What is 3 years. "I do not want! I won't! No need! I myself!” – Crisis of the age of three: signs of a crisis and how to overcome it. There may be several reasons

Let's take a look at what a 3-year-old baby can do, why a developmental crisis occurs at this age and how to cope with it, as well as what activities to develop a three-year-old child with.

Age Features

• The motor development of the child is improved. A 3-year-old kid is in control of his own body. He walks evenly, without unnecessary movements, can change the pace of walking and is able to learn to ride a bicycle.
• The efficiency of the nervous system of a three-year-old child becomes greater. The child is awake for a longer time and is ready to learn new information. He is already more patient and can do one thing for longer than 2 years (up to 20-25 minutes).
• Fine motor skills also improve, allowing the baby to master buttoning, drawing with pencils, using cutlery and other everyday skills.
• The vocabulary of a 3-year-old baby already includes more than 1000 words. The child uses almost all parts of speech in conversation, although sometimes incorrectly. The pronunciation of sounds improves, although children at 3 years old may not yet pronounce many sounds. Three-year-olds constantly pronounce their actions, giving the impression that they are not silent at all. Also a characteristic feature of the speech of children of this age is the presence of numerous questions.
• The main activity of a three-year-old child is the game. Now the kid most of all loves role-playing games. In the scenes played out by the child, there is a plot, since the crumbs develop abstract thinking and imagination.

Many kids at this age at the first opportunity want to play with other people's toys, while not paying attention to their own. Is this normal and how to respond to this situation, see the video of Larisa Sviridova (Lara's mother).

Calculate the vaccination calendar

Most parents are not happy with their child's weight. Is it worth worrying about a deviation from the norm, see E. Komarovsky's TV show.

Types of child development

Physical

This type of development is aimed at increasing the child's endurance, developing dexterity and coordination of movements. Activities that affect physical development should be daily for a three-year-old child and may include such actions:

• Charging to music, poetry or video lesson.
• Stepping over obstacles (lay out the bars on the floor).
• Walking on an inclined board.
• Jumping over a line drawn on the floor.
• Walking on a rope laid out on the floor.
• Jumping on two legs from a place forward.
• Jumping off small hills.
• Ball games - throw to each other, throw up, and then catch, kick, hit the box, race with a rolling ball, roll between the legs of a chair.
• Mobile games with simple rules.
• Overcoming obstacle course.
• Dancing.
• Fitness with mom
• Swimming.
• Exercises on the sports wall (rope, rings, ladder, crossbar).
• Bicycling.

cognitive

This type of development helps to explore the world around the baby and the different properties of objects. Classes with a cognitive purpose will develop attention, logic, memory in a toddler. In a playful way, the baby learns the first mathematical concepts, learns more about the world in which he lives. Classes at the age of three can be as follows:

• We are looking for colors by name and by pattern.
• Consistently collect nesting dolls and molds of different sizes.
• We select flat geometric shapes according to the sample.
• We select volumetric geometric shapes for holes and study their names.
• We collect a pyramid of 8-10 rings of different colors and sizes, guided by a drawing or a sample.
• We study the differences between the concepts of small-medium-large.
• We put the picture in 2 parts.
• We play with mosaic and loto.
• We remember the place in which there was a toy that was removed by an adult.
• We are looking for the whole picture by its details.
• We study the concept of right-left.
• We generalize objects according to some property, for example, floating, flying.
• We study with the child natural phenomena, flora and fauna, labor activities.
• We find an extra item in the group.
• Choose from a group of objects opposite.
• We study numbers.
• We are looking for the shadow of the picture.
• We select payments.
• Adding missing items.

Parents can start in a playful way to introduce the child to mathematical concepts. Conduct the next lesson according to the "Flower" method, which is shown by M. L. Lazarev (music development expert) in the next video.

At the age of three, the baby will be interested in getting to know the days of the week. Conduct classes in a playful way and in a good mood.

touch

Such development involves the child's senses - touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing. During sensory training, the baby improves tactile sensitivity, learns to recognize objects by smell and taste. Such activities at the age of three may include:

• Determination of the texture of objects.
• Determination of geometric shapes by touch.
• Guessing animals by the sounds they make.
• Games with sensory bags and boxes.
• Guessing objects by smell.
• Guessing food by taste.

musical

This type of development of a three-year-old baby not only affects the child's hearing, but also instills in him a sense of rhythm and musical taste.

You can develop your baby with the help of such activities:

• Singing.
• Playing a musical instrument.
• Listening to music with different rhythms.
• Guessing the sounds of everyday objects.
• Song Guessing.
• Dancing.
• Music background.

An expert on musical development Lazarev M. L. shows how theatrical performance "Music Festival" can be held using the "Flower" method. The child will get acquainted with musical instruments and musical intervals.

