Various names in English. The most English names. Beautiful rare English female names starting with the letter H

In a variety of English names, you can find an option for every taste. In this article, we will look at the main English female names and their meanings, and you can safely choose your favorite.

The choice of a name has long been taken seriously. It was believed that the meaning of a name can largely determine the fate of a person and the qualities of his character. But even today, much attention is paid to the meaning of the name and its origin.

Meaning of the name

Before choosing a name for a child, many people want to know what origins the names have and what they meant in their original form.

Let's analyze popular female English names with translation. There may be different versions about their origin and meaning, and it is far from always possible to unambiguously establish the translation - we will give the most established meanings.

• Melanie (Melanie): came from the Greek language and means "dark"
• Florence (Florence): in Latin means "blooming"
• Agatha (Agatha): in Greek meant "good"
• Zoe (Zoe): in Greek meant "life"
• Rebecca (Rebecca): originates in Hebrew and means "to bind, fasten"
• Ruth (Ruth): translated from Hebrew as "friend"
• Barbara (Barbara): from Greek - "alien"
• Amanda (Amanda): derived from the Latin amandus - "worthy of love"
• Victoria (Victoria): translated from Latin as "victory"
• Irene (Irene): in Greek - "peace, tranquility"
• Miranda (Miranda): from the Latin word mirandus ("wonderful")
• Bridget (Bridget): Irish name, which originally had the form Brighid meaning "exalted, enthusiastic"
• Sophia (Sophia): translated from Greek as "wisdom"
• Margaret (Margaret): from the Greek word for "pearl"
• Katherine (Katherine): Greek name, the most common version of the meaning is "pure"
• Deborah (Deborah): translated from Hebrew as "bee"
• Vivian (Vivian): derived from the Latin vivus "live"
• Emma (Emma): from Germanic names meaning "whole"

Some girls' names in English have a transparent origin. Ruby (Ruby) is consonant with the word ruby ​​(ruby) and is of Latin origin with the meaning "red". And the name Harper (Harper), which was worn by the famous American writer Harper Lee (Harper Lee), originally served as a surname and referred to harpists (harp - harp).

It is even easier to guess the meaning of such names as Daisy (Daisy) and April (April). The first repeats the word daisy (daisy), and the second - April (April), which, in turn, is associated with the Latin verb aperire "to open." Both of these names began to be actively used in English no earlier than the 19th century.

When choosing names for girls in English, we pay attention to the meaning, it is not always possible to recognize it. And the point is not only that it is difficult to establish the history of the word: the meaning may simply be absent. Such an interesting story has a female name Vanessa (Vanessa). It was invented by Jonathan Swift (Jonathan Swift) for the poem "Cadenus and Vanessa", combining the first letters of the name of his friend.

Royal names

If we are talking about Great Britain, then for many, the first association with it is the royal family. Although politics has historically been the work of men, women have had their say as well. What beautiful female names in English do we meet at the royal court?

Perhaps one of the main women in the history of Great Britain and the most famous queen is Queen Victoria (Queen Victoria). She ruled the country for over 60 years until 1901. Victoria is her first name. At birth, she was also given the middle name Alexandrina (Alexandrina). But the main one was Victoria, and it was it that was fixed in history: the era of her reign is called Victorian. Many geographical areas are named after the Queen, such as a city in Canada and a state in Australia. The name Victoria remains popular today.

The current Queen of Great Britain is Elizabeth II (Elizabeth II). Her full name sounds like Elizabeth Alexandra Mary (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary). Every element in it is a tribute to other members of the royal family. She was named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after her great-grandmother, and Mary after her grandmother. Elizabeth II ascended the throne in 1952 and has already surpassed her famous predecessor, Queen Victoria, in terms of the length of her reign.

The name Diana is very popular in England. In the royal family, it was worn by Princess Diana, the first wife of Prince Charles. Often her name was abbreviated and simply called Lady Di (Lady Di).

In politics, influential English women are not only the royal family. One of the most significant politicians was Margaret Thatcher (Margaret Thatcher). She became the first woman in Europe to serve as prime minister.

Name Variations

We must not forget that English names often have abbreviated versions that are very popular. As the example of Lady Di shows, abbreviations are used even in relation to government officials.

