Different rights for men and women. Equality of men and women. Welfare state for the elite

S.V. PASHENTSEV, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Gender and Family Policy, RSSU V modern Russia research related to gender issues, the study of the characteristics of the status roles of women and men in society at different stages of its development, acquire relevance and significance. Improving the implementation of the principles of gender equality should be based on the creative use of past experience. As G.V. Atamanchuk, "it is impossible to understand the present and manage at a strategic level if we do not know, do not appreciate and do not study our own history."

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S.V. PASHENTSEV,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Gender and Family Policy, RSSU

In modern Russia, studies related to gender issues, the study of the status roles of women and men in society at different stages of its development, acquire relevance and significance. Improving the implementation of the principles of gender equality should be based on the creative use of past experience. As G.V. Atamanchuk, "it is impossible to understand the present and manage at a strategic level if we do not know, do not appreciate and do not study our own history." It seems logical to turn to such an aspect as the legal status of women, its development over the centuries of our history, and on this basis draw conclusions about the specifics of the implementation of the principle of gender equality.

The legal status of women was constantly changing, gradually bringing society closer to the realization of the need to achieve equal rights for women and men. In the history of the development of gender equality in Russia, two main stages can be distinguished: the first is associated with the evolution of this principle in the monarchical period, the second - in the republican period.

The origins of the gender aspects of the development of law under capitalism should be sought in Ancient Russia. The legal position of a woman was quite difficult, which is manifested in the analysis of both civil and criminal legislation. “According to ancient Russian law, daughters did not receive an inheritance, and society was interested in ensuring that they were provided with marriage during the lifetime of their parents who supported them, otherwise they were left without material support and they had to be supported by the community or they had to beg.”

According to Russkaya Pravda, the murder of a woman of high rank entailed a vira (fine) half of what should have been paid for the murder of a man of the same rank: 40 hryvnia for a man, 20 for a woman.

According to Salic Pravda, the source of Frankish law, which was created at the same stage in the development of social relations as Russkaya Pravda, the life of a woman was valued more than the life of a man: in the case of the murder of a woman who could have children, a fine of 600 solidi was levied, in while for the murder of a man it was 200 solidi.

The marital status of a Russian woman was also difficult. She had to obey her husband, who often subjected her to severe beatings. With the growth of the influence of monasteries, a way appeared to get rid of an unnecessary, unloved wife - to imprison her in a monastery. The break with worldly life sometimes accompanied the breaking of marriage ties. So, Ivan IV was married several times, alienating his previous wife from himself to a monastery under some pretext (for example, infertility). The consolidation of the husband's complete power over his wife occurred in such a source as Domostroy, compiled in the 16th century.

According to the Council Code of 1649, which is one of the largest sources of Russian law, for the murder of her husband a woman was buried alive in the ground, while a man for the murder of his wife was subjected, as a rule, only to church repentance.

The inequality of a woman was also manifested in the fact that she was valued less than a man as a witness in court. In one of the decrees of Peter I, devoted to the trial, it was noted: "The witness is male more than female."

During the period of the Russian Empire, the restriction of the rights of a woman continued, the privileges of her husband were protected. The legislation established the almost complete dependence of the wife on her husband, obliging her to "obey her husband as the head of the family."

In the Passport Charter, a rule was established according to which a married woman could receive a separate passport only with the consent of her husband; The unpassported were considered vagrants, who were deported step by step to their place of residence. The wife was obliged to obey her husband as the head of the family, to remain in love, respect and unlimited obedience to him, to show him all pleasing and affection as the mistress of the house.

The wife had to live with her husband, despite her desire to follow him everywhere, with the exception of prison and exile (§ 107 of the Civil Laws).

In inheritance law, men had all the advantages.

A sister with a brother received only 1/14 of all immovable hereditary property, and from movable property - 1/8. Along the lateral line of inheritance, women in the presence of men did not receive anything at all. After the husband, the wife inherited 1/7 of the immovable and 1/4 of the movable property.

As O.A. Khasbulatova, “in accordance with the law, women of different social groups were unequal before the law to varying degrees. Thus, representatives of the privileged, propertied strata were in a better legal position than peasant women and workers.

M.I. Pokrovskaya, in a report at a public meeting of the club of the women's progressive party in 1914, gave the following example of how legislation drove a woman to suicide. “In January of this year in St. Petersburg, in the Paris Hotel, the wife of the rich Arkhangelsk merchant Arkhipov was poisoned. She came to St. Petersburg to file a divorce case with her husband. The latter sent a telegram here, demanding the return of his wife to him, even if for this he had to resort to deporting her to Arkhangelsk by stage. The police came to her to find out the matter. Fearing arrest, Arkhipova grabbed a bottle of creosote and drank it.

On February 4, 1914, the State Duma passed a law that gave all wives the right to take a separate passport for themselves without the consent of their husband. This law seemed to give the wife the right to leave her husband, but the police could still come to her and put her in with her husband. After all, Art. 103: “Spouses are obliged to live together, and therefore: 1) all acts that tend to arbitrarily separate spouses are strictly prohibited; 2) upon resettlement, upon entering the service, or upon any other change in the permanent residence of the husband, the wife must follow him.”

S.V. Polenina notes: “In order to bring the reader closer to the realities of that era, I will share a story that we, students of the law faculty of the Institute of Foreign Trade, heard at one time from our professor, the first woman lawyer in Russia, E.A. Fleischitz. Ekaterina Abramovna told how in the pre-revolutionary years, being a young married woman, she went with a friend from St. Petersburg to the south to rest for a short time. However, the rest did not take place. Ekaterina Abramovna was sent back to St. Petersburg with the police by stage, since she did not have documents officially confirming her husband's consent to his wife's temporary change of residence.

The norms of the criminal law of the Russian Empire also weakly protected the rights of women.

The abduction of a woman entailed a less severe punishment than horse theft and theft of cattle. On the contrary, if a woman left her husband, having given her consent to the abduction, she was threatened with imprisonment for a term of 8 months to 1 year.

