What kind of foundation to make on swampy soil. What is the best foundation for a house made of timber on swampy soil? Foundation on piles

Foundation construction is one of the most expensive stages in the construction of a private house. In swampy areas, this process is complicated by soil instability and the need to perform additional work: backfilling access roads for construction equipment, installing a drainage system, due to high humidity - high-quality waterproofing of all building elements.

A solid foundation for wetlands

The developer can choose either reinforced concrete or steel screw piles as the foundation for their home. Swampy soils are characterized by a high level of groundwater, so concrete, which has the property of gradually breaking down from moisture, must be protected from its effects. For this purpose, water repellents can be used, which will increase the service life of piles by 10-12 years. These are Akvasol, Elakor-MB4, Hydrotex-F impregnations, bitumen-based waterproofing mastics. The foundation of screw piles is more reliable and durable, but it also needs additional protection: it is recommended to cover these products with anti-corrosion primers or paints.

Piled foundations in swampy areas are advantageous for several reasons: firstly, these supports can be installed in the deepest, most stable layers of the soil, bypassing the viscous soil, which will ensure the foundation is reliable. Secondly, piles allow you to build a house on a terrain with a difficult terrain, where there are significant elevation changes. Thirdly, steel or reinforced concrete supports are able to flawlessly withstand the load not only in the form of a private low-rise building, but also more massive buildings.

Is it possible to build a strip foundation on a swampy area?

Strip foundation is a budget solution for individual construction, so many developers tend to use this option. But for swampy areas, it is not always economically viable, since the construction of a reinforced concrete tape will require the following list of expensive work: stabilize the soil to a freezing depth (build drainage communications), remove the top layer of soil (on average, up to 40 cm), backfill the site under the house with gravel and sand, level and compact it.

Due to the risk of re-waterlogging of the soil due to the characteristics of the soil, the concrete belt is built only on the basis of road slabs (which can be both new and used). It is on them that the formwork is mounted and the tape base for the house is erected. Therefore, the construction of such a foundation will be comparable in price with the installation of reinforced concrete or screw piles, which are more reliable for a given geology.

They are able to provide the building with stability, which is the main requirement for buildings on swampy soils. These soils are very heaving, therefore any foundation that is not buried below the freezing point of the soil is unreliable. Therefore, the recommendation of builders when choosing a foundation for unstable soils is unequivocal: piles.

Did you come across a swampy area under the construction of a cottage house, but you could not recognize it in time? Of course, this will upset any owner, but the situation can be corrected. Modern foundations on swampy soil, built wisely and using the right technology, will last for many years and will not cause any trouble.

According to studies, on swampy, peaty soil, the foundation begins to collapse after a few years. Over time, it gradually begins to "bulge" out of the ground, starting from the south side, where it is too wet, and the snow quickly begins to melt.

That is why, before starting work on floating soil, you must first of all carry out a drainage device that will help you remove excess water from the site, and only after that proceed directly to the construction of the foundation.

pile

It is characterized by the following undeniable advantages:

• strength and resistance to almost all swampy areas;
• excellent resistance to corrosion;
• ability to serve for many years;
• construction in any weather and climatic conditions;
• erection is possible even with uneven terrain of the suburban area;
• the work will not take more than two days;
• relatively small price.

In appearance, such a simple but solid foundation for a house in a swamp can be combined or reinforced concrete. Its main components are piles.

slab

People living in the northern regions of the country prefer an exclusively reinforced monolithic slab. Yes, this option is not cheap, but it is the most reliable. Despite the laboriousness of the process and the large amount of time spent, it is the slab foundation that is considered the most reliable.

The scheme of the construction of the slab base

Shallow

This option can be useful for the construction of metal frame buildings, as well as any wooden houses. The material must be laid above the freezing depth of the soil. It is very important to follow the correct construction technology. This version of the foundation can be called the most economical.

Reinforcement rules

Before laying the reinforced slab, the ground should be prepared by removing its top layer by 1 m. After that, it is necessary to make a pillow of gravel, stone and sand (all this must be carefully compacted). If everything is done correctly, then groundwater will freely pass under the floating foundation, which will distribute the pressure on the ground and reduce the effect of frost heaving in winter.

The laid out pillow should be covered with at least several layers of classic roofing material - this will help to avoid leakage of concrete "milk", and also prevent water from penetrating into the material.

After all the preparations are completed, it is necessary to reinforce the monolith slab both from below and from above, and then pour the material with concrete with the indispensable use of vibration, which will give the whole structure special strength.

The size of a monolithic slab must necessarily match the parameters of the building under construction. On the lowest part of the base around the entire perimeter, it is required to create stiffeners. Thickenings, but already with a slightly lower height than the height of the foundation, are erected along the plane of the structure, both in the longitudinal and transverse directions in increments of 1 to 1.5 m.

Construction stages

Construction on swampy or problematic soil can be carried out in several ways. Let's consider each separately.

The pile foundation is the most commonly used. A pile is a rod that is slightly inclined or vertically placed in the ground.

They can be hammered into the ground by vibration immersion or indentation, the main thing is that they rest on a stable, non-floating base, having completely passed the water-saturated layer.

About how to properly lay the slab foundation, it has already been said above. The main thing is not to neglect the air cushion and correctly correlate the size of the house and the stove.

Shallow base. In this case, an important point during the construction is the presence of a special sand cushion, which eliminates the swelling of the soil. Among other things, in order to reduce unpleasant situations that relate to its freezing, it is necessary to carry out drainage during construction, as well as to insulate the bottom of the building.

Do-it-yourself foundation on swampy soil

The easiest way is to do the pile foundation with your own hands. The principle of laying it is the same as for the usual type of soil - the piles are screwed in or driven. The latter method is quite suitable for areas where pile equipment can be located. Such material is distinguished by considerable weight, so it is sometimes problematic to use it.