It often happens that abbreviated variants are fixed in the language and become independent names. For example:

• Sandra (Sandra): an abbreviated version of Alexandra (Alexandra)
• Stacy (Stacy): short for Anastasia (Anastasia)

In this case, the original version may be completely lost. For example, the form Alice (Alice / Alice) is derived from Adelaide (Adelaide), and in its original form the name sounded like Adalheidis.

Some names have different spellings. This is probably best seen in the forms Katherine / Catharine / Catherine / Catherina / Katharine / Katherina. Added to this diversity are abbreviations that can be used as a full name: Cat / Cathy / Kat / Kate / Kathie / Kathy / Katie / Kitty / Cate.

Male-female

In English, it is quite common to find names that can refer to both women and men, without differing in any way in form.

• Ash (Ash)
• Cameron (Cameron)
• Kerry (Kerry)
• Kim (Kim)
• Morgan (Morgan)
• Parker (Parker)

Often this situation is typical for abbreviated versions. Therefore, beautiful English female names can be obtained, among other things, from the abbreviation of the male form.

• Alex (Alex): short for the male name Alexander (Alexander) and the female Alexandra (Alexandra)
• Billie (Billy): short for Bill (Bill) and the female form of the name William - Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina)
• Chris (Chris): can be formed from Christopher (Christopher), Christian (Christian) or Christine (Christine / Christina)
• Frankie (Frankie): from male Frank (Frank) or female Frances (Francis)
• Jackie (Jackie): from Jack (Jack) or Jacqueline (Jacqueline)
• Nat (Nat): a variant of the forms Nathan (Nathan), Nathaniel (Nathaniel), Natalie (Natalie)
• Robbie (Robbie): reduction of male Robert (Robert) or female Roberta (Robert)
• Ronnie (Ronnie): can be formed from Ronald (Ronald) or Veronica (Veronica)
• Sam (Sam): reduction of male Samuel (Samuel), Samson (Samson) or female Samantha (Samantha)
• Steph (Step): a variant of the forms Stephen (Stephen) or Stephanie (Stephanie)
• Terry (Terry): derived from the male Terence (Terence) or the female Theresa / Teresa (Teresa)

English names in Russian

Already in the examples of English female names given, one can find those for which it is easy to find Russian counterparts. They have a single source of origin (for example, Greek or Biblical) and have long been entrenched in the Russian language.

• Anna - Anna
• Maria / Mary - Maria
• Sophia - Sofia
• Katherine / Catherine
• Victoria - Victoria
• Alexandra Alexandra
• Eva - Eva
• Diana - Diana
• Anastasia - Anastasia
• Veronica - Veronica

Other names, although not typical for Russian-speaking people, are borrowed into Russian. Therefore, if you want to find beautiful English female names that sound unusual, but at the same time do not cut the ear in our society, pay attention to these options:

• Emma - Emma
• Sabrina - Sabrina
• Camilla - Camilla
• Laura - Laura / Laura
• Irene - Irene

Choosing a cool but appropriate name for your child is not an easy task. After all, your child will live with him for the rest of his life! Many parents begin to rack their brains even before his birth, trying to foresee everything and agree on opinions, and even so that later, when the baby grows up, it would not occur to him to change his name. You need to choose wisely and without fanaticism, don "t forget this. Well, we bring to your attention interesting names in the USA. Check it

On the Nameberry website, you can not only find a special, cool and pleasant-sounding name, but also find out its true meaning and popularity. There's also a great opportunity to check out a list of the decade's hottest trends, whether you're a trendsetter or a follower.

A name is a gift so meaningful, so powerful and personal that only you can select it for your child.
A name is a gift so significant, so powerful and personal that only you can choose it for your child.

Today names that start with " Ad' or ending in ' lee”, are among the most popular for children. So stumble upon a bunch of kids called Kinsley Kinsley), Bentley ( Bentley) or even Adeline ( Addelyn) is becoming more likely in our time than, say, in the 1950s. By the way, about them. Meet tons of Jennifer Jennifer) or Jasons ( Jason) was much more likely than today. And now children in the USA and Britain, in contrast to Russian names, are quite willingly given the names of the so-called "superlative degree". Get it? Well, for example, such as Legend, Royalty or King. Would you like this for yourself? Could pathetically declare to someone: “I am a legend!” and Will Smith himself would envy you. Hurry up to change before the names become boring, because they are becoming more popular every day!