The difficult position of women in society led to an increase in female crime. The situation of the convicted women was extremely difficult. Often they were kept in cells together with men, for a long time they used shackles and slingshots, which were worn around the neck and did not allow the woman to lie down. Women, along with men, were sentenced to hard labor, pregnancy only suspended the execution of the death penalty. For convicted women, whipping was used as a disciplinary punishment. This was repealed only by the Law of 03/28/1893. Its adoption, as noted by M.N. Gernet, was initiated by a mass protest against the rods after their use in 1889 at the Karian penal servitude against the political convict Sigida. The flogging caused the suicide of Sigida herself, five of her comrades, and the attempted suicide of 14 people.

Women were also subjected to discrimination under the legislation on public service. Female doctors who held medical positions did not enjoy the right to be promoted to ranks and awarded orders. Women who served in state control institutions, address desks and on the railways of the Ministry of Railways did not enjoy the rights granted by the civil service, as well as the right to fill regular positions. In other institutions of the civil service, women were not taken at all.

A characteristic of the legal status of a woman is her political rights, primarily the right to vote. Until 1917, Russian women were actually deprived of the opportunity to participate in state administration and self-government.

According to Art. 17 of the Regulations on zemstvo institutions of 1864, women could not participate in zemstvo electoral meetings. They were only allowed to send delegates instead of themselves to meetings - their "fathers, husbands, sons, sons-in-law, grandchildren, brothers or nephews."

The city regulation of 1870 also established that women could participate in the election of city duma councilors not personally, but through authorized representatives provided with powers of attorney (Article 25).

At the beginning of the 20th century, under the pressure of the revolutionary movement, the government went to expand the political rights of the population; a representative body was created - the State Duma. However, according to the Regulations on the elections to the State Duma of 1906, women did not participate in these elections.

In the Manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma dated 08/06/1905, Nicholas II announced that "now is the time to call on elected people from all over the Russian land for constant and active participation in the drafting of laws." For this purpose, a new institution was created - the State Duma, which had legislative functions and was elected in the course of non-universal, non-equal and non-direct elections.

At the same time, the Regulations on elections to the State Duma were published. A class-qualified electoral system was introduced. There were three curia of voters - landowners, city voters and peasants. The first two had a property qualification. The elections were not direct. At congresses, voters chose the percentage of electors established for each category, and then deputies to the State Duma were elected at a meeting of electors. Women, conscripts and persons under the age of 25 did not have voting rights.

On October 17, 1905, the emperor signed the Manifesto on the improvement of the state order. The government was instructed to grant the population "the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of real inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions." The manifesto promised to expand the circle of voters and give the Duma a legislative character.

The general population (women, the military, students, the urban poor, many non-Russian peoples) did not have the right to participate in the election of the State Duma. The working class was also deprived of its own representation in the Duma.

The events of the autumn of 1905 (strike, all-Russian political strike) disrupted the elections and the convocation of the Bulygin Duma. The government prepared an additional electoral law, which was approved by the tsar on December 11, 1905, at the very height of the December armed uprising in Moscow. The law also gave voting rights to workers. A working curia was created in each province. Three-degree elections were established for workers. Male workers were given the right to vote. From enterprises numbering from 50 to 1 thousand people, they chose one representative. Large enterprises elected one representative for every 1,000 workers. The representatives of the whole province gathered representatives from the workers for the provincial meeting, at which the electors were elected.

The electoral law of 1905 extended the electoral rights of the petty bourgeoisie. In the city curia, the voters included small artisans, tenants, and retired officials.

On June 3, 1907, a manifesto and a decree on the dissolution of the State Duma of the second convocation and the appointment of elections to the Duma of the third convocation were published. At the same time, the text of the new electoral law was published. The government actually carried out a coup d'état, since according to the Fundamental State Laws (Article 86), the electoral law of 1907 was to be considered by the Duma.

The new electoral law reduced the electoral rights of the broad masses of the population to a minimum. The number of electors from the landowners increased by almost 33%, while the number of electors from the peasants decreased by 56%. The unified city curia was divided into two. The first included representatives of the large and medium industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, landlords, wealthy officials, owners of significant real estate in cities; in the second - representatives of the petty bourgeoisie, tenants, artisans, etc.

The rights of voters in the second urban curia were curtailed. So, only seven cities received the right to independently elect members of the Duma (according to the electoral law of 08/06/1905 there were 21 of them). The representation of the national outskirts was also reduced. The electoral rights of workers were subjected to even more severe restrictions. The workers of the most industrialized provinces (Petersburg, Moscow, Kostroma, Vladimir, Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav) were given the right to elect their deputies to the Duma. In the rest of the provinces, they had the right to participate in elections for the second city curia, provided that they had a certain property qualification or rented a separate apartment.

The electoral legislation was repeatedly changed, which did not contribute to the increase in the authority of the Russian parliament. All changes in the legal status of the Duma were aimed at forming its composition as loyal to the autocracy and capable of working under the control of the government. There was no place for women in this composition.

The Soviet period in the history of our state was the time when women formally achieved almost complete equality with men. One can meet opposite assessments of gender relations in that period - from the idealization of the existing picture of the rights of women and men to its complete denigration. However, the gender aspects of Soviet legislation are complex and dialectical, and the practice of their implementation requires careful study.

The history of legal regulation of gender relations in the Soviet period can be divided into three main stages. Such a division is connected with the evolution of the state's attitude towards women, her role in society, which was enshrined in law. It was the change in the legal status of women that influenced the change in gender relations, the distribution of gender roles in the state and society.

The first stage began immediately after the October Revolution of 1917. When the Bolsheviks came to power, they began to reform the entire system of social relations, including between the sexes. This was primarily due to the formal granting of equal rights to women with men, an attempt to finally resolve the so-called women's issue.

The ideologists of the women's movement in the first years of Soviet power, among which A. Kollontai, N. Krupskaya, I. Armand can be distinguished, the women's issue was resolved in a class context, considered as a derivative of bourgeois society and class struggle. According to A. Kollontai, “there is no separate, independent women's issue; The contradiction which, under the bourgeois system, oppresses woman, is an integral part of the great social problem of the struggle between labor and capital.