Speech

For a child of 3 years old, it is very important to constantly expand the vocabulary, so you should communicate more with the little one. Articulation classes also affect speech development. With a baby of this age, speech development can be done as follows:

• Learn songs and poems.
• Discuss plot pictures.
• Tell a story with pictures.
• Discuss what you read.
• Listen to a fairy tale read by an adult, as well as in an audio recording.
• Make a riddle for the baby, in which the answer is the last word of the quatrain.
• Talk to your child about how the day went.
• Discuss different situations on the topic “what if?”.
• Perform articulation exercises.
• Learn vowels.

fine motor skills

It is extremely important to develop motor skills to stimulate the speech development of a toddler, since the areas of the brain responsible for speech and hand movement are very close. If during the lesson the baby will use his fingers more, you will simultaneously stimulate the speech zone. Suitable activities for fine motor skills for a 3-year-old baby are as follows:

• Finger gymnastics.
• Games with sand and grains.
• Fastening buttons, eyelets, various fasteners, buttons.
• Stringing multi-colored beads on a cord, including alternating color and shape of beads.
• Games with nesting dolls, laces, mosaics, liners, clothespins.
• Laying out patterns from pasta, shells or pebbles.
• Water games.

Creative

Activities that will stimulate the child's creativity include various types of drawing and applications, games with constructors, modeling, and the like. With a three-year-old kid, you can do this:

• Draw details to the drawings, for example, leaves to a branch or stems to flowers.
• Draw lines, rectangles, ovals and circles.
• Color in the drawing.
• Draw according to your idea and tell what you draw.
• Roll out plasticine or dough in the palms and sculpt simple shapes (sausages, balls, bagels).
• Make simple applications using paper, natural materials, pieces of fabric.
• Build bridges, fences, houses from cubes using speech instructions, your imagination, sample or drawing.
• Cut with children's scissors.
• Decorate cakes or sandwiches with mom.
• Act out a fairy tale.
• Play with puppet theatre.

For the creative development of the baby, conduct a lesson according to the “Little Leonardo” method, which is shown by O. N. Teplyakova, an expert in intellectual development.

social

A three-year-old child reaches out to peers and communicates a lot with other children. Many kids of this age are already attending kindergarten, so their social development goes at its own pace while communicating with children in a group. If the three-year-old does not go to the garden yet, it is important for parents to pay additional attention to the social development of the child. In addition, this type of development also includes the acquisition of skills that children will need in everyday life.

Classes aimed at the social development of the crumbs will be as follows:

• Games with other children using substitute items.
• Learning words of politeness.
• Folding clothes before bed.
• Learn to tie shoelaces and button up.
• Learning table manners.
• Strong help around the house.

Many parents are faced with the difficulties of parting with a child, accompanied by tears and tantrums crumbs. Is this normal and is it worth it to continue to take the baby to kindergarten, see the video of Larisa Sviridova.

Sample weekly exercise program

By compiling a weekly lesson plan for the development of a three-year-old child, you can evenly distribute classes over the days of the week, while not missing anything, but not overloading the little one. For each child, such a lesson plan will be different. Its compilation should be based on the interests of the baby and mother, as well as the presence of certain skills in the little one. The plan includes visiting sports and developmental activities, massage and other mandatory activities.

When drawing up a plan for the first time, it is better to focus on a minimum list of activities. After one or two weeks, you will be able to analyze how the child is coping, whether any activities need to be added, what the baby likes more and what is more difficult.

We offer the following approximate weekly schedule of developmental activities for a 3-year-old child:

Care and mode

In the development of 3-year-old children, attention should be paid to maintaining the health of babies, so the importance of the daily routine and caring for the little one is beyond doubt:

1. The baby needs to get enough rest. The approximate duration of sleep at the age of 3 is 12-13 hours a day. Many children may refuse to sleep during the daytime, but pediatricians note that preschoolers need rest during the day, so parents should try to put their child to sleep for 1-2 hours during the day.
2. The morning of a three-year-old should begin with hygiene procedures. The child should wash himself, brush his teeth and comb his hair. Parents should constantly remind the baby to wash their hands before eating and after returning from a walk, as well as after using the toilet.
3. Many parents continue to harden their children, carry out procedures in the period after daytime sleep. Such procedures include sunbathing, walking in the fresh air, wiping with a dampened towel, dousing the legs or the whole body, contrast showers, swimming in ponds.
4. With a three-year-old child, it is advised to walk 1-2 times a day, dressing the little one according to the weather.
5. In the diet of a child of this age, 4 meals are provided, between which 3-4 hours pass. The nutritional value of the daily diet of three-year-old children is 1500-1800 kcal.

And once again about the most important thing: what happens to a child at the age of 3 and why it is important to behave correctly during this difficult period, see the video of the child psychologist Yulia Milovanova on the Open TV channel.

