Is it worth it to start a farm? How to apply for a farm and get subsidies. Documents for the creation of a peasant farm

Farming is a popular type of business in rural areas. Nowadays, there are farms in many settlements. But the demand in the country for their products has not yet been satisfied. So a farm from scratch is still a promising business idea that can make good money. But on one condition - that the farming business will be well planned and well organized. How to do this, this article will tell you.

Chickens, bees, milk...? Choose the type of farm

To become a successful farmer, you must first master the intricacies of farming and marketing farm products. And, of course, to raise a decent start-up capital. If you already have all this, it's time to write a business plan called "How to open your own farm from scratch."

And it is worth starting work from the definition of the type of activity. There are several directions in which modern farms operate. It:

1. Livestock.
2. Poultry farming.
3. Beekeeping.
4. Milk products.
5. Growing vegetables, herbs and fruits.

There are many examples of very profitable businesses in every industry. That is, you can earn decently in any of these areas. Often the choice of the type of farm is based on the personal preferences of the entrepreneur. Something turns out to be closer and clearer, more to your liking, but you immediately want to give up some types of farming.

Once you've decided what you'll be producing, consider how big it will be. Focus on 2 factors:

1. Opportunities for your start-up capital.
2. Sales opportunities.

After all, the larger the volume of finished products, the more problems may arise with its implementation. Especially at first. Immediately map out potential outlets and distribution channels available in your area.

Popular destinations

Cows are the most popular destination

Many peasant families today keep several heads of cattle. For them, this is an affordable option for additional earnings on the sale of dairy products and meat. For some families, this is the only source of income in rural areas.

Demand for these types of livestock products is consistently high. Perhaps you should also pay attention to this direction.

According to statistics, most often, farm owners choose meat or dairy for their business. There are more requirements for the production of milk from the state. And the costs for the dairy business will need to be larger than for the meat business.

The choice of breeds of cows has many nuances. You need to carefully prepare for their purchase by studying as much information as possible. Learn more about popular breeds in your field by carefully weighing the pros and cons of each. Keep in mind that there are meat breeds and there are dairy breeds. If funds are limited, you can buy heifers and hold them for 1-2 years. If there are 10 or more cows, a bull will be needed to fertilize them. For a smaller number, artificial insemination is suitable.

Legalizing your business: state registration

Officially, the farm starts from scratch with the state registration of the enterprise.

Each farm owner is required to legalize his business by opening an individual entrepreneur or LLC. Most often, the first option is chosen as simpler and more profitable in terms of taxation.

If you plan to supply products to retail chains, first get the go-ahead from Rospotrebnadzor and firefighters. You will also need a land lease agreement.

Since food is produced on farms, the owners must have documents confirming its worthy quality. When it comes to the production of meat, it is necessary to obtain a veterinary examination.

Farm place

Choosing a location for a farm requires a careful and unhurried approach. It is worth looking for it in advance. Many offers today can be considered without leaving home, via the Internet. Specialized agencies are ready to provide assistance in this matter.

But there is no need to rush to conclude an agreement. It is important to get more information about the land itself. There are moments that sellers or landlords are silent about. But the locals are willing to share what they know. So if possible, visit the places you like in person and ask the local population.

When choosing a site, one should pay attention to such parameters as soil characteristics, pasture capacity, vegetation, availability and cost of storage facilities.

You can buy land with everything you need to run a farm. There are plots that are sold with sheds, fences, etc.

room

The size of the room in each case is different. It depends on the scale of the young enterprise and the direction of its activities. There are several general requirements:

1. Warmth and cleanliness of the room

In winter, you need to especially monitor the temperature. It is important that the room was at least 17 degrees Celsius and maintained normal humidity. And no drafts. This is not only inhumane to animals, but also leads to loss of profit. Also, the room needs access to fresh air.

1. Proper layout

On farms of different types, it is different. For example, if you are raising poultry, you will need to install cages. In the case of cattle, you will need stalls and feeders. Devices for cleaning manure when growing different living creatures will be different.

1. Water

Raising animals requires a lot of water every day. The premises must be provided with it in abundance.

