Presentation on the theme of the centers of formation of world religions. Religions of the world. world religions. Presentation. From the history of religion

The presentation was prepared by the teacher of GBOU secondary school No. 384 Smirnova D.M. world religions

Christianity Islam Buddhism World Religions

Christianity is a world religion uniting about 2 billion adherents. The essence of Christianity is the doctrine of the God-man Jesus Christ (son of God), who descended from heaven to earth and accepted suffering and death to redeem people from original sin.

Christianity originated in the East of the Roman Empire (the territory of modern Israel) in the 1st century AD. The founder is Jesus Christ. Currently, Christianity is one of the most widespread religions in the world - it is practiced by more than a quarter of humanity. Christianity ranks first in the world in terms of geographical distribution, i. Almost every country in the world has at least one Christian community.

Main directions: Today in Christianity there are the following main directions: Catholicism Orthodoxy Protestantism

Catholicism - One of the main directions in Christianity. Catholics make up the majority of believers in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Belgium, Austria, and in Latin American states. The organization of the Catholic Church is marked by strict centralization. During the Reformation, Protestantism broke away from Catholicism.

Orthodoxy - One of the main and oldest directions in Christianity, which is characterized by: faith in the bodily resurrection, the ascension and the upcoming second coming of Jesus Christ, the need to belong to the Church, faith in the holiness of the Church, faith in angels and the prayerful intercession of saints.

Protestantism - (from lat. protestans, genus n. protestantis - publicly proving), one of the main trends in Christianity. It unites many independent movements, churches and sects. Protestantism is characterized by the absence of a fundamental opposition of the clergy to the laity, the rejection of a complex church hierarchy, a simplified cult, the absence of monasticism, celibacy; in Protestantism there is no cult of the Virgin, saints, angels, icons, the number of sacraments is reduced to two (baptism and communion).

At present, the number of adherents of Christianity around the world exceeds 2 billion, of which in Europe - according to various estimates, from 400 to 550 million, in Latin America - about 380 million, in North America - 180-250 million (USA - 160-225 million, Canada - 25 million), in Asia - about 300 million, in Africa - 300-400 million, in Australia - 14 million. The number of Christians

Islam Has several meanings, literally translated as "peace". Another meaning of this word is “giving oneself to God” (submission to God)

Muhammad is the founder of Islam. The founder of Islam is a resident of Mecca - Mohammed. He claimed that there are no other gods but Allah, and he called himself the "messenger of God" - his Prophet.

Fearing for his life, in 622, Muhammad and his supporters moved to a nearby oasis, named after him - Medina. The Year of Migration (Hijra) became the starting date of the Muslim chronology. Mosque of the Prophet (Mohammed))

It originated in Arabia in the 7th century. Founder - Mohammed. Islam developed under the significant influence of Christianity and Judaism. As a result of the Arab conquests, it spread to the Near and Middle East, and later to some countries of the Far East, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

The main principles of Islam are stated in the Qur'an. The main tenets are the worship of the only almighty God - Allah and the veneration of Muhammad as a prophet - the messenger of Allah. Muslims believe in the immortality of the soul and the afterlife.

The Koran is the holy book of Muslims, consisting of parables, prayers and sermons delivered by Muhammad between 610 and 632. Since, by the will of Allah, the Last Scripture contains the Arabic language, this language is special for Muslims. Only the Koran in Arabic is Scripture, translation into any language of the world is not.

THE QURAN At first, prophetic revelations were transmitted in the community orally, from memory. Some of them the believers wrote down on their own initiative until, finally, in Medina, at the direction of Muhammad, systematic records began to be kept. The canonization of the content of the Koran and the compilation of the final edition took place under Caliph Olif (644-656). In the Qur'an, its legal significance is defined as follows: "SO, WE HAVE SENT HIM AS AN ARABIC JUDICIAL"

The Qur'an is written in rhymed prose and consists of 114 chapters - suras, arranged in descending order, with the exception of the first sura "Opening" - "Fatih". Each sura begins with the Basmal formula - "In the name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful." Basmala is absent only at the beginning of suras 9 and 12. Each sura is divided into verses - ayat. In total, in the Koran, according to various counting options, from 6204 to 6236 verses, 77934 words. The Qur'an is divided into 30 parts - juz ׳ a.