An excellent solution in this case would be to lay a different, pile-screw foundation, the supports of which are simply screwed into the soil and are somewhat reminiscent of large screws. Among other things, they have another great advantage - they can even be screwed in by hand, without outside help and technology. They are also easy to move to another location.

In order for the foundation to serve for a long time, any building materials from which the piles will be made should be carefully selected. It is necessary to close them up to a sufficient depth, for which a geological exploration of the soil and appropriate calculations should first be carried out. It is also very important to fasten the piles together to create sufficient strength.

Prices

On average, the cost in Moscow for a foundation for floating soils varies from 4,000 to 7,000 rubles per linear meter. In many ways, it will depend on the method by which you will install the foundation, as well as on the type of soil and the size of the building.

If we take a monolithic slab as an example, then it will be the most expensive - the average price varies from 5,000 to 7,000 rubles / m 2, while you also need to take into account the cost of delivery.

• The price of a shallowly ruined foundation is on average 4,500 rubles per linear meter.
• The lowest cost is at the base on piles - it starts from 3,700 rubles / r.m.

In Moscow, for the purchase of materials, you can contact the following companies: TK Astrey, USK Burovik, Ro-Stroy and some others.

If you got a wetland for building a house, you don’t need to be upset, with modern technologies it is possible to build a house in a marshy area. The main thing is to choose and build the foundation correctly - the basis for the house. And we'll suggest what foundation is better on swampy soil.

This is a multilayer heterogeneous structure, which includes clay, peat, sandstone and has a different density. It is supersaturated with moisture, with a large number of fine-grained particles that resist little compression. The instability of the soil leads to the fact that it is difficult to determine the limit of the load that it can withstand. Therefore, swampy soil is considered the most difficult for building a house. Before determining the type of foundation, the area and depth of its laying, a thorough study of the geological situation on the site is necessary.

Geological studies of the soil

They are needed to determine the main indicators of the soil. These include:

• volume of soil water;
• soil type;
• the level of soil freezing;
• surface proximity to groundwater.

It is necessary to use a manual probe for soil sampling. At least 4 wells must be drilled on the site (at the corners of the future foundation). It is better to do this in the spring, when the soil is most saturated with moisture. Soil sampling provides the following information: composition, physical properties and thickness of the layers, their depth, soil changes over the past few years.

For a wooden house, you need to drill a well with a depth of 5 m or more, for brick or stone houses - 8–10 m. Do-it-yourself foundation on swampy soil can be built if professional geologists make an assessment of the state of the soil.

It is important to consider the depth of soil freezing. Insufficient depth of the foundation can lead to its destruction. The information obtained as a result of engineering and geological research will help determine the type of foundation that is right for you.

Types of foundations for swampy soil

Work on the arrangement of the foundation is the most time-consuming and expensive stage of construction, which, on swampy soil, is at least one third of the total estimate of all the costs of building a house. Long-term studies have shown that any foundation on swampy soil begins to collapse after a few years if it does not reach the depth of seasonal freezing. On the south side, where the soil is most moist, it begins to "bulge" out of the ground if done incorrectly.

Therefore, in order to foundation, erected in the swamp with your own hands, served for a long time make a drainage system. It makes it possible to divert excess water from the site. On swampy soils, three types of foundations are used. Let's take a look at these types.

pile foundation

This type of foundation is considered the most suitable for swampy soil. It has the following advantages:

• relatively low prices;
• short construction time (can be built in 2 days);
• construction can be carried out in any terrain;
• work can be carried out in any weather;
• increased durability and resistance to corrosion;
• increased strength and stability.

The use of piles of various heights makes it possible to smooth out uneven surfaces of the construction site. Its main part is the pile itself, which can be installed vertically in the ground or by making a slight slope. They are combined with a grillage (concrete cushion in a reinforcing cage).

In swampy areas, the following types of piles are used:

• Screw piles in a metal shell. They are protected from corrosion with mastic or zinc coating and screwed into the ground using a special lever.

• Reinforced concrete piles (driven into the ground with a manual pile driver).

• Complex combined piles. They are placed in a casing pipe, which is removed after the piles are installed and the site is concreted.

slab foundation

Reliable, but one of the most expensive types. It withstands sudden changes in temperature and heavy loads. The even distribution of the weight of the building over the entire area of ​​the foundation does not allow it to sink, and the sand and gravel cushion located under it allows groundwater to pass through without harming the foundation.

The construction technology is as follows:

1. A shallow pit breaks out (up to about 1 meter deep).
2. It must be drained, using drainage or using pumps (if there is a lot of moisture).
3. At the bottom of the pit, layers of sand and gravel are laid, which are carefully compacted and covered with several layers of roofing material.
4. To pour concrete, formwork is made and a reinforcing frame of at least 12 mm is constructed.
5. The prepared area is evenly poured with concrete mortar and the slab is allowed to dry for several days. Dismantling the formwork.

The plate must be poured at one time. A strip foundation is erected on top of it. Such a base can be made on its own, it is durable, during shrinkage it protects the walls from cracks, and allows you to build a basement.

Shallow strip foundation

This is the cheapest foundation, but is only suitable for light structures made of wooden beams and metal frames. He needs a good drainage system, because it is laid above the freezing of the soil. They make it only monolithic, which allows a shallow foundation, due to its own rigidity, to resist heaving of the soil, evenly rising and falling along with the soil. He also needs a good sandy "cushion" and insulation of the base of the foundation.

In our time to lay do-it-yourself foundation on a swampy area and building a house with the observance of modern technologies is not difficult. The main thing is an accurate calculation and a great desire, the rest is a matter of technology. Keep it up, you can do it.