• At the age of three, it is important to ensure that the child has toys that will support the baby's motor activity (ball, bicycle, skittles, and the like). Also, for the games of a three-year-old toddler, constructors and pyramids, lotto and cubes, books and posters, sets for creativity and toys for role-playing games (dolls, animals, dishes, products, and others) are needed.
• If the child is about to start attending kindergarten, discuss with the baby the changes in his life. It would be a good idea to attend developmental classes so that the baby gets used to the children's team.
• Remember that three-year-olds are very sensitive to criticism, so if you want to criticize the baby, do it gently, but rather offer to correct mistakes together.
• It is not necessary to buy expensive toys for development, you can use improvised materials for classes.

How does a child develop at 3 years old? Parents observe many external changes in a three-year-old baby. But transformations in mental, emotional, intellectual, speech development are also noticeable. How can you help your child get through a crisis?

A three year old is a jack of all trades. He knows how to dress and undress independently, drink and eat, wash his hands with soap and dry them with a towel. He skillfully builds a tower of cubes, puts together a mosaic, digs sand with a shovel, can draw circles, lines and a primitive man, recognizes geometric shapes, colors, names of animals, vehicles, and also does many other useful and important things in life. In addition, a three-year-old knows how to skillfully act up and even throw tantrums. Why is this happening?

General physical development of a child of 3 years

What motor skills does a three-year-old baby master? How does his body develop?

• Gross and fine motor skills. At 3 years old, the child confidently runs, jumps, stands on one leg, changes direction, easily overcomes obstacles, rides a tricycle, catches a ball, goes up and down stairs without support. Hands also become dexterous: the baby is able to unbutton buttons on his own, take off Velcro shoes, confidently wields a spoon, drinks carefully from a cup, holds a pencil with his index finger and thumb, skillfully unfolds sweets.
• Brain and nervous system. The number of nerve cells and connections between them increases, but the nervous system is still immature. Improves brain activity. The brain also increases in volume. In a three-year-old baby, the right and left hemispheres, as well as the connections between them, begin to develop symmetrically. The right hemisphere is responsible for spatial-visual perceptions, motor activity, emotions, feelings, imagination, creative thinking. The left is associated with logic, analytical, rational thinking, speech, the ability to master writing and reading. Some researchers believe that a girl's left hemisphere develops faster at 3 years old, so she can start talking earlier. And a boy at this age may have a more developed right hemisphere - he is better oriented in space, moves faster.

• body proportions. What changes in the body can be observed? The head no longer seems too big, because other parts of the body are enlarged. The neck lengthens, the shoulders become wider, the stomach still protrudes forward, the shoulder blades are convex. The legs and arms of the baby are noticeably stretched, his figure becomes more proportional. An important feature of this age is the formation of natural curves of the spine.
• Growth. The growth rates of a child at 3 years old largely depend on heredity, nutritional quality, environmental conditions, gender. The average height of boys of this age: from 92 to 100 cm. The average height of girls of this age: from 90 to 98 cm.
• The weight. Adipose tissue in three-year-old babies becomes smaller, it is replaced by muscle tissue, and boys have more of it. Weight gain is stable, but it is no longer as intense as in the first and second years of life. The average weight of boys of this age: from 14 to 16 kg. The average weight of girls of this age is from 13.5 to 15.5 kg.
• Dream. The general norm of sleep is 12 hours. It’s good if 10 hours are allotted for night sleep, and 2 for daytime sleep. It happens that at 3 years old children stop sleeping during the day, then you need to increase the nightly rate. Lack of sleep at this age negatively affects the overall development of the baby, primarily on the nervous system.

In the development of a three-year-old child, the environment, education and upbringing play a greater role than heredity. Therefore, the primary pedagogical task of parents is to create favorable conditions for the formation of a full and healthy personality. Three years is a crisis age, with whims and negativism. This is a difficult period in the life of the baby and his parents. It is important to realize: in most cases, the behavior of the baby depends on the attitudes and emotional state of adults.

Psycho-emotional and intellectual development

How to develop a child at 3 years old? Is it enough for him to have the skills and abilities that he receives in everyday life during communication and games? Or do you need some additional classes on early development methods?