Equipment

This item of expenditure is usually the most costly. It will require solid investments - at least 2 million rubles. Having bought everything you need, you won’t open a farm right away. You will have to wait, allocating time for installation. Sometimes this process takes several months.

For a cattle farm, you need to purchase fences, drinkers, feeders, stall materials and manure removal mechanisms. Immediately consider the need to prepare food for the winter. Of course, it is easier to buy it, but it will cost more. For harvesting on your own, you will need equipment (tractor, mower, trailers, devices for loading and unloading, etc.).

For the dairy business, it is necessary to purchase milking equipment and choose a more spacious room. After all, you will have to keep calves somewhere, perform milking, put milk, place cows that are not milked.

You should not buy everything at once, the best and most expensive. It would be wiser to buy only what is needed at first, and not what you want. Over time, you will gain experience and better understand what your farm is missing. Often farms are equipped in stages over 5-10 years. In order to save money, farm equipment can be bought at auctions.

Sales options

Before you open a farm from scratch, consider possible marketing options.

The farm can sell its products in two directions:

1. local markets.
2. Trading networks.

Constantly think about the question: how to reduce the cost of production with the same product quality? Inexpensive food products significantly increase the chances of a firm foothold in the market.

Staff: how to provide work for the whole family and neighbors

Farming is most often a family business.

Often, not only its owner and organizer, but also his whole family is involved in the farm. Food production in our country is traditionally a family business, which employs several generations, as well as close and distant relatives of the family.

If you have a family, discuss this issue with them in advance. Of course, a family farm is more profitable than hired labor. Each employee has a personal interest in the success of the business and will work “in good faith”. Yes, and savings on wages for staff. At first, after opening, it will be very helpful.

If the farming business becomes the business of the whole family, there are more chances to receive preferential terms from the state. Now there are government programs specifically for creating family farms. For example, to open such a farm, you can get a loan on favorable terms.

Expenses, investments, profit

Those who are only interested in how to open a farm so far should know one compelling advantage of this business. It is promising in that it constantly receives support from the state. Much is being done to increase the number of domestic food producers. They receive good incentives for development in the form of benefits, subsidies, free land, and financial resources to start. Learn more about these programs. You may also be able to get help from the state.

In general, the initial costs will be something like this:

Table. Capital investments

On average, a farm receives an income of 200 thousand to 2 million rubles per year. The payback period of the economy is from 1.5 to 3 years.

Now food prices are on the rise. What is good for farmers. And those who pay due attention to this issue have no problems with sales. Moreover, there are no restrictions on access to the sales market for the national manufacturer. Domestic food products are in demand and have a constant demand. So the farming business is a great chance to earn money and contribute to the domestic economy.

Farming is undoubtedly one of the most profitable sectors of the national economy today. Knowing how to open your own farm, an entrepreneur can make great money and at the same time become famous thanks to the sale of products in demand on the market. And in order to make a profit through agriculture, you need to know not only what equipment for the farm to purchase, but also how to develop this type of business competently.

What does it take to open a farm?

The main thing that the future farmer should study is the strategy and tactics of farming. It's important to know:

• basic principles of planning a farm complex
• rules for building various premises for the farm
• principles of housekeeping
• features of the production of certain products, breeding of certain types of animals
• points of sale for various goods

As for the production itself, it is possible to sell both meat (pork, poultry, beef), offal (kidneys and liver), eggs, as well as milk and dairy products (cottage cheese, sour cream, cream). Moreover, even fluff and animal hair will be in demand! Crop production and breeding of bees will also be popular.
Having decided on a work strategy, you can look for suitable equipment for the farm and prepare for the opening. To do this, you need to obtain a number of permits and approvals. Among them:

• land lease (purchase) agreement
• permission from Rospotrebnadzor for farming
• coordination with the fire department
• safety and quality certificates for each type of product
• veterinary certificate for meat products, if any

And, of course, it will be possible to engage in farming only after the farmer registers an individual entrepreneur.

How to open your farm: from scratch or in the footsteps of an existing farm?