Also in the list of fashionable names for babies are the names of celebrities. These days, by naming your child Lennon, Monroe or Hendrix, you can take the whole world by storm! We believe that this trend should be followed. Why? Well...because paying homage to legendary stars can inspire your child to be the coolest kid in the world!

We don't want to upset you, but Mother Murphy with her laws doesn't mind at all. One of them, for example, reads: "No matter how harmless the name that you give the child, he will definitely be teased with this name." So, name your child so that such a law does not come into effect.

Popular American Names

List of male names:
noah
Liam
William
mason
James
Benjamin
Jacob
Michael
Elijah
Ethan

List of female names:
Emma
Olivia
Ava
Sophia
Isabella
Mia
Charlotte
Abigail
Emily
Harper

Well, if you still want to know the history, then on the website of the Social Security Administration ( Social Security Administration or SSA, but don "t read backwards tho) there is a whole table with the five most popular male and female names in the USA for newborn flowers of life, from 1917 to 2016. Over the past 100 years, for example, the name " Michael" still holds the lead (44 times), while the female name " Mary” over the years became the leader 39 times.

Other American names

While some names come and go, those that we have indicated below, however, "stuck" in the people thoroughly. They may not be No. 1 today, but they will certainly never fall out of fashion and strive to the top of the list every day.

English male names:

• Everett. Means "brave as a wild boar" - " brave as a wild boat". English version of the German name " Eberhard».
• Henry. German name meaning "household manager" - " ruler of the household' or 'house manager'.
• Charlie. "Free Guy" - " free man". English soft form of the name "Charles".
• Edwin. "Prosperous Friend" - " prosperous friend or "rich friend". English name.
• Sam. The Hebrew meaning of the name is "to hear". Also means "declared by God" - " told by God". English name, full form - "Samuel".
• Marshall. French name meaning "guardian of the horses" - " the keeper of hours».
• Calvin. Latin name meaning "bald" or "devoid of cover" - " bald boy».
• Edgar. English name meaning "great spearman" - " great spear man.»

English female names:

• Lola. Spanish name meaning "strong woman".
• Lillian. French name, derived from the name "Elizabeth" (Elizabeth). Oddly enough, it means "lily".
• Stella. Latin name derived from " stellar", which means "starry" in translation.
• Genevieve(read as, "Genevieve") - Genevieve. Good name from France. Means "white wave".
• Cora. Not the one in the trees. It's like Corinna, only Cora. In ancient Greek it means "filled heart" - " filled heart". In mythology, the name Kora was an epithet for Persephone, the goddess of fertility and the mistress of the underworld.
• Evelyn. Evelina is a Hebrew name meaning "life force". Traditionally an English surname that used to be a male name, but is now predominantly used for girls.
• Lucy. Lucille is an English Catholic name meaning "luminiferous". You can say Lucia» well.
• Clara. She stole corals, but in general she is “light” and “clean”. Latin name.
• ruby. Latin again for "dark red gem".
• Eva["i:və]. The name of the progenitor of all mankind means "giving life" or simply "life". Cool, right? The Latin form of the Hebrew name "Eve".

Rare and unusual English names

A unique name is chosen as a symbol of a unique, special child and family.
A unique name is chosen as a symbol of an exceptional, special child and family.

TOP 5 unusual male names in English

• Prescott. This superlative English name, meaning "vicarage", was given to 18 boys in 2016. It can be shortened to "Scott" as a nickname if he thinks it sounds too harsh.
• Grover. Although during the 20th century there were many Grovers, such as President Cleveland, as well as the cute blue freak from Sesame Street. Another famous Grover is jazz saxophonist Grover Washington Jr. But only 19 boys were named Grover in 2016.
• Oberon. The character Oberon in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is the king of the fairies and elves, but the name itself, with an accented "o" at the beginning, shows a much more masculine image. Oberon has also been seen as a fairytale king in an old Germanic legend, a French heroic song, a Ben-Johnson masque drama, and several operas. He also appeared in the Disney animated film Gargoyles. In ancient England, the name was spelled "Auberon".
• Regis. This holy French name means "royal". Today, the name is most commonly associated with venerable talk show host Regis Philbin.
  (Regis Philbin). Only 10 parents chose this name for their son in 2016, so your son will most likely be the only "Regis" in your life.
• Thelonious. Best known for being the name of legendary jazz pianist Thelonious Monk, 20 boys received this unique name in 2016. The origin is due to the German name "Tillman", which means "one who plows the land", and "Telonius" is a Latinized variation of this word.

