“Presentation “Life and traditions of a peasant family. Presentation on the topic of the peasantry everyday life and customs Presentation on the topic of the estate peasants

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Text content of presentation slides: Life and traditions of a peasant family In ancient times, almost all of Rus' was made of wood. In Rus', it was believed that the tree has a beneficial effect on a person, it is good for his health. It is the tree that has long been considered a symbol of the birth of life and its continuation. Huts in the old days were built of spruce or pine. There was a pleasant resinous smell from the logs in the hut. Russian people who lived many years ago built huts for their families. Hut ( country house) - the most common building of that time. The peasant built the house firmly, for centuries. The peasant built the hut himself or hired experienced carpenters. Sometimes "help" was organized when the whole village worked for one family. The peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. The situation was modest, strict, everything in its place, everything for the good of the cause. It turns out that one could stumble at the entrance to the hut. Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. So the peasants took care of the heat, tried not to let it out. The windows were initially covered with mica or bull bladders. Glass in Novgorod and Moscow appeared in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and they were placed only in rich houses. And mica, and bubbles, and even glass of that time only let light through, and what was happening on the street was not visible through them. The window is another entrance to the house. Window is a very ancient word, it was first mentioned in the chronicles in the 11th century and is found among all Slavic peoples. In folk beliefs, it was forbidden to spit through the window, throw out garbage, pour something out of the house, since under it "there is an angel of the Lord." “Give (to the beggar) through the window - give to God.” Windows were considered the eyes of the house. A person looks through the window at the sun, and the sun looks at him through the window (the eyes of the hut). That is why signs of the sun were often carved on the architraves. The riddles of the Russian people say this: “The red girl looks out the window” (the sun). The windows in the house traditionally in Russian culture have always tried to be oriented "for the summer" - that is, to the east and south. The largest windows of the house always looked out onto the street and the river, they were called "red" or "skewed" The peasant's hut was rather poor, and consisted of simple tables and shops, but also for lodging, fixed along the wall (they served not only for sitting, but also for lodging for the night). The goddess was carefully decorated with an elegant towel - “rushnik". Sometimes the goddess was illuminated with a lamp - a vessel with oil or candles. A person entering the hut must take off his hat, turn to face the icons, cross himself, bow low. And only then enter the house. The icons were carefully stored and handed down from generation to generation. The central place is occupied by the stove. The entire internal layout of the hut depended on the location of the stove. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall so that there was no fire. The space between the wall and the stove is called "baking". There, the hostess kept the tools necessary for work: tongs, a large shovel, a poker. Cast irons and pots were placed on the hearth near the stove. Inventory, firewood were stored in a niche under the hearth. There were small niches in the oven for drying mittens, felt boots. All. She not only fed the whole family. She warmed the house, it was warm and cozy even in the most severe frosts. Children and old people slept on the stove. Young and healthy people were not allowed to lie on the stove. They said about lazy people: “He rubs bricks on the stove. Oh, Russian white stove. A source of good for the house. You are so close to me And so familiar from childhood. The taste of their pies And pancakes on the languor. Porridge with broth From those iron pots. With that rye bread In home-made boxes. And with delicious jam From forest berries. The aroma of mushrooms On a dried couch. And the crackling of logs In the womb of the oven Many curious legends and folk customs are associated with the oven. It was believed that a brownie lives behind the stove - the keeper of the hearth. During the matchmaking, the bride was traditionally hidden behind the stove. The stove served not only for heating the peasant hut and cooking. They washed in the oven in Ancient Rus'. In Russian folk tales the stove is often referred to and usually inherently associated with the main character. Let's remember these stories. dining table by Orthodox custom always placed in the red corner. At the table, the whole family "ate" - took food. The table was usually covered with a tablecloth. There was always a salt shaker on the table, and a loaf of bread lay: salt and bread were symbols of the well-being and prosperity of the family .. A large peasant family sat at the table according to custom. The place of honor at the head of the table was occupied by the father - "highway". To the right of the owner, the sons were sitting on the bench. The left shop was for the female half of the family. The hostess rarely sat down at the table, and even then from the edge of the bench. She busied herself at the stove, served food on the table. Her daughters helped her. Having sat down at the table, everyone waited for the owner to command: “With God, we started,” and only after that they began to eat. At the table it was forbidden to talk loudly, laugh, knock on the table, turn around, argue. Parents said that this would bring hungry "sinisters" to the table - ugly little men who would bring illness and hunger to the family. The peasant hut was distinguished by cleanliness: cleaning was done regularly, curtains and towels were changed frequently. Next to the stove in the hut there was always a washstand - an earthenware jug with two spouts: water was poured on one side, and poured out on the other. Dirty water was collected in a tub - a special wooden bucket. Water was also carried in wooden buckets on a yoke. It was about him that they said: "Not light nor dawn went, bent over, from the yard." The peasants were especially respectful of bread. The owner cut off from the loaf and distributed to everyone his share of bread. Breaking bread was not accepted. If the bread fell on the floor, they picked it up, kissed it, asked for forgiveness from it. Salt was also revered. It was served to the table in beautiful wicker or wooden salt licks. Hospitality was the rule of Russian life, a custom that Russian people still observe. "Bread and salt" - this is how people greet the owners who entered the house while eating. Almost everything in the hut was done by hand. Long winter evenings they cut bowls and spoons, hollowed out ladles, weaved, embroidered, weaved bast shoes and tuesas, baskets. Although the decoration of the hut did not differ in the variety of furniture: a table, benches, benches (benches), capitals (stools), chests, everything was done carefully, with love and was not only useful, but also beautiful, pleasing to the eye. This desire for beauty, craftsmanship was passed down from generation to generation. It was hard to imagine a peasant house without numerous utensils that had accumulated for decades, if not centuries, and literally filled the space. Utensils are the whole set of items that a person needs in his everyday life. In the Russian village, mainly wooden and pottery utensils were used. Metal, glass, porcelain was less common. The traditional utensils were: a poker, a fork, these are items associated with the hearth and stove. A poker is a short thick iron rod with a bent end, which served to stir the coals in the furnace and shovel the heat. With the help of a fork (it was also called a stag), they moved pots and cast iron in the oven, they could also be removed or installed in the oven. It is a metal bow mounted on a long wooden handle Just like wood, clay was a common material in Rus'. Clay products were distinguished by their strength, durability, and special beauty. Mostly pottery was made from clay. These are krynki and pots. Pottery was mainly used for cooking food in an