Schools of early development: a brief overview of methods

• Zaitsev's method. The main goal is to teach early reading, purity of speech, and literacy in the native language. The system was developed by the teacher N.A. Zaitsev. In his opinion, the syllable is the building block of a language. The most famous methodological manual is "Zaitsev's cubes". On their sides are written syllables, from which children learn to put words together. The technique can be used from 2 years. Also N.A. Zaitsev developed a methodology for teaching Russian, Ukrainian, English grammar and mathematics.
• Glen Doman Method. The system of early learning to read was developed by an American physiologist. The technique is to teach the baby to perceive words not by syllables, but in integrity. It is enough for a child to look at the written word several times in order to remember it and then recognize it in the text. This technique can be applied from the first year of life. You need to write the words in large letters on separate cards and show them to the child. You can also sign the names of objects that surround the baby in everyday life, then change the cards.
• Waldorf pedagogy. Developed at the beginning of the twentieth century by the German philosopher Rudolf Steiner. What are the features of this education system? Attention is paid to the development of creative abilities, aesthetic, artistic taste, independent skills. And no early reading, mathematics, foreign languages! The task of the system is to give and prolong real childhood. In Waldorf schools there are no newfangled educational toys, teaching aids. Here it is customary to make toys with your own hands from improvised materials, fabric, clay, wood. The external simplicity of the system helps the child to rely not on the charms of civilization, but on his own abilities, natural possibilities. It is also customary to take care of animals here, in gardens and schools there is always a living corner.
• Montessori method. Maria Montessori, an Italian educator and physician, founded a world-famous pedagogical system. What are the features of this author's technique? The main task is to support the child's initiative, give him the opportunity to complete tasks on his own, go from simple to complex, gradually master new skills. Adults in this situation are just observers who are ready to support, but help only at the request of the baby. Montessori schools are actively social adaptation. Here it is accepted that children of different ages are gathered in one group, and the younger ones learn from the elders, and not from adults. Children are not forced to play and learn. The school has many game methods that children choose according to their desire and abilities.
• The Nikitin method. The author's method of the spouses Elena and Boris Nikitin, raising their children according to a special program, which differed from the pedagogical principles adopted in the Soviet Union. Nikitins paid great attention to the physical and intellectual development of children. Teachers believed that two extremes in education should be avoided: excessive guardianship and unlimited freedom. Until now, educational games developed by the Nikitins are used. The attitude towards this technique is ambiguous. Some psychologists believe that the Nikitins had a too harsh approach to children who grew up in Spartan conditions. Their children then found it difficult to adapt to society, since they were brought up in a closed environment.

Advantages of early development

• The baby has the opportunity to communicate with peers and "foreign" adults.
• Children learn information much faster in a learning and play environment in a group, and not in a home atmosphere.
• Good physical preparation and the opportunity to play new outdoor games.
• A variety of educational games and toys, books, teaching aids.
• A change of scenery.
• Development of creative potential: singing, dancing, drawing, modeling.
• Formation of independence skills.

What to pay attention to?

• It is desirable to develop the baby according to one method and not to overload him with information too much.
• It is important to choose not the methodology itself, but the teacher who presents it.
• The prestige and popularity of the technique does not mean that it is suitable for a particular child.
• In a group, it is easy to catch SARS, influenza or a flying viral infection, the child can often get sick (although this is an inevitable stage).
• It is better to choose a school that is close to home.

Outdoor games

The development of a 3-year-old child cannot be imagined without physical activity. Outdoor games at this age should be understandable, with some kind of unpretentious plot, reincarnation in animals, birds, fairy-tale characters. Outdoor games give not only good physical training, but also teach the child to think logically, analyze situations, and fantasize. Team spirit at this age, children are not yet aware, but are already able to interact with their peers. To organize outdoor games, you can use sports equipment: balls, jump ropes, hoops, skittles, ropes, poles, etc. Active games can be played indoors and outdoors.

Educational games and toys

What to do with a child at 3 years old and at the same time develop his memory, attention, imagination, logic, creativity? For this, there are educational games and toys. These include puzzles, mosaics, coloring books, cubes, constructors, lotto, insert frames, nesting dolls, composite pictures. At this age, the child is able to distinguish and name colors, geometric shapes, recognize various features of objects, and classify them. What toys are interesting for kids of this age? All types of transport, soft toys, dolls, dishes, musical toys, equipment for water and sand. I also like dynamic toys in which individual parts can be rotated, removed, rearranged. You can not do at this age without paints, pencils, plasticine, mass for modeling.

Role-playing games

The main goal of role-playing games is to introduce the baby to social roles and adaptation outside the family, to simulate various life situations, to develop communication skills, to introduce professions. At this age, children do not know how to play role-playing games on their own, while adults help them. What are your favorite games? "Daughters-mothers", "Shop", "Treatment at the doctor", "Family", "Walk", "Birthday invitation", "Zoo", "Building a house", "Garden-garden", "Trip by transport " and many others. Often such games arise spontaneously.

Speech development

Communication with peers

Children of this age show a keen interest in peers. Children can play joint mobile, role-playing games. But they still don’t know how to organize the game on their own. Some children may be watching other children, but they themselves will stand aside. At this age, the baby is already able to single out someone from the group, show sympathy, sympathy. But he also often shows aggression, especially if the game goes against his rules or someone took the toy. It is good for children of this age to be in a group. These are the first steps towards social adaptation. If the child is afraid to communicate with peers, do not forcibly pull him to the children. You can take the position of observers and comment on the actions of other children to the child.

Crisis 3 years

The psychological crisis of 3 years passes under the loud motto: “I want! I'm on my own!" In a poetic version, it sounds something like this: “Oh, give me, give me freedom!”.