BLACK STONE OF THE KAABA

The black stone of the Kaaba (al-Hajar al-Eswad, as Muslims call it) - according to legend, fell from the sky back in the time of Adam - according to one version, it was Adam's guardian angel, turned to stone after he allowed the fall of his ward. Pilgrims strive to kiss the Black Stone, and if this fails, then at least touch it. It is interesting to note that in 930, the Qarmatians, who settled in Bahrain, stole the Black Stone, and it was returned to Mecca only in 951, its authenticity was established by its property not to sink in water. In 1050, the mad Egyptian caliph sent a man to destroy the relic. The Kaaba burned twice, and in 1626 it was flooded. After all these misfortunes, the original stone split into 15 pieces. Now they are fastened with cement mortar and enclosed in a silver frame. The visible surface of the stone is approximately 16.5 by 20 cm.

Sharia is a set of religious and legal norms, compiled on the basis of the Koran and the Sunnah, containing the norms of state, inheritance, criminal and marriage and family law"

Sharia provides 4 types of rights The Right of God, which everyone must respect; Individual rights; The rights of the surrounding people; The rights of all God's creatures.

5 The Five Pillars of Islam Shahada - Evidence that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His slave and His messenger. Salat - Performing a daily, fivefold prayer. Zakat is the payment of a cleansing donation. Siyam - fasting during the month of Ramadan Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca, if a person is able to make it.

1) a woman can only open her face and hands in front of strangers; 2) jilbab (one-piece women's clothing for Muslim women, covering the entire body, leaving only hands, feet and eyes uncovered) should not fit the body; 3) the fabric should be sufficiently dense, not at all transparent, leaving no possibility to guess the contours of the figure or the color of the skin or hair; 4) The jilbab should emphasize the modesty that the hijab symbolizes. It cannot be bright, attracting attention; 5) jilbab should not look like the clothes of unbelievers: for example, reflecting the latest "peep" of fashion; or reminiscent of the clothes of some groups, such as "bikers"; 6) do not look like men's clothes, so that it is difficult to make out whether it is a woman or a man; Hijab is forbidden!!!

HOLIDAYS

URAZA - fasting in the month of Ramadan URAZA - fasting in the month of Ramadan

RAMADAN is the name of the ninth month of the lunar calendar. It is considered the best, blessed month, marked by the Almighty with a special high purpose. Muslims believe that it was during this month that the Prophet Muhammad was in solitude in the cave of Hira, which is near Mecca, where the verses of the Holy Quran were sent down to him through the angel Gabriel. Due to the fact that the Islamic calendar is lunar, the beginning and end of the month of Ramadan shifts every year.

According to Sharia, Muslims are ordered to indulge in the mood of the holiday on Uraza Bairam, eating food and drink, but it is impossible to fast on this blessed day. On the day of the holiday, it is considered good to get up early, take a bath, dress neatly and smartly, use incense, and be friendly with everyone. On this day, Muslims greet each other with such words: “May Allah send his mercy to both you and us!”, “May Allah accept our and your prayers!”. Generous rewards to the poor and needy are just as acceptable and pleasing to God.

Eid al-Adha is the holiday of sacrifice, when Muslims around the world slaughter cattle in memory of Abraham's Sacrifice of his son and is celebrated 70 days after Ramadan. On this day, Muslim pilgrims spend their time in prayer, throwing stones at a stone pillar representing the devil and then shaving their heads.

KURBAN BAYRAM

In Russia: Tuva, Buryatia, Kalmykia. In the world: Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Vietnam, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, eastern Afghanistan, Tibet, Taiwan, Thailand, Nepal, Mongolia, Laos, Korea, Cambodia, Indonesia. Spread of Buddhism

The world religion - Buddhism arose earlier than the others in distant India.

About the life of Buddha In the VI century. BC in the family of the ruler of a small principality in northern India, a boy was born, whose name was Siddhartha Gautama. The sages predicted that he would become a great sovereign, ruler of the world, or a saint who knew the truth.

The prince lived in the palace in luxury and without worries ... But one day the prince met a funeral procession and realized that all people on earth and he himself was mortal. On another occasion, he met a seriously ill person and realized that any mortal was in danger of illness. For the third time, the prince saw a beggar and realized that wealth is fleeting... And, finally, he saw a sage. He realized that the path of self-knowledge is the only way to comprehend the causes of suffering and get rid of them.

At the age of 29, Siddhartha realized that he would not be happy if he continued to live as before. The prince left his home and began to wander in search of the truth.