It should be noted right away that building from scratch will be unprofitable. In any settlement and next to it there are a lot of lands that were used earlier, but now no one needs them. It is enough to simply buy them out together with the land plot, and this will require a minimum of investment. The main task is to correctly calculate the area of ​​land, and it should be borne in mind that more land is needed for crop production than for animal husbandry.
It is also worth considering the number and area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises that will be used for work. These will include animal shelters, livestock stalls and bird cages, individual feeders and storage areas for garbage and manure removal devices. Premises for animals must be warm - both in summer and winter (the temperature cannot be lower than 17 degrees): the presence of drafts and excessive cold reduce the productivity of animals. At the same time, a businessman will have to spend money both on the construction of the premises themselves and on engineering communications for them: a gas heating system will be needed, as well as good air humidification.
The next stage is the purchase of the necessary equipment, and if the businessman is a beginner, then you can ask neighboring farmers about what equipment is needed for the farm. In total you will need:

• animal feed machines
• feed lines
• bunkers
• dispensers
• feed loaders
• camping equipment
• drinkers

Investments and income from the farm

Investments in this type of business are quite large, and 2-3 million rubles may be needed for farm equipment alone. In addition, there will be other costs:

• up to 1 million will be spent on the purchase of a land plot with land (rent will cost less - 500-700 thousand rubles)
• 4-5 million will be required for the purchase of livestock (for a private farm, not so much may be needed - for example, 200-300 pigs or cattle: one calf, for example, can cost 20-25 thousand rubles, and for a herd of 200 calves will just need 4-5 million rubles, piglets can cost more, but poultry will cost much less)
• 500 thousand per month will be needed for the maintenance of the farm - heating, cooling, air humidification, cleaning, etc.
• 50 thousand per month will need to be spent on the purchase of animal feed
• 25-30 thousand will have to be paid monthly to the veterinarian who will examine the animals
• 15 thousand will go to wages for one farm employee

The average income from a farm depends on what is sold and in what quantities. The sale of chicks or young animals can bring from 200 thousand to 2 million rubles a year: it all depends on the productivity of individuals, the working conditions of the farm, and the businessman's strategy. Products can be sold in local markets or in large retail chains, which will require contracts. On average, the costs of this type of activity pay off in 2-3 years, if the farmer does not stop there and constantly develops. And if he not only knows what it takes to open a farm, but also tries to improve its working conditions, over time he will not only receive optimal profits, but will also become truly famous in the market.

Many novice businessmen are sure that there is nothing simpler and more profitable than agriculture: in their opinion, it is enough to plant a few hectares of land with any crop in demand to make a huge profit. In fact, in terms of the complexity of organizing and coordinating production processes, a medium-sized farm approaches an industrial enterprise, and their planning is a prerequisite for successful business.

Therefore, it is very difficult to draw up a full-fledged business plan for a farm: in fact, an entrepreneur must develop a separate project for each type of agricultural activity, and then link these documents together and coordinate with each other. Moreover, in the process of work, he will have to take into account such unpredictable values ​​as the average yield, animal productivity, survival rate of young animals and daily feed consumption. Therefore, experienced farmers recommend calculating several scenarios to make sure that the enterprise will have a margin of safety sufficient for a negative combination of circumstances.

Business features

Urban residents most often imagine a farming business as an enlarged version of a subsidiary farm, in which all possible types of poultry run around the yard, goats, sheep, cows and pigs graze in the meadow at the same time, and any vegetables grow in the beds, from potatoes to eggplants . This opinion is only partly true: indeed, mixed farms are more viable and resistant to changes in the market situation, but their creation requires the involvement of a huge amount of financial and human resources.

Therefore, entrepreneurs starting a farming business from scratch are limited to one or two popular areas, concentrating all their efforts on them. The rest of the activities are of a non-core nature and are more likely to meet personal needs or form a forage base than to make a profit.

However, even in this case, farm work cannot be called easy: animals and plants require constant, sometimes round-the-clock care without holidays, holidays and weekends. Since it is almost impossible to cope with so many tasks alone, entrepreneurs have to look for voluntary or hired assistants. For this reason, a small farm business is considered a family business: a person who is personally interested in the productivity of his work will work much more efficiently than an outside specialist.