oven and serving it on the table, sometimes for pickling, pickling vegetables. The manufacturing technology was simple, but required certain skills and abilities. Well-made clay dishes served for a very long time, food did not spoil in it. For many centuries, the main kitchen vessel in Rus' was a pot. They valued the pots, tried to handle them carefully. If it cracked, it was braided with birch bark and used to store food. Clay jars kept milk well in cellars, and sour cream in clay pots. Fresh milk was drunk with rye bread from clay mugs. Later, iron utensils appeared. Here we have cast iron. Cast iron - a large vessel, a cast iron pot, rounded, for stewing and cooking in a Russian stove. A feature of cast iron is its shape, which repeats the shape of a traditional clay oven pot: narrower towards the bottom, expanding towards the top. .Tubs and barrels were made from wood for pickling cabbage and cucumbers. The taste of cabbage and cucumbers is extraordinary. A samovar is a device for preparing boiling water. "He cooks" - hence the word came from. The samovar owes its appearance to tea. Tea was brought to Russia in the 17th century from Asia, and was used at that time as a medicine among the nobility. Where and when did the first samovar appear? Who invented it? Unknown. It is only known that, going to the Urals in 1701, the Tula blacksmith-industrialist I. Demidov took with him skilled workers, copper craftsmen who made samovars. A trough is an open oblong container. It was originally made of wood: a half of a split log was trimmed and hollowed out from the flat side; troughs are: "wind", "linden", "aspen". In the 19th century, they began to make metal troughs, however, wooden ones continued to be used in peasant farms. In Rus', the trough has been known since the 10th century, this is evidenced by the archaeological finds of Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga and other places where the tree is well preserved in the ground. They were used in different ways, like any container: for harvesting apples, cabbage, etc., for harvesting pickles, for washing, bathing, for cooling beer, wort during brewing, kneading bread in them and feeding livestock and poultry from them. In an inverted form, they used it as a large lid, a trough in the household came in handy for everything and had the most diverse purpose, and in winter, peasant children rode in them from the hills, like in a sled. Their shape has not changed over the centuries, it has always been the same as it is now, elongated, unlike basins and bowls, the purpose of which is very similar, but the shape is round. And the sizes varied: from the largest, reaching 2 m in length with a width of about cm, to small ones, having a length of cm and a width of cm. Small troughs were used in the kitchen for cooking, cutting and chopping small quantities products For bulk products, tueski were made - boxes of birch bark. Often they were covered with ornaments. Baskets were woven from willow branches. A rubel is a household item that in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. The rubel was a plate of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in shape features or in a peculiar decor. Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The more wealth in the family, the more chests in the hut. They were made of wood, upholstered with iron strips for strength. Quite often, ingenious mortise locks were made on the chests. If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age, a dowry was collected for her in a separate chest. Together with this chest, she moved after the wedding to her husband's house. Charcoal irons appeared in the times of Peter the Great in the 17th century. They were cast iron. In internal cavity such irons were poured with hot coals, after which they began to iron the linen. As it cooled down, the coals were changed to new ones. And here is a modern electric iron. Another type of iron is solid, made of cast iron or bronze. Such irons were initially heated on a stove, and later on electric and gas stoves over low heat for half an hour. Since they could not be taken without a potholder, over time, solid irons were significantly improved: they began to be made in pairs - with one common removable handle for two cast-iron blades. While they were ironing with one cloth, the second was heated, which made the ironing process continuous. In the evenings, when it got dark, Russian huts were lit with torches. A bundle of splinters was inserted into special forged lights that could be fixed anywhere. Sometimes they used oil lamps - small bowls with upturned edges. Only fairly wealthy people could afford to use candles for this purpose. In the late evenings, the mistress of the house wove a linen for family members. Peasant families were large, up to 12-14 people. A lot of linen was required, from which peasant clothes were sewn. In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. A special iron ring was inserted into the central beam of the ceiling of the hut - a mother, a cradle was attached to it. A peasant woman, sitting at work on a bench, put her foot into the loop of the cradle and rocked it. The families of the peasants were large and friendly. Parents with many children treated their children with love and care. They believed that by the age of 7-8 the child was already “entering the mind” and began to teach him everything that they knew and could do themselves. The father instructed the sons, and the mother taught the daughters. From an early age, every peasant child prepared himself for the future duties of a father - the head and breadwinner of the family or mother - the keeper of the hearth. Parents taught the children unobtrusively: at first the child simply stood next to the adult and watched how he worked. Then the child began to give instruments, to support something. He was already becoming an assistant. After some time, the child was already entrusted with doing part of the work. Then the child was already made special children's tools: a hammer, a rake, a spindle, a spinning wheel. Parents taught that their own tool is an important matter, you can’t give it to anyone - they “spoil”, and you can’t take tools from others. “A good master works only with his tool,” the parents taught. For the work done, the child was praised and presented. The first product made by the child, he also got: a spoon, bast shoes, mittens, an apron, a pipe. The sons were the main assistants of the father, and the daughters helped the mother. The boys, together with their father, made different material toys - homemade, weaved baskets, boxes, bast shoes, planed dishes, household utensils, made furniture. Each peasant knew how to skillfully weave bast shoes. Men wove bast shoes for themselves and for the whole family. They tried to make them strong, warm, waterproof. The father helped the boys, instructed, praised. “The work teaches, torments, and feeds”, “Superfluous craft does not hang behind your back,” my father used to say. In every peasant yard there was always cattle. They kept a cow, a horse, goats, sheep, a bird. After all, cattle gave a lot useful products for family. Men took care of the cattle: they fed, removed manure, cleaned the animals. Women milked cows, drove cattle to pasture. The main worker on the farm was a horse. All day the horse worked in the field with the owner. They grazed the horses at night. It was the duty of the sons. For the horse, various devices were needed: clamps, shafts, reins, bridles, sledges, carts. The owner himself made all this together with his sons. From early childhood, any boy could harness a horse. From the age of 9, the boy began to be taught to ride and drive a horse. Often, boys of 8-9 years old were released into shepherdesses, he worked "in people", grazed the herd and earned a little - food, gifts. It was a help to the family. From the age of 10-12, the son helped his father in the field - he plowed, harrowed, fed sheaves and even threshed. By the age of 15-16, the son turned into the father's main assistant, working on a par with him. My father was always there and helped, prompted, supported. The people said: “The father of the son does not teach badly”, “With the craft you will go through the whole world - you will not be lost.” If the father was fishing, then the sons were also next to him. It was a game for them, a joy, and the father was proud that he had such assistants. Thank you for your attention

