Economic analysis as a science, its principles and connections with other sciences. Economic analysis Types of economic analysis and their role in managing an organization

PREFACE

In the textbook “Economic analysis (theory, tasks, tests, business games)" are revealed theoretical basis economic analysis of economic activity in a harmonious combination of production (managerial) and financial analysis, accounting and auditing, management and marketing.

Economic analysis is considered as a scientific discipline designed to understand the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their relationship and interdependence; systematization and modeling of factor models; determining the influence of factors on the organization’s performance; identifying and calculating economic reserves for business development; mastering the skills of organizing analytical work at an enterprise and increasing the scientific and economic validity of business plans. The materials of the textbook correspond to the state educational standard of specialty 080105.65 “Finance and Credit” and 080109.65 “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”.

The tutorial consists of two sections. Section 1 includes the theoretical and methodological foundations of economic analysis, which are revealed in the subject, methods, techniques and types of economic analysis, its place in the system of economic sciences, organization and information support, history and development prospects, a system for searching and calculating reserves for increasing the efficiency of financial and economic activities.

Section 2 reveals the analysis methodology in business planning and budgeting; analysis of the status and use of basic and working capital, labor and material resources; analysis of cost management, production volume and sales; analysis of financial results, efficiency of investment activities and financial condition of the organization.

Much attention is paid to the reserves for increasing the production potential and economic stability of the company. The methodology for analyzing the main indicators of the economic, economic and financial activities of organizations is supported by examples of calculations and conclusions.

To consolidate the material and continuously improve the quality of training, after each topic there are test questions and assignments for independent work, business games, tasks and tests.

Section 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Chapter 1. SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AS SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

The term “analysis” comes from the Greek word and translated means “I divide, dismember.”

Economic analysis is a way of knowing objects and phenomena environment, based on dividing the whole into its component parts and studying them in all their diversity of connections and dependencies. For example, in order to understand the essence of product costs, you need to know not only which cost items are included in it, but also on what factors the amount of each type of expense depends.

There is a distinction between general theoretical economic analysis, which studies economic phenomena and processes at the macro level (at the level of socio-economic formation, at the state level of the national economy and its individual industries), and? -economic analysis at the micro level - analysis of economic activity, which is used to study the economics of individual enterprises.

Economic analysis as a science is revealed through the concepts: “theory of knowledge”, “judgment”, “inference”, “scientific abstraction”, “thinking”.

The theory of knowledge determines the essence, necessity and consistency of economic analysis. The object of knowledge is practice and human thinking. Thinking as a creative process involves judgment and inference. Through judgment something is denied or affirmed. Judgment can be from the particular to the general (induction) and vice versa - from the general to the particular (deduction).

Induction and deduction are inextricably linked with each other and together represent inference. The inductive-deductive way of thinking, which has undergone logical processing of objective data, reveals the essence of the economic phenomena being studied, allows us to identify certain patterns and make competent management decisions.

The logic of analytical research represents the transition from the abstract to the concrete, to the transformation of theoretical positions into practical affairs. This determines the relationship between science and practice.

Economic analysis, like any science, has principles or requirements that it must meet (Table 1).

Economic analysis is indispensable in the practical activities of enterprises of all forms of ownership and types of activity. The competitiveness of the organization, the formation of its image and the further development of the business depend on the quality of its implementation. Analytical research methods are the basis for decision-making at the microeconomic level - at the level of a business entity. Using analytical procedures, shortcomings and priorities in financial and economic activities are identified, on the basis of which short-, medium- and long-term forecasts for the development of the organization are built.

Name: Economic analysis - Cheat sheets.

Cheat sheets are intended for students taking an exam or test in the course "Economic Analysis". Contains informative answers to all course questions in accordance with the State Educational Standard.

Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge associated with:
the study of economic processes in their interrelation, developing under the influence of objective economic laws and subjective factors;
scientific justification of business plans, objective assessment of their implementation;
identifying positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their effects;
disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, identification of unused on-farm reserves;
making optimal management decisions.
The most important points of the analysis are the establishment of relationships, interdependence and interdependence of causes and factors.
The content of economic analysis as a scientific discipline follows from its functions:

1. Content, subject and principles of economic analysis
2. Objectives of analysis and its role in managing business activities
3. Information Support economic analysis. Systematization and processing economic information
4. Typology of types of economic analysis
5. Method and methodology of economic analysis
6. Traditional techniques of economic analysis
7. Deterministic modeling of factor systems
8. Methods for measuring the influence of factors in deterministic models
9. Method of chain substitutions
10. Index method in factor analysis
11. Integral method of factor analysis
12. Method for identifying the isolated influence of factors
13. Methods for deterministic comprehensive assessment of performance results
14. Heuristic techniques for solving economic problems
15. Methods for determining the modern value of money and the accumulated amount of investments
16. Methods for measuring multi-time costs, results and effects. Investment risk assessment
17. Ways to study correlation relationships
18. Basic methods and models for forecasting business activity
19. Essence, content, principles of financial analysis. Main user groups financial statements
20. System of indicators for analysis of financial statements
21. Information and organizational support for analysis and assessment of the results of activities of business entities
22. Analysis of the organization’s property status and assessment of the efficiency of use of its assets
23. Horizontal and vertical analysis of balance sheet items. Coefficient and factor analysis methods
24. Multifactor complex analysis of return on assets
25. Analysis of fixed capital and assessment of the efficiency of its use
26. System of partial and general indicators of state analysis working capital and its use
27. Essence and content, composition, structure and movement of capital of the organization
28. System of indicators for assessing the efficiency of using equity and borrowed capital
29. Analysis of the price of the main sources of financing the organization’s activities
30. Leverage (financial leverage). Financial leverage effect
31. Factor analysis of return on equity and debt capital
32. System of indicators and methodology for assessing asset liquidity, solvency and financial stability
33. Organizational and legal mechanism for assessing the state of bankruptcy of business entities
34. Identification and justification of the causes of bankruptcy
35. The concept of financial results and the current procedure for their formation
36. Factor analysis of the formation of profit from sales and assessment of the margin of financial strength
37. Economic essence, content and composition of income and expenses of the organization
38. Analysis and assessment of the composition, structure and dynamics of income and expenses
39. Analysis and assessment of the organization’s financial position as tools for making informed management decisions
40. Analysis and assessment of the borrower’s creditworthiness
41. Composition, structure and cash flow by type of activity of the organization
42. Direct and indirect methods of cash flow analysis
43. The coefficient method as a tool for factor analysis in assessing cash flows
44. Methodology for adjusting the financial statements of an organization in an inflationary economy
45. Adjustment of the organization’s financial statements using the GPP method
46. ​​General methodological approaches to organizing control using methods and procedures of economic analysis
47. Analysis of production volume
48. Analysis of production costs
49. Methods and procedures for analyzing profit generation based on the results of production activities
50. Comprehensive assessment intensification of the organization’s production and financial activities
51. Legal support and conceptual apparatus of analysis investment activities
52. The purpose and objectives of the analysis of investment activity
53. Information base and system of indicators for the analysis of long-term investments
54. Analysis and evaluation cash flows from investment activities
55. Methods and indicators for assessing long-term investments
56. Systematic approach to the analysis of economic activities
57. System of indicators for the efficiency of use of material resources
58. System of product cost indicators
59. System of profit indicators for commercial organizations
60. Indicators of labor resource use
61. Indicators of the use of fixed production assets. Methodology for their analysis
62. Indicators of production and sales volumes. Their formation and interrelation
63. Statistical and economic-mathematical, quantitative and qualitative methods of economic analysis
64. Economic and mathematical modeling as a way to study and evaluate economic activity

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1. Subject, content and tasks of financial analysis

financial on-farm economic reserve

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge based on the laws of development and functioning of systems and aimed at understanding the methodology for assessing, diagnosing and forecasting the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Economic analysis has developed in economic research as an independent applied special science, which has its own subject and research method. Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge about research methods and techniques used to process and analyze the economic activities of organizations (enterprises).

Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge related to:

a) with the study of economic processes in their interrelation, developing under the influence of objective economic laws and subjective factors;

b) with scientific substantiation of business plans, with an objective assessment of their implementation;

c) identifying positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their effects;

d) with the disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, with the identification of unused on-farm reserves;

e) with the generalization of experience, with the adoption of optimal management decisions.

It should be noted that the economic activity of an organization is the object of study of many sciences, including such as accounting and auditing, statistics, macro- and microeconomics, management, etc. At the same time, each of them studies the economic processes of an organization with a certain, only her own point of view and only her own methods and techniques.

The identification by one or another science of any specific and significant aspect in the objects and processes of research allows us to distinguish it as an independent branch of knowledge and establish its subject. Defining the subject of science is one of the complex methodological problems.

It is not immediately possible to find a formulation of the subject that does not raise objections and is equally acceptable to all researchers. This also applies to economic analysis. In the specialized literature one can find various formulations of its subject. However, they all have general signs, which allows us to distinguish several groups among them, where the following is indicated as the subject:

* economic activities of the organization;

* economic processes;

* detailed composition of objects;

* performance results and analysis goals;

* information flow;

* changes in business processes;

* cause-and-effect relationships of economic processes.

In almost all types of definitions, attention is focused on one or more objects (economic processes) chosen as the subject of analysis.

In the specialized literature on the analysis of economic activity one can find dozens of very different formulations of the subject of economic analysis. Such diversity is inevitable because, as noted among a wide range of scientific researchers, the content of a subject is always richer than its most detailed definitions.

All definitions of the subject of economic analysis, which are contained in the works of Soviet and Russian economists, are usually divided into several characteristic groups.

The first of them includes “the formulations of M.Z. Rubinova, P.I. Savicheva, M.F. Dyachkogo, M.I. Bakanov, according to which the subject of economic analysis is understood as economic processes occurring in enterprises.”

The second group of definitions is distinguished by the interpretation of the subject of economic analysis as the direct economic activity of enterprises, associations and higher levels. This “approach is typical for the works of I.I. Poklada, N.V. Dembinsky, S.B. Barngolts, who emphasize the need to reflect economic activities in planning, reporting, accounting and other sources of information. In other words, according to these authors, only documented events can be the subject of analysis.”

And finally, in the last group of definitions given by E.V. Dolgopolov, G.V. Savitskaya, N.P. Lyubushin, the subject of economic analysis is understood as the economics of enterprises, considered as a set of production relations in the process of production and distribution of the created product, and the use of production resources. HELL. Sheremet connects the subject of analysis through production relations with economic calculations, the technical side of production, natural conditions and social development teams. His textbook gives the definition:

“The subject of economic analysis is the economic processes of enterprises, their socio-economic efficiency and final financial results activities that develop under the influence of objective and subjective factors and are reflected through the system of economic information.”

The subject of economic analysis can be characterized as cause-and-effect relationships of economic processes and adequate methods and techniques for measuring the strength of their impact. The most important, generalizing, essential thing that economic analysis examines is the movement of economic processes, the causes, factors that determine the current situation in the organization’s activities, and their consequences. Equally important is the choice of appropriate techniques and methods for measuring cause-and-effect relationships. The use of adequate and modern methods and techniques of economic analysis makes it possible to objectively measure and evaluate the nature of relationships, the quantitative parameters of factors that influenced the change in indicators reflecting the development of economic processes, and on this basis - to develop and make sound, cost-effective management decisions.

Based on the diversity of ongoing economic processes, various subject areas of economic analysis are distinguished. Typically these are:

* design solutions;

* investment activities;

* financial activities;

* production activities;

* other subject areas of analysis.

Taking into account the differences in subject areas of economic analysis, we can talk about specific types of analysis, for example, economic analysis of design decisions, economic analysis of investment activities, economic analysis of financial and economic activities, etc.

The subject of the theory of economic analysis is methods, rules, techniques for assessing, diagnosing, and predicting the behavior of business entities.