Beginners who do not have experience in agricultural activities often believe that growing plants, like breeding animals, are industries that, in principle, cannot be unprofitable. However, in reality, these types of activities are accompanied by many risks and difficulties - for example, before starting a farming business from scratch, you need to consider that:

• Work processes have a pronounced seasonal nature, and the receipt of the first income should not be expected earlier than in 8–9 months;
• Yields, market saturation and levels of competition are affected by unpredictable weather factors;
• Demand for certain types of products is dictated by fashion trends;
• It is impossible to predict an increase or decrease in the level of prices for raw materials, seeds, fuels and lubricants, feed and fertilizers.

It should be understood that it is impossible to form an objective picture of the agro-industrial sector on the basis of shortcomings and risks alone. Therefore, when developing a business plan for the development of a farm, it is also necessary to take into account the presence of the following positive factors:

• There are many programs to support the agricultural industry, involving tax incentives, the payment of subsidies and grants, free allocation of land plots, compensation for expenses for the arrangement of peasant farms and the purchase of seed;
• With the growth of market prices for products, the income of the enterprise also increases;
• Hundreds of different directions are available to a novice entrepreneur, and in some, you can open a farming business with minimal investment;
• KFH products are classified as essential goods and are in constant market demand.

Activity registration

Studying, it can be noted that a peasant farm is an analogue of an individual entrepreneur or LLC, which is created by one or more able-bodied citizens for the purpose of producing, processing and selling any agricultural products. Taking into account the family format of the enterprise stipulated by law, it is allowed to include in its composition:

• Spouses, their parents or children, brothers and sisters, as well as grandchildren, grandparents from a maximum of three families;
• Other able-bodied citizens who are not relatives of the founders of the KFH, in the amount of a maximum of five people.

Future members of the farm must hold a meeting of founders, agree on the charter of the enterprise and choose its head, and also form the authorized capital of the peasant farm by contributing monetary or tangible assets for a total of 10,000 rubles. The result of such a meeting of all participants is the conclusion of an agreement on the establishment of a farm containing such information as:

• Passport data of members of the farm;
• Decision on the choice of the head of the peasant farm;
• Distribution of rights, duties and powers among its members;
• The procedure for the formation of common property, the rules for owning and disposing of it;
• The order of entry and exit from the association;
• Principles of income distribution of the economy.

KFH can be created even by one person, who automatically becomes its head. In this case, the procedure is greatly simplified: due to the absence of other co-owners, it is not necessary to form an authorized capital and conclude an agreement.

How to start a business: a farm is considered legitimate upon the fact of carrying out not only the specified activities, but also the state registration of the SPD. This procedure includes paying the state duty, submitting the agreed package of documents to the Federal Tax Service, registering with the FIU and opening a current account.

Choice of direction

When looking for an idea for a farming business, the state in no way limits the entrepreneur - it is enough to remember that the main features of agriculture are the natural nature of production and the possibility of reusing the resulting product in the technological process. Simply put, the cultivation of cucumbers belongs to this category, but their processing and canning no longer. within the framework of the peasant economy:

Cultivation of crops. When choosing specific types of plants, it is necessary to take into account the climatic features of the region, the nature of the soil and the availability of demand in the local market. KFH is most often cultivated:

• Cereals and cereals - corn, millet, wheat, rye and barley, sunflower;
• Vegetables - tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, carrots, potatoes;
• Fruits - pears and apples, plums, apricots and peaches, strawberries, melons;
• Greens - celery, onion, garlic, lettuce, sorrel, dill, parsley;
• Mushrooms - white, oyster mushrooms, champignons, mushrooms.

Animal husbandry and poultry farming. The popularity of the data is due to the demand for meat, milk, eggs, down, wool and hides. The farm can breed:

• Birds - chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails, exotic ostriches and peacocks;
• Ungulate animals - cows, pigs, goats, bulls, sheep, horses;
• Fur animals - rabbits, nutrias, minks, chinchillas;
• Fish and crustaceans;
• Bees, worms or insects for food.

Related business. When breeding cows, farmers receive additional income from processing milk into cottage cheese, sour cream or butter, and raising animals for meat allows diversifying the range of products with smoked meats, sausages and semi-finished products. You can also consider such a business option as a farm products store: having your own outlet will help build an audience of regular customers and increase demand. The main condition for maintaining the status of a peasant farm in this case is the structural limitation of profits: the share of income from additional activities should not exceed 30% of the total.