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In total there are 19 presentations in the topic

Peasantry Completed by students 6b:
Asatullaeva Mohinur,
Martynova Anastasia,
Chernykh Olesya

PEASANTRY is one of
historical first
appeared on earth
social groups,
employed in kind or
agricultural
production. Peasantry
was also numerous
layer of medieval society.

Peasant - a villager engaged in
cultivation of agricultural crops and
animal breeding as its main
work.

The peasants were
on the very
latest
steps
medieval
society. Knights
considered the peasants
people of the second
varieties: low,
uneducated
rough and dirty. They were always hungry
constantly dying from numerous diseases
during epidemics.

The peasants of the palace and the owner did not have
the right to leave the master's lands without permission
feudal lord (landlord), could not make decisions
and work as you please. The feudal lord could
sell or exchange. For breaking the rules, he
punish them severely. But at the same time he protected them.
from neighbor raids. They also had to carry
duties: quitrent and corvée.
The feudal lord also depended on the peasants. They fed him
removed locks, etc.

villages in
whom they
lived
reached
approximately
15 yards. IN
every cozy
family backyard
stood not only
dwelling, but also a barn, a barn, a poultry house and various
farm outbuildings. Most of the time the house was
built of wood, stone, which was winged
reeds or hay.

In one
cozy
indoors
and slept and
ate. In the house
stood
wood
table,
some
benches,
chest for
storage
clothes. Slept on wide beds
lay a mattress with straw or hay.

In food
diet
peasants
included porridge,
vegetables, cheese
products and
fish. During
middle ages
didn't make bread
due to the fact that grind the grain into a state
flour was very difficult. Meat dishes were
characteristic only for the festive table.
Instead of sugar, peasants used wild honey
bees.

Ordinary clothes of peasants
was a linen shirt and
pants to the knees or to
ankles. over the shirt
put on another one, with more
long sleeves, - blio.
For outerwear
used a raincoat
clasp at shoulder level.
The peasants went more often
barefoot or uncomfortable
clogs with wooden
sole.

Dependent peasants
staged uprisings
against the feudal lords
freedom. But everything was
like before. But only
after the Crusades
campaigns seniors steel
contact better
peasants. And they didn't
restore
addiction.