• Protest, negativism and the desire to be independent. The kid demands freedom, but does not know what to do with it. The only way to declare yourself as a person is to protest. The picture of the world is expanding, emotions and feelings are overwhelming, but the child is not yet able to control, realize and integrate his states. Psychologists pay attention: it is important to live through the crisis without suppressing freedom, but at the same time clearly setting parental personal boundaries. Otherwise, as the common people say, the child will sit on his head.
• Mirroring the emotions of adults. Children are connected to the feelings of an adult and the general emotional atmosphere in the family. The reasons for the inadequate behavior of the baby often lie in intra-family relationships. The strongest emotional connection at this age is between the child and the mother. If a woman is depressed, depressed, unable to express any emotions, then the child will try to piss her off in order to “revive”, shake, show at least negativity. Of course, the child provokes the mother unconsciously.
• Aggression. Aggression is a natural biological reaction of our psyche. It cannot be suppressed and denied; it is also not recommended to respond with aggression to aggression. At this age, it is still difficult for a baby to be aware of his own emotions, but it is necessary to accustom him to this process. Many parents ask: is it worth giving change if someone offends and pushes on the playground? Psychologists recommend teaching the baby to give "verbal change": that is, to voice their indignation, to talk about the rejection of aggression. But in most cases, the tactics of behavior depend on the parental opinion, which does not always coincide with the point of view of the psychologist. This is especially true for the upbringing of the boy: “beat back, are you a man or not?”.
• Tantrums. At the age of three, tantrums are normal, you need to be mentally prepared for them. During the crisis period, tantrums can happen 2 times a week. But they should not be repeated too often and become a habit. What to do if the baby throws tantrums every day several times for a long time? First, we need to reconsider the methods of education. They must be agreed with grandparents so that there are no disagreements. Secondly, consult with a neurologist and a psychologist.
• The manifestation of temperament. At the age of three, the type of the nervous system is already clearly visible. Tantrums do not happen except in calm and calm phlegmatic children. Cholerics start up in half a turn. Sanguine people are quick-witted, it is easier to negotiate with them. Melancholic suffer silently and for a long time, quietly shed tears and accumulate resentment. It is important to find an approach to each type of temperament. Not all methods are equally good.
• Overexcitability of the nervous system. In a crisis period, it is important to adhere to the daily routine: good sleep, rational nutrition, mandatory walks in the fresh air. Active, outdoor games should be in the morning. Before going to bed, you can read books, listen to calm music, sing lullabies to your child. It is necessary to take all measures to calm the nervous system, and not to overload it. It is also worth asking questions: what cartoons does the baby watch, what adults and children surround him, what games does he play?

What to do with whims and tantrums

It is important what state the mother is in when the baby has a tantrum. It is necessary to stop the child's inadequate actions with firmness, but also with love and understanding of the child's condition. His nervous system does not yet have "safeties", the structure of nerve cells is inert and does not yet slow down hysteria.

• Demands and prohibitions. It is important from early childhood to form prohibitions that relate to health, life safety. Also, the baby should already be aware of the value of some items, elementary ethical standards of behavior. But exactingness should correspond to age, and there should not be too many prohibitions. To forbid all the time means taking away from the baby his curiosity, initiative, desire for knowledge. It is also important that the bans are consistent.
• Restraining the anger and resistance of the baby. This strategy does not consist of directly saying, “Shut up! Shut up!" etc. Direct suppression of anger can lead to self-injury and guilt. Restraint of the negative emotions of the child lies in the ability to switch the baby to positive emotions, a constructive dialogue. At the same time, it is important to remain balanced and calm, not to raise your tone, not to shout, that is, not to mirror it.

According to medical statistics, farsightedness in children is detected in 90% of cases, since all babies come into the world with eye hyperopia. This is considered the norm and up to a certain age, parents should not worry much, but one should not forget about a timely visit to the optometrist, at least once a year.

Hypermetropia in newborns refers to farsightedness, with which absolutely all children are born. This is an abnormal refraction of the eye, in which the focus of the visual system is outside the retina. In children, this is due to the small length of the eyeball. Hypermetropia usually persists between the ages of 1 and 3 years and is approximately 3 diopters. With the growth of the child, its value gradually decreases towards normal refraction and by school age it has a value of about 1 diopter. This happens because the eyeball grows and the focus is set on the retina.

Therefore, farsightedness in children from 1 year to 3 years and a little older is quite normal. But it is necessary to be examined by an ophthalmologist during this period. It will help control the development of vision and prevent complications, because at a younger age, hypermetropia can be more than 3 diopters.

In general, there are three types of optical system:

1. Emmetropia is a normal condition bordering on farsightedness and myopia and does not require correction. Indicated as zero.
2. Farsightedness is a pathology of vision, indicated by a plus sign and corrected by positive lenses.
3. Myopia is a visual impairment indicated by a minus sign and corrected by negative lenses.

Each small village lens is measured in diopters, which characterize its refractive power. That's why we say this: "I have farsightedness plus two." Or: "I have minus six myopia."

Causes of complications and how to identify them

But it happens that children's farsightedness still manifests itself, the reason may be a lag in the growth of the eyeball. Children with this disorder have to strain their eye muscles to see objects. At first, their eyes seem to adjust, compensating for poor vision. But then it can turn into the development of various diseases, for example, a spasm of the eye muscles.