Example with expert comments (video)

If your site, which you plan to use to build your house, turned out to be marshy soil, you should not be upset. Modern technologies make it easy to lay the foundation even in difficult conditions. The main rule in this case will be the correct choice of the type of foundation. You can’t make a mistake, because the life of not only the foundation itself, but the entire building will depend on this.

What is swampy soil?

Before you start building a foundation in a swamp with your own hands, you should familiarize yourself with this type of soil. It is a heterogeneous multilayer structure, which provides for the presence of:

• sandstone;
• peat;
• clay.

The swamp is always supersaturated with moisture and has fine-grained particles in large quantities. They are pretty weak in compression. The soil is unstable, so it is quite difficult to determine the limit loads.

Swampy soil is one of the most difficult to build. Before determining the depth of the foundation, the type of foundation and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe structure, it is necessary to study the geological situation.

Features of construction in a wetland: geological research

If you decide to lay a foundation in a swamp for a house, then at the first stage you must carry out geological research. They are necessary to determine the indicators of the soil. It will be necessary to find out what the volume of soil water is, to what level freezing occurs, the type of soil, as well as the surface proximity of groundwater.

A hand probe must be used to sample the soil. Wells are drilled on the site, which are located at the corners of the future foundation. It is better to carry out research in winter, when the soil is most saturated with moisture. Soil sampling provides the following information:

• layer thickness;
• physical properties of the soil;
• formation depth;
• soil change in recent years.

For a wooden house, 5-meter wells are drilled, while if you are planning to build a stone or brick house, then the depth of the well must be increased to 10 m.

Before starting construction on a wetland, it is necessary to determine the depth of soil freezing. If the foundation is laid to an insufficient depth, then later this may cause its destruction. As a result of engineering and geological research, you will receive information that will allow you to determine the type of soil.

What is the best foundation to choose?

The most time-consuming and expensive process in building a house is the work on arranging the foundation. The cost of these manipulations will be 1/3 of the total cost estimate for the construction of the building. After a few years, any foundation in the swamp begins to collapse, but only if it does not reach the depth of seasonal freezing.

On the south side, the base begins to bulge if the work was done incorrectly. In order for the structure to last as long as possible, it is necessary to make a drainage system. It will remove excess moisture from the site. On swampy soils, three types of foundations are used, one of them is a pile foundation.

This design is the most suitable, as it has the following advantages:

• relatively low cost;
• the possibility of construction in any terrain;
• increased durability;
• high stability and strength;
• excellent corrosion resistance.

Screw piles for the foundation can be started in any weather. Construction times are very short. You can complete the foundation device in 2 days. If you use supports of different heights, you can smooth out surface irregularities.

The main part of the foundation is a pile, which can be installed vertically or with a slight slope into the ground. The supports are combined with a grillage, which is a pillow in a reinforcing cage.

Screw piles for the foundation are one of the varieties of supports used in swampy areas. These products are protected from corrosion by zinc coating or mastic. Screwing is carried out using a special lever. Piles can be reinforced concrete, they are hammered with a manual pile driver. An alternative solution is complex combined piles that are placed in the casing. They are removed after the installation of supports and concreting of the site.

Foundation construction based on bored piles

The foundation in the swamp may consist of bored piles. It is being built using one of several technologies, among them:

• with waterproofing;
• with fixed formwork;
• with removable formwork.

Covers are installed in the drilled wells, which are welded from a polyethylene film. The walls are laid out with roofing material, and concrete is poured inside. When creating a pile, you can use a removable formwork made of metal or plastic. 2 hours after pouring, the strength of the concrete will be sufficient to preserve the structure. The formwork is pulled out after the mortar has solidified.

Such supports have one drawback, which is expressed in the fact that they do not have protection against moisture. But the impact of the frozen layer can be leveled by creating a pillow of sand.

The foundation on bored piles in a swamp can be created by the third method, when the formwork is not removed. In this case, it will perform the function of waterproofing. The technology involves the use of pipes from the following materials:

• special cardboard;
• asbestos cement;
• metal.

This method allows you to protect the piles by eliminating height differences and creating a layer of sand between the supports and the walls of the well. Before installation of the structure, water from the well is pumped out by a pump. The lower part of the pipe, which acts as a formwork, is filled with waterproofing concrete per meter in height.

Such a foundation in a swamp requires an increase in the strength of the support. For this, frames made of metal 1.2-cm rods are used. You can also use triangular designs.

Should I choose a slab foundation?

One of the most expensive, but reliable is the slab foundation. It is able to withstand heavy loads and sudden changes in temperature. The weight of the building will be evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe structure, which will eliminate the possibility of subsidence. Under the slab is a sand and gravel pad that allows groundwater to pass through, preventing damage to the foundation.

Carrying out construction on a swampy area. Slab foundation - is it suitable?

If there is marshy soil on the territory, then you can equip a slab foundation. At the first stage, a shallow pit is dug, and then it is drained using pumps or drainage. Layers of sand and gravel are laid on the bottom, which are well compacted and covered with several layers of roofing material.

Formwork is installed to pour concrete, and a reinforcing frame of 1.2 cm rods is also constructed. The prepared site is poured with a solution, and then left for several days to dry. After that, the formwork can be dismantled.

Such a foundation in a swamp is poured at a time, a strip base can be installed on top. It is carried out on its own, is durable, and when shrinking, it protects the walls from cracking. This technology is relevant for those who want to have a basement in the house.

Alternative option - shallow strip foundation

The strip foundation in the swamp is one of the cheapest, but is relevant only for buildings made of a metal frame or a wooden beam. Such a foundation requires a good drainage system, since the structure is laid above the freezing of the soil. The tape must be monolithic, this provides the ability to resist heaving of the soil.

The structure will rise and fall evenly with the soil. The tape will need a sand cushion, as well as thermal insulation of the base. Such a foundation in a swamp can be poured independently, observing the technology. The work is not too difficult.

