What are atypical cells of the cervix, where and how do they appear, do they need to be treated. How do atypical cells arise and why are they dangerous? Atypical bodies

From the cervix is ​​a cytological study using the material staining method. this study allows to diagnose with high accuracy the early precancerous condition of the cells of the epithelium and cervix.

Another name for this study is a pap test or smear for oncocytology. A mixed smear from the cervix and cervical canal is examined by microscopy. Preparation for the study is not required. The analysis is prescribed by a gynecologist or oncologist.

Research method

From the material stained by the Papanicolaou method (pap test) from the external uterine os and cervix, atypical cells and a precancerous condition are reliably detected by cytological examination. The biomaterial, as a rule, is taken with the help of a cytobrush from two points of the exocervix and the epithelium of the endocervix, then it is fixed on the glass with alcohol.

This study reveals the presence of infections and pathology of the endometrium and endocervix. Early diagnosis allows to identify the disease at an early stage and start treatment in a timely manner.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis

The main indicators of the purpose of the analysis are: a scheduled examination once every three years for women and girls three years after the onset of sexual activity, for girls under 21 years old - annually; starting from the age of 30 and up to 65 years every two to three years; with human papillomavirus - annually.

Deciphering the results

First of all, the quantity and quality of the material under study are determined. A smear with a sufficient content of cells and good quality is considered a complete one. It is necessary that a sufficient number of cells of the endocervix and squamous epithelium be present in the smear. With a lack of any cells in the material, the material is considered defective.

A negative Pap test is considered normal, which means that the epithelial cells and the cytogram correspond to age and normal.

Benign changes indicate the presence of infection, non-tumor cells, there are signs of inflammation.

They require increased attention and additional examination of changes in squamous epithelial cells, and if cancer is detected, and appropriate treatment. Changes in glandular cells also require increased attention. Examination is recommended if atypical cells of unclear significance are found.

The following factors may affect the result of the study: against the background of hormonal disorders in girls under twenty years of age, false positive results are possible. There can also be distorted results if: a woman is poorly prepared for the study; swabs taken during menstruation and contain a large number of endometrial cells, blood; spermatozoa are present in the smear; smears are contaminated with creams, ultrasound gel, condom lubricant, talc; carelessly, with non-compliance with the conditions for taking a smear, the material was prepared.

Contraindications for taking a smear

Swabs should not be taken in cases of:

• earlier than on the 5th day of the menstrual cycle; after sexual contact within 24 hours;
• after medical manipulations with the use of gels, creams, suppositories within 48 hours;
• after treatment of infectious diseases earlier than two months.

A smear for atypical cells from the cervix is ​​​​a cytological study using the material staining method. this study allows to diagnose with high accuracy the early precancerous condition of the cells of the epithelium and cervix.

Another name for this study is a pap test or smear for oncocytology. A mixed smear from the cervix and cervical canal is examined by microscopy. Preparation for the study is not required. The analysis is prescribed by a gynecologist or oncologist.

Cervix uteri is the Latin name for the cervix. Cervical cytology is a laboratory study to determine the cellular structure of this area. The swab is taken from the cervical canal. For the first time this procedure was applied by the Greek scientist Papanikolaou in the first half of the 20th century. The purpose of this survey was to detect and prevent cancer in women.

What is the procedure?

A smear for cytology is a study of the entire upper layer of the cervix using a microscope. The examination is used for the timely detection of oncology. This method is the most convenient due to painlessness and simplicity.

Cytology of the cervix is ​​useful not only for detection, it allows you to learn about changes in the structure and functioning of cells, to identify incipient infections and inflammations.

Another name for such an examination is the Pap test. It is recommended for all women aged 20 to 60 for prevention purposes at least once a year. The PAP test helps to accurately determine all abnormalities in the female reproductive system.

What is the purpose of the Pap test?

Cytology of the cervical canal is needed by every woman for prevention. Deviations in the structure of the cellular structure can be very dangerous not only for well-being, but also for life. The PAP test helps to fix the possible.

The smear gives an idea of ​​the condition of the mucosa and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms on it. The analysis cannot give exact indicators, therefore, in order to accurately determine the spread of microbes, additional studies must be resorted to.