Also, the causes of children's hypermetropia are:

• hereditary predisposition;
• intraocular pressure;
• deformation of the eyeball;
• other disorders of the visual system.

Since children themselves cannot determine whether their eyesight is poor or good, and babies under 1 year old are difficult to diagnose, you should pay attention to symptoms or complaints such as:

• unwillingness to read;
• sharp pain in the eyes;
• frequent headaches;
• fatigue;
• visual discomfort;
• irritability;
• severe sleep disturbance.

With the frequent repetition of such complaints, without delay, take the child to the doctor. Farsightedness in a neglected state is fraught with such consequences as frequent inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis), an increase in the village of a small risk of developing glaucoma due to impaired outflow of intraocular fluid.

The progression of hypermetropia in children from 1 to 3 years of age can lead to a disease such as amblyopia, also called lazy eye syndrome, which occurs only at an early age. It leads to the fact that the brain cells responsible for vision, taking a distorted picture, reduce the stimulation of the normal development of neurons.

Such changes lead to decreased vision and developmental disorders. It is impossible to correct the pathology with glasses or lenses. As a bonus to amblyopia, strabismus may appear, developing in about 40% of cases.

Based on the degree of pathology, children's farsightedness is divided into three types:

1. Weak degree - up to 2 D.
2. Average hyperopia - 3-5 D.
3. High - over 5 D.

It is possible to identify the degree only after a special medical examination by an ophthalmologist.

age margin

All children under 3 years of age have a margin of farsightedness. But sometimes it may not meet the standard. In itself, this is not terrible, but over time, complications and vision problems may appear. For example, if the eyeball grows ahead of the age norm, this means that the child has an insufficient supply. In this case, there is a very high risk of developing myopia. With an excessive reserve, characterized by a retardation of the growth of the eyeball, the occurrence of possible complications is described above.

Correction of the visual system at an early age

All these complications and diseases can be prevented if the problem is detected early. Today, an ophthalmologist can establish a reserve of farsightedness even up to 1 year. If necessary, the doctor will prescribe glasses and prescribe special exercises. And with strabismus - a complete treatment of the visual system.

Parents should understand that glasses are needed for treatment, and not for inconvenience!

Plus points with an excessive reserve normalize the functioning of the visual cells of the brain, preventing the development of amblyopia and strabismus, and with an insufficient supply, triggering the mechanisms of slowing down the growth of the eyeball.

In addition, hardware treatment with various methods of stimulating vision is also used. Such a course is prescribed only after the necessary examinations and is carried out 3-5 times during the year.

Look at the video computer graphics of the disease of the eye

At preschool age, from 1 to 3 years of age and older, it is recommended to use positive lenses even for the correction of a small degree of hypermetropia (about 1 D). But in this case, children should wear glasses only during visual work - reading, watching TV, at school, doing homework, at the computer. School-age children, from the age of 7, are usually prescribed contact lenses or glasses with converging lenses.

Once again, we recall that the sooner pathologies are detected, the greater the chances of recovery. Moreover, modern treatment technologies make it possible to completely cure children's hypermetropia with a high percentage of success.

Pediatricians note that the development of each child occurs "according to an individual program." Three-year-old children develop rapidly and spasmodically. The baby's skills are improving every day, and parents are surprised to note all the new achievements of their fidget. And although it is unlikely that you will be able to find even two babies with a set of the same skills, there are certain developmental standards at any age, including at 3 years old.

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Speech skills

The speech of a child by the age of 3 changes dramatically. This is no longer a clumsy monosyllabic conversation, but connected sentences with a change in words according to cases and declensions. The vocabulary is about 1.5 thousand words, of which 500-600 words are actively used. However, not all children speak freely, many do not pronounce hissing sounds and the sound [r]. The required language skills are as follows:

• correctly pronounces his name and surname, the names of parents and close people;
• makes sentences of five or more words, using prepositions correctly;
• sentences consist mainly of nouns, pronouns and verbs;
• memorizes short children's poems, reciting them from memory, retelling short prose;
• easily recognizes and names objects familiar to him;
• compose a story from a picture using up to 5 simple sentences;
• uses words in the singular and plural in conversation;
• knows many adjectives, but rarely uses them in speech, more often uses them separately, characterizing an object or phenomenon;
• distinguishes antonyms and uses them correctly (big - small, high - low);
• conducts a dialogue, coherently answers questions.

At this age, some children begin the “age of the why”, when they ask questions about all the objects and phenomena that they meet on their way. It is important to be patient and satisfy the curiosity of the baby. You need to talk a lot with a child, read books, learn poems and lyrics. Let him talk about his impressions, using words from the category of perception (liked, remembered, saw, felt). All this perfectly develops speech, enriches vocabulary and conceptual stock.