The idea of ​​including women in production, public relations with full equalization of rights with men was actively promoted in the country. Such inclusion was seen as an indispensable and indispensable condition for building socialism. IN AND. Lenin wrote that "without involving women in independent participation not only in political life, but also in permanent, universal public service, there is no point in talking not only about socialism, but also about complete and lasting democracy."

The active involvement of a woman in public life changed her gender role and required the reorganization of all life on a collective basis: a woman was supposed to be freed from the duties of housekeeping, raising children, etc. Marriage became a marriage without a life, assumed complete equality in family relations, as well as simplification of the procedure for its conclusion and termination. In addition, it was required to remove marriage and family relations from the control of the church, which was considered a class enemy. It is no coincidence that in December 1917 the Decree on Civil Marriage was adopted. He established a new form of marriage - a civil marriage, which was not in the church according to religious rites, but in special state registry offices.

In September 1918, the Code of Laws on Civil Status, Marriage, Family and Guardianship Law was adopted. It determined the procedure for registering acts of civil status, regulated marriage and family and guardian relations. The only legal form of marriage was a civil marriage registered in the registry office. Divorces were allowed, the basis for which could be both the mutual consent of both spouses, and the desire of one of them. In the first case, the divorce was processed through the registry office in which the marriage was registered, in the second - through the court.

Marriage did not create a community of property of the spouses. Illegitimate children had equal rights with legitimate children. The father of an illegitimate child was obliged to participate in the costs of his maintenance. The upbringing of children was seen as a social duty of the parents. Adoption was banned to discourage covert child exploitation.

Thus, the legislation equalized women in the family sphere with men, changing gender roles in the family. The formation of a multi-million army of working women and peasant women began, for whom the labor collective, and not the family, was to become the main thing. They were focused not on family, but on socially useful affairs.

In fact, by November 1917, women were free from the previously existing restrictions. They received the right to freely choose a profession, place of residence, receive education, dissolve marriages, as well as the right to equal pay for equal work with men. In 1920, the right of women to have an abortion was legally recognized.

The final equality of women with men in political and civil rights was enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 in Art. 64, it was specifically noted that the right to elect and be elected is enjoyed by “both sex citizens”. Today, when the participation of women in the socio-political life of developed Western countries has become commonplace, it is appropriate to recall that Soviet Russia was in the top five countries in the world that gave women the right to elect and be elected to the representative bodies of the country.

Voting rights for women were granted in England in 1928, in France in 1944, in Italy in 1945, in Greece in 1956, and in Switzerland in 1971. Until now, women are deprived of the right to vote in Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia and some other countries.

Despite the fact that the Soviet government formally completely equalized the rights of a woman with men, the position of a woman differed from that declared. This is clearly shown in the example of labor legislation.

In December 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted the Labor Code of the RSFSR, which was characterized by a combination of forced labor with the proclaimed rather high level of labor rights for workers. Article 1 established labor service for all citizens of the RSFSR, except for children, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women from the seventh month of pregnancy. Working hours were fixed during the day - 8 hours, at night - 7 hours, and in "especially difficult" branches of labor and for minors - 6 hours. Night and health-hazardous work was prohibited for persons under 18 years of age. Multi-shift work was allowed, overtime - as an exception, if necessary. Overtime work was prohibited for women and persons under 18 and could not exceed 4 hours for two days in a row.

The Labor Code of the RSFSR of 1922 consolidated the provision that women and persons under the age of 18 are not allowed to perform night work (Article 130), which corresponded to the program Communist Party 1919. But the note to this article instructed the People's Commissariat of Labor to allow adult women to work at night in those branches of production where this was caused by a special need. A.A. Tille notes in this regard: “Naturally, as early as 1925, the CNT allowed women to work at night. Further legislation for women's night work was prohibited or restricted only to pregnant and breastfeeding women."

Thus, a woman achieved equality where, due to the characteristics of her body, she was entitled to count on the indulgence of the legislator.

According to S.G. Aivazov, the ideas of restructuring social relations between the sexes were used by the authorities to form a system of total domination. The supreme power delved into all the little things of life, solved the issues of births and abortions, marriages and divorces. With the strengthening of this domination, the freedom of family relations, declared by A. Kollontai at the dawn of Soviet power, is gradually becoming a thing of the past. The authorities begin to support the woman with the help of a number of benefits, which again affects the change in gender roles. Formally, a woman is higher than a man, if the husband “violates family discipline” - he drinks, cheats, is going to get divorced. You can complain about it to the party committee, trade union committee, administration of the enterprise, and appropriate measures will be taken.

Despite the strengthening of the meaning of motherhood, the disappearance of the term "paternity" from the legislation, in fact, there is a depersonalization of the sexes, the blurring of the lines between them. The main gender roles of women under socialism are the roles of a worker and a mother. However, in practice, these two roles are difficult to combine, one of which a woman has to sacrifice.

In the late 1920s, the second stage in the development of gender relations began. The construction of socialism demanded more and more working women's hands. The weakening of family foundations had a negative impact on the demographic situation. The state failed to fulfill its obligations to create a public system for raising children. In addition, the turn from cosmopolitan to traditionalist values ​​and attitudes began, which gradually manifested itself in all spheres of life, including gender relations.

In the mid-1930s, changing gender relations was enshrined in legislation. The main legal act was the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, which proclaimed: "In the USSR, a task of great historical importance has been solved - for the first time in history, genuine equality of women has been ensured in practice." Article 122 guaranteed: “A woman in the USSR is granted equal rights with a man in all areas of economic, state and socio-political life. The possibility of exercising these rights is ensured by granting a woman equal rights with a man to work, wages, rest, social insurance and education, state protection of the interests of mother and child, state assistance to mothers with many children and single mothers, the provision of leave to a woman during pregnancy with maintenance, a wide network of maternity houses, nurseries and kindergartens. In Art. 137 specifically noted: "Women enjoy the right to vote and be elected on an equal basis with men."