Who needs to have a Pap test every month?

A smear for cytology should be carried out for all women from the age of 18 for prevention purposes, but there are certain risk groups for whom it is desirable to conduct an analysis once a month.

In the presence of at least one of these deviations, the Pap test should be performed monthly:

• Violations in the menstrual cycle;
• Venereal diseases;
• Genital herpes;
• genital warts;
• Infertility;
• Weak immunity;
• Past cancers.

Important! With a frequent change of sexual partners, pregnancy planning, the presence of an intrauterine device and the use of birth control pills, cytology should be performed every 1-2 months.

A smear will help to detect any pathology at the initial stage.

How is the research done?

The smear procedure is completely painless. The woman sits in a gynecological chair, and the doctor makes several smears from different surfaces of the vagina: the vaginal walls, cervical canal and paraurethral canals. For the procedure, the gynecologist uses a special spatula and a mirror. So that the instruments do not cause discomfort, the doctor heats them with hot water.

The second stage of cytology consists in applying the obtained material to the glass. It will be examined in a laboratory under a microscope. Next, the doctor enters the results of the study into the cytology form.

Smear results

Deciphering the obtained indicators is the most important stage in the analysis for cytology. According to the results, the doctor can get an idea about the state of the microflora and squamous epithelial cells, the presence of processes.

The results are deciphered according to the Papanicolaou method, in total there are five stages in the development of various deviations, each has its own description.

• First stage characterized by the absence of certain abnormalities, all epithelial cells are in a normal state, the mass of the nuclei is not increased. This result speaks about the health of a woman.
• At the second stage there are some minor changes in the cells. Usually they are caused by various inflammatory processes in the reproductive system. The second stage is the norm, but additional research should be carried out to find out the cause of the changes. Sometimes there are single binuclear cells.
• At the third stage cells with an abnormal structure are present. As a rule, these are binuclear cells. Upon receipt of such a result, you need to conduct a smear again and undergo additional studies.
• During the fourth stage there are malignant changes in the cells of the uterus. There are changes in the structure of chromosomes and cytoplasm, the mass of nuclei increases. Based on this result, it is impossible to build a final diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo further examination.
• For the fifth stage characterized by the presence of a large number of malignant cells.

The study is trying to determine if there are on the surface of the cervix. Usually, oncogenic mutations affect both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell. The altered cells have an enlarged nucleus, and the cytoplasm has anomalies in development.

It is not possible to get the results of a cytological examination immediately. A detailed transcript appears approximately on the fifth day after the scraping. Sometimes you have to wait a week for results.

The Papanicolaou method is very reliable in the study of the cervical canal. However, it provides information about the state of the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes. For an accurate analysis, a complex of studies should be completed.

A woman is healthy if all the obtained indicators correspond to the norms and there are no deviations in the structure of the cells. If the results deviate from the norm, then most often the woman has a pathology. Sometimes single erythrocytes and histiocytes appear on the surface of the cervix, which indicates inflammation.

The presence of cells with an abnormal structure does not always indicate the presence of cancer. They may talk about a sexually transmitted disease or infection.

• Chlamydia. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Typically, chlamydia is asymptomatic. The disease is practically not amenable to diagnosis by laboratory methods. Lack of treatment for chlamydia leads to serious complications.
• Gonorrhea. Infection of the genitourinary system. The chronic form of gonorrhea often leads to infertility.
• Genital warts (HPV). very dangerous for women's health, because of it warts form on the surface of the vagina and cervix. The disease often leads to infertility.
• Trichomoniasis. The disease is quite common. Among the signs of trichomoniasis: burning and itching, green discharge with an unpleasant rotten smell, pain during urination and sexual intimacy.
• Thrush. The presence of fungi in the microflora of the vagina is the norm, but sometimes, due to malfunctions in the body, they begin to multiply uncontrollably. A woman has a white discharge with a sour milky smell.

To find out which disease caused the change in the structure of cells, you need to conduct a set of additional studies, fallopian tubes, ovaries.

What is liquid cytology?