Once he sat down under a banyan tree and swore an oath that he would not leave this place until he reached his goal and knew the truth. And “enlightenment” came to him, he realized the “four noble truths”: 1) There is suffering in the world - birth, old age, illness, inability to achieve the desired, death ... 2) There is a cause of suffering - the desire to live in this world, to enjoy. 3) There is liberation from suffering (NIRVANA) - you need to learn to limit your desires. 4) There is a path leading to liberation from suffering. So Prince Siddharta Gautama became the Buddha (Enlightened One)

Having become enlightened, the prince began to wander and preach his teaching, which was later called Buddhism. The eight precepts of the Buddhist way of life are described in Buddhist scriptures called the Tipitaka. - freedom from superstitions and prejudices, striving for peacefulness, - rejection of hatred and anger. - speech should always be smart. truthful, aimed at reconciliation, lies and gossip should not howl, - murder, theft are considered difficult, and generosity, good manners are considered good, - the way to earn a living should not harm other people, - a person should suppress evil impulses, and encourage good - you must always weigh your thoughts and actions, - reflect on the essence of life.

In its classical version (Buddhism is mainly philosophy and ethics. The goal of believers is to achieve nirvana, a blissful state of insight and liberation from the shackles of one's "I", the world and an endless circle of births, deaths and new births in the chain of new lives. The state of spiritual perfection achieved through humility, generosity, mercy, abstinence from violence and self-control.

Buddhism has never known a single church organization or other centralized institutions. The only common rule for all Buddhists is the right to keep the three jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.

The Buddha is an enlightened, omniscient being who naturally attained spiritual heights through the development of the mind and heart in a long succession of rebirths.

Dharma is the law discovered by the Enlightened One, the semantic core of the Universe, which determines all the processes taking place in the world.

The Sangha is a community of equals, propertyless and beggars, a community of bearers of the Law, keepers of knowledge and skill, who follow the path of the Buddha from generation to generation.

Let's be more tolerant and kinder, Our world is so cruel and full of evil. In him, the cold of indifference often blows, And the unchanged need for warmth. There is hardly much benefit from pride, And how many troubles come from war, Let's be more merciful from now on. Let the souls be only full of goodness. After all, it takes very little for good, To show tolerance and cordiality And not to rush ruthlessly and strictly To sting people's souls with anger. Sharing good, no one will become a beggar, Everything will return a hundredfold back. Who makes our world brighter and cleaner He himself will become rich from kindness.

Thank you for your attention!

Target: study of the religious (confessional) structure, the formation of religious tolerance

Tasks: identify similarities and differences in the creed of religions, introduce the religious traditions of Orthodoxy, Islam, Buddhism, continue the formation of independent work with literature.

Equipment: map of world religions, multimedia projector, computer with software, notebooks, textbooks, rosary, crosses.

Students are divided in advance into groups with an advanced task: to make presentations on world religions according to an approximate plan:

From the history of religion

Countries with the greatest spread of religion, approximate number of followers

Branches, directions of religions

Features of dogma

Features of religious life

buildings for prayer

creeds,

attributes,

religious etiquette,

holidays, fasts, days of rest,

religious art

marriage, family, attitude towards death, mourning

interesting facts (parables)

Learning new material

Teacher. Studying the traditions, customs and culture of the peoples of the world, we cannot but talk about religions. There are practically no people on Earth without religion, just as there is no people without language and culture. Religion has had and is exerting a great influence on the social life of many countries and peoples. It plays a very important role in a person's personal life, determines his demographic behavior, forms the moral standards and worldview of people. Religion can act as an ethno-forming factor and a national attribute. To this day, religion also remains an important political tool.

Recall what religion is (student response).

Religion is a worldview, attitude, as well as appropriate behavior, determined by belief in the existence of God, a deity. It defines the relationship of man to the sacred.

People who profess any religion believe in the spiritual world and have approximately the same ideas about life and death

There are many religions in the world. Each has its own traditions, customs, rules that must be observed by its followers.

Name the world religions (student response).

Buddhism is one of the world's religions (along with Christianity and Islam), which arose in the 6th century. BC e. in India and named after its founder Gautama, who later received the name Buddha (enlightened, clairvoyant). Buddhism spread in China, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia and other countries of the East. In Russia, Buddhism is traditionally practiced by Buryats, Tuvans and Kalmyks.