On June 27, 1936, a resolution was adopted by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the prohibition of abortions, the increase in material assistance to women in childbirth, the establishment of state assistance to large families, the expansion of the network of maternity hospitals, nurseries and kindergartens, the strengthening of criminal penalties for non-payment of alimony and some changes in the legislation on abortions." This legal act, according to S.G. Aivazova, actually drew a line under the previous practice and theory of "free love" and "free family". The state began to take under its guardianship the family "as a cell of society." It needed a strong support, stable social ties and relationships that the family always and everywhere provides.

On July 8, 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a decree according to which only a registered marriage gave rise to the rights and obligations of spouses. A turn in state policy in the approach to gender relations, family and marriage was consolidated. The decree established the inequality of a woman in the event that she decided on an extramarital affair and free love. All actual marriages were equated with extramarital affairs. It was forbidden to voluntarily establish paternity in unregistered marriage unions, the entire burden of the consequences fell on the woman.

The divorce process became more difficult. Divorce itself came to be seen as a sign of "moral instability" and could backfire on a career. The gender role of a woman changed again: she became the guardian of the family hearth, the educator of children, the moral support of the family, but at the same time she did not cease to be a worker of socialist production. She was kept at work, among other things, by such an important factor as her husband's inability to feed his family. Thus, the legal status of a woman was contradictory, which gave rise to a disproportion in gender relations.

After the death of I.V. Stalin in 1953, social relations entered another period of change, and in the sphere of regulation of gender relations, the third stage began, associated with their certain liberalization. An education reform undertaken in 1954 restored mixed education. In 1955, abortion was again legalized, and in 1965, the divorce procedure was greatly facilitated.

In 1968, the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics on Marriage and Family were adopted. This document, which had a declarative, general character, fixed not so much the duty and obligations of women as their rights and encouragement of motherhood. Article 3 contained a provision on “equality of rights for women and men in family relations”, which contradicted the provision of paragraph 4 of Art. 1, which implied the full protection of the interests of the mother and children, but not the interests of fathers as equal members of the family. State assistance to the family was interpreted as assistance to a woman-mother.

Thus, the historical experience of the development of gender equality in Russia testifies to a constant imbalance in the regulation of gender relations, to the infringement of one of the participants in these relations - women. Today the situation has not changed. As rightly noted by L.T. Shineleva, “the reform of the political system has clearly revealed the “double standard” in society’s attitude towards women: in legislative acts and in the realities of everyday practice. The equality of the rights of women and men, enshrined in the Constitution, turned out to be not identified with equality of opportunity.”

The imbalance in the legal status of women and men has deep historical roots, it cannot be overcome overnight, the problem cannot be solved by one or more legislative acts. Purposeful painstaking work is needed, carried out at all levels of the state power system, subject to the interaction of all its branches and aimed at achieving true gender equality in all spheres of society.

Bibliography

1 Atamanchuk G.V. The essence of public service: history, theory, law, practice. - M., 2004. S. 12.

2 Shchapov Ya. State and Church of Ancient Russia X-XIII centuries. - M., 1989. S. 109.

3 GARF, f. 516, op. 1, d. 6, l. 368.

4 See ibid., l. 347 rev.

5 Khasbulatova O.A. Experience and traditions of the women's movement in Russia (1860-1917). - Ivanovo, 1994. S. 18.

6 Aivazova S.G. Russian Women in the Labyrinth of Equality (Essays on Political Theory and History. Documentary Materials). - M., 1998.

7 Polenina S.V. Women's issue and the construction of a socialist legal state // Labor, family, life of a Soviet woman. - M., 1990.

8 See: Gernet M.N. History of the royal prison. - M., 1960. T. 3. S. 397.

9 See: Mikhailova V. Russian laws about women. - M., 1913. S. 6.

10 Ibid. C. 2.

11 Kollontai A.M. The work of a woman in the evolution of the national economy. - M. - Pg., 1923. S. 109.

12 Lenin V.I. Full coll. op. T. 31. S. 165.

13 See: Avdeenkova M.P., Dmitriev Yu.A. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation. - M., 2004. S. 421.

14 Tille A.A. Soviet socialist feudalism. 1917-1990. - M., 2005. S. 184.

15 See: Aivazova S.G. Decree. slave.

16 See ibid.

17 Shineleva L.T. Gender Policy in Conditions systemic crisis in Russia. - M., 1998. S. 31.

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Typical managerial reasoning: “It is unlikely that a reasonable person would argue with the fact that a young woman with a small child is not a very reliable employee. What boss will act to the detriment of production? Many young women have to sign a humiliating contract when they get a job that contains a clause saying that they will not go on maternity leave in the coming years, otherwise they face certain sanctions.

But is there a way out of this situation? There are women who give birth to children (but not one!), And successfully make a career. For example, in Sweden, a woman who has given birth is given a year's leave with 90% pay, and after starting work, a state nanny. No wonder that over 80% of Swedish women with children under five years of age work. Many companies accommodate employees with young children, for example, by providing them with flexible work or by arranging kindergartens on their territory. Such attention from the employer is rewarded a hundredfold!

Of course, it is much better for the baby to be raised by the mother, and not by the nanny. But what about a career? In most cases, it is at the age of 20 to 30 that a woman works most productively, she can fully put into practice the knowledge gained at the university! During this period of time, a stable professional platform is laid, from which the spaceship of success will take off in the future.

Of course, university graduates of both sexes have equal opportunities, but women who have given birth to a child, as a rule, lose time and begin to stall professionally. As Lewis Carroll's fairy tale Alice Through the Looking-Glass said: “You have to run very fast to stay in place. And if you want to move forward, then you have to run even faster. What can we say about a woman who came to work after a long break. No wonder Peter Lawrence said that "a woman needs to be twice as good in order to achieve half as much as a man." Although when looking at modern business women, the conclusion involuntarily suggests itself, following Lawrence's thesis that these women are at least four times better than men (no offense to men it will be said ...) Many talented women create strong competition for modern men. When Alexander Pochinok was appointed minister, the vacant position was offered to Svetlana Orlova, having appreciated her excellent business qualities. Although a no less literate and professional man, Georgy Boos, claimed this place ...