This type of survey is technologically new. The principle of cell collection remains the same, but with liquid cytology, the biomaterial is placed not immediately on the glass, but in a container with a liquid preservative. This bottle is sent for research.

In laboratories, the obtained material is purified using special equipment from leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, etc. Next, the biomaterial is applied in a thin layer on a glass slide, fixed and stained.

The liquid method has its advantages, the main of which is the basis for a deeper study of the state of the cells. The disadvantage of the method is that there are very few qualified specialists who have undergone special training, they can only be found in large clinics.

Liquid cytology is more informative for detecting cancer. Women who are prone to developing cancer should be screened for cervical cancer several times a year.

How to prepare for the procedure?

Cytological examination is one of the most important in gynecology. Before him, you need to prepare so that the results are accurate.

It is necessary to wash well before the procedure. The perineum should be washed with a special soap for intimate hygiene with a slightly acidic reaction.

A few days before cytology, douches and enemas should be abandoned. All medications must be stopped. It is advisable to give up sexual intercourse two days before cytology.

Conclusion

It is important for all women to carry out cytology of the cervix for preventive purposes. The study helps to find out if there are any violations in the cervical canal.

A cytology smear is very useful in determining cancer and inflammation. Oncocytology of the cervix allows you to cure cancer at an early stage.

Have you already had a cervical cytology? Write your opinion about the procedure in the comments.

Video: Cervical and vaginal Pap smear technique. Liquid and conventional cytology

Video: Epithelial cytology introduction

Video: Pap (PAP) test

Every day a person is exposed to various factors that can not only damage, but also change the cells of our body. These are carcinogenic, ultraviolet, electromagnetic radiation, aggressive chemicals, weak radiation. All these factors are able to change the genetic information in the cellular material. Spontaneous mutations occur. As a result, atypical cells appear in the human body. They are beyond the control of the body. Such cells acquire features that were not previously characteristic of them, which are the result of an altered genome.

Causes of atypical cells

It has long been proven that cells with altered DNA are formed in our body all the time. And we are not talking about one or two cells at all. There are many more - millions. Absolutely any previously healthy cell can become atypical at first, and then completely tumorous. Why doesn't everyone develop cancer? It's all about how the body works. Our DNA initially contains the process of aging and cell death - apoptosis. It is carried out at the genetic level. It is he who is responsible for ensuring that atypical cells are removed from the body by self-destruction. This happens almost always. A failure in programmed death is a prerequisite for the development of oncological diseases.

Can an atypical cell become a tumor cell?

In any healthy organism, there is a chain of mechanisms aimed at suppressing tumor transformation. This process is called the "reparation system". It is necessary for the body to be able to restore cellular material after exposure to negative factors. Atypical cells that are not possible to reanimate, this system destroys with the help of immune defense. But still, if a person has serious health problems, then the reparation system can fail. Then there is a risk of degeneration of cells into tumor cells. This phenomenon is called "oncogenesis". Atypical cells may have all the signs of a tumor, but it is not yet cancer. Their transformation into oncogenic ones will occur gradually. The stage at which minimal signs of changes in cellular material are revealed is called "precancer". A scenario of development is quite possible, according to which the body can cope with this pathology on its own. But for this it is necessary to remove the negative factor that affects it. Otherwise, an oncogenic disease develops.

Smear for atypical cells

To date, studies on atypical cells are carried out at each scheduled examination of a woman by a gynecologist. It is recommended to pass it annually, and in areas with poor environmental conditions - once every six months. A timely swab taken from the cervical canal can help identify pathological changes in the early stages. This analysis cannot be overestimated. A smear is taken from the mucosa when the patient is in the gynecological chair. The analysis is free of charge. Nowadays, cytological examination should be carried out everywhere and cover women of all ages. This is necessary due to the increase in cases of detection of cancer.

Today, a smear for atypical cells is performed almost every time a woman visits a gynecologist. Ideally, it should be carried out annually, then this allows them to be detected and treated in a timely manner, which excludes the development of cervical cancer.

This analysis is simple and cheap. In antenatal clinics, it is performed free of charge. It is also called or PAP test. The sampling of material for research is carried out by the gynecologist when the patient is on the examination chair. Then he puts it on glass and sends it to the laboratory.