TOP 5 unusual female names in English

Since many people are looking for a "unique" name, finding a really unusual name can be extremely difficult, especially when it comes to girls. Historically, girls' names have tended to be fashionable, while boys' names have been more conservative. For example, while the most popular female name changes every 10 years, "Michael" has been in the top 10 for over 75 years. Due to this, there are more popular beautiful female names than male ones. In addition, many trendy "unusual" names for girls come from men's names. So if you're looking for something out of the ordinary, yet distinctly feminine, then you may need to dig a little deeper.

The names below are given to 10 or fewer newborn girls each year, so of course there's a small chance she'll have to share her unique name with anyone else. But, if you want your new addition to the family to stand out among Emma, ​​Olivia and Sophia, then feel free to choose one of the unusual names below for your little princess.

• Flannery. You may not have gotten around to reading Flannery O'Connor's most famous short story, "Everything That Rises Must Converge". But that shouldn't stop you from giving preference to this warm-sounding Irish name "Flannery" comes from "flann" and "gal" which means "ruddy" and "bravery" in Irish, only 10 little girls were given this name in 2016.
• Alberta. The English name, meaning "noble" and "bright", probably comes from the western province of Canada. However, there is information that the province is actually named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, one of Queen Victoria's daughters. Although the name can be quite popular abroad, in 2016 only 9 girls were named with it.
• Sigourney. Who knows, maybe the new "Alien" would have turned out to be quite tolerable if there had been the main woman of the entire franchise. Not many parents name their daughters Sigourney. In fact, only 8 families chose it in 2016, but we know that this is the name of the winner (which, by the way, it means). Even Sigourney Weaver herself once admitted in an interview that she changed her first name to "Susan", inspired by a character from F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby.
• Talullah. The main thing is not Tanunnah. Although celebrities such as Demi Moore, Patrick Dempsey and Philip Seymour Hoffman have nicknamed their daughters Tallulah, only 7 families chose this enchanting Choctaw Indian name meaning "jumping water" in 2016. Previously associated with the greatest stage and screen star Tallulah Bankhead, now it has basically established itself as the most appropriate name for southern beauties. Another meaning of the name is “radiant girl”.
• Antigone. Just like the name of the anti-theft system. The meaning of the name is "instead of a child." If you want to make a solid name choice with a good history, then Antigone is a good choice. The brave and principled heroine of an often retold story in Greek mythology is right on target and even more than that. Although the name has been known throughout history, parents have made it a slightly unusual choice for their daughters - only 8 families named their daughters Antigone in 2016. We'd say "Tig" sounds pretty cute too. Girls with the name Antigone are distinguished by courage and independence. In childhood, this manifests itself in the form of pronounced self-will and excessive curiosity even for a child.

Double English names

If one name is not enough for you, you can try to go one more way. In fact, giving children double names is a relatively recent tradition. Until the 18th century, people managed with only one name and surname. For a long time, the source of names was mainly the only one - a list of saints and holidays in calendar order (church calendar). But there were quite a few variations on the themes of church names among the people: in English, the Latin form "Maria" was transformed into "Mary" (Mary), which, in turn, gave the diminutive "Molly" (Molly), and then "Polly" ( Polly). The name "Joannes" comes from the Hebrew. Jochanan, gave in medieval England the forms "Jan", "Iohn" and "John" (John), as well as the diminutives "Jankin", "Jackin", and only then the popular name "Jack" (Jack). And the female form "Ioanna", borrowed from the French "Jeanne" (Jeanne), turned into three independent names at once: "Jane" (Jane), "Jean" (Gene) and "Joan" (Joan).

That's all we have. If you suddenly decide to move to live in the USA and start a family there, then you will certainly know what to name your offspring!

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

When the British Bureau for National Statistics published its annual report for 2014, an interesting fact caught the attention of experts: more and more parents are choosing a name for newborns influenced by pop culture, and above all modern TV shows.