So, is it possible to put an equal sign between workers of both sexes? We have already found one difference: a woman can give birth, a man cannot, and we also discussed the impact this fact has on labor activity. With sufficiently similar mental abilities, there are certainly instinctive differences in the behavior of both sexes. It can be concluded that at work, men and women are equal in terms of their importance and relatively equal in the right to realize potential opportunities, but this does not mean that they are absolutely identical!

Have you noticed that men are more risk-averse (the biggest of which is changing jobs) than women. After all, a significant part of these "flyers" are men. Again, on a subconscious level, they are looking for firms where they will receive more, will be able to achieve a higher social position, which they strive for literally genetically. Dissatisfaction with work, wages, bosses is also more characteristic of men. The propensity to take risks in entrepreneurial activity is, again, mainly a man's prerogative. Representatives of the stronger sex believe that the more they risk, the more they can get. Unfortunately, this is not always justified. But men are sure that those who do not take risks do not drink the champagne of the winner.

Time goes forward, the age of informational progress involves the work not of muscles, but above all of the intellect. And such a deeply instinctive behavior of a man as a master and master in the work process is no longer relevant. Men in work learn a lot from women, and women - from men. Everything is mixed up, so to speak, in the labor market. High-level production workers who know foreign languages, own special technologies, and have positive previous work experience, regardless of gender, are valued. This trend is visible even in our country, when successful women are nominated for leadership positions. No one is surprised that a woman is running for president.

Nevertheless, a successful leader is often associated with a man, and many work processes are built according to the male type. All these are relics of the past. A woman who wants to climb the career ladder quickly and efficiently should pay attention to this. If the firm where she is going to work is dominated by a male hierarchy, then it is better for her to find something in a more female area. Although this fact does not bother many self-confident women, on the contrary, it mobilizes them.

I would like to end with the opinion of the same male CEO, whose statement we quoted at the very beginning: “Everyone chooses what is more important for him: if you need conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, communication skills, it is better to hire a woman. If such qualities as mobility, creativity, the ability to communicate with technology, strength, and finally, are needed, of course, a man is preferable.”

According to lady.zontik.ru

One law for some, another for others

Along with equality between men and women, the Russian Constitution guarantees the equality of all before the law and the courts; including regardless of gender. True, the criminal legislation of Russia regulates that a woman cannot be sentenced to death and life imprisonment. There are also milder conditions for women; ladies are not kept in colonies of strict and special regimes and in prisons. The maximum that awaits a criminal in the Russian Federation is a general regime colony. Similar norms, enshrined in the penitentiary code of our country, also authorize a number of other advantages for female prisoners. In particular, for violating the established procedure for serving a sentence, malicious male offenders are transferred to cell-type premises for up to one year. And malicious violators - women - only for three months.

The Russian Federation is by no means a leader in male discrimination in criminal law. In prosperous Sweden, criminal liability comes not for prostitution, but for using the services of “priestesses of love”. It is not a prostitute who pays a fine and goes to prison, but her client. Local laws state: "A person who, through a reward, induces another person to engage in casual sexual intercourse - ... may be sentenced to pay a monetary fine or to imprisonment for up to six months on charges of purchasing sexual services."

In many countries of the world, according to the criminal law, only men are still convicted of rape. Including Russia. According to the domestic Criminal Code, it is permissible to bring a woman to criminal responsibility only for “violent acts of a sexual nature”. Also, the criminal code does little to protect men from false allegations of rape. False accusations, with very few exceptions, go unpunished. And first of all in those countries where most of all they like to blather about "equality".

On the “impartiality” of criminal justice

Gender equality is not respected by criminal justice either. For the same crimes, the courts give women lighter sentences than men. Anna Shavenkova, while drunk driving, hit two people. Despite the fact that one of these girls died and the other remained disabled, Shavenkova safely escaped imprisonment.

Businessman Sergei Timin was hacked to death with an ax by his wife Tatyana. The court left the woman at large, giving her a suspended sentence.

The double morality of the judicial system is especially evident when a man and a woman commit a crime together. As in the case of the Grechyushkin family of child murderers, where the husband was given life imprisonment, and the wife was only sixteen years old.

No less high-profile trial of two Russian nationalists, Nikita Tikhonov and Evgenia Khasis. The couple killed lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova. He has a life sentence. She was sixteen years.

Alexander Sorokin and Irina Zavatskaya "had fun" with robbery attacks on prostitutes. They beat prostitutes and took away their cash. Sorokin received eleven years, Zavatskaya nine.

In the state of victorious feminism, the United States of America, ladies likewise enjoy leniency in the courts. Moreover, women receive symbolic sentences even for the most serious crimes. While men "rake" for long periods and for minor offenses. American human rights activist Richard Doyle specializing in the violation of the rights of the male half, Save The Males provides many examples of unequal treatment of offenders and offenders in the North American continent.

American actress Claudine Longet murdered her athlete boyfriend Vladimir Sabich when she was young. He found himself a new girlfriend and the enraged artist, out of jealousy, shot him with a pistol. The court appointed Longet one month in prison. The same amount was received by a man who only fished in violation of local legislation.

A man and a woman committed hooligan acts together. The rushing police arrested only a man.

A husband and wife were convicted of selling their 12-year-old daughter. The man has a real prison term. The woman is conditional.

The Central Intelligence Agency became famous throughout the world for its brutal treatment of prisoners in secret prisons. In particular, in "Abu Ghraib", the man Charles Griner and the woman Lindy England especially "tried". But the verdict was not the same. Greiner was sentenced to ten years, and England to three years.

In the era of “equality”, a man is punished for a crime practiced by a woman. Alba woman Ingrid Scarpeli repeatedly committed violence against her son, and the boy's father, Alan Lee Holmes, just stood aside and looked. Scarpeli was sentenced to eighteen months of community service, and Holmes to eight years in prison.

A female pedophile, Pamela Dil-Moore, abused a 13-year-old boy. Her sentence is a suspended sentence of five years. A man who raped a 13-year-old girl in the USA, depending on the state, gets thirty, fifty, one hundred years.