Construction of a strip foundation

If you decide to build a strip foundation, then first you need to dig a trench of the desired shape. A pillow of sand is laid at the bottom, and then a reinforcing cage is installed.

If water appears at the bottom, then it should be disposed of by constructing drainage. Next, the formwork is installed and the mixture is poured, which should be left until it solidifies. When everything dries, the surface is covered with waterproofing.

Finally

Peatlands and wetlands are some of the most difficult soils to build. Waterlogged soils are oversaturated with moisture and prone to the formation of unstable quicksand. In winter, such soil undergoes frost heaving, and in spring - erosion. The solid layer lies at a considerable depth, which excludes the possibility of using some types of foundation.

For wetlands, it is best to use floating bases, which are also called monolithic slabs. The design will turn out to be solid, thanks to this there will be no partial shift of the house, while distortions and destruction of the walls will be excluded.

Building on swampy soils can be compared to an extreme sport due to the unpredictability of the results. The main problem of a house on swampy soil is the very poor bearing capacity of the soil and excess moisture. It is possible to build in such conditions only using a guaranteed effective and stable foundation. Not all options for foundation structures will be able to keep the building in a stable position for a long time.

What is the best foundation to use in swampy areas

In each case, the choice of a specific foundation scheme depends on the condition of the soil, the level of groundwater and the types of soil in a particular area. Therefore, before making a decision, it is necessary to conduct exploration and assessment of the nature of the soil, the sources of groundwater that undermine the area, and the depth of the hard rock layers.

Advice! If you manage to qualitatively assess why a given area is flooded, and how to deal with the causes of flooding, you can reduce the cost of a foundation in a swamp by several times.

Depending on the results of the study, you can choose the most optimal option for the foundation for the house:

• Strip foundation with enhanced drainage and deep drainage. Although experts do not recommend the use of tape forms of foundation systems for waterlogged areas, it can be used for certain types of soil in a swamp. For example, for soil with a large amount of coarse river sand, with deep aquifers and the absence of natural springs and springs on the surface in close proximity to the building;
• Pile foundation on bored or concrete supports. When building in a swamp, such a foundation block device is often the only correct and reliable option if the soil soaks to a state of watery porridge. In this case, the piles are driven to the level of solid layers under the bottom of the swamp;
• A floating or slab foundation can be used on very viscous and dense soils in the absence of flooding and rainwater flooding.

When choosing a specific scheme, it is advisable to perform full-fledged deep drainage and drainage of a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bsoil of several square meters. After digging a hole one and a half meters deep, you can try to get an idea of ​​​​the soil of the swamp on which you plan to build a house.

What foundation in the swamp will be the most effective

The main problem in the construction of any buildings is not the technical or technological issues of arranging foundation systems in an area dominated by swampy soil, but the huge costs associated with a large amount of additional work and the need to ensure effective drainage from the basement parts of the foundation. A strip foundation may seem like the cheapest option, but not every swamp can be built.

Strip foundation for a house in a swamp

The construction of a foundation in the form of a tape in terms of the amount of materials used and the amount of work will be the cheapest of the list. If the results of a study of soil geology show the presence of coarse-grained sandy layers up to one and a half meters deep, it is quite possible to get by with the construction of a classic strip foundation. Most often, this situation arises if the owners of the future building choose for construction an area in the floodplain of the river, in a lowland, where swampiness and waterlogging of the soil is associated with the presence of a river.

The construction of a strip foundation in such a swamp is possible only if the following measures are taken:

• The site must be equipped with a very powerful drainage system using hydraulic barriers that prevent the penetration of water from nearby areas;
• The foundation for the house on the site is installed in the highest place, taking into account the possible direction of movement of rain flows;
• Highly efficient soil drainage system adjacent to the foundation.

Before starting work on building a foundation in a swamp, it is very important to make sure that there are no underground springs, which, as a rule, can be quite a lot in such an area. If their presence is confirmed during reconnaissance, it is better to abandon the use of this type of structure in a swamp in favor of other options.

Pile foundation in a swamp - the best solution for heavy houses

If you are planning to build a massive brick house with an attic, you will need to use foundation systems with maximum bearing capacity. For a swamp, this is a pile version of the foundation. The essence of the design of such a foundation in a swamp is to install the required number of concrete or bored piles, based on solid layers of rocky soil under the bottom of the swamp. The cost of such a foundation block for a swamp will be many times more than the previous option. Unlike tape schemes that can hold relatively small frame-type houses in a swamp, a pile version of the foundation for a house in a swamp can easily hold a brick building of several floors for many years.

In this case, for the construction of the foundation, you will have to use special equipment with which you can drill and pour bored piles. Doing this kind of work manually is quite difficult. The depth at which the pile support is installed can reach 5-7 meters, which is determined by the geology of the swamp.

If solid soil layers are at a relatively shallow depth of 2-3 meters, screw piles can be used. They are much cheaper, and in some cases you can even install them yourself. As a preventive measure, the upper layers of the soil to a depth of 60-70 cm are often removed, road geotextiles are laid and covered with a sand-gravel mixture. The upper heads of the piles are connected with a powerful grillage or a steel frame of twin channels No. 200.

If the swampy area has a top layer of solid soil, which is often found on peat bogs and lake residues, it makes sense to use a slab foundation, as it is easier and more affordable to do it yourself.

Slab foundation for a small house

The advantages of the foundation system in the form of a solid monolithic slab include enormous rigidity and strength. Such a foundation structure will not float and will not roll, even if the water level of the swamp rises. A good slab foundation is suitable for frame, aerated concrete, foam concrete houses that require special measures to ensure the rigidity of the frame.

The cost of building a slab foundation in a swamp will cost you 20-25% cheaper than a pile version. If we compare the construction of the foundation system on pile supports and the slab option in the conditions of ordinary dry soils, then the cost of the slab will be as much as 40% more than the pile system.