To simplify organizational processes, a novice entrepreneur can use one of the ready-made business plans for farms or order its development in one of the specialized companies. At the same time, the most accessible and popular among beginners are such areas as:

• Poultry farming. First of all, we are talking about, whose meat at an affordable price is one of the best in taste, and eggs are used in 80% of recipes for meat dishes and desserts. In addition, for rearing 500–1000 birds, large premises are not needed, and feed consumption does not exceed 100 g per day for each adult;
• Pig breeding. With intensive methods, after 7-8 months, the animals reach a marketable weight of 110-120 kg: a small farm for 100-200 heads in this case pays off after the sale of only two or three offspring. At the same time, independent cultivation of grain and vegetables allows you to additionally save on the purchase of feed and increase the profitability of the enterprise;
• . This type of business is easy to start with a small herd and gradually increase the number of herds, offering buyers such in-demand products as milk, cheese and wool. Due to the small size and unpretentiousness of animals, it is possible to save on the construction of a farm, and the omnivorous nature of animals allows the use of any food base;
• Sheep breeding. involves making a profit from the sale of wool, lamb, fur and healthy sheep's milk. A significant disadvantage of this type of activity is the need to allocate sufficiently large areas for pastures;
• Breeding of cattle. Even a small herd of 5-6 heads allows you to earn up to 30,000 rubles a month on the sale of milk and dairy products. Gobies are successfully grown for meat: already at the age of 12 months, an animal weighing up to 400 kg can be sold for 25-35 thousand rubles;
• Vegetable growing. Entrepreneurs who have invested in the construction of heated greenhouse complexes receive three crops annually and pay back millions of investments in less than two years. However, even on the cultivation of garlic in the open field, you can earn about 900 thousand rubles a year.

Lot search

The process of creating an agricultural enterprise begins with the search for a fertile land plot, the size and type of which depend on the chosen type of activity. For example, it does not involve the use of large production areas, while the cultivation of wheat or potatoes is unprofitable on a scale of one or two hectares. To choose the right location for the farm, you need to take into account the following factors:

• If it is necessary to deliver over long distances, the cost of production increases significantly, so it is better to look for a site near large cities;
• If possible, avoid proximity to industrial enterprises and seek land in areas with good ecological conditions;
• A prerequisite is the presence on the site of the possibility of connecting to electrical networks and water supply;
• The asset of the livestock farm should be hay meadows and areas for planting grain, which will allow creating its own forage base;
• The required pasture area is calculated on the basis of grazing norms for certain types of domestic animals;
• The presence of natural reservoirs on the territory of the site allows you to additionally engage in the cultivation of geese or fish breeding;
• Complementing the farm with an apiary, it is advisable to locate the hives not far from the main places where honey plants grow.

The amount of expenses for the acquisition of land is limited only by the financial capabilities of the entrepreneur - for example, a business plan for a farm may include the following options for obtaining a plot:

• Purchase (the cost of land starts from 7,500 rubles per hectare);
• Long-term lease (average rate - from 400 rubles per hectare per year);
• Free use of municipal lands with subsequent transfer to ownership subject to certain conditions.

Premises and equipment

The next step in the arrangement of the farm is the preparation of production facilities. Of course, plots with ready-made buildings are sometimes found on sale, but their cost is usually frankly overpriced, so an entrepreneur, as part of a business plan for a peasant farm, most often has to provide for the cost of arranging a farm from scratch. Listing the composition and purpose of the main structures, it should be mentioned:

• Granaries and vegetable stores;
• Silo pits and sheds for storing hay;
• manure pits;
• Rooms and enclosures for animals and birds;
• Utility rooms, repair shops;
• Premises for slaughtering and cutting livestock and poultry;
• Greenhouse complexes.

The specificity of agricultural work requires the use of certain equipment, which is conditionally divided into two groups: equipment that helps mechanize labor-intensive production processes, and devices used to ensure comfortable conditions for keeping plants and animals. It should be noted that it is impossible to do without equipment at all: even such a simple business as requires the purchase of incubators, brooders and cell batteries for chicks. In general, the farm can find application:

1. Tractor with a full set of attachments;
2. Freight car;
3. Diesel power station;
4. Irrigation system with pumps;
5. Special lighting fixtures;
6. Heating system with gas or solid fuel stoves;
7. Ventilation systems for farms and greenhouses;
8. Refrigerators for vegetables, fruit and meat;
9. Drinkers, feeders, water tanks;
10. Feed preparation devices - grain crushers, feed cutters;
11. Standard agricultural tools.