Another American pedophile, Debra Lafave, also escaped prison for sexual abuse of boys. The pervert's lawyer said that his client was "too beautiful to go to jail"...

“Society has lost its sense of proportion. A woman can kill a man and receive a less severe punishment than a man who does not pay child support or urinates on the street, ”states about the current situation Richard Doyle.

The policy of double standards in criminal justice has led to an overabundance of men in prisons. Especially characteristic of the Russian Federation and the United States of America. The number of convicts per capita in the Russian Federation and the United States exceeds similar European figures by ten times. But if in Russia, thanks to the liberalization of the penitentiary system, there is a gradual reduction in the prison contingent, then in the citadel of democracy, everything is exactly the opposite. Richard Doyle cites the following information: The United States makes up only 5% of the total population of the globe. At the same time, 25% of all prisoners in the world fall on the North American continent. The number of prisoners in American prisons exceeds even the number of inhabitants in a number of American states. There are more people behind bars in "the world's freest and most democratic country" than there are in Nevada, West Virginia, New Mexico, Nebraska, Maine, Idaho, Montana, Delaware, South Dakota, North Dakota and Alaska.

A similar double standard exists in the application of the death penalty. Formally, in the United States, both sexes can be sentenced to capital punishment; even for a single murder. But realistically, female killers tend to avoid the death penalty. And even for several murders. Mr. Doyle describes the stories of two child murderers, Andrea Yates and Susan Smith. The first killed five children, and the second two. And both women did not receive death sentences, escaping with prison. Although a man for such crimes would be sentenced to death.

We would have to defend the Motherland ...

The state does not authorize maternal duty. A girl is not obliged to become a mother and has the right to decide whether to give birth to her or not. Likewise, women are not encouraged to sit in the kitchen. Ladies have the right to freely dispose of their own destiny and live the way they want. Men have no such right. Since every young man, upon reaching the age of 18, regardless of his desire, is obliged to devote a year of his life to compulsory service in the Armed Forces.

Conscription severely limits the constitutional rights of men. The right to life is “removed” by the charter, which obliges a soldier to sacrifice his life. The right to respect for human dignity is ignored by compulsory medical examinations in military commissariats. A soldier is deprived of the right to freedom of movement and choice of place of residence. The ban on forced labor does not apply to conscripts.

For external security, a number of states use professional Armed Forces. The most powerful army in the world - the American one - is formed on a voluntary basis. The Japanese army is also recruited. Germany also refused the draft. The external defense of Great Britain is provided exclusively by professionals. In fact, the conscription does not exist to protect the state, but as a supplier of free labor for general needs. If the conscription is cancelled, then who will build dachas for our "valiant" military leaders?

Welfare state for the elite

The Russian Constitution promises citizens social rights. Article 7, paragraph 2 states: “In the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood, the disabled and the elderly, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions are being established, allowances and other guarantees…”.

In reality, the state is social, only in relation to the female population. We protect women's health by creating a wide network of gynecological clinics throughout the country. But here is andrology - the branch of medicine dealing with male problems - the state just as diligently ignores. The abundance of andrological consultations necessary for the protection of men's health is not observed in Russia. Which is one of the reasons for the huge gap in life expectancy between the weak and strong half. Women in Russia live longer than men by an average of 12-14 years and go on a well-deserved rest earlier. According to federal pension law, retirement age for the beautiful half of the Russian Federation comes at 55, and for the strong at 60.

In some countries, male discrimination in pension legislation is leveled. In the UK, where females retired at 60 and males at 65, it is proposed to set the same age for everyone. And in countries such as Germany, Norway and Japan, men and women go on a well-deserved vacation together.

The state protects women's labor no less carefully, limiting its use to a special list that includes the sectors of the economy that are most harmful to life and health. In addition, labor legislation also provides for benefits for women working in adverse conditions: “For women working in areas Far North and areas equated to them, a 36-hour working week is established by a collective agreement or an employment contract, if a shorter working week is not provided for by federal laws. At the same time, wages are paid in the same amount as for a full working week.

The situation with the support of fatherhood looks especially cynical, because all the activities of the state are aimed only at supporting motherhood. Meetings on this topic are regularly held in the government, while Elena Mizulina, who heads the affairs of the family, women and children, is conveniently “located” at the Duma. The apotheosis of this policy was the creation of maternity capital, which a woman receives for her second child and can use, among other things, to increase her future pension. For a man, the state does not pay any paternal capital for the second offspring.

Fathers are also discriminated against in divorce. Since when the marriage is terminated, the child almost automatically remains with the woman. And a man has very little chance of gaining custody of his offspring. In addition, the state obliges to pay alimony, but does not oblige their recipient to count on whether they were really spent on the child.

Anyone interested in male discrimination can read about it in my book Sexual Racism. From there you will also learn that military service is by no means a constitutional duty of men. A young man who has reached the age of 18 should know that he has every right not to serve in the army. The "gaps" that allow not to be a slave of the state are spelled out in the Constitution itself. Read and do not go to serve!

According to the Russian Constitution, men and women in our country have "equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization." To find out how things really are in modern Russian society, the respondents were asked a series of questions.

It turned out that, according to a significant number of respondents (45%), today in our country men have more opportunities to exercise their rights. (Note that the higher the standard of living of Russians, the more often they adhere to this point of view.) Moreover, if among men this opinion is shared by 40% of respondents, then among women - half (49%). The overwhelming majority of participants in the expert survey, whose social status is quite high, also believe that it is easier for men than women to realize their rights. Respondents with low levels of education and income, on the contrary, more often say that women have more opportunities to exercise their rights than men. Thus, the higher the social level that a woman wants to rise to, the more difficult it is for her to compete with men.

Question: "According to the Russian Constitution, women and men have equal rights. Who do you think has more opportunities to exercise their rights today - women, men, or are their opportunities equal?"