There, the doctor stains the material and examines it under a microscope. The task of the specialist is to assess the compliance with the size, shape and norm. If everything is in order, then the analysis is negative. If atypical cells are present in the smear, then the result is considered positive.

However, this does not mean that the patient has cancer. Changes in cells can occur in the presence of inflammation, which can be caused, for example, by STDs. So, a cytogram can be of 5 types:

• I - without features;
• II - inflammation caused by Trichomonas, fungi, banal flora, gonococci, chlamydia, gardnerella, HPV and / or HSV;
• III - dysplasia of squamous or cylindrical epithelium (weak, moderate, severe);
• IV - suspicion of cancer;
• V - cancer.

The result of the analysis for atypical cells depends on the quality of the material taken, as well as on the professionalism of the person who analyzes the glass slide. Therefore, errors occur quite often. Having received a positive result of the patient, it is necessary not to be upset, but to retake it and undergo a deeper examination. In this case, a colposcopy is mandatory, an examination for infections, including mandatory for HPV HRC, and, if necessary, a biopsy.

Also, to get a reliable result, it is necessary to take the analysis correctly. A smear should not be done during menstruation, ideally it should be carried out from the 7th to the 11th day of the cycle. Two days before the study, you need to exclude sex, the use of vaginal suppositories, pills, douching. It is advisable not to take a bath, but only shower.

Massive use of analysis for atypical cells has reduced mortality from cervical cancer by 70%. Mostly, patients die from malignant processes of the cervix who have never done this analysis or have undergone it extremely rarely. To date, cancer of this organ in women is the most common after oncology of the mammary glands.

The role of HPV in the development of oncological pathologies of the cervix has been scientifically proven. Its high-ongenic types are especially dangerous, the most common and formidable of which are 18 and 16.

Women in whom they were detected in smears using PCR should undergo a cytological examination twice a year. They are 400 times more likely to develop cancer than others.

It is also believed that the occurrence of cervical cancer contributes to genital herpes. Type 2 HSV is considered more dangerous. Its combination with HRC HPV is especially undesirable. Smoking is also a risk factor for the development of cervical cancer.

It should be borne in mind that condoms, although they reduce the likelihood of contracting HPV and HSV, do not exclude it. The fact is that viruses are so small that they penetrate through their pores. Therefore, it is desirable to have one permanent partner and regularly examined by a gynecologist. It must be borne in mind that HPV can begin to manifest itself after many years.

So, atypical cells in a cervical smear are an alarming symptom and require additional examination. If the patient does not undergo therapy on time, then the development of cancer in the future is not excluded. However, regular cytological studies help to detect changes in a timely manner, when the pathology is still completely curable.

What does the presence of atypical cells in a smear for oncocytology indicate?

Atypical cells are such cellular elements that have an abnormal, irregular structure, size and shape. Such changes in cells can occur as a result of the inflammatory process. Moreover, the inflammatory process in the tissues of the cervix is ​​not so rare, as many women might think. After all, inflammation in the cervix can be provoked by human papillomaviruses, herpes simplex, ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas, chlamydia and other microorganisms. Moreover, such an inflammatory process, proceeding for a rather long time, provokes the appearance of signs of atypia in cells. This situation in the conclusion of the cytology smear analysis is described as the presence of atypical cells. Therefore, if atypical cells are found in the smear, it is necessary to undergo an additional colposcopy with a biopsy, as well as to be tested for various sexually transmitted infections.

In addition to inflammation, the cause of the appearance of atypical cells is the tumor transformation of the cellular elements of the epithelium of the cervix. However, the presence of atypical cells does not mean that a woman develops a malignant tumor. Normally, up to a million tumor cells are formed in the human body every day, which are effectively destroyed by their own immune system. Such tumor cells naturally form in the tissues of the cervix. But with the normal functioning of the immune system, atypical cells are simply destroyed and do not cause any tumor growths. Therefore, often the detection of atypical cells in a smear indicates only the physiological processes occurring in a woman's body.

