1. Accidents on road transport (RTA)

In our time, a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation, and in remote cities and villages, an indispensable means of transportation. A car can be afforded by almost anyone who has reached the age of 18 at working age. Due to the increase in the number of vehicles, the number of accidents and accidents on the road is also growing.

The main causes of traffic accidents are, first of all, violation of traffic rules, technical malfunction of vehicles, insufficient training of persons managing vehicles and grief for drivers in a state of intoxication.

Another cause of road accidents is the poor condition of the roads in our country. Sometimes on the road you can see open sewer manholes, unfenced areas of repair work, unlit intersections, pedestrian crossings and yards, and the absence of danger signs.

All these reasons together lead to very sad statistics of deaths on the road. Only in Moscow in 2010, 763 people died, 13,592 people were injured, and throughout Russia, these figures are simply stunning - 26,576 dead and 250,635 people were injured of varying severity.

In case of traffic accidents that caused injuries to people, the most important thing is to provide first aid in a timely manner and this should be done no later than 20-30 minutes. According to statistics, 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours. Blood loss during the first hour is so great that even a brilliantly performed operation does not save a person's life. Therefore, first aid is very important, but, unfortunately, in our country, the level of medical training of road users and traffic police officers is extremely low.

Accidents are divided into:

Collision

· Overturning

· Hitting a standing vehicle

Pedestrian collision

· Hitting an obstacle

・Riding with a cyclist

· Hitting a horse-drawn transport

· Hitting animals

In our time, a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation, and in remote cities and villages, an indispensable means of transportation. A car can be afforded by almost anyone who has reached the age of 18 at working age ...

Transport accidents and disasters

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Transport accidents and disasters

The reasons why accidents occur are varied. But still, most often, this is either a technical defect of the vehicle, non-compliance with traffic rules, high speed or low driver training ...

Transport accidents and disasters

Causes of disasters and accidents on the railway are often external factors: malfunction of railway tracks, as well as blocking means and signaling, natural disasters, military situation...

Transport accidents and disasters

Air crashes are divided into two types: flight and ground and are associated with passenger transportation and crew location. A ground malfunction of an aircraft does not entail the death of people, in contrast to flight accidents ...

Transport accidents and disasters

The most common causes of major accidents and disasters on watercraft include: fogs, glaciers, storms, hurricanes, human factor (mistakes of captains, pilots or other crew members) ...

Development of a technological map for loading and unloading operations for LLC "Uraltrans"

In road transport, the placement and fastening of packages is carried out in accordance with the Rules for the Transportation of Goods by Road, in force since 1972. Packages are placed in the bodies of flatbed trucks, as a rule, in one tier ...

Man-made accidents

Railroad emergencies can be caused by train collisions, train derailments, fires and explosions. In case of fire, the immediate danger to passengers is fire and smoke ...

Man-made accidents

Flight safety depends not only on the crew, but also on the passengers. Passengers are required to take seats according to the numbers indicated in the tickets. You should sit in a chair so that in the event of an accident you do not injure your legs ...

man-made emergencies

Today, any form of transport is a potential danger. Technological progress has reduced the degree of human safety. Transport accident (TA) - an accident in transport, resulting in the death of people ...

The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of rolling stock tracks, signaling and blocking means, dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers ...

Transport accidents and disasters

In aviation accidents, aircraft are destroyed to varying degrees, and in catastrophes there are human casualties. And there are quite a few of them. So, in 1994, as a result of almost 20 air crashes in Russia, approximately 400 people died ...

Emergencies and protection against them

Today, any type of transport is a potential hazard. The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport include: malfunction of the track, malfunction of the rolling stock ...

Emergency situations of technogenic origin: groups and types

Accidents in railway transport The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of the track, rolling stock, means of signaling, centralization and blocking, dispatcher errors ...

Man-made emergencies

Railway accidents. Railroad emergencies can be caused by train collisions, train derailments, fires and explosions...

Information is under updating

Behavior rules

When a blow is inevitable, the most important thing is to prevent your movement forward and protect your head, for this you need to rest your feet on the floor, tilt your head forward between your hands, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel (front panel), the passenger in the back seat , should cover his head with his hands and fall to one side.

If there is a child nearby, firmly attach, cover yourself and also fall to one side, The most dangerous place for a passenger is the front seat, so children under 12 years old are prohibited from being there without a special device, as a rule, after hitting the door, it jams and you have to exit through the window .

If the car fell into the water, it can stay afloat for some time, you also need to get out of it through an open window. In the event of an accident, first of all, assistance should be provided to the victims: if possible, free them, remove them from the car, help those who are unable to do this on their own to take a comfortable position. Be sure to take measures to call the traffic police and ambulance to the scene of the incident, if possible, organize the delivery of the victims to the nearest medical facility.