All Education Income per family member below the average average general average spec. higher up to 500 rubles 500 - 1000 rubles. more than 1000 rubles Among women Opportunities are equal In men Difficult to answer

A similar picture is observed when answering the question about the opportunities for women to advance in the service. According to 60% of respondents, it is more difficult for a woman to make a career than for a man. Among respondents with higher education, 70% are sure of this. This figure is especially significant, since it is people with a high level of education who are most often concerned about career growth. The fact that men and women have equal opportunities for promotion is said by 30% of the respondents, among them there is a large proportion of optimists.

Despite all the difficulties that the representatives of the weaker sex face when they are promoted, the Russians see the key to the well-being of a young woman in a good job. Yes, answering the question "If you had a teenage daughter in your family, what would you connect her future with first of all - with a successful marriage or with a good job?", two-thirds of Russians (64%) preferred a good job. Only a quarter of respondents (27%) today associate success in life with a successful marriage - this position is close to rural residents, as well as people with a low level of education and income, for many of whom the opportunity to find a good job seems unlikely.

The DFG participants expressed the opinion that in Russia a lot rests precisely on women's shoulders. However, women themselves do not experience satisfaction from the fact that they are forced to take on serious hardships and solve “non-female” problems.

• "We worked at the plant for 30 years - so women carried everything on their shoulders all their lives! Everything stood on women's shoulders. The plan must be made - they will never ask men, because the man will not agree. Only women, girls"
(DFG, Novosibirsk).
• “At this critical moment, in which the country is located, as always, they ride on women, because a man, as a rule, in our country is fired from work at critical moments, he has some personal problems, he drinks, and he is gone. A woman is left with everything: children, grandchildren, food... I want to say that the situation of a woman is simply catastrophic."
(DFG, Moscow).

Women consider it unfair that they are hired less willingly and for lower wages than men.

• "I believe that there should be no gender difference. It's a shame when both a woman and a man can do the same job on an equal footing, but a woman will usually receive less"
(DFG, Samara).

The men themselves explain this state of affairs by the fact that for most women, family concerns come first, and this reduces their competitiveness in the labor market.

• "Here I am - the director. A young man and a woman came to me. I will choose, of course, a man. I know that they will work the same way. But a woman will be a mother sooner or later. On maternity leave - find a replacement for her. Replacement does not guarantee that will be as good as she. Then the sick leave, child care ... Of course, the man will be taken faster"
(DFG, Samara).
• "Even if a woman is single, all the same, the male boss in the depths of her subconscious thinks that she needs to return home, cook dinner, that her head is busy with this, and not with work problems"
(DFG, Samara).

The topic of "non-female" professions is also more often touched upon and developed by men. The circle of such professions is determined for them not by normative acts, but by ideas about the role of a woman. At the same time, exceptions are allowed for the most professional and purposeful women.

• “A woman can’t do anything. A woman can do one thing: her task is to give birth to a child. And the rest is better done by a man. In medicine, all surgeons are men. In women’s affairs, doctors are men. Cooks are men.”
(DFG, Moscow).
• "There are professions that, by virtue of social stereotypes are considered unfeminine, for example, a driver, a pilot. Of modern professions, programmers-mathematicians are less willing to hire, although women are sometimes more talented in this area, it is believed that men are more prone to logical reasoning, to communicating with technology.
(DFG, Samara).
• “There are professions that we conditionally consider that this is not female. And, maybe, there you meet an unfriendly attitude if a woman goes to work there. But it depends only on her. If she is a knowledgeable person, able and, first of all, willing work, then she will be there ... "
(DFG, Moscow).

As for the role of men and women in the family, DFG participants usually talk about gender equality. Men, according to their words, actively participate in household chores, listen to the opinion of their wives.

• “To hammer in a nail - she can also, if I’m not there. I come - she says:“ I made a shelf. ”And if she left, and we have a full bathroom of washing, then this is already mine. I hang around the apartment idle, what, will I sit or read a newspaper? There is no such thing. Therefore, we have equality "
(DFG, Moscow).
• "I personally try as much as possible to give my wife the right to make decisions. I admit that in many ways she is much smarter than me"
(DFG, Novosibirsk).

However, speaking about other families, DFG participants claim that husbands often shift household chores onto women's shoulders.

• "Basically how - worked, came, on the sofa"
(DFG, Moscow).

Until recently, such a painful question about the leader in the family today is decided not depending on gender, but depending on the nature of family members and specific circumstances.

• "Somewhere a woman leads, somewhere a man. One has stronger willpower, the other is weaker. It does not depend on gender"
(DFG, Novosibirsk).

Now it is becoming more and more common for a woman to earn more than a man. However, in public opinion, this state of affairs, as a rule, is still perceived as abnormal and, judging by the words of men, it hurts them very much.

• “When my dad retired and began to receive less than my mother, he did not say anything, but it was clear that he felt less comfortable.

- Men feel more flawed in such a situation.

“Many families broke up because the wife received more than her husband” (DFG, Samara).

However, there are exceptions here: some men are ready to support their wife in every possible way, making a career, and take over the household.

• "My wife earns more than me - I will help her as best I can at home"
(DFG, Novosibirsk).

Many obstacles stand in the way of Russian women who want to realize themselves in work: employers prefer to hire men, many professions are considered unfeminine, family members often do not support a woman who wants to make a career. Thus, a woman still has to make much more effort to achieve her goals than a man.

• "If she wants, she will punch any man. You can't stop a single woman if she wants this career"
(DFG, Samara).
• "If she wants, she will achieve it. If she is capable - I have seen examples and even tried it myself - there are no contraindications"
(DFG, Moscow).

If it is not easy for a woman to make an ordinary career, then a political one is even more difficult. Therefore, it is not surprising that women rarely occupy political and administrative positions. Moreover, demands that no one makes to male politicians are often made to women.

• “A male politician can afford anything: dress casually, look dirty, speak incorrectly, not know something, may not get out of scandals. And they look at a woman, everyone absolutely notices: how she said, how she is dressed - with taste or not, what is on her head, what is on her face. And it is very difficult for women to advance there. No wonder we have Matvienko and Khakamada - everything is with them "
(DFG, Novosibirsk).