If the results of a smear for cytology indicate only the presence of atypical cells and the degree of atypia is not additionally described, then most likely we are talking about inflammatory changes in the cervix. If the degree of atypia is also indicated, this means that the cells of the cervix have undergone some transformation, which at this stage is not dangerous, but theoretically, under certain conditions, they can become a source of tumor growth.

Therefore, in the presence of atypical cells according to the results of a cytology smear, it is recommended to undergo a colposcopy with a biopsy of suspicious areas of the cervix.

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Smear for atypical cells

Today, a smear for atypical cells is performed almost every time a woman visits a gynecologist. Ideally, it should be carried out annually, then this allows them to be detected and treated in a timely manner, which excludes the development of cervical cancer.

This analysis is simple and cheap. In antenatal clinics, it is performed free of charge. It is also called a cytology smear or PAP test. The sampling of material for research is carried out by the gynecologist when the patient is on the examination chair. Then he puts it on glass and sends it to the laboratory.

There, the doctor stains the material and examines it under a microscope. The task of a specialist is to assess the conformity of the size, shape and structure of cells to the norm. If everything is in order, then the analysis is negative. If atypical cells are present in the smear, then the result is considered positive.

However, this does not mean that the patient has cancer. Changes in cells can occur in the presence of inflammation, which can be caused, for example, by STDs. So, a cytogram can be of 5 types:

• I - without features;
• II - inflammation caused by Trichomonas, fungi, banal flora, gonococci, chlamydia, gardnerella, HPV and / or HSV;
• III - dysplasia of squamous or cylindrical epithelium (weak, moderate, severe);
• IV - suspicion of cancer;
• V - cancer.

The result of the analysis for atypical cells depends on the quality of the material taken, as well as on the professionalism of the person who analyzes the glass slide. Therefore, errors occur quite often. Having received a positive result of the patient, it is necessary not to be upset, but to retake it and undergo a deeper examination. In this case, a colposcopy is mandatory, an examination for infections, including mandatory for HPV HRC, and, if necessary, a biopsy.

Also, to get a reliable result, it is necessary to take the analysis correctly. A smear should not be done during menstruation, ideally it should be carried out from the 7th to the 11th day of the cycle. Two days before the study, you need to exclude sex, the use of vaginal suppositories, pills, douching. It is advisable not to take a bath, but only shower.

Massive use of analysis for atypical cells has reduced mortality from cervical cancer by 70%. Mostly, patients die from malignant processes of the cervix who have never done this analysis or have undergone it extremely rarely. To date, cancer of this organ in women is the most common after oncology of the mammary glands.

The role of HPV in the development of oncological pathologies of the cervix has been scientifically proven. Its high-ongenic types are especially dangerous, the most common and formidable of which are 18 and 16.

Women in whom they were detected in smears using PCR should undergo a cytological examination twice a year. They are 400 times more likely to develop cancer than others.

It is also believed that the occurrence of cervical cancer contributes to genital herpes. Type 2 HSV is considered more dangerous. Its combination with HRC HPV is especially undesirable. Smoking is also a risk factor for the development of cervical cancer.

It should be borne in mind that condoms, although they reduce the likelihood of contracting HPV and HSV, do not exclude it. The fact is that viruses are so small that they penetrate through their pores. Therefore, it is desirable to have one permanent partner and regularly examined by a gynecologist. It must be borne in mind that HPV can begin to manifest itself after many years.

So, atypical cells in a cervical smear are an alarming symptom and require additional examination. If the patient does not undergo therapy on time, then the development of cancer in the future is not excluded. However, regular cytological studies help to detect changes in a timely manner, when the pathology is still completely curable.

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Atypia in gynecology: what is it, causes, diagnosis and treatment

When examined by a gynecologist, a woman, regardless of age, may hear that it is necessary to be tested for atypical cells. According to the results of this study, such a diagnosis as atypia is made or rejected. This term, which is not clear to many, requires a detailed presentation in a simple and accessible language.

The concept of "atypia" and the causes of occurrence

The word "atypia" means a deviation from the norm, that is, something atypical, wrong. It can be applied in different directions.