The growing popularity of the Game of Thrones movie epic has given rise to a whole galaxy of new names - in the real, not fictional world. The character of Emilia Clarke gave a start to life to two names at once: 53 British newborns were named Khaleesi title), and 9 more were given the name Daenerys (Daenerys).The name Arya Stark turned out to be even more popular: 244 families chose the name Arya for their daughters, but only 6 girls were named Sansa (Sansa).

British boys were also not spared by the new fashion: 2014 was a fruitful year for Tyrions (17) and Theons (18) - for comparison, in 2013 there were 6 and 11, respectively.

But Game of Thrones isn't the only show to inspire Britain's new parents. "Downton Abbey" revived a dozen names popular at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the launch of the movie saga in 2010, the names Rose, Cora, Violet and Edith have grown in popularity. Hollywood is not far behind: the Disney cartoon “Frozen” sparked interest in the old-fashioned but charming name Elsa.

Fans of "Sherlock" also contribute to the "nominal statistics". And although no one was named Sherlock in 2014, 132 little Britons were named Benedict.

Meanwhile, heading the list of the most popular names in England and Wales Oliver (Oliver) and Amelia (Amelia) - however, as in previous years.

10 most British male names

Alastair, Alistair, Alistair - Alastair, Alistair

Meaning: protector

Scottish equivalent of the Greek name Alexander.

Fergus

Meaning: strong

A Scotch-Irish name, rather old-fashioned but colorful.

Crispin - Crispin

Meaning: curly (lat.)

Saint Crispin, the patron saint of shoemakers, is mentioned in Shakespeare's play Henry V. A beautiful English name, and most importantly, a rare one.

• If we are talking about Henry the Fifth, we strongly recommend watching the 1989 English film "Henry V: The Battle of Agincourt" with Kenneth Branagh in the title role. An amazingly dramatic film that is useful to watch in the original.

Ellis — Ellis

Meaning: benevolent

No, this is not a female name: Ellis is the Welsh version of the male Greek name Elias.

• Fun fact: Emilia Brontë wrote her Wuthering Heights under the pseudonym Ellis Bell.

Piers

Meaning: stone

Pierce is the first variant of the Greek name Peter to reach the English-speaking world at the time of the Norman invasion. Among the famous Pierces are Brosnan, Pierce Brosnan, the lead actor in four Bond films.

Conall - Conall

Meaning: strong wolf

The Scottish name Conall is a variant of the name Connor. Wolves hunt in packs - choosing this name, parents must hope that their offspring will always be surrounded by friends.

Kenzie

Meaning: fair-skinned

And although the meaning of this name refers to skin color, Kenzi boys are often endowed with a special inner light that distinguishes them from their peers.

Euan, Ewan

Meaning: born of a yew tree; youth

Scottish version of the name John. Judging by Ewan McGregor, the owners of this name are very talented, but at the same time modest.

Lachlan

Meaning: A warrior from the Scottish lands

The most Scottish name imaginable. You should not be surprised if this child prefers a Scottish kilt to trousers from childhood.

10 most British female names

Amelia - Amelia

Meaning: work

The most popular British name of the previous year, in fact, is not a name at all. This word is a hybrid of the Latin Emilia (Emilia) and the German Amalia (Amalia), and the letter e in the middle of the word symbolizes good old England (England) :)

Gladys

Meaning: country; people

Welsh name, equivalent to Claudia (Claudia).

Myrtle - Myrtle, Myrtle

Meaning: bush

Someone somewhere in the mists of time decided to name his newborn daughter in honor of a flowering bush - anything can happen. Surprisingly, the name stuck and became quite popular in Britain.

Frideswide

Meaning: peaceful, calm

The name comes from the Old English Friðuswiþ, combining the words frið (peace) and swiþ (strong). Therefore, little Fridesvids (no matter how unusual this name may seem) show an enviable firmness of character with outward calm. Just like Saint Frideswide (by the way, a princess) who lived in the 8th century and founded the Church of Christ in Oxford.

Note: To be honest, this name is, of course, quite rare these days. But in the days of Queen Elizabeth, it was in the top 50 most popular female names.