The slab construction technology will require digging a pit 60-70 cm deep, backfilling with a layer of sand and a layer of rubble, laying film waterproofing and installing panel formwork around the perimeter of the pit. For a slab foundation structure in a swamp, in addition to high-quality waterproofing, it will be necessary to lay more powerful steel reinforcement. Most often, reinforcement with a 12 mm bar is used with the installation of jumpers and crossbars. The basement and upper part of the slab must be insulated with polystyrene foam or foam glass.

Conclusion

If you do not know the exact geology of the swamp area on which you are going to build a building, choose a slab foundation option. With lower construction costs than piling, it can be done almost by hand, and, most importantly, it will not give you surprises in the form of pushing or failing piles in the liquid soil of the swamp.

• Do-it-yourself foundation for a house made of aerated concrete
• Foundation for a wooden house
• How to insulate the foundation
• Insulation of the foundation with polystyrene foam

A house can be built in any area. It is good if there is stable soil and the installation of the foundation can be carried out according to the usual standard norms and requirements. Another thing is unstable, swampy soils. Here, additional costs are required not only for equipment, but also for proper design, taking into account the specificity of the construction site. Marshy terrain is not the best base for building. But even here, subject to all the norms and requirements, you can bring out a high-quality strong foundation that will serve as a reliable foundation for the house for many years. The main requirement is the correct technology for building foundations on unstable, wet soil. The article details which foundation to choose for a foundation on swampy soil when planning construction in such a problematic place.

Types of foundations and their pros and cons

Swampy soil is not an easy foundation for a foundation. In this case, two types of foundations can be applied: pile and slab. The pile foundation is reinforced with metal or concrete piles, the slab foundation is made in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, which is poured onto a sand-granite cushion.

slab

The slab foundation is designed to ensure a uniform load of the building on the entire base of the slab. Such a base can withstand heavy loads and is used not only in individual, but also in industrial construction.

Slab technology is applicable on heavily waterlogged soils, unevenly compressible soils, with a high groundwater approach. However, the disadvantage of such a foundation is the inexpediency of installing it in places of slopes. If there is even a slight slope, the plate can “slide”. The special advantages of the slab foundation include its high bearing capacity. The only drawback here is the increased consumption of materials, which is a very painful fact for individual construction.

To fill such a foundation foundation, many times more reinforcement and concrete will be required than when installing a foundation on solid soils, which, of course, will entail an increase in the entire final cost of construction.

pile

Installing a pile foundation in a swampy area is more reasonable and has its own plus in the direction of uneven terrain. Piles can be placed in any hard-to-reach place, on slopes, on any technically difficult soil. Among the advantages of the foundation on piles is not only its installation in hard-to-reach areas with difficult terrain and unstable soil, the advantage is the speed of installation of piles and an acceptable price.

The opinion that a pile foundation is more suitable for small, lightweight structures is incorrect. With an increase in the number of supports, the highest bearing capacity of the base is achieved, which is in no way inferior to the parameters of the slab base. However, this will increase the cost of such a foundation and its cost will be equal to the slab. When building reinforced, heavy structures, this fact should always be taken into account when it comes to the economy of the pile foundation.

Preparatory stage

At the first stage of construction, a full-scale study of the soil is carried out. For this, a manual probe can be used; with its help, soil samples are taken. This method is used in the construction of light wooden buildings and structures.

The probe is lowered into a well 5 m deep. During the capital construction of stone or brick houses, serious geological exploration is required. At the same time, the depth of measurements is 8-10 m. The wells for measurements are located at the corners of the future structure. There should be at least four such soundings (wells). Determine the indicators of the composition of the soil and the depth of its layers; level, amount and composition of groundwater. Another indicator is needed - this is the freezing point of the soil.

The upper layers of marshy soil are mainly peat. Clay and sandstone may follow. Peat is a porous, absolutely loose material with low compressive strength and increased instability. With a small layer thickness, peat is removed and the base of the foundation is placed on the lower hard rocks. This is a shallow base. Its feature is the location of the slab under the foundation above the freezing point of the soil. This base is suitable for light buildings.

A shallow foundation is arranged so that it can rise and fall slightly during the heaving processes occurring in the ground. Thanks to this, it does not crack and retains its shape. This foundation does not apply to brick and stone houses. If the peat layer on the construction site is deep enough (more than 5 meters), it is necessary to apply foundation reinforcement with piles.

Not only the peat layer is a problem when building a foundation on swampy soil. The second problem is close groundwater. There are two ways to deal with this problem:

• lower the water level
• raise the area.

The drainage system helps to significantly reduce the level of groundwater. To drain water from the construction site, trenches are dug to a depth of about two meters, the entire drainage system is led to drainage wells. A layer of rubble is poured into the trench, drainage pipes are laid on it. Drained water from wells is pumped out by submersible pumps.

To raise the site, it is necessary to make an embankment of stone and sand. To do this, remove the upper, weak layer of soil and cover the site with a layer of stone and sand. Such an embankment is carefully compacted and rammed with rollers.

Slab foundation installation technology

The slab foundation must be made in accordance with all standards according to the following basic scheme:

1. Removal of the soil layer. Depth 1 m.
2. Making an embankment (cushion) from a mixture of gravel, stone and sand. Compaction of the embankment and concrete preparation is done.
3. Coating with waterproofing and thermal insulation.
4. Making a frame from reinforcement. Tying the frame with wooden blind areas.
5. Pouring concrete over the frame and its subsequent compaction with an industrial vibrator.
6. Leveling the surface with a rule.

The scheme of installation of the slab foundation

Pile foundation installation

The main thing here is piles. They can only be reinforced concrete and combined. There are three types of piles:

• screw metal;
• driven reinforced concrete;
• bored.