The purpose of the theory of economic analysis is to study and improve the methodology for assessing, diagnosing and forecasting the activities of an enterprise. This goal presupposes, on the one hand, the study of the laws of development and functioning of systems for their subsequent use in economic analysis, and on the other hand, the development of analysis methods that are adequate to various states, stages, stages of systems development and specific analysis tasks. The goals of the theory of economic analysis are achieved as a result of solving problems, which primarily include the task of providing the analyst and manager with a system of special knowledge on the choice of methods, methods and techniques for economic analysis of certain situations.

* studying the nature of the operation of economic laws, establishing patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

* control over the implementation of plans, forecasts, management decisions, over the effective use of the economic potential of the enterprise;

* studying the influence of objective and subjective, external and internal factors on the results of economic activity, which allows us to objectively evaluate the work of the enterprise, make a correct diagnosis of its condition and forecast its development for the future, identify the main directions for searching for reserves for increasing its efficiency;

* search for reserves for increasing production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

* assessing the degree of financial and operational risks and developing internal mechanisms for managing them in order to strengthen the market position of the enterprise and increase business profitability;

* development of a project management decision to eliminate identified deficiencies and develop reserves for increasing the efficiency of economic activity.

1. Free interaction of market entities, competition, burdened by forensic tendencies and the oppression of monopolies, commercial risk and the uncertainty of obtaining expected economic benefits, the likelihood of expected damage or obtaining a result below the required value highlight the problem of choice. Hence, the task of justifying the choice becomes very relevant for analysis. optimal options business decisions from available alternatives.

2. A system of economic analysis and assessment of the activities of business entities, developed in scientific and methodological aspects, allows us to identify, systematize and update solutions to the most complex and frequently occurring business situations and develop the most effective recommendations for eliminating them and getting out of the current situation.

3. The theory of economic analysis should offer business entities a wide range of tools and means to achieve the desired results (for example, minimizing costs, maintaining a balance between profitability and financial stability, preventing economic crises) and develop methods for diagnosing the likelihood of bankruptcy, etc.

4. Economic practice requires the use of multidimensional assessments of the efficiency of economic activity in the analysis with the ability to solve social, environmental and humanitarian problems, problems of using net profit and its capitalization, etc.

5. The theory of analysis is faced with the task of substantiating a new understanding of financial success, which is not the maximization of profits, but the successful elimination of the influence of uncertainty and risk: to a lesser extent - ensuring liquidity and profitability and to a greater extent - achieving “shareholder welfare”, taking into account commercial risks, which will further ensure the necessary financial stability.

6. An urgent task is to improve methods for conducting such types of analysis as long-term, forecast, operational, marginal, functional-cost and comprehensive economic.

Analysis of the future, anticipating the consequences, is relevant, as it makes it possible to avoid probable future unsuccessful results of economic activity, which is more important for business than correcting the actual damage received.

7. Improving methods for studying the market and its partners can be considered as an important independent task of analysis.

8. Not only modern methods of analysis are needed, but also their practical relevance by dynamically developing organizations with a large charge of high technology, intelligence, creativity and responsibility. The analyst and manager must work in dialogue mode.

9. The implementation of traditional tasks of economic analysis, such as mobilizing identified reserves for increasing production efficiency and increasing its intensification, in the current economic situation is complicated by the need to take into account uncertainty and commercial risks, the probabilistic nature of events and their assessments, inflation processes, modern characteristics of the value of cash flows, etc. All this requires improving the theory of economic analysis, without which it is not possible to strengthen its role in business management. It should be noted that among the methods and techniques of analysis, mathematical techniques come to the fore, including stochastic modeling, financial assessment techniques, the use of optimization models, etc.

2. Business activity assessment

Business activity is characterized by qualitative and quantitative indicators. Qualitative criteria are: breadth of sales markets (both internal and external), business reputation of the organization and its clients, competitiveness of the product, etc.