Heavy equipment can be rented at the initial stage, and as the business develops, potato and grain harvesters, harrows, mowers, and cultivators can be gradually acquired.

Staff

Most aspiring entrepreneurs at the start prefer to manage on their own and with the help of family members. However, as the enterprise develops, the volume of current tasks increases significantly, as a result of which there is a need to attract not only qualified specialists, but also working personnel. For example, a business plan for a peasant farm specializing in animal husbandry and crop production should provide for the search and hiring of:

• Agrotechnics, whose responsibilities include planning sowing and harvesting, monitoring compliance with the technology of growing plants;
• Animal husbandry, which makes up the diet and norms of feeding animals, controlling the conditions of their maintenance and breeding;
• Veterinarian to monitor the health of animals and birds, vaccination and treatment, as well as to issue accompanying documents for products;
• Butcher, engaged in slaughtering cattle and butchering carcasses;
• Accountant conducting financial operations at the enterprise;
• Drivers, combine operators, field workers, milkmaids.

Marketing methods

After harvesting, the farmer has to solve a less difficult task: to look for quick and profitable ways to sell his products, which, given the short shelf life, sometimes turns into a real problem.

Depending on the volume of production of peasant farms, you can choose retail or wholesale distribution channels. The first ones include:

• Weekend fairs. Special events, the fashion for which has appeared in the capital, gather a huge number of citizens and entrepreneurs. Here you can sell any agricultural products, with the exception of home-made meat and dairy products;
• Food markets. Many buyers are convinced that the markets sell better and more natural products than supermarkets. With small and medium production volumes, farmers rent one or more points here, hire distributors and bring fresh goods daily;
• Own outlets. The presence within reach of a large city makes you think about the advisability of developing a business plan for a farm products store and consider opening your own vegetable pavilion or butcher shop here. In such outlets, you can sell not only your own goods, but also the products of other peasant farms.

It is much easier to sell meat, milk or vegetables in bulk, since in this case the farmer does not have to spend time and resources on such non-core activities as finding a place to trade, obtaining permits and selecting sellers. The only drawback of this method is the pricing policy of buyers: in order to interest counterparties, the entrepreneur is forced to provide them with a discount of 25–35%, which is not always justified for farms with low profitability.

The main wholesale customers of KFH are dealers, retail chains, supermarkets and catering establishments. In addition, you can regularly sell sufficiently large volumes of products using such distribution channels as:

1. Specialized exhibitions. Such events are often attended by intermediaries, representatives of wholesale companies and processing enterprises in search of new partners, therefore, a high-quality presentation of their products and farming opportunities will make it possible to conclude profitable long-term contracts;
2. State and commercial tenders. The search for suppliers on a competitive basis is carried out by state, educational and medical institutions, as well as processing enterprises. To win the tender, the entrepreneur must guarantee the regular supply of the agreed quantity of products of the required quality at a competitive price;
3. wholesale markets. You can also find customers at wholesale food markets and vegetable bases. Some farmers rent their own warehouse here, others sell their goods to local dealers;
4. Electronic platforms. There are many trading platforms on the Internet, where not only farmers, but also suppliers of fertilizers, seeds, and equipment place their offers. Such electronic exchanges allow you to quickly find counterparties with the most advantageous offers.

Related videos

Investments and income

Ceteris paribus, mixed farms have certain advantages over specialized farms: even if demand for one type of product falls, they avoid significant losses by selling other products. However, to create such a large enterprise, no less large investments will be required, therefore, for start-up entrepreneurs, the best development path would be to implement two or three of the most popular business ideas with a phased coverage of related areas in the future.

