donetsk” 37 years later?

The city is a comfortable life

By the mid-20s, Yuzovka-Stalino continued to be just a huge steppe territory, fancifully decorated with mine heaps and factory pipes, in the shade of which workers' settlements huddled, and near the brainchild of Yuz, the English colony was dying, and the wind drove garbage along the lines of the New World blown through. Urban planning had only to lay claim to this territory. After all, if, according to Le Corbusier, the streets of European cities were drawn by the tail of a donkey carrying products from suburban villages, then most of the Yuzovsky streets were drawn by the feet of miners - from mines to taverns and from the latter to their homes. In a word, the authorities of the young city of Stalin faced the most important problem of uniting the villages into one whole with networks of streets, transport and household infrastructures. The last one was tough. With the exception of the British part, there was no running water in Yuzovka, as well as sewerage. Stalin (o) stank in the literal sense. Moreover, sewage septic tanks were located almost in the center of the city - on the site of the former Cossack barracks. When in the late 1920s the buildings of the industrial institute began to be built on this site, the townspeople breathed a sigh of relief. The newspaper "Dictatorship of Labor" cited the opinion of one of the old-timers - "... Earlier in this place, it was, you take your nose into a fist and run - past."

The American writer Theodore Dreiser, who visited Stalino in 1927, noted long queues at water distribution points that received water from the village of Peski, where in 1924 a dam was built and two pumps with a capacity of 5000 buckets per hour were installed. But four more years had passed since his visit before the city had a water supply network. And in 1933, the sewer.

The thirties, when the priority industrial and economic problems of the development of the city were solved, the hands reached the city construction. In 1932, the first master plan for Donetsk was adopted. He relied on the decisions of 1926, which determined the boundaries of the city, which included not only the original factory settlements of the Novorossiysk society, but also the Don side - the lands of the disbanded Don Army Region. The main, but dubious acquisition was Rykovka (Rykovsky mines), the population of which was famous for its especially violent temper, and even in the early 30s they could afford to fight almost legally with law enforcement officers. Alexandrovo-Grigorievka, a village in the north, about which the same “Dictatorship of Labor” wrote in 1929, entered the city - “A gang of four Lukyanchenko brothers has been rampaging here for many years. The workers ask - isn't it time to send them to Solovki?"

The general plan of the city of Stalino also took into account the first tram artery that connected the plant and the railway station with a permanent transport connection and finally determined Artema Street, the former First Line, which Donetsk cannot forget to this day, as the main street of the city.

In the thirties, the quality of urban life grew rapidly. Residents of Maslovka, Aleksandrovka, Vetka, Putilovka, Rykovka and Rutchenkovka began to feel like residents of no locality, but of one city - a community united by industrial, commercial, cultural, transport and social interests. The city of Stalino confidently built quarters of houses, theaters, hotels, office buildings, shops, restaurants. And now on the advertising poster of that time we see an invitation to celebrate the New Year to the sounds of a jazz band.

Between past and future

How should Yuz legacy be perceived in such an environment? That's right - like a dark past. Yes, it was. The city of Stalino was the brainchild of socialist life - a life of well-organized (compared to pre-revolutionary) life, wide and bright streets, new squares and parks. In a sense, it was a special city - unlike many old cities, it had nothing to regret in the past. Architecture, transport, culture, sports - everything that does not let a city person get bored and feel deprived after the completion of compulsory work to earn their daily bread, all this came with Soviet power.

The first result of the existence of the new city was summed up by a literary and ideological action - in 1937, a book by a local journalist Ilya Gonimov "Old Yuzovka" was published. The word "old" was used in the sense of "former", and this reality appeared before the readers in all its leaden abomination. The social experiment of the Bolsheviks in the Donetsk steppes had the character of an understandable tangible reality - all the best is only ahead, in the future. Naturally, light and communist. In the light of what has been said, there is nothing surprising that the very name "Stalino" has long been associated not with steel, but with the name of the General Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. This is how the writer Alexandra Kataeva-Venger recalled her childhood in Stalino: “The main city of Donbass was then called Stalino, and this also aroused delight and, as it were, strengthened the feeling of belonging. The inhabitants of the city - at least those girls and boys that I had to deal with - were proud of it. Of course, the only way - the city of Stalin in the country of Stalin in the era of Stalin! It must be admitted that in 1924 the Yuz party members guessed right with the renaming of the city.

The two-year occupation by the Nazi troops made adjustments to the life of the city. The population was reduced to a minimum, all the mines were flooded, the plant froze in its pit near Kalmius with a dead ichthyosaur. The destruction was colossal. Seven years after the liberation of the city, German, Romanian and even Japanese prisoners of war worked to restore industrial facilities and housing stock. On the other hand, a new station was built, and the buildings of the late Stalinist era - the regional traumatology, the Ministry of the Coal Industry, Dongiproshakht, the Drama Theater - became the main signs of the mining capital, rivals to which appeared only in our times, and even then ...