Christianity- one of the three world religions (along with Islam and Buddhism), which arose in the 1st century. n. e., consists of three main branches - Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, united by faith in Christ

Islam(Muslim) - one of the three world religions along with Christianity and Buddhism, which arose at the beginning of the 7th century. and widespread mainly in Asia and Africa (the youngest of the world's religions).

In addition to world religions, there are national religions, for example, in China - Confucianism, in India - Hinduism, in Japan - Shintoism, Judaism professes a separate people - the Jews. Local traditional religions - shamanism(belief in the ability of individuals to communicate with spirits and use this connection to heal, make rain, etc.), fetishism(belief in an inanimate material object to which supernatural properties are attributed), animism(belief in the soul of not only people, but also animals, plants, the cult of ancestors or the dead) totemism and others. They are followed by some peoples in Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, Tropical and East Africa.

Our guests are representatives of various religions. They will talk about the features of religions.

To make it easier to remember, understand and assimilate today's material, we will fill out the table in pairs as our guests tell us (the table is being checked)

Student performance using presentations.

Christianity

Confucianism

Consolidation of the entered material

Name world religions

What religions besides world ones still exist?

Do you think superstition and religion are the same? Justify your answer

How similar or different do you think are the ethical teachings of Buddhism and Christianity?

Does Buddhism have an omnipotent Creator God or a Personal God, an eternal soul.

What is the name of the sacred books in Buddhism, among Muslims, the main source of doctrine among Christians?

Does Islam allow terrorist attacks, what is jihad?

Prophet Mohammed - who is this, tell us about him.

Name the origin of Islam

Compare the principles of the teachings of different religions. Let's watch the presentation.

Who are Moses, Jesus Christ? Name the religions.

Name the days of rest for Muslims, Christians, Jews.

Name the most memorable features of religions.

What religious buildings are there in our city?

What kinds of religions are practiced here?

Lesson summary

Conclusion:

Unlike monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), in Buddhism there is neither an omnipotent Creator or Personal God, nor an eternal soul. There is also no concept of "many gods" in Buddhism. These same provisions and the denial of the caste system distinguish Buddhism from Hinduism and Brahminism, although it recognizes the doctrine of karma.

Despite the different religions of the peoples of the world, no religion in the world calls for war, terrorism. Having got acquainted with the traditions, customs of the peoples of the world, having understood them, we learn to understand and respect their worldviews.

The grade for the lesson is given to students who have prepared presentations and actively answer questions.

Literature

1. Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V., Bolysov S.I. Geography. Countries and continents .. Grade 7: textbook. for general education institutions; Ros. acad. Sciences, Ros. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". - 3rd ed. – M.: Enlightenment. 2010.- 255 p.: illustrations, maps. - (Academic school textbook) (Polar Star).

2. Kulakov A.E. History of religions in Russia: methodological support. Lectures 1-4 - M .: Pedagogical University "First of September", 2010 - 88 p.

3. Kulakov A.E. History of religions in Russia: methodological support. Lectures 5-8 - M .: Pedagogical University "First of September", 2010 - 112 p.

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Nowadays, there are a great many religions, but each person chooses for himself the one that he considers the most correct and which is closest to him in perception and beliefs.

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• Buddhism;
• Islam;
• Christianity.

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Buddhism

Buddhism is a philosophy built on the teachings of the Buddha. Gautama Buddha was born within the current eastern border of Nepal. He spent his whole life in India and devoted it to the philosophy of being. His parables were based on the suffering of Samsara (one of the main concepts in Buddhism, denoting birth and death). One of the most important symbols of Indian philosophy is the soul. The soul is drowning in the "waters of Samsara", trying to get rid of its past mistakes, to cleanse itself. Millions of people in Asia as well as in other parts of the world practice Buddhism.

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Islam

"Islam" means "obedience to God", this religion is based on the teachings of Muhammad. The Holy Quran was revealed by Allah to Prophet Mohammed. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. They adhere to the five basic principles of Islam, the five rules on which the faith of a true Muslim is based (monotheism, five daily prayers, charity, fasting in the month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca). There are over 1 billion Muslims worldwide, making it the second largest religion after Christianity.