Regarding this concept in gynecology, it means various disorders at the cellular level in the tissues of the female genital organs. Accordingly, this is a certain set of specific signs, according to which the formation of abnormal cells of tissues and mucous membranes is clearly revealed. This can manifest itself both in their incorrect functioning and in their distorted structure.

Most often, the disease occurs on the cervix, which is more susceptible to certain effects and damage.

Atypia is considered a precancerous condition, but it is not yet oncology, and with timely and proper diagnosis, it responds well to treatment.

The path to the body of the uterus lies through its neck. Due to the higher frequency of development of inflammatory processes in this organ, there is a greater risk of various kinds of anomalies and failures in the processes of cellular recovery. This leads initially to atypia.

Atypical cells of the cervix are new cells of the cervical canal and cervical walls of irregular structure, while there are various violations in their functioning, quantity and quality.

This phenomenon in most cases is accompanied by a very rapid growth of neoplasms of abnormal layers of the cervical epithelium. Parallel to this, the blood supply in these areas also changes, vascular atypia appears, that is, vascular distortions.

Atypical vessels of the cervix are vessels that differ from normal ones in that their numerical increase and growth occurs. This process can be both a consequence and a culprit of the appearance of atypical cells.

Atypia of the cervix, like all other diseases, provides for the presence of a number of causes and processes that precede it, which are the impetus for the development of this disease.

There are quite a few of them, but the main and determining factors include:

All this leads to inflammatory processes in the epithelial layers and mucous membranes of the cervical walls. Subsequently, this inflammation, which was not cured in time, or was of some kind of infectious nature, along with a number of additional factors (exacerbation of chronic diseases, lack of vitamins, etc.), causes cell changes.

Both methods should be carried out for women not only with the appearance of disturbing symptoms, but also with the annual recommended examination by a gynecologist. Such a preventive examination allows diagnosing deviations in the early stages, which, in turn, are much more amenable to treatment.

It should be noted that dysplasia in this case practically does not manifest itself in any way, and in most cases it is detected purely by chance.

In order for the results of the analysis to be the most reliable, it is necessary to adhere to the basic rules before taking a scraping. These include:

• lack of sexual contact for at least 5 days;
• lack of menstruation;
• refusal to use gels and lubricants;
• lack of treatment for an infectious disease in the last couple of months.

The reliability of the final data, if all the above requirements are met, will be many times higher.

The conclusion is made according to the standardized scheme of the results obtained, where the forms, structure, quantity, quality of cells are studied. In this regard, the material must be collected in an appropriate way (in the required volume and from a specific location).

The results subdivide the smear into types:

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The presence of an anomaly is considered with the results of the second and third types, while the diagnosis of "initial stage dysplasia" is made. With the fourth type - "middle stage dysplasia" (the beginning of a precancerous condition), but the fifth type is running atypical cells and vessels of the walls, with a transition to oncology.

The first is possible and effective when atypical cells and vessels are detected in the early stages of formation, as well as in the presence of prerequisites for them. The age of the woman, the presence of pregnancies and childbirth, the size of the affected areas, the presence of chronic and viral diseases are taken into account.

Conservative treatment includes complex therapy aimed at:

• removal of inflammation;
• stopping the development of abnormal processes;
• restoration of the microflora of the vagina;
• strengthening immunity.

It implies the use of appropriate medications, suppositories, as well as the use of physiotherapy procedures (douching with medicinal solutions, etc.).

Surgical treatment can be divided into two groups:

The choice of the method of surgical treatment depends on the stage and scale of the affected area. Determining is also the desire to have children in the future. So if a woman has children and she is over forty, then it would be most reasonable, in the presence of atypical cells, to remove the entire organ, if there is at least a minimal risk of going into oncology.

Timely detected signs of atypia of cells and vessels of the cervix, due to timely diagnosis, respond well to treatment.

The health of every woman is only in her hands. Do not neglect the annual scheduled examinations and examinations by your gynecologist. Any disease is easier to prevent than to treat.

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What are atypical cells of the cervix, where and how do they appear, do they need to be treated

Early treatment of gynecological diseases, when the disease has not yet fully come into its own, is the key to success and full recovery.