Respondents were asked which of the two proposed opinions they agree with: "Women should be more active in politics" or "Politics is not a woman's business". The majority of Russians who took part in the survey (56%) "chosen" the first position: "Women should be more active in politics." According to the DFG participants, women could balance the male politicians, which would save the country's leadership from making ill-conceived and irresponsible decisions. Many would not mind seeing a woman as President of the country.

• "There used to be a quota for women's participation in the life of the country. Now there is no such quota, so men are in power. We need more there, in the Government. Maybe it would be useful"
(DFG, Novosibirsk).
• "We had such a woman, I just saw her as President - Starovoitova"
(DFG, Moscow).
• "A woman approaches issues more gently, it may be easier for a woman to engage in financial and economic activities. And now the time is such that it is no longer necessary to act by force, but by softness"
(DFG, Samara).
• "I believe that there would be more women in the government and even at the head - it would be ideal. Because a woman is more pragmatic. She will not do too much, she will think"
(DFG, Samara).

However, 35% of Russians believe that politics is not a woman's business. Although this point of view is more typical for men, it is shared by 30% of women.

At present, doing anything other than family and home, women encounter significant obstacles in their path, and the higher the ambition of a woman, the more difficult it is for her. Despite the fact that the current social situation does not encourage women to pursue a career in general and a political career in particular, Russians place their hopes for the future of their daughters on work. This means that the old, patriarchal scheme of relationships, where the husband is the breadwinner and the wife is the keeper of the hearth, no longer works, and the new scheme has not yet been formed.

General provisions

1. Man and woman are free and equal in all rights
Differences in obligations can only come from the difference in their physical capabilities.
2. Mutual respect for rights and freedoms is the basis for the relationship between a man and a woman.

3. A man and women may be in a matrimonial (marital) union, the obligations for the execution of which they accept and observe voluntarily.
Coercion to enter into a marriage union is unacceptable.

4. The main business of man on earth is the reproduction of a healthy generation, and the leading role here belongs to a woman. The main duty of a man is to help a woman in her fulfillment of her biological function of motherhood.

5. A man and a woman must lead a healthy lifestyle and are obliged to provide their partner in a marital union with the necessary assistance in caring for procreation.

6. A woman has an absolute, undeniable and preemptive right to choose the biological father of her children.

7. No one has the right to unreasonably create conditions for a woman that limit her ability to procreate.

Legal etiquette of relations between a man and a woman

8. A man should build his relationship with a woman so that she feels a kind and loving attitude towards her and the readiness of a man to be her helper and protector.

9. A man should be the first to offer help to a woman. A man's treatment of a woman should not be overbearing, intrusive, rude or offensive.

10. A man does not have the right to use physical force to coerce a woman or prove his innocence.

11. Every woman, in response to a man’s proposals, has the right to say “no” without explaining the reason for her refusal.

12. No one can require a woman to do what she does not want.

13. No one has the right to demand from a woman to be without clothes or to wear clothes that she has not chosen for herself.

Sex relations.

14. Love and sexual relations are allowed only between a man and a woman and should occur when they reach the age of physical maturity, by mutual attraction and consent, and be satisfied in a natural way.
Intercourse between a man and a woman in adulthood and "face to face" are considered natural physiological relationships.

15. Coercion to physical intercourse in exchange for material and social benefits or in an unnatural way is immoral and should not be allowed in society.

16. A man and a woman should understand that the sexual attraction that they experience for each other has the main purpose of motivating them to procreate.

The ratio of men and women who are not married.

17. The ethics of relations between a man and a woman who are not in a marriage union is to treat each other neutrally, like brothers and sisters, i.e.
neither by his behavior, nor by his word, nor by his thoughts should he assume and have no intentions to incline to intimate relationships.

18. The transition to intimate relations between a free man and a woman can only take place after such an offer is made by one of the parties, and the other is accepted.
No man has the right to be in a claim to a woman if she chose another.

19. Inadmissibility on the part of the man of the proposal intimate relationships a woman who is in a marriage union with another man is accepted as the norm of a respectful attitude towards her and their union.

Reviews

A woman cannot become a man, and a man cannot become a woman. This is not possible physically and anatomically. Man is a complex organism and surgeons cannot remake it.
Another thing is when a man or a woman is not a pronounced gender representative, but has signs of both. (And this has its own deep reasons)
Such individuals are not male or female, they are Hermofordites (or transvestites). But this is not my topic. I talked about Men and Women.

And everyone has the right to be called and position themselves and wear other clothes. This is an external manifestation and it has no meaning.

Sexual organs are needed - planted, unnecessary - removed, hormones are injected. The rest is just how it goes. And there are already quite a few of those "remade" ... You seem to live on another planet. Thai plastic surgeons have been successfully doing this kind of garbage for ten years already ...

It just doesn't interest me. I believe that a person is born a man or a woman, and all these operations are perverts. What do I care about them. You never know what fools are busy with. There in Thailand, people don’t wear rings around their necks, and whoever has more rings is more beautiful. There are also all sorts of fun with a tattoo on the body, too - bread for a psychoanalyst.

Germany will be the first country in Europe to recognize children of a so-called third or indeterminate sex, who will be registered in the same way as normal newborns from November 1.

The decision to recognize children born without clear gender characteristics was taken on the recommendation of the Constitutional Court, writes the Süddeutsche Zeitung.

Such children will be registered without gender on their birth certificates.

If earlier people born simultaneously with both female and male genitalia were registered according to either sex, depending on the wishes of the parents or the recommendations of doctors, now such violence against children will no longer be committed, the source said.

Subsequently, people of "indeterminate" gender will be able to register themselves as a man or a woman, or continue to follow the line of a person who does not have a specific gender.

The legislators emphasize that if transsexuals, people who have changed their gender already in adulthood, have received in Germany the same rights as ordinary citizens, then why should those born of an "indeterminate" sex suffer.

According to many experts, this is the first legal recognition of the rights of people who are neither male nor female. Such a decision can completely change the legal system of the country and turn the established public opinion and system upside down: now even children will know that in addition to the traditional division of society into men and women, there are people of an "undefined" gender who have the same rights and obligations as the rest.
August 19, 2013, 10:30 am