How to give first aid to the victim

Accidents in road transport

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often, bad roads (mostly slippery), malfunctions of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

HOW TO ACT WHEN A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE

Keep your composure - this will allow you to control the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if impact is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawled on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT

Decide where in the car, and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car interior through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.

HOW TO PROCEED IF YOUR CAR FALLS INTO WATER

When falling into the water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because. when you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for the future"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy improvised objects. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim sharply up.

HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

While on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

The electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seating is the safest. If it is found that the salon is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident, panic and crush are possible at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out a special cord and squeezing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (with emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the source of fire. Protect your respiratory organs from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment by bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in a tram and trolleybus.

If the bus falls into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through the door, emergency exit or broken window.

Modern life is hard to imagine without a car. It is a necessary means of transportation, so every year more and more "iron horses" appear on the roads and in the yards.

Given the not the best quality of roads, the love of fast driving and the low consciousness of individual drivers of accidents on the roads occur with enviable constancy. According to statistics, road transport is the most dangerous means of transportation. More than 1 million people die each year due to traffic accidents around the world.

Any emergency involving a vehicle, which occurred on the road and caused damage to the cargo, various structures and the vehicle itself, as well as injuries and deaths of people in the law is defined as a traffic accident (RTA).

Collision and overturning of cars, collision with a pedestrian, departure from the highway are the main types of accidents on the road. The most serious consequence is the death of a person. A victim of an accident is a person whose death occurred at the scene of the accident or within the next week.

The severity of damage, the mechanism of their occurrence and localization depend not only on the type of accident, but also on the speed of transport and its design.

Main causes of accidents in road transport are associated with speeding, ignoring warning signs, poor visibility (fog, rain), poor quality roads, non-compliance with traffic rules and aggressive driving.

According to statistics, the risk of getting into an accident increases during peak hours (morning, evening), as well as on holidays and weekends. The greatest danger is the winter road, especially in the thaw. Road accidents, their causes and consequences.

Under a traffic accident (RTA) means an event that occurred during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, cargo, structures were damaged.

The main types of accidents are collisions with pedestrians, collisions and rollovers of vehicles.

According to the existing classification, a person who died at the scene of an accident or died from its consequences within the next seven days is considered dead. The injured in road accidents include persons who received bodily injuries that caused their hospitalization for a period of at least one day or the need for outpatient treatment.

There are four main mechanisms of injury:

From a direct hit by a vehicle,
- from the general concussion of the human body due to impact,
- from pressing the body to the road surface or a fixed object;
- from friction of various surfaces of the human body on the part of the car or the road surface.

The mechanism of damage, their localization and severity depend on the type of accident, the speed of the vehicle, its design features.

Accident injuries can be of different types. In the same type of accident, the victims receive different injuries, and similar injuries are observed in different types of accidents, but with different frequencies.

The frequency of various types of injuries in persons who received injuries that ended in recovery and in those who died in road accidents is significantly different.

Among those affected, in which the outcome of injuries was recovery, 57% had bruises, abrasions and bruises of various localizations, half had fractures of various localizations.

It has been established that injuries that ended in the recovery of the victims are much more often observed in a collision of vehicles. At the same time, fatal road traffic injuries are almost seven times more common in pedestrians (as well as cyclists and motorcyclists) than in vehicle collisions.

Comparison of damage types indicates that almost all victims who died in road accidents have bruises, abrasions, bruises of various localizations, the majority (87%) have fractures of various localizations, and more than 42% have ruptures of internal organs and wounds.

Feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first 3 hours due to heavy blood loss. According to statistics, traffic accidents most often occur during rush hour, on holidays, on the first and last days of vacation. The road is especially dangerous in winter. This period accounts for 60% of accidents throughout the year. Rain and fog also complicate the traffic situation and often cause accidents.

In general, in Russia every year only on motorways dies up to 45 thousand people.

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often bad roads (mainly slippery), malfunction of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

HOW TO ACT WHEN A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE

Keep your composure - this will allow you to control the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if impact is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawled on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT

Decide where in the car, and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car interior through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.

HOW TO PROCEED IF YOUR CAR FALLS INTO WATER

When falling into the water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because. when you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for the future"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy improvised objects. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim sharply up.

HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

While on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

The electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seating is the safest. If it is found that the salon is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident, panic and crush are possible at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out a special cord and squeezing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (with emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the source of fire. Protect your respiratory organs from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment by bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in a tram and trolleybus.

If the bus falls into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through the door, emergency exit or broken window.