Quantitative assessment is given in two directions:

study of the dynamics and correlation of growth rates of absolute indicators: the main estimated indicators of the organization’s activities (revenue and profit) and the average value of assets;

study of the values ​​and dynamics of relative indicators characterizing the level of efficiency in the use of advanced and consumed resources of the organization.

When studying the comparative dynamics of absolute indicators of business activity, compliance with the following optimal ratio, called the “golden rule of the organization’s economy” is assessed: business - activity - revenue - sales.

Trchp > TrV > TrA > 100%,

where Трчп is the growth rate of net profit;

ТрВ - growth rate of sales revenue;

TrA - growth rate of average assets.

However, deviations from this ideal dependence are also possible, and they should not always be considered negative. In particular, very common reasons are: the development of new promising areas for the application of capital, reconstruction and modernization of existing production facilities, etc. Such activities are always associated with significant investments of financial resources, which for the most part do not provide a quick return, but in the future can stimulate economic company growth.

Fulfillment of the first ratio (Trchp > TrV) means an increase in the profitability of the activity:

(Rd): Rd = PE / V *100

The fulfillment of the second ratio (TrV > TrA) means acceleration of asset turnover:

(Oa): Oa = B / A * 100

The faster pace of increase in net profit compared to the increase in assets (TRChP > TRA) means an increase in net return on assets:

(CRa): CRa=CP / A * 100

The fulfillment of the last inequality (an increase in the average value of assets over time) means an expansion of property potential. However, its implementation must be ensured only in the long term.

In the short term (within a year), a deviation from this ratio is acceptable if, for example, it is caused by a reduction in accounts receivable or optimization non-current assets and stocks. To implement the second direction, various indicators can be calculated that characterize the efficiency of using material, labor and financial resources.

1. Labor productivity. The indicator characterizes the generalized “financial” labor productivity and is defined as the share of annual revenue per average employee.

2. Return on assets. The indicator characterizes the share of annual revenue per 1 ruble of fixed assets.

3. Turnover of funds in calculations (in turnovers). Characterizes the turnover rate of accounts receivable and the average number of days required to repay it; the inverse of this indicator is the receivables repayment ratio.

4. Inventory turnover (in revolutions) characterizes the turnover rate inventories and the average time required to write them off to the cost of production.

5. Accounts payable turnover (in turnover) characterizes the average time during which accounts payable will remain unpaid.

6. Duration of the financial cycle (in days). The financial cycle, or cash circulation cycle, is the time during which cash withdrawn from circulation. The operating cycle characterizes the total time during which financial resources are stored in inventories and accounts receivable. Since the company pays supplier bills with a time lag, the time during which funds are diverted from circulation, i.e. financial cycle, less than the average time of circulation of accounts payable. The reduction in operating and financial cycles over time is considered a positive trend. If a reduction in the operating cycle can be achieved by accelerating the production process and accounts receivable turnover, then the financial cycle can be shortened both due to these factors and due to some non-critical slowdown in accounts payable turnover.

7. Turnover ratios of equity and total capital (resource productivity). They characterize the volume of products sold per ruble of funds invested in the activities of the enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a favorable trend.

8. The economic growth sustainability coefficient shows the average rate at which an enterprise can develop in the future, without changing the already established relationship between various sources of financing, capital productivity, production profitability, dividend policy, etc.

Relative indicators of business activity characterize the level of efficiency in the use of the organization's resources, which is assessed using turnover indicators of individual types of property and its total value and the profitability of the organization's funds and their sources.

In general, the turnover of funds invested in property is assessed by the following main indicators: the turnover rate (the number of turnovers that the capital of the enterprise or its components make during the analyzed period) and the turnover period - the average period during which one turnover of funds is made.

The faster the funds turn over, the more products the organization produces and sells with the same amount of capital. Thus, the main effect of accelerating turnover is an increase in sales without additional attraction of financial resources. In addition, since after completion of the turnover the capital is returned incrementally in the form of profit, the acceleration of turnover leads to an increase in profit.

On the other hand, the lower the turnover rate of assets, primarily current (current), the greater the need for financing. External financing is expensive and has certain restrictive conditions. Own sources capital increases are limited, first of all, by the possibility of obtaining the necessary profit. Thus, by managing asset turnover, the organization is able to depend less on external sources of funds and increase its liquidity.