Bored piles with asbestos-cement formwork are installed only when draining the supporting soil layer. They have a fairly good bearing capacity. Screw metal piles are somewhat inferior to bored piles in terms of their bearing characteristics, but they have high installation qualities: quick and easy installation, ease of transportation.

Scheme of the foundation of bored piles

A distinctive feature of screw supports is the ability to build them up to the required length. Driven piles are installed using pile driving equipment. At the same time, it is not always possible to use heavy equipment in individual construction.

The main criteria in calculating the number of supporting piles are the type and magnitude of the load. Regardless of the variety, piles can be installed in the following order:

1. Rows under the walls.
2. Alone under support.
3. Bushes under the columns.
4. Fields with strong vertical loads.

All calculations of the length and volume of piles are performed according to geological survey data in accordance with building standards and regulations. The lower ends of the piles should rest against dense soil. It should be noted that on each of the considered grounds, any residential building in a swampy area can be installed. Any of the building technologies is suitable for building a house, restrictions can only be related to the operating conditions of the building being built.

In conclusion, it should be noted that not all building materials are applicable for buildings in wet areas. For example, at high humidity, it is not recommended to use foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete due to the strong hygroscopicity of the material. The beam is also not the best material. On swampy sites, it is best to build brick, stone or frame houses. But the most important thing is to lay the foundation correctly and absolutely accurately. To a greater extent, it is thanks to this that a house built according to all the rules will last a long time and reliably.

How to build a garage in a house with a foundation in sims 3?

What is more profitable - to perform peat removal throughout the depth of marshy soil with strip foundation, to put a pile-type foundation or to fill the base with a slab with an embankment on the base?

Which construction option will be more profitable - with walls based on flexible timber or use fragile aerated concrete? For each specific case, the answer will be different.

How to make a foundation in a swamp for a summer residence? A site with slightly waterlogged soil is considered an unfavorable option for building a building in terms of soil conditions. You can build housing on any soil, you just need to do everything in the right way.

The swampy zone is characterized by intensely compressible soil. This group includes:

• loose sand and sandy loam, saturated with water and having a fluid consistency with a porosity percentage of more than forty-one;
• loam with a porosity greater than fifty percent and clay with a porosity greater than 52%;
• soils of sandy and clay type. They belong to soils containing less than half of the organic matter in their composition;
• peat containing over half of organic matter in its composition;
• silt, characterized by high porosity and saturated sediment, is formed due to microbiological changes within water bodies. In terms of porosity, it reaches sixty percent.
• Sapropel is a water-saturated silt containing more than one tenth of organic matter and having a porosity of up to three quarters.

All of the above soils are characterized by a high level of moisture - up to eighty percent, and insufficient bearing capacity for loads from the mass of the building.

swamping

This process can be of natural or artificial origin. Can be carried out as a result of human activity. In some cases, the process is carried out at the end of construction.

An artificial variety can lead to:

• increased overall ground level during road construction in the settlement and during construction work in the surrounding areas. The result of this is a disturbed flow of water of natural origin from areas located lower;
• construction of a fence on a solid foundation of a tape type without a water passage.
• lack of drains for storm water on the site or in the zone of the settlement;

An artificial type of waterlogging can take place over a long time period. High levels of moisture and ground-type water make the soil prone to severe heaving.

Buildings built on soft ground are subject to an increased likelihood of failure due to significant settlement and uneven ground deformation.

Even a rigid foundation will not save the building from gradual sinking in the swamp. Under the pressure of the building, water is gradually squeezed out of the porous soil, and the soil under the building is compacted, contributing to the subsidence of the structure.

The layer of weak swampy soils in different areas is characterized by different thicknesses. As an example, in one place the layer may not even exceed one meter, while in another the figure is ten times greater. Below the layer of swampy soils, as a rule, there is a slightly compressible soil with characteristics that are quite acceptable for construction.

The bearing characteristics of weak soils can be improved by various methods:

• replacing the marshy type with a pillow made of non-heaving soil. Replacement is carried out under the foundation sole throughout the entire thickness of the layer, if necessary, or only partially;
• the implementation of the foundation on the embankment from soils not subject to heaving;
• compaction of the earth located under the foundation base;

Construction rules do not allow the sole of the base of the building to rest on soft soils. Therefore, the cushion and the embankment are important elements in the foundation structure in case of weak soils.

The nuances of structures on soft ground

For construction in a swamp, constructive measures are applied that are necessary to reduce ground settlement by reducing the pressure of the building. In order to reduce the sensitivity of the building box to uneven deformation, the flexibility or rigidity of the power frame of the building is increased.

In order to reduce the specific pressure of the building on weak soil and increase frame rigidity or flexibility, the following measures are involved:

• an increase in the area of ​​fundamental support on the ground due to a slab or tape base with a plantar extension;
• increase the foundation rigidity due to the construction of a monolithic base made of reinforced concrete. In addition, a monolithic reinforced concrete floor is performed, rigidly connected to the basement;
• the spatial rigidity of the frame of the building is increased due to the placement of a monolithic reinforced concrete belt in parallel with the overlapping of the floors and the reinforcement of the masonry walls made of stone;
• a pile foundation is used, resting on the underlying soil layer.

On soft ground, it is best to build buildings from a structure with light or flexible characteristics. The price of such a foundation will be significantly less than in the case of fragile buildings made of stone material.

When choosing a foundation structure and design features of the building frame, it all comes down to determining the most advantageous option for certain conditions during construction.

Any manager of a construction company usually tries to impose on the client the most beneficial option for the company. In order not to lose the interested person, they can also offer a very affordable construction option, the results of which, most likely, will disappoint the developer.

It is worth considering the measures taken by the designers, which allow the building to be built on swampy soil.