In the process of designing an agricultural enterprise and determining the scale of investments, it is also necessary to take into account that the farmer will receive the first profit in the best case in 5-10 months. Thus, he will not only have to purchase equipment, seed and young animals, but also constantly buy additional fertilizers, feed, fuel, and pay utility bills throughout the season. Summarizing the above, you can make a list of farm expenses:

• Land acquisition and construction works;
• Purchase of equipment and agricultural machinery;
• Ordering seed or young stock;
• Payment for the supply of feed, fuel and fertilizers;
• staff salaries;
• Rental of heavy equipment (if necessary);
• Payment of utility services;
• tax payments;
• Marketing expenses;
• Product certification.

Thus, the cost of creating medium-sized peasant farms from scratch reaches 7–10 million rubles. To reduce this amount, some entrepreneurs start by buying a small plot of 25-40 acres in rural areas, on which residential and outbuildings have already been erected. Using this area, you can open the following types of business:

Types of agricultural business

Direction	Investments, rub.	Profit, rub.	Payback period
Beekeeping	350000	600,000 per year	8 months
Pig breeding	600000	450,000 per year	18 months
Crayfish breeding	550000	450,000 per year	15 months
Breeding rabbits	1800000	500,000 per year	36 months
Breeding nutria	200000	250000 per year	12 months
Goose breeding	380000	600,000 per year	12 months
Chicken breeding	650000	450,000 per year	18 months
Guinea fowl breeding	300000	270,000 per year	12 months
Quail breeding	450000	75000 per month	6 months
Breeding turkeys	550000	600,000 per year	12 months
Growing cucumbers	1200000	600,000 per year	24 months
Growing champignons	850000	75000 per month	11 months
Oyster mushroom cultivation	250000	30000 per month	9 months
Growing garlic	150000	900000 per year	12 months
Growing vegetables	400000	510000 per year	12 months
Growing green onions	280000	150000 per year	24 months
Growing potatoes	700000	350000 per year	36 months

Conclusion

Many enterprising people try their hand at areas close to agriculture: some are engaged, others arrange a greenhouse in their own apartment and sell houseplants, others acquire summer cottages and plant garlic or herbs there. In such a situation, a gradual transition to full-fledged farming is logical.

However, it is impossible to hurry in this matter: despite the high profitability, such a business is sensitive to mistakes and miscalculations of beginners: it is enough to purchase seeds of dubious quality or use the wrong fertilizers to lose the entire crop. Therefore, only a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience will help an entrepreneur create a successful farm.

Today, such a branch of the national economy as farming is developing at a rapid pace throughout the world. In almost any city or village there is a person involved in this business. Until recently, farming has declined significantly, but in recent years it has flourished again and brings huge profits to its owners.

It should be noted that farming makes it possible to sell such valuable products on the market as, for example, meat (pork, beef, poultry), milk and dairy products (sour cream, cottage cheese, cream), eggs, offal (liver, kidneys), animal hair, fluff Meat and milk are indispensable components of food, in this regard, they will always be in demand, and this, in turn, guarantees profit for private entrepreneurs.

Back to index

Required documents and permits

Before you start work, you need to decide for yourself what exactly you need to do and what is most profitable. Currently, there are several types of farms: livestock, poultry, dairy, crop farms, bee farms and others. Each of them is profitable in some way. So, the first step towards opening a farm is choosing a location. It can be a large farming settlement or a small house with a designated area.

It is unprofitable to build a farm from scratch, as there are many abandoned lands that are not used by anyone. The easiest way would be to buy them with the land. It will cost much less.

Secondly, you need to decide on the type, that is, what or who you will contain. Thirdly, it is important to clearly define the scale of the economy. If this is crop production, here you need to correctly calculate the required area for planting. If this is animal husbandry, then the number of possible livestock, the necessary equipment and the size of the premises are calculated. If you plan to sell products to various retail chains in the future, then you need to collect a whole list of important documents, such as a lease or purchase agreement for land, permission from the Rospotrebnadzor authorities, the fire inspectorate for housekeeping. It is necessary, among other things, to register as an individual entrepreneur. All products must be issued quality and safety certificates, as well as a veterinary examination of meat products.