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Christianity

Christianity is a religion whose geography is the most extensive. The teachings of Jesus Christ formed the basis of this religion, hence the name "Christianity". Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God and believe in the Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit). The Bible says that Jesus will return to earth to judge the living and the dead. The Bible is the holy book of Christians, it consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament describes life before the birth of Jesus Christ, while the New Testament describes the life and teachings of Jesus himself. There are more than two billion followers of Christianity in the world.

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A world religion is a religion that has spread among the peoples of various countries and continents. At the moment, only three religions are designated by this term (given in the order of chronology of occurrence): Buddhism Christianity Islam Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, despite the large number of their followers, are national religions.

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Criteria: For a religion to be considered a world religion, it must meet the following criteria proposed by UNESCO: the union of a large community of people the presence of followers in many countries and among various peoples

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Religions of the world by country, the country is shaded with the color corresponding to the main religion or confession: purple - Catholics, pink - Orthodox, blue - Protestants, dark green - Sunnis, light green - Shiites, orange - Hindus, red - Jews, light orange - Chinese religions

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Buddhism (essence): Buddhism is based on the doctrine of the Four Noble Truths: about suffering, about the origin and causes of suffering, about the true cessation of suffering and the elimination of its sources, about the true ways to stop suffering. The middle or eightfold path to reach Nirvana is proposed. This path is directly related to the three types of cultivation of virtues: morality, concentration and wisdom - prajna. The spiritual practice of walking along these paths leads to the true cessation of suffering and finds its highest point in nirvana.

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Territorial distribution: Buddhism is most widespread in Tibet, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Vietnam, Korea, China and Japan. On the territory of Russia, Buddhism is represented primarily as the main religion in Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia.

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Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic Abrahamic world religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as described in the New Testament.

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Christianity is the world's largest religion in terms of the number of adherents, which are about 2.1 billion, and in terms of geographical distribution - almost every country in the world has at least one Christian community. Christianity arose in the 1st century in Palestine, which at that time was under the rule of the Roman Empire, initially among the Jews, but already in the first decades of its existence it spread to other provinces and among other ethnic groups.

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Distribution of Christianity by country: Red - 50-100% of the population Yellow - 11-49% of the population Blue - 1-10% of the population Gray - 0-0.9% of the population

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Branches of Christianity: Today there are the following main directions in Christianity: Catholicism Orthodoxy Protestantism

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Catholicism. Catholicism or Catholicism (from Greek - universal, "- the largest branch of Christianity in terms of the number of adherents, was formed in the 1st millennium AD on the territory of the Western Roman Empire.

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Catholicism is the main religion in many European countries (France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Ireland, Malta, etc.). In total, in 21 states of Europe, Catholics make up the majority of the population, in Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland - half. In the Western Hemisphere, Catholicism is widespread throughout South and Central America, Mexico, Cuba, Canada and the United States. In Asia, Catholics predominate in the Philippines and East Timor, and there are large numbers of Catholics in Vietnam, South Korea, and China. In the Middle East, there are many Catholics in Lebanon. According to various estimates, from 110 to 175 million Catholics live in Africa

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Nowadays, there are a great many religions, but each person chooses for himself the one that he considers the most correct and which is closest to him in perception and beliefs.

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Buddhism is a philosophy built on the teachings of the Buddha. Gautama Buddha was born within the current eastern border of Nepal. He spent his whole life in India and devoted it to the philosophy of being. His parables were based on the suffering of Samsara (one of the main concepts in Buddhism, denoting birth and death). One of the most important symbols of Indian philosophy is the soul. The soul is drowning in the "waters of Samsara", trying to get rid of its past mistakes, to cleanse itself. Millions of people in Asia as well as in other parts of the world practice Buddhism.

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Islam "Islam" means "obedience to God" and is a religion based on the teachings of Muhammad. The Holy Quran was revealed by Allah to Prophet Mohammed. The followers of Islam are known as Muslims. They adhere to the five basic principles of Islam, the five rules on which the faith of a true Muslim is based (monotheism, five daily prayers, charity, fasting in the month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca). There are over 1 billion Muslims worldwide, making it the second largest religion after Christianity.

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Christianity is a religion whose geography is the most extensive. The teachings of Jesus Christ formed the basis of this religion, hence the name "Christianity". Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God and believe in the Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit). The Bible says that Jesus will return to earth to judge the living and the dead. The Bible is the holy book of Christians, it consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament describes life before the birth of Jesus Christ, while the New Testament describes the life and teachings of Jesus himself. There are more than two billion followers of Christianity in the world.

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