In order to improve the building properties of the soil in the foundation:

• perform partial excavation. Cut off the vegetative soil layer, no more than thirty centimeters in thickness. The resulting recess is stuffed with a sand and gravel cushion.
• an embankment is made. The soil in the embankment is laid in layers. Under the mass of the poured soil, the lower layers of weak soils will compact and settle. It is best to start construction work at least six months after filling, so that subsidence is fully stabilized.

After installing the foundation of the slabs, a planning soil dumping is also carried out. For this purpose, you can use any soil.

The construction of a building on an embankment affects the overall rise in the surface level, also ensuring that melt and rain water is drained away from the building and from the site.

The height can be reduced by increasing the thickness of the sand pad, so that the overall thickness of the bulk material of the pad, as well as the embankment, remains unchanged.

It is important not to forget that it is quite difficult to pour and compact the cushion soil in the aquatic environment.

Foundation methods for buildings in the swamp:

In order to reduce the pressure of the building on the ground, a foundation is used in the form of slabs - a monolithic reinforced concrete slab at the base of the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house. At the same time, its dimensions are larger and go beyond the building by thirty centimeters from all sides.

Foundation rigidity is increased by installing reinforced concrete plinths. It is connected with reinforcing outlets to the foundation slab.

Overlapping with reinforced concrete in the upper part of the plinth contributes to an increase in rigidity. A single structure of the lower space can be called a completely rigid foundation for stone buildings.

For buildings with walls based on aerated concrete, the masonry of each wall is reinforced, and a monolithic reinforced concrete belt is arranged in the floor area. In the case of favorable soil, the volume of the cushion and embankment, as well as the reinforced concrete base, can be reduced.

In the case of favorable soil, the volume of the cushion and embankment, as well as the reinforced concrete base, can be reduced.

The insulated tiled foundation has gained wide popularity. In this case, a heater is laid under the monolithic tiled version, each stiffener is directed down towards the ground. The foundation slab is used as a base for the walls and floor on the ground floor. The disadvantages of this option include an insufficiently high base. Under the condition of a large thickness of snow cover in most climatic zones Russian Federation, because of this, the likelihood of moistening the lower parts of the walls of the building increases.

If we talk about the reinforcing cage, then it usually includes the upper and lower reinforcing mesh and the connections between them vertically. The number of reinforcing bars and their dimensions are determined by calculations.

In the construction of brick buildings of several floors under difficult soil conditions, it is much more profitable to use piles.

In case of weak soil with a layer thickness of less than three meters, it is recommended to resort to the construction of a building on piles of a bored or screw type, where the support is a slightly compressible soil layer located below.

A house with frame-type walls, either from timber and logs, is characterized by greater flexibility - it is able to withstand significant deformation than it surpasses any stone house.

Such a building can be built with little or no depth.

Tape type foundation

A foundation of this type with a small depth implies the use of a single spatial rigid frame. In order to increase rigidity, the height of the foundation tape, combined with the lower part, must also be increased. A wide sole is placed on a level similar to the ground surface. The sole should also be placed on a sand and gravel type cushion.

The width of the foundation sole is selected taking into account the mass of the building elements located above, the load of snow, and the bearing properties of the soil and the thickness of the pillow are also taken into account.

Under the self-bearing walls of the building, not supported by the ceiling and roof rafters, the sole width is reduced to fifty centimeters.

Such dimensions are chosen from certain considerations. As an example, for walls made of timber with a thickness of fifteen centimeters, which rests on a beam plinth with a length of 12-15 centimeters, thirty centimeters of the width of the lower part is enough for this. For a much thicker wall, the width of the bottom wall must be increased. It should not be carried out with a high height, as the stability of the structure is likely to be lost.

The height of the socles is chosen for such purposes:

• ensuring the required foundation rigidity;
• protection of walls from moisture - a wooden wall should be located above the snow cover.

How is a soil pillow made

A trench is dug under the foundation tape. The depth of the trench at a high level of ground-type water should not exceed the water level by ten centimeters. At the bottom of the trench, a layer is compacted, which is crushed stone. Sandy soil is laid in a pillow in layers and has a thickness of not more than twenty centimeters. Humidification and compaction by a mechanical vibrating device is carried out in layers.

In the case of manual tamping, the soil is poured in layers of no more than ten centimeters. Due to the small thickness of the pillow, it will not have to be sustained in order to stabilize the soil settlement. At the end, you can proceed to the device of the foundation of the building.

In terms of width, the sand-type cushion should to some extent exceed the width of the foundation sole. The greater the thickness of the sand cushion, the greater it should be in width. Due to the sufficient latitude, the area on which the load falls from the foundation sole to the pillow and subsequently to the natural soil increases.

Planning earth embankment

This task is performed after the arrangement of the foundation. The tape of the latter, within the limit of the trench width, is covered with a mixture of sand and gravel. Outside the trench, any soil can be used for the planned embankment.

The height of the soil embankment is taken in the range of 20 - 50 centimeters.

The elevated level of the site due to the planning embankment of soil contributes to:

• creating favorable conditions for the removal of rain and flood water from the building.
• a decrease in the depth of freezing of natural soils, the result of this is a decrease in the deformation caused due to frost heaving.
• increase in the depth of groundwater in relation to the level of the site.

A waterproof coating around the perimeter of the lower part of the building should divert water beyond the sand backfill. Concrete pavements are best reinforced with steel road mesh.

The reinforcement frame of the tape base for private buildings includes reinforcing meshes from above and below, as well as vertical connections. The number of reinforcing bars and their dimensions are calculated according to the calculations.

Non-drying marshy soil with moisture-loving vegetation that can be systematically moistened is not the most favorable place for building a house frame. The close location of groundwater creates seasonal fluctuations in soils, especially during the period of spring warming. Modern construction technologies can solve the problem of how to organize a foundation in a swamp so that it can withstand the load of a house.