Renouncing Stalin

By the time of Stalin's death, the city of Stalino had become a powerful center not only of industry, but also of the urban life of the new system. It was already difficult to recognize the former Yuzovka in him. Of course, unsightly settlements were still emerging here and there, road construction had not yet acquired a finished look, the water supply, gas, and energy facilities of the city suffered from internal diseases generated by the pace of construction of the regional center. A special article is the urban transport of Donetsk. To this day, we feel the consequences of a poorly thought-out strategy for moving the city one way or another, traffic interchanges suggested themselves in the central regions, but, alas, they were not created in the 50-60s, when it was still possible to do it painlessly. However, this can be said about almost any metropolis of the former USSR. As well as about the signature feature of Donetsk - the presence of large industrial facilities almost in the very center. By the way, in the mid-1920s, the question of the demolition of the Yuzovsky Metallurgical Plant was raised. But for a completely different reason - the engineers of the old school pointed out that Yuz generally put the enterprise in an extremely inconvenient place from an economic point of view. But the plant remained, and all generations of Donetsk residents, approaching the Central Department Store, habitually sniff the air - yeah, the smoking room is still smoking!

... one fine (or not so) November day in 1961, the city of Stalino turned into the city of Donetsk. Along with the old name, signs of the Stalin era disappeared from life - massiveness and solidity in architecture, industrial discipline, confidence in the correctness not only of the course chosen by the country, but also of one's own life. Soviet Union was approaching the peak of his well-being, and nothing bothered the Donetsk people yet. They had a large city known throughout the country, and they were still proud of it. A time of doubt lay ahead of them. Doubts and difficult thoughts.

Until now, disputes over the life of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin have not subsided. This is a man who was able to outstrip all other people by as much as 2 generations in his understanding of not only the state apparatus, but also global sociology. Stalin's nationality even now causes many opinions, as a result, a lot of versions have been put forward, several of which will now be considered.

Mystery of origin

Exploring a large number of archives, you can stumble upon various references and facts that may speak in favor of a particular theory. So, the Armenian version says that Stalin's nationality is directly related to his mother, who, due to her poverty, was forced to work as an ordinary laundress for a rich merchant. After she became pregnant, she was quickly married off. But this version still does not provide enough facts to understand what nationality Stalin was.

The Georgian theory says that its roots go back to one prince named Egnatashvili. By the way, already at the time when Stalin came to power, he maintained contacts with his brothers.

Russian version

According to Russian theory (if it can be considered as such), Stalin's father was a nobleman from Smolensk, and his name was Nikolai Przhevalsky. He traveled a lot and was quite a famous scientist. In 1878, he became very ill, which is why he was treated in Gori, in the Caucasus. Here Przhevalsky meets one distant relative of the prince, her name is Catherine, who went bankrupt and had to marry an ordinary shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili. He, in turn, was a fairly respected person, but there was grief in his family, which slightly overshadowed the whole existence of their couple. The fact is that they lost three very young children. Against this background, Vissarion began to drink a lot and often raised his hand to his wife. But even despite all the hardships of her life, Catherine was still able to charm the scientist, who was so imbued with her beauty that he continued to send her money.

It is worth noting that this version, which should shed light on Stalin's nationality, is actually quite vulnerable. I would also like to add that she is not so much Russian as it might seem at first glance, since Przhevalsky has roots in Belarus.

It seemed that Stalin was well aware that the whole society was convinced of his illegal origin. Then the drunkenness of the father is explained by many things. He probably knew, but he just couldn't accept it. So, in one of the drunken fights he was killed, but 11-year-old Soso did not experience any feelings about this.

A life

Of course, Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich was and remains a cult personality. Despite the fact that various disputes are constantly being conducted about his life, more and more questions appear in the biography than answers. His personality continues to give rise to many myths that biographers and researchers are trying to figure out. You can even start from the birthplace of the dictator. According to some reports, the first entry speaks of the city of Gori, although it is possible that Stalin could well have been born not far from Batumi. Further - this famous blood connection with his father and the resemblance to the traveler Przhevalsky.

The date of birth also causes a lot of controversy. Historians managed to find a record book of the Gori Assumption Cathedral Church, in which the birth record differed from the official date. According to the old style, it was December 6, 1878, exactly the same number is on the certificate of graduation from the religious school.

Initially, all official documents contained the true date of Stalin's birth, but in 1921, by his personal order, these numbers were changed in all documents, and they began to indicate not 1878, but 1879. As political scientists say, this was a forced measure in order to hide not only his noble origin, but also his illegitimacy.