Back to index

Planning and procurement of equipment

One of the most expensive, along with the purchase of feed (if it is a livestock farm), will be the purchase of equipment. If this is a large farm, then the costs can reach up to 2-3 million rubles. Equipment can be found by asking nearby farmers for information. The fact that it can take several months in time is also very important, because after the purchase it must also be rationally arranged and installed. The next important point is the layout of the room itself. As mentioned above, the areas can be very different. If this is livestock or poultry farming, then the organization of stalls for livestock or cages for poultry will be mandatory. Individual feeders and devices for cleaning manure and debris are also installed here.

The room should be warm both in winter and in summer. The temperature during the cold period should not be lower than 17 degrees. For this purpose, a gas heating system is used, other options are possible. In addition, the humidity must be maintained at a constant level. The presence of drafts reduces the productivity of animals, especially egg production. But, nevertheless, the room must be constantly ventilated. Lighting should be uniform.

Let's take a closer look at how to organize some types of farms.

Back to index

pig farm

Pig farming is one of the most widespread and profitable farming areas. An interesting fact is that pork is the second most popular meat after poultry, as it is cheaper than beef and has good taste. Its consumption is 30% of all meat products. Pig-breeding farms are divided into 3 groups according to their size. The first of them is large pig-breeding complexes, where the number of livestock is more than 12,000. The second is from 100 to 12,000 and the third is private land, where there are less than 100 animals.

The advantage of raising pigs is that they grow very fast, about 10 times faster than cattle. This makes them irreplaceable and very valuable in the market. In addition, they also gain their mass quickly. By 6 months of age, well-fed pigs can weigh 100 kg and are ready for slaughter. Another advantage is that these animals fully use and absorb all the nutrients from the feed. Pigs are unpretentious in food and maintenance. They breed well. If there are 300-350 heads of sows, there should be 15-10 boars, the rest are fattened for slaughter.

Equipment for this kind of premises should be special. In most cases, pigs are fed dry food, so you need to purchase machines for feeding it. The equipment includes: a bunker, feed lines, dispensers. If there is a place to be individual nutrition, then feeders are provided. It is very important to purchase drinkers for pigs and feeders, machine tools.

Back to index

Purchase of animals and necessary feed

You can buy piglets or pigs at the nearest livestock market. It is worth starting with 300-350 individuals, and the queens and boars should be purchased from different buyers in order to avoid inbreeding and reduce the productivity of livestock. Such a number of pigs will require a huge amount of feed. Up to 35 tons of feed will be required per year, as well as approximately 300 kg of special additives. The latter is mandatory, since top dressing contains vitamins and minerals necessary for the body of pigs, which may be scarce in the daily diet. Proper balanced nutrition will contribute to the rapid growth and proper development of young and adult individuals. Seriously, it is worth considering the points of purchase of feed. It is important that the supplier sells quality products, otherwise the profit may be zero.

As for the cost, the purchase of equipment will take about 2-3 million rubles. Each month, the payment of wages to the staff will require: 10-15 thousand pigs and 20-25 veterinarians. But the most expensive will, of course, be food. Indeed, for the purchase, for example, 15 kg of compound feed, you need to spend 120 rubles. The profitability of the project will be about 25%. Payback periods are very different, on average 2-3 years.

Back to index

poultry farm

Poultry has been the main product of the meat industry in recent years. The reasons for this are the low cost of meat on the market, the high demand, and the ease of breeding poultry. Poultry, and mainly chicken, ranks first in terms of consumption, leaving pork and beef behind. Consider how to open a poultry farm from scratch. Unlike pig breeding, such a business does not require expensive equipment and large areas for premises. A business from scratch for growing chickens is considered very profitable, while the profitability is 100%. Chickens are the main supplier of eggs and meat. The conditions of detention for them are especially simple: they require constant care and supervision, which takes from 2 to 4 hours a day.

The bird is kept in chicken coops with individual or collective feeders, while a certain rule must be observed: all birds are fed at about the same time. Dry coma, chopped grass, cereals, bread, and so on are introduced into the diet. Chickens should be fed well. Finely chopped shells or gravel must be poured into the feeders so that the birds can make up for the calcium deficiency. It is very important that the room where the animals are kept is well heated and ventilated, but without drafts. You can buy chickens on the market, they are inexpensive. To make a deal, you will need documents on vaccinations, information about age, previous diseases, the name of the breed, that is, the so-called passport.