Thinking

The speech and thinking of a three-year-old child are closely related. Perceiving new phenomena, he tries to explain and tell about them. At the age of 3, a child already has access to the simplest causal relationships, he draws conclusions from what he saw and heard, tries to explain some phenomena:

1. Makes simple logical chains, based on his own observations and stories of adults. So, he is quite capable of determining that it was raining at night if he saw puddles in the window in the morning.
2. Compares pictures or objects, finds similarities and differences, groups them according to a common feature. Able to identify the "extra" item in the presented series.
3. Recalls the events of the recent past, talks about what happened a few days ago.
4. Collects puzzles consisting of 6-8 elements. Easily assembles a pyramid, given the size of the rings. From the cubes he makes a turret, trying to put them evenly.
5. Knows the concepts of "one-many", counts up to five, showing the corresponding number on the fingers.
6. He knows up to 10 colors, distinguishes them and names them himself, knows and distinguishes the basic geometric shapes, the concepts of the seasons, the names of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and so on.
7. Compares figures by shape, color, groups them, arranges them by size - from larger to smaller, selects one object to another according to a given attribute.

A child at 3 years old already makes rather complex decisions and tries to explain his actions. This is the time when special attention should be paid to creative development: sculpt together from plasticine, draw, make crafts from natural materials. This develops not only thinking and creativity, but also fine motor skills.

Motor development

Experts advise developing a child’s motor skills up to school age, because the clarity of movements depends on this, even how correctly he will hold a pen when writing. At 3 years old, a child should be able to do the following:

• easy to collect one bead, pea and other small object;
• put beads on a thread;
• sculpt balls of plasticine;
• cut paper with scissors;
• collect mosaic.

For the development of fine motor skills, there are special exercises and games that allow you to improve motor skills. Finger gymnastics, which is performed daily during or before classes, will help.

Video: Develop fine motor skills: finger gymnastics for the little ones.

household skills

At the age of 3, a child strives for independence in everything: for example, he tries to tie his shoelaces and brush his teeth. Household skills at this age are already quite developed, the baby can easily perform all the necessary hygiene and other daily procedures on his own:

• he dresses confidently, some can even distinguish between right and left legs, front and back side in clothes;
• knows his things and knows how to use them, finds his toothbrush and towel;
• unbuttons and fastens buttons on clothes, puts things in the closet;
• cleans up toys after him, puts them in their places: cubes in a box, soft toys on shelves, the rest - in a basket;
• eats neatly with a spoon on his own, some children are quite deftly controlled with a fork;
• uses a handkerchief for its intended purpose, wipes a soiled face with a napkin;
• washes hands before eating, wiping them with a towel;
• takes off shoes and outerwear when coming home from the street.

Everything that a child at 3 years old should be able to do in terms of everyday skills is instilled exclusively by close people. Failure to meet certain criteria is not an age mismatch or developmental delay, rather, it is an omission of parents.

motor skills

Three-year-olds are very active and mobile. Coordination is already fully developed, the baby freely controls his movements, testing his own abilities and abilities:

• confidently and quickly runs;
• plays ball: kicks it, throws it up, catches it;
• easily climbs and descends stairs, including vertical ones, alternating legs, more physically developed children can jump over the steps;
• he himself climbs the hill and rolls down it;
• keeps balance, standing on toes, can walk a fairly long distance;
• walks backwards;
• rides a tricycle;
• keeps balance and jumps on one leg;
• rolls back and forth.

It is better to put the overflowing energy of the baby in the right direction by identifying him in one of the sections for the smallest, where he will develop physically. Swimming is a very good training of motor functions and coordination. This must be done under the guidance of an experienced instructor.

Cognitive, intellectual and emotional development

Mental processes: attention, memory and thinking - by the age of 3 are already well developed. The kid is well oriented in space, can show the way to the store or playground. He is already able to concentrate on one lesson for up to 5 minutes, which can be used in educational games aimed at describing the sequence of actions shown in the picture, or describing the picture from memory.

Talking about the events of the day, the baby embellishes reality. Sometimes this is perceived by adults as a lie, but this is only a manifestation of fantasy, which by this time begins to develop.

The child understands that he is an independent person, trying to show his individuality in everything, to defend his opinion, which often turns out to be the opposite of the opinion of his parents. The replacement of the pronoun “we” with “I” is also connected with this: “I will go”, “I will do”.

Psychologists talk about the crisis of three years, when yesterday's obedient child becomes capricious, does not fulfill the requests of his parents. This is a kind of attempt to defend the emerging point of view. It is very important not to try to achieve complete obedience, but to find a compromise in relationships, otherwise trust and mutual understanding can be lost, causing aggression.

Social Communication Skills

Communication skills with other people are becoming increasingly important for the child. If earlier he was content with communicating with his parents, now he is increasingly striving to be in the circle of his peers. Until recently, children played side by side, but at the age of 3, they begin to play together, sharing toys, learning role-playing games with pleasure:

• the child easily gets acquainted with other children, although some still prefer independent games to collective ones;
• perceives and obeys the rules of a certain game;
• during the game sees and understands the danger, can prevent it;
• in communication with others, he uses the words “thank you” and “please”, “hello” and “goodbye”.