Every year it becomes more and more difficult to explain why two dates of birth are indicated in the biography, what nationality Stalin was and a large number of different nuances from his life. Despite the fact that he independently surrounded himself with a certain halo of obscurity, there was a small circle of people especially close to him who knew a lot about him. Perhaps that is why they did not die by their own death and under rather mysterious circumstances.

Stalin's life is replete with many pseudonyms, of which there are up to 30 in total.

Governing body

The period of tenure as the first person of the state was marked by the time of a huge number of executions, collectivization and one of the most terrible wars that claimed a lot of human lives all over the world. Naturally, the USSR should have seemed to everyone a country in which progress, harmony and devotion to their leader were developed.

Portraits of Stalin were hung everywhere, and his era became the time of the fastest possible economic development. Thanks to propaganda, absolutely all the undertakings of the “father of nations” were praised, this was especially true regarding the great infrastructure projects that were being built very quickly, turning an agrarian country that was at its peak of backwardness into an industrial state. This was the main goal, but in order to achieve it, it was necessary to expand the production of agricultural products to meet the needs of the working class. Thus, collectivization was a great solution for this. Private farmers were literally deprived of their land and forced to work in large state-type agricultural enterprises.

The whole truth about the reign of the leader is still impossible to find. This is due to the fact that in fact, neither in the modern world, nor even more so during his life, they did not talk about it publicly. The entire period of Stalin (while he was head of state) was due not only to repressions and harsh dictatorship. It is safe to note a large number of positive nuances that largely influenced the current formation of the Russian people:

• Work with conscience in order to benefit, first of all, society.
• Victory in 1945.
• The dignity of an engineer and an officer.
• Independent country.
• The innocence of high school girls.
• Moral.
• Hero mothers.
• Chastity of the media.
• Prohibited abortions.
• open churches.
• Bans on: Russophobia, pornography, corruption, prostitution, drug addiction and homosexuality.
• Patriotism.

The name of Stalin is associated with his desire not only to unite, but subsequently to strengthen the country in the shortest possible time, and thanks to his energy and will to win, no one had the impression that he was unable to translate his plans into reality.

Family

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich very carefully concealed all information about himself, and his personal life was no exception. He very carefully destroyed all kinds of documents that somehow spoke about his family and love affairs. Thus, the modern generation can present a far from complete picture, which consists of a small number of verified facts and the testimony of several eyewitnesses, whose stories are replete with errors and inaccuracies.

The first when he was only 26 years old was Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze. At that time, he still did not have his own significant party nickname, nor a special “political weight” in society, but, despite this, he was already famous for his reputation as an inveterate revolutionary who strove for the universal idea of ​​​​equality. But at the same time, I would like to add that even those bloody methods and means by which the goals were achieved gave the Bolsheviks a certain veil of romanticism. And so the famous pseudonym Koba appeared. He was a literary hero like Robin Hood, who robbed the rich and gave everything to the poor.

Kato was only 16 years old when they got married and began to live in a shabby room, having practically no means of subsistence. Her father was as much a revolutionary as Soso himself, so he was even glad of their marriage, since Koba already had sufficient authority among the Caucasian freedom fighters. Despite the fact that huge funds passed through his hands almost every day, not a penny of them went to the improvement of family life and the hearth.

Because of his intense revolutionary life, he practically did not appear at home, so his wife spent most of her time alone. In 1907, their common son was born, who was given the name Jacob. Thus, the life of a poor woman becomes many times harder, and she becomes ill with typhus. Since they did not have any extra money (due to the fact that everything went to the needs of the party), she dies. According to eyewitnesses, Soso was very upset by the death of his beloved woman and even began to fight with his enemies with redoubled fury. Yakov, meanwhile, began to live with Kato's parents, where he was until the age of 14.

A very young Nadya Alliluyeva became Soso's second lover. They sincerely loved each other, despite the fact that the manifestation of tender feelings in those years, especially for such a fierce fighter for the revolution, was considered weakness. So, already in 1921, the second son of Stalin was born, who was named Vasily. At the same time, he takes away Jacob. Thus, Koba finally finds a full-fledged family. But the old story is repeated again, when he has absolutely no time for some ordinary human joys on the way to revolution. In 1925, little Svetlana appears in the family.

Very little is known about the relationship of the spouses, a large number of mysteries remain to this day, not only about their life together, but also about death.

It is worth noting that life with a man who has one like Stalin's was inexplicably difficult. It is known that he could be silent for three days, being in the deepest thoughts. It was difficult for Nadezhda not only because her husband was a tyrant - she did not have any opportunity to communicate. She had no girlfriends, and the men were simply afraid to start even friendly relations with her, as they were afraid of the wrath of her husband, who might think that his woman was being whipped, and "shoot". Nadezhda needed ordinary, human, domestic, warm relations.