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The annual statistics of traffic accidents in the Russian Federation unambiguously indicates that road transport is a source of increased danger and ensuring the safety of road users on the country's roads is an urgent, multifaceted task. Its successful solution depends on many factors, among which the actions of the traffic participants themselves are important.

If, despite the preventive measures taken, a traffic accident cannot be avoided, then its participants should not leave the car before it stops, driving the car to the last opportunity. Maintaining self-control and not panicking, take measures to avoid the oncoming strike: turn into a ditch, a fence,

bushes, even better into a tree than into a car coming at you, or turn an oncoming blow into a sliding, side one. When a blow is inevitable, the most important thing is to prevent your movement forward and protect your head, for this you need to rest your feet on the floor, tilt your head forward between your hands, straining all the muscles,

rest your hands on the steering wheel (front panel). The passenger in the back seat must cover his head with his hands and roll to the side.

If there is a child nearby, press firmly to cover yourself and also fall to one side. The most dangerous place for a passenger is the front seat, so children under 12 are not allowed to be there without a special device. As a rule, after hitting the door jams

and exit through the window. If the car fell into the water, it can stay afloat for some time, you also need to get out of it through an open window. In the event of an accident, first of all, assistance should be provided to the victims: if possible, free them, remove them from the car, help those who are unable to do this on their own to take a comfortable position.

Be sure to take measures to call the traffic police and ambulance to the scene of the incident, if possible, organize the delivery of the injured to the nearest medical facility. About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often bad roads (mostly slippery), malfunctions of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

How to deal with the inevitability of a collision. Keep your composure - this will allow you to control the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if impact is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawled on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

Decide where in the car, and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car interior through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.

When falling into the water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because. when you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for the future"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy improvised objects. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim sharply up.

While on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

The electrical supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional risk of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so the seats are the safest. If it is found that the salon is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident, panic and crush are possible at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out a special cord and squeezing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (with emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the source of fire. Protect your respiratory organs from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment by bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in a tram and trolleybus.

If the bus falls into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through the door, emergency exit or broken window.

RAILWAY ACCIDENTS

The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of the track, rolling stock, signaling, centralization and blocking, dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers.

Most often, rolling stock derails, collisions, collisions with obstacles at crossings, fires and explosions directly in the cars occur. However, traveling by train is about three times safer than traveling by plane and 10 times safer than traveling by car.

BASIC PREVENTIVE RULES

Know that from the point of view of safety, the best places on the train are the central cars, compartments with an emergency exit window or located closer to the exit from the car, the lower shelves.

As soon as you are in the car, find out where the emergency exits and fire extinguishers are located. Observe the following rules: - when the train is moving, do not open the outer doors, do not stand on the steps and do not lean out of the windows; - carefully stow your luggage on the overhead racks; - do not pluck the stop-cock unless absolutely necessary; - remember that even in case of fire it is impossible to stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and in other places where evacuation is complicated; - smoke only in designated areas; - do not carry with you combustible, chemical and explosive substances; - do not plug household appliances into the electric network of the car; - if you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately.

HOW TO PROCEED IN A RAILWAY ACCIDENT

In the event of a crash or emergency braking, secure yourself so you don't fall. To do this, grab the handrails and rest your feet against the wall or seat. It is safest to get down on the floor of the car. After the first hit, do not relax and keep all the muscles tense until it becomes completely clear that there will be no more movement.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A RAILWAY ACCIDENT

Immediately after the accident, quickly get out of the car through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of a fire. If necessary, break the compartment window only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the car through the emergency exit, get out only on the field side of the railway track, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. In the event of a fire in a carriage, close the windows so that the wind does not fan the flames, and get away from the fire into the front carriages. If not possible, go to the end of the train, tightly closing all doors behind you. Before you go out into the corridor, prepare breathing protection: hats, scarves, pieces of cloth moistened with water. Remember that in the event of a fire, the material with which the walls of the wagons are lined - malminite - emits toxic gas that is life-threatening.

Once outside, immediately engage in rescue work: if necessary, help the passengers of other compartments to break windows, pull out the injured, etc.

If fuel is spilled during an accident, move away from the train to a safe distance, because. possible fire and explosion.

If the current-carrying wire is broken and touches the ground, move away from it with jumps or short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from two (dry ground) to 30 m (wet).

Currently, any type of transport poses a potential threat to human health and life. Technological progress, along with comfort and speed of movement, has also brought a significant degree of threat. Depending on the type of transport accident, it is possible to receive multiple injuries and burns, including those dangerous to human life.

ACCIDENTS ON AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often, bad roads (mostly slippery), malfunctions of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.