The duration of funds in circulation is determined by the combined influence of a number of multidirectional external and internal factors. The first should include the scope of activity of the enterprise, industry affiliation, scale of the enterprise and a number of others. The economic situation in the country, the existing system of non-cash payments and the associated operating conditions of enterprises have no less impact on asset turnover.

Thus, inflationary processes and the lack of established economic relations with suppliers and buyers lead to the forced accumulation of inventories, which significantly slows down the process of funds turnover.

However, it should be emphasized that the period during which funds are in circulation is largely determined by the internal conditions of the organization’s activities, and primarily by the effectiveness of its asset management strategy (or lack thereof). Profitability indicators are relative characteristics of the financial results and efficiency of an enterprise. They measure the profitability of an enterprise from various positions and are grouped in accordance with the interests of participants in the economic process.

Table 1. Initial data for calculating the influence of factors on capital productivity

Table 2. Calculation of the influence of factors on the capital productivity indicator

Table 3. Dynamics of the composition of the wage fund for workers and employees

Table 4. Analysis of material costs for product release

List of used literature

1. Federal Law of July 29, 1998 No. 135-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2010) “On valuation activities in the Russian Federation” (adopted by the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on July 16, 1998) (with amendments and additions coming into force on April 1. 2011).

2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 19, 1997 N 1605 “On additional measures to stimulate business activity and attract investment in the economy of the Russian Federation.”

3. A.N. Zverev, F.F. Glisin - Business activity of industry in the first half of the year./Reference book. No. 2, 2010 - 68 p.

4. Analysis and assessment of business activity. Assessing the profitability of an enterprise / A.S. Palamarchuk // Economist’s Handbook. No. 12, 2009 - 30 p.

5. Kovalev V.V. The financial analysis. - M.: Statistics, 2011 - 112 p.

6. Lyubushin N.P., Leshcheva V.B., Dyakova V.G. Analysis of financial and economic activities. - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2010 -98 p.

7. Aleseyeva A.I. Comprehensive economic analysis of economic activity. - M.: Statistics, 2009 - 72 p.

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As one of common methods knowledge of nature and socio-economic relations, analysis is used in the study of processes, phenomena and objects. Analysis (from the Greek analysis) literally means dividing an entire economic phenomenon into its component elements. The analysis is based on the features of the whole, which allows us to identify the main thing in the subject being studied.

There is a connection between various objects and phenomena, therefore only analysis as a decomposition of the whole does not provide a comprehensive and in-depth study of them. It must be supplemented with synthesis (from the Greek synthesis), which means connecting parts into a single whole. Only analysis and synthesis in unity ensure the scientific study of phenomena in a comprehensive dialectical connection.

As a general method of cognition, analysis underlies many sciences and is specified in relation to a given field of activity. For example: analysis of the country’s economy, analysis of economic activities in various industries, agriculture, construction, trade, social services, etc.

Economic analysis involves the use of a set of information, as well as methodological techniques that allow one to study various aspects of the economic activity of an organization and its structural divisions. Economic processes are reflected by a whole system of economic information, which is very dynamic. When rationally organized, the flow of this information serves as the basis for economic analysis. The latter is carried out at the micro and macro levels.

Thus, they distinguish between economic analysis, which makes it possible to study economic processes at the macro level (for example, at the level of the national economy and individual industries), and economic analysis at the micro level, i.e. analysis of the activities of individual organizations and their internal structural divisions.

Thus, economic analysis consists of the study of economic processes and phenomena, the factors and causes that determined them, the assessment of production and economic activities, the scientific substantiation of business plans and monitoring the progress of their implementation.

Economic analysis is constantly evolving as scientific direction, its methodology is being improved, computer technology and other technical means of collecting and processing information are being widely introduced into the practice of analytical work, and traditional, economic-mathematical, and graphical methods for studying economic processes are used. Raising the theoretical level of economic analysis is facilitated by the study, generalization and use of advanced experience in analytical work.