Agatha - Agatha

Meaning: good, respectable

Agathos means "good" in Greek, which is why Agathos are good girls (literally). The name migrated to England in the 11th century with the Normans who venerated Saint Agatha, who lived in the 3rd century and was probably a very good girl. And then there is Agatha Christie - a very, very good girl.

Olivia - Olivia

Meaning: olive

The female version of the male name Oliver (Oliver), meaning an olive seller or just an olive, an olive. Some names do not need to look for subtext.

Boadicea (Boudicca)

Meaning: victory

The militant Boudicca is the queen of the Briton Iceni tribe, who raised an uprising against the Romans (the events are mentioned in the Annals of Tacitus). And although the uprising was crushed, the name of the warrior has survived for centuries.

Edith - Edith

Meaning: riches obtained in battle

The Old English word ead means riches or blessing, and gyth means struggle. A girl named by this name will excel in martial arts. An interesting fact: the wife of William the Conqueror was also called Edith. Edith the Conqueror :)

Nora - Nora

Meaning: honesty, nobility

Most likely, this name comes from the Latin honora, from which the English word honor (honesty, nobility, honor, recognition) was also formed.

Ada

Meaning: noble birth

Perhaps a variant of the name Ida (Ida), which has Old Germanic roots and means "industrious". This name was also brought to Britain by the Normans and gained popularity in the 19th century thanks to the poet Alfred Tennyson, who named the heroine of his poem "The Princess" like this. Among the famous, Hell is the daughter of another poet (namely, Byron), who is considered the world's first programmer. And one of the first programming languages ​​is called "Ada" - it is in her honor.

At school, at the first English lesson, the teacher usually learns the names of all the children and immediately gives them new ones: Kolya becomes Nick, Sasha turns into Alex, Misha is called Michael. The girls also get new names: Katya, Lena, Julia and Natasha magically become Kate, Helen, Julia and Natalie. Children perceive this as an interesting game, and decide that in English they are called differently. So, since school times, many people continue to be called foreign, alien names.

We often get asked questions about names. People want to know how to pronounce or spell their name correctly in English. Many believe that the name must necessarily be "translated" and are desperately looking for an equivalent of their name in another language. Indeed, some names in Russian and English are similar, but still they are different names.

To represent your name in English, you do not need to "translate" it or look for a similar one, but you need to use the rules of transliteration.

Or "transliteration" is a method of writing the words of one language using the letters of another language. Simply put, Russian letters are replaced by Latin letters.

There are names that have several spellings in English, because some sounds can be conveyed by different combinations of letters. For example, name Evgenia can be written as Yevgenia, Yevgeniya or Evgenia. If you have a foreign passport, then use the spelling that is written in your document.

We offer you transliterated spellings of popular male and female names. Diminutive names are also written in Latin letters.

Male names

Women's names

If you are the owner of a rare name, then try using one of the many online transliteration services. There are a large number of sites on the Internet that offer automatic transliteration from Russian into English.

Be sure to follow the rules of transliteration if you fill out a questionnaire or write a resume. Never misrepresent your name "in the English manner" and do not indicate the English "equivalent" of your name in your resume, as this creates a negative impression on employers. Applicants with names like Andrew Petrovich Ivanov or Helen Sergeevna Sidorova are less likely to get a job than Andrey Petrovich and Elena Sergeevna.

Good luck in learning English!

We often like to imagine how we would be called in English. For example, Elena - Helen, Eugene - Eugene, Mikhail - Michael, etc. English names are very different from ours. Sometimes, it is even difficult to understand a male or female name in front of you.

If we talk about names in the US and UK, then they consist of personal name(personal name, first name, given name) and surnames(surname, last name, family name). The personal name is given at birth, while the family name is inherited as a common name for the family. The child may also be given a middle or middle name. This is an optional name element. A middle name can be given in honor of a saint, relative, family friend, famous person, etc. In writing, the middle name is usually omitted or abbreviated to the initial.

If the son's name is exactly the same as the father's name, the word "Junior" (younger) may be added to the son's name, and "Senior" (senior) to the father's name to make it easier to distinguish between them.

Popular English female names

Popular English male names

Popular English surnames

Bearers of the surnames Jones (Jones), Smith (Smith), Williams (Williams), Black (Black), Wilson (Wilson) according to statistics, more than a million. Below is a list of other popular surnames in the UK and US.