Atypia of the cervix is ​​a disease of its mucosa, which, if not properly treated, can provoke cancer. That is, the cells of the uterine mucosa have not yet become cancerous, but they have a chance to become cancerous.

Why do atypical cells of the cervix appear?

There are a lot of reasons that can provoke this disease, so it is important to know them in order to prevent the development of a malignant tumor in time:

Cervical cancer

1. Mechanical damage to the uterus, trauma.
2. Changes in the vaginal mucosa, which later pass to the uterus.
3. Processes of keratinization of the cervix and internal genital organs. In medical language, this disease is called leukoplaxia.
4. Damage to the cervix during childbirth or during a procedure where cleaning of the uterine cavity is required, including abortions.
5. Injury to the uterus by means of contraception such as spirals and caps, damage to it due to the inept insertion of a tampon or the use of sex toys.
6. Disorders in the work of the endocrine system, hormonal disruptions and imbalance of hormones in the body of a woman.
7. Infection of a woman with the papilloma virus, including in the intimate area.
8. Having promiscuous sex with more than three sexual partners at the same time, or having sex with a partner who is not faithful to his partner.
9. Deprivation of virginity too early, in adolescence.
10. Bad habits, and smoking especially affects the condition of the female genital organs.
11. Weak immunity, due to which a woman is exposed to serious diseases.
12. Improper treatment of previously occurring diseases of the genital organs.
13. Infectious diseases that are sexually transmitted.

Attention! There are atypical cells in one quantity or another in any organism, but if it works correctly and smoothly, then there is nothing to worry about. The immune system destroys these cells in time. Cancer only occurs when this system fails and the abnormal cells are not destroyed. They mutate and turn into so-called oncological ones. The worst thing is that this process is very slow, and a person can understand that he has cancer only after a few years, when he can no longer be helped.

What cells can be considered atypical?

There are a number of signs by which a cell can be classified as atypical, these are signs such as:

Cells under the microscope

1. Atypical cells are much larger than normal cells.
2. The cell gradually begins to lose its cellular features.
3. Violated the principles of cell structure.
4. Cells begin to merge with one another.
5. In the body of a sick person, you can notice a high content of enzymes.
6. The structure of the cell disintegrates, leaving only the nucleus, which begins to act and exist independently.
7. By itself, the cell becomes weak, we can say that it becomes dystrophic. The cell walls gradually dissolve.
8. In an atypical cell, only the vacuole develops especially actively.

How is atypia of the cervix expressed?

Such a disease, like many other gynecological diseases, is very difficult to recognize in the early stages, because it does not have any special signs that a woman could start to worry about. Only when the disease becomes already quite severe, one can notice tangible pains in the lower abdomen, and even a woman may simply not notice them in everyday fuss, or explain such pain with an early menstruation or a residual phenomenon after it.

Often, atypical uterine cells occur already against the background of an existing sexually transmitted disease, and this disease can be in any form: fungus, virus, papilloma, and so on.

Therefore, if a woman knows that she already has a disease of this nature, then she must ensure that the cells of the cervix do not become atypical. To do this, she must be observed by a doctor and regularly undergo special tests that confirm or refute the development of such processes.

When a woman, already sick with a venereal disease, still did not keep track of herself and the cells of her uterus began to mutate and turn into atypical ones, the following signs can indicate this:

1. Quite palpable and repeated pain during sexual intercourse.
2. After using a tampon, you may notice extraneous bloody discharge from the vagina.
3. Discomfort in the vaginal area, which is felt throughout the day.
4. Itching and burning, disturbing a woman. They appear even when the rules of personal hygiene are observed carefully, and linen is changed to clean and natural fabrics.
5. Unpleasant odors from the intimate area, again, even if the woman regularly washes herself and changes her underwear.

Methods for the study of atypical cells of the cervix

Before talking about methods for examining the cervical region, you need to know who and how to undergo these very studies. So, the examination is shown:

Laboratory research

• all women aged 30 to 65. It will be enough to carry it out once every three years
• girls are supposed to go through it three years after she begins to have an active sex life
• girls who are not yet sexually active should be examined more frequently, once a year
• women who suffer from any diseases of the genital organs of any nature, the examination should also be carried out annually

A study to identify atypical cervical cells is carried out using cytology. To do this, a smear is taken from the vaginal area and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

If this analysis showed the presence of atypical cells, then most likely the doctor will want to better examine them with a special device called a colposcope. In addition, there is a biopsy test. It involves taking a section of the mucosa on which atypical cells are found, and examining it in order to establish further treatment.