HOW TO ACT WHEN A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE

Keep your composure - this will allow you to control the machine to the last opportunity. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax to a complete stop. Do everything to get away from the oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if impact is imminent. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, sprawled on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with you.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT

Decide where in the car, and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car interior through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.

HOW TO PROCEED IF YOUR CAR FALLS INTO WATER

When falling into the water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because. when you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with closed windows and doors, the air in the car interior is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate the lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for the future"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full of water, otherwise you will be disturbed by the flow of water going into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy improvised objects. Squeeze out by placing your hands on the roof of the car, and then swim sharply up.

HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

While on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

The electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seating is the safest. If it is found that the salon is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident, panic and crush are possible at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out a special cord and squeezing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (with emergency release), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the source of fire. Protect your respiratory organs from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment by bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in a tram and trolleybus.

If the bus falls into the water, wait until the cabin is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through the door, emergency exit or broken window.

AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS

Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. The destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, interruptions in the life support of the crew and passengers lead to serious consequences.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH DECOMPRESSION

DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the cabin of an aircraft in case of violation of its tightness. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). The salon is filled with dust and fog. Visibility drops sharply. The air quickly leaves the lungs of a person, and it cannot be detained. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur. In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a steep descent.

HOW TO PROCEED IN AN AIRCRAFT FIRE

Remember that in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, the greatest danger is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or wool clothing, dampened with water if possible. When making your way to the exit, move crouching or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire by using available clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is littered, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.

After exiting the aircraft, move away from it as far as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.

In any situation, act without panic and decisively, this contributes to your salvation.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH A HARD LANDING AND AFTER IT

Before each takeoff and landing, carefully adjust the seat belt. It should be firmly fixed as low as possible at your hips. Check if you have heavy suitcases over your head.

Takeoff and landing accidents are sudden, so pay attention to smoke, sudden descents, engine shutdowns, etc. Empty your pockets of sharp objects, bend over and clasp your hands tightly behind your knees (or grab your ankles). Lay your head on your knees or tilt it as low as possible. Rest your feet on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. At the moment of impact, strain as much as possible and prepare for a significant overload. Under no circumstances leave your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic.

WATER TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS

Most major accidents and disasters on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, and also through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members. Accidents often occur due to oversights and errors in the design and construction of ships.

Among the preliminary measures of protection, the passenger can be advised to remember the way from his cabin to the lifeboats on the upper deck, since it is very difficult to navigate during a disaster, especially when the ship is smoking and listing.

HOW TO PROCEED WHEN DISARTING THE SHIP

Remember that the decision to leave the vessel is made only by the captain. When disembarking from the vessel, follow the instructions of the crew members and observe the following rules:

First of all, places are provided in the boats for women, children, the wounded and the elderly;

Before boarding a boat or life raft, put on plenty of clothing and a life jacket on top. If possible, load blankets, extra clothing, an emergency radio, drinking water, and food into the boat;

If you are forced to jump from the side of the ship into the water, then preferably from a height of no more than five meters, covering your mouth and nose with one hand, holding the vest tightly with the other;

Since heat loss increases with each movement in the water, swim only towards the life-saving device;

After loading onto a life-saving craft, it is necessary to sail to a safe distance from the sinking vessel (at least 100 m).

HOW TO PROCEED WITH NO LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

Whistle or raise your hand while in the water.

Move as little as possible to keep warm. The loss of heat in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements, even in warm water, must be reduced to just keeping afloat. In a lifejacket to keep warm, group up, wrap your arms around your chest from the sides and lift your hips higher so that the water washes less of the groin area. This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50%. If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for a floating object with your eyes and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest lying on your back.

HOW TO PROCEED WHEN YOU ARE ON A LIFE-SAVING VEHICLE

Take your seasickness pills. To keep warm, stay close to other victims while on the boat and do some exercise. Let's drink only to the sick and wounded. On the high seas, if there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay with other boats near the place of the ship's sinking.

Keep your feet as dry as possible. Raise and move your legs regularly to relieve swelling. Never drink sea water. Keep fluid in the body by reducing useless movements. Moisten clothing during the day to reduce perspiration, and dampen the outer shell of the raft with water to reduce the temperature inside the raft. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, divided into numerous small doses with the largest dose in the evening. Eat only emergency food. Save smoke bombs until there is a real possibility that they will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself, entrust their use to one person.

Do not panic! Remember that without drinking, the average adult can stay alive for 3 to 10 days. With a diet of 500-600 ml of water per day, a reasonably acting adult is able to survive even in the tropics for at least 10 days without major changes in the body. You can live a month or more without food.