The listed skills and abilities are the result of cognitive and educational games, active communication with loved ones and peers. A child's day during this period should be rich and varied, filled with new emotional and tactile sensations. However, do not overdo it, otherwise you will not avoid overexcitation and poor sleep. The mode for the baby is still very important, and by the end of the day it is advisable to replace active games with calm ones, without disregarding reading at night.

So the night colic and motion sickness on the arms ended, the child learned to walk on his own and deftly put a spoon in his mouth, you can already talk with him on various topics and more or less calmly sit in a cafe or take a bus ride. Yesterday's baby grew up, and it would seem that parents can take a breath. But then he comes - the crisis of 3 years.

Just yesterday, a kind and docile child suddenly turns into an eternally whining or screaming monster, who has one answer to everything - no! Constant tantrums, rolling on the floor, refusal to comply with the simplest requirements, attempts to do everything on their own, and then again screaming - it doesn’t work! This behavior drives parents crazy and raises only one question: what to do? The crisis of 3 years is a temporary and passing phenomenon. Having figured out how the crisis of 3 years manifests itself and what causes it, parents will be able to survive this period with the least loss to their psyche, and at the same time help the child overcome the crisis of 3 years. Negativism and stubbornness on the part of the child is not a desire to annoy the parents, but a lack of understanding of what is happening and how to behave at a new stage in life.

Crisis 3 years: symptoms

In the behavior of preschool children, you can often see signs of a crisis of 3 years. If a child is suddenly completely out of hand, remember his age. The crisis of 3 years will not necessarily visit the child directly on his third birthday. The period of denial and stubbornness may begin six months before the third year or six months later.

You are facing a crisis at age 3 if your child:

constantly checks the boundaries of what is permitted;

arranges tantrums for any reason and without;

demands to buy the toy he needs, sobbing and rolling on the floor in the store;

on a walk runs away in the opposite direction from you;

does not respond to requests and the word “no”;

negatively perceives any of your proposals;

answers “no”, “I don’t want”, “I won’t” to everything;

tries to do everything on his own and in his own way: he pulls on his jacket, sits down to eat himself, if something doesn’t work out, he throws a tantrum;

not amenable to persuasion.

Causes of the crisis 3 years

At the age of three, the child tries to separate his "I" from the parent. He begins to realize himself as a separate independent person with his own desires that need to be defended. A child's crisis of 3 years often manifests itself in the demonstrative and even tyrannical behavior of the child: he throws tantrums from scratch and literally does not agree with anything. The child, as if on purpose, wants to do it out of spite, on the contrary, contrary to the wishes of the parents. Of course, this behavior causes bewilderment and irritation in parents, but you should remember that the child is stubborn and says “no” not to annoy you. He simply does not know other ways to establish himself as a person. How to survive the crisis of 3 years, the parents should show the child.

Do not try to remake a child, educate him and break "for yourself

If a child has a crisis of 3 years, advice to parents comes down, by and large, to a recommendation to maintain a balance. Do not punish the child, and encourage his behavior. During a tantrum, try to switch the attention of the stubborn to something else, and if it doesn’t work out, just wait it out. But when the child calms down, be sure to talk to him about what happened, explain that you still love him, but this behavior upset you very much and it is unacceptable in society.

Give your child a choice

Does the child want to be independent? Let him make his own decisions. Do not force to eat porridge and a sandwich, ask: "Will you have porridge or a sandwich?" If you are going on business, leave the child the opportunity to participate in determining the route: "Shall we go to the store or to the pharmacy first?"

Sometimes you can play on the contradiction: if you urgently need to collect a child for kindergarten, and he refuses to get dressed, say that you will not go to kindergarten today. Out of stubbornness, the child will start shouting: “No, let's go!” Take advantage of this, but emphasize that today you are fulfilling his request, and tomorrow he will fulfill yours.

Help your child accept himself

The child must believe that he is good, despite temporary behavioral difficulties. Praise the child if he completed your instructions, emphasize that he is obedient and everything is fine with him.

Contact the experts

If you can’t cope with the situation, become irritable, aggressive, or, conversely, you give up, the science of psychology will help you. The crisis of 3 years is a topic that many child psychologists specialize in, who will tell you how to behave correctly, where to draw peace and strength, and also work with the child himself.

Crisis 3 years: when does it end?

How long your child will be stubborn - a month or a year - is impossible to predict. Some children "skip" the crisis age without even noticing, others linger in it for a long time. How long the crisis lasts for 3 years will also depend on the attitude of the parents to what is happening.

Throughout his life, a growing child will more than once face crises of a certain age, because age psychology considers a crisis of 3 years to be the starting point on the path of personality formation.

The crisis of 3 years in a child just needs to wait out and survive, as they wait out a thunderstorm or hurricane. Using our memo on the crisis of 3 years, you will help the child quickly overcome this difficult period for him and those around him.