Indications for the purpose of the analysis

In addition to a routine examination, some women may be ordered to test for atypical cells of the cervix out of turn. Usually this is due to the following reasons:

Deciphering the results of the analysis

It is important to remember that only the attending physician should deal with the decoding and interpretation of the results. However, the patient must also know what this or that litter in the analysis means.

If the result is negative, then this means that the mucosa is not broken, and that no pathological processes are observed in it.

A positive result indicates that not everything is in order with the uterine cells, atypical cells or other pathogenic microflora have been identified. However, a positive test is different from a positive test, because the disease can be presented in five stages, and this is also indicated in the analysis. The further treatment of the woman and her behavior will depend on such a litter.

1. Stage 1 indicates that there are no changes in the uterine mucosa, it is absolutely healthy.

   Gynecological office

2. Stage 2 indicates that the test found some cells that can be considered atypical, but their number is so small that it can be considered normal. In order to insure and completely eliminate the likelihood of the disease, the doctor advises the woman to undergo a few more tests to fully clarify the picture of her state of health.
3. Stage 3 shows a small collection of cells that are abnormal. This is a direct indicator that a woman has a risk of developing cancer. If such a result is written in the analysis sheet, then the patient has a direct path to a biopsy in order to clarify the nature of the change in the uterine epithelium and establish further treatment.
4. Stage 4 warns that the analysis showed a number of cells that are no longer atypical, but have definitely mutated into cancer. Usually such cells are much larger than usual, have an impressive nucleus and a large amount of nuclear content. If we analyze the state of the chromosomes, then they also have pathological changes. All these indicators can indicate the onset of cancer. Again, it is too early and risky to draw conclusions on the results of a cytological examination alone, so the doctor will prescribe a repeat cytology and a number of other measures for a more accurate diagnosis.
5. Stage 5 indicates that a woman's body already has a fairly impressive amount of cancer cells, and the oncological process has already begun. In order to be treated further, the woman will be referred to an oncologist who will determine the extent of the cancer and decide how to proceed.

Attention! If cancers in the cervical region are found in a woman of menopausal age, then doctors will not perform an operation to preserve the integrity of the organ, most likely, the uterus will simply be removed.

The uterus is not a vital organ, and a woman at the age of menopause will definitely not be able to have children, which is why the doctor will not want to risk a recurrence of the disease and will completely remove the entire organ.

Prevention of diseases of the cervix

As already clear from the above, cervical diseases are far from the most pleasant thing that can happen to a woman, so she can prevent them if she follows the following rules:

1. Reduce the number of your sexual partners to one. Try to be faithful to him, demand the same from your partner.

   safe sex

2. Even with a trusted partner, practice only safe sex.
3. Give up bad habits, especially smoking.
4. More than carefully follow the rules of personal hygiene.
5. Try to keep your immunity normal, drink vitamins, dress according to the weather.
6. If you have children, then talk to them about sex education in a timely manner, tell them what happens when teenagers lose their virginity early and have several sexual partners. In addition to all this, it is worth talking about barrier contraception, which is the only one of its kind that helps protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
7. There is a vaccine against cervical cancer, however, it is advisable to use it only when the girl has begun the process of puberty, but she is still a virgin.
8. It is important to remember that a healthy lifestyle is the most reliable shield against various diseases, including cancer.
9. Try to visit a doctor on time and monitor your health, so there is a chance that the disease will be detected in the early stages, and doctors will be able to help you recover from it completely.

Thus, atypical cells of the cervix are not yet a disease, but their presence can lead to the most unfortunate consequences, so it is very important to see a doctor and follow all preventive measures. Remember that there are absolutely atypical cells in any organism, but in order for them to be destroyed in time, the forces of the body must be great, and it is only your task to provide these forces.

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Mar 3, 2017Violetta Lekar