Suspicious death of wife

On November 8, 1932, Aliluyeva Nadezhda, Stalin's wife, died under strange circumstances, whose nationality cannot be unequivocally confirmed, since her mother was a true German, and her father was half a gypsy. The official version said that suicide had taken place, allegedly she had independently committed a fatal shot in the head. As for the media reports about the death of Nadezhda, Stalin only allowed to say that she suddenly left this world, but what caused her death was not indicated.

Another point that deserves attention is Koba's attempts to attribute everything to the fact that his wife died due to appendicitis, but two (and according to some sources - three) experts who arrived at the scene were supposed to give an opinion on death, but refused to put your signature on such document. Her death still causes a lot of controversy, and therefore at the moment there are several options for this incident.

Several versions of the death of Stalin's wife

At the time of her death, Nadezhda was only 31 years old, and there are a lot of rumors about this. As for some conspiracy version of what is happening, here it is worth noting such a figure as Trotsky. At one time he was objectionable to the government and personally to Stalin, therefore, through a certain Bukharin, he tried to exert emotional pressure on the leader's wife. They tried to convince her that her husband was pursuing a too aggressive policy, organizing a deliberate famine in Ukraine, collectivization and mass executions. Trotsky thought that thanks to the political scandal that Nadezhda was supposed to arrange, Stalin could be overthrown without resorting to violence. Thus, his wife could simply shoot herself from the information received, which she could not accept.

According to another version, at the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the October Revolution, during a banquet in the Kremlin, Stalin said something insulting to his wife, after which she defiantly left the table and went to her apartment, and then the servants heard a shot.

There is also a version, which was confirmed by the head of security of Joseph Vissarionovich. According to his story, after the banquet, Stalin did not go home, but went to one of his dachas and took the general's wife with him. Nadezhda, in turn, was very worried and called the home security phone. The duty officer confirmed that her husband was indeed there, and not alone, but with a woman. Thus, the wife, having learned about this, could not survive the betrayal and committed suicide. Stalin never visited Nadezhda's grave.

Chief's mother

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, whose nationality and origin are shrouded in mystery, as well as everything connected with his personal life, raises many questions. Stalin's relationship with his own mother was also strange. Many facts spoke about this, and even the fact that he introduced her to her grandchildren only when the eldest turned 15. Ekaterina Georgievna had practically no education, she could not write, she spoke only Georgian. Stalin's mother, whose nationality did not cause controversy, was a fairly sociable woman and was never afraid to express her personal opinion on any occasion, even sometimes on political topics. She did not interfere at all with the lack of education. Some conclusions can be drawn from their correspondence, which can hardly be called letters, but most likely more notes. It is worth noting that, despite such dryness of communication, it cannot be said that the son did not take care of his mother. She was under the constant and close supervision of the best doctors, but despite this, due to age, her health did not get better. So, in May 1937, she fell ill with pneumonia, which is why she died on July 4. Relations were so bad that he could not even attend her funeral, but limited himself to a wreath with an inscription.

Death of the "Father of Nations"

It was 1953. Many people wanted Stalin's death for a long time. On March 1, he spent the whole day in his office, he did not look through important state mail and did not even have lunch. Without his permission, no one had the right to go to him, but already at 11 pm one of the duty officers went there at his own peril and risk, and a terrible picture appeared before his eyes. After going through several rooms, he saw how Stalin was lying on the floor and could not utter a word. For several days, doctors fought for his life.

Thus, the year of Stalin's death was marked by conflicting opinions in society. Some were glad that the days of the dictator and tyrant had come to their logical end. Some, on the contrary, considered the inner circle of the leader as traitors who, one way or another, were involved in his death.

One cannot be 100% sure that conspirators from the top of the Politburo were involved in his death. Judging by some of the recollections of Comrade Khrushchev himself and a number of close people, the leader this year was no longer able to govern the state, he could see insanity and paranoia, which meant the inexorable approach of death. Despite the fact that he is no longer there, Stalin’s famous quotes have reached us, like “Shoot!” or "It doesn't matter how they voted - it matters how they counted." They will be relevant for a long time, because the period of the life of the “father of nations” has forever entered all textbooks and remained in the memory of many people.

Stalin: Russian man of Georgian nationality

In order to understand his personality, it is necessary to draw his conclusions solely on the basis of a few facts that are known from the direct speech of the leader himself. One thing can be said with certainty: Joseph Stalin, whose nationality can cause a lot of controversy, is a rather ambiguous personality. But be that as it may, his assessment will always have several elements of subjectivity, which is based on the personal understanding of each world and Soviet history.

In the modern world, Stalin's nationality can cause some controversy, this is all due to a certain halo of the mystery of his birth and origin, but, as the leader himself liked to say: "I am not a European, but a Russified Georgian-Asian."

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