Soil analysis

What is swampy land? This is an area with a porous structure, which is 90% water. The rest of the percentage is formed by randomly located particles of minerals - peat, sand, clay. The unsystematic order of occurrence of rocks does not allow calculating the load on the soil.
Soil surveys on the site will help to identify the following characteristics of the area:

• type of soil massif;
• groundwater volume;
• freezing depth;
• distance of the aquifer from the surface.

The data obtained make it possible to determine the physical properties of the layers, their thickness and depth, and to characterize changes in the soil over the past few years. On the basis of geological expertise, it is possible to choose which foundation to build in the swampy area.

How to explore the soil yourself?

It is not advisable for summer residents to delve into the details of geodetic surveys. Private developers need to carry out a number of simple measures:

• selection of earthen material from four wells. The drilling depth is 5 m for wood structures, 8 m for overall stone buildings. It is better to probe the surface in the spring, when it contains the maximum amount of moisture.
• mechanical analysis is carried out by sampling a small piece of earth. It rolls out in the hands and bends into a ring. The decayed element testifies to sandstones, unstable - to loams, dense - to clay;
• vegetation inspection. Wild rosemary, blueberry, sedge, cloudberry, horsetail and other crops are present on excessively moist marshy soils.

Research and determination of the type of soil provide for the determination of the change in GWL.

When does the groundwater level change in a swamp?

The volume of groundwater varies throughout the year. During the thaw period, their number increases significantly. The lowest GWL was recorded in winter. A high aquifer imposes restrictions on the construction of a frame in a swampy place. Moisture concentration at the level of 2 meters or less poses a threat of flooding of trenches, pits, mold in the house, basement. A clear algorithm of work will help minimize the impact of springs on the life of the foundation.

pile frame

Base designed for wetlands. Supporting elements - piles that are driven into the soil. A pile foundation in a swamp allows you to solve the problem of heaving, instability of the upper layer of the earth, and allows you to smooth out the unevenness and inclination of the territory.
The advantages of the building:

• low-cost, not labor-intensive process (in 2 days you can build a supporting structure);
• mounting the frame reduces the amount of land work: garbage disposal, digging a pit, concreting;
• the choice of building material for piles: wood, steel, reinforced concrete;
• increased strength, long term services.

It is rational to use a pile foundation in swampy, unstable terrain with a high level of groundwater. There are several limitations to consider when choosing a support structure:

• weak bearing capacity in horizontally mobile soil;
• additional financial costs for the arrangement of the basement (filling voids).

The average depth of the well pit is 10-15 m. To mount the pile frame at a high level of groundwater, use poles with a length of at least 25 m. You need to drive the piles until they fit snugly into the ground.

Algorithm of work on the construction of foundations on piles

Construction work is allowed at any time of the year.

1. We treat the tongues with an antiseptic to prevent the development of corrosion.
2. We immerse the piles in the ground: we screw the driven piles, for the screw ones we use a special lever.
3. Cut off the excess protruding part.
4. We fill hollow pipes with cement.
5. Using an electric welding machine, we mount the support platforms on the edged parts of the piles.
6. We process the surface with a waterproofing solution.
7. We connect the structure along the heads with a horizontal grillage.

High speed of erection, resistance to soil vibrations allow to increase the service life of the structure.

slab foundation

The construction was widely used for the construction of a monolithic stone building. Concrete slabs are resistant to temperature changes and loads.
Problem high level groundwater is solved with the help of a sand and gravel pad located at the base of a monolithic slab, deepened to the level of soil freezing. Rocks let spring streams pass below the place of occurrence, which prevents deformation. The sequence of technological steps will create a solid slab foundation in the swamp.

1. We prepare the wetland, clear of vegetation, debris.
2. Burlim wells in the corners of the future structure.
3. We dry the trench. At GWL up to 2 meters from the surface, use pumps, from 2 and below - limit yourself to the drainage system.
4. We will strengthen the bottom of the pit with an embankment of sand and gravel. This will protect the foundation from groundwater. From above we form a flooring from roofing material.
5. We make formwork from lumber.
6. Along the entire perimeter of the shaping structure, we mount reinforcement from metal rods.
7. In several approaches, we fill the trenches with a concrete mixture. The thickness of each layer should not exceed 0.2 m.
8. Dismantle the form for laying concrete after the mortar dries (it will take several days).
9. We process the vertical and horizontal surface of the frame with waterproofing mastic.

The foundation in the swamp of monolithic slabs is an expensive type of construction. Changes in soil heaving will not affect the reliability and strength of the frame. Therefore, the tiled foundation is mainly used for swampy terrain.

Tape base

A shallow foundation for a house is suitable for building small timber frame structures. The peculiarity of the type of supporting structure is that the depth of the masonry is higher than the level of soil freezing. When equipping the tape, you need to take into account a number of nuances:

• the role of the drainage system is performed by a pillow of sand and gravel.
• during heaving of the soil, the reinforced frame rises slightly, however, the use of monolithic technology allows you to maintain its shape and prevents the appearance of cracks.
• at the design stage, soil features should be determined. This will allow you to calculate the effect of loads on the future building, to determine the margin of safety.
• the sequence, the technique for performing the work of arranging the foundation, which is located in a swampy area and is relevant with high groundwater damage, is identical to the laying of a large deepening tape - digging a foundation pit, forming a pillow, building formwork, reinforcement and layer-by-layer pouring of cement mortar.
• it is advisable to install a channel for water drainage along the entire perimeter of the foundation at a distance of 1.5 - 3.00 m.

Ease of installation and low cost make the tape popular as a foundation on swampy soil.
Dampness, moisture have a destructive effect on the frame. It is difficult to predict how soil density will change over time. Use waterproofing systems to avoid the effects of heaving on the ground. When choosing the type of foundation that will be located in soft marshy terrain, be guided by the climatic conditions of the area, the type of structure and budget.