Economic analysis, in turn, contributes to the intensification of national production and the introduction of the achievements of world science and technology into the work of enterprises. Preliminary analysis allows us to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of certain innovations. Operational and current analysis helps determine the effect of introducing technical progress and new technological processes into production.

Thus, with the help of economic analysis, the economic mechanism, planning and management are improved. This is the most important tool that provides scientific prediction of the prospects for the activities of individual business entities.

Economic analysis refers to the sciences that study the economics of enterprises, industries and the economy of the country as a whole, and is a system of specialized knowledge for the study of economic activity.

The subject of economic analysis is production and marketing, supply, financial, economic and other economic activities of enterprises and their structural divisions. This activity is manifested in a system of indicators reflected in planning, accounting, reporting and other sources of information.

The object of economic analysis can be the economic activity of an enterprise as a whole, its individual aspects or economic processes. In the first case we talk about complex analysis, in the second - about thematic analysis.

Studying the nature of the operation of economic laws, establishing patterns and trends characterizing economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

Scientific substantiation of current and future plans;

Monitoring the implementation of plans and management decisions, rational use of resources;

Search for reserves for increasing production efficiency based on the study of best practices and achievements of science and practice;

Assessing the results of the enterprise’s activities in implementing plans and using existing opportunities;

Development of measures for the use of identified reserves in the process of economic activity.

Thus, economic analysis is a system of special knowledge related to the study of trends in economic development, scientific justification of plans, management decisions, monitoring their implementation, assessment of achieved results, identifying and justifying the value of reserves for increasing production efficiency, and developing measures for their use.

The tasks of economic analysis are related to its content, as well as the socio-economic tactics and strategy of the enterprise for the short and long term. These tasks can be summarized as follows:

Checking the reality and optimality of business plans, forecasts and standards;

Increasing their scientific validity; promoting improvement of the planning and management system;

Monitoring the implementation of business plan indicators and compliance with current regulations;

Study and assessment of indicators of the dynamics of economic development of an enterprise in order to fulfill statutory objectives;

Search for conditions and ways to improve business results;

Determining the economic efficiency of using raw materials, material, energy, labor and financial resources; promoting the introduction into the practice of the enterprise of the achievements of world scientific and technological progress and advanced management methods;

Identification and quantitative measurement of the influence of factors on the indicators of economic activity of the enterprise; objective assessment of the results of his work;

Development of measures to eliminate shortcomings and bottlenecks identified during the analysis process; studying and mobilizing reserves for increasing the efficiency of using economic potential;

Studying the optimality of management decisions and facilitating their successful implementation by organizing execution control.

Economic analysis is closely related to the development of business plans. The results of economic analysis over the past period create the basis for the development of business plans for the coming period. Their data is then used as information sources for economic analysis.

There are no hard boundaries between economic sciences. When distinguishing the content of accounting and economic analysis, it should be borne in mind that accounting is the main source of information for economic analysis. Experts have estimated that approximately 70% of the information used in economic analysis is created in the accounting process, and the rest - in the planning, operational, technical, managerial and statistical accounting process. It is quite natural that accountants were the first to analyze economic activity enterprises. Each accountant, having drawn up a balance sheet, will certainly show interest in assessing the state of the organization’s property and the sources of its formation, and will find out the positive and negative aspects of the organization’s financial condition.

Economic analysis as a science is a system of specialized knowledge related to:

With the study of economic processes that develop under the influence of objective economic laws and factors;

Scientific substantiation of business plans and objective assessment of their implementation;

Identification of positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their impact on the performance indicator;

Disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development and identification of unused on-farm reserves;

Summarizing the experience of industry leaders and making optimal management decisions.

Principles of economic analysis and its connection with other sciences.

The basic principles of economic analysis can be formulated in theses.

The principle of statehood reflects the state approach to the assessment of economic phenomena and consists in the fact that the analysis of the financial and economic activities of organizations of various forms of ownership and their structural divisions involves taking into account economic strategy states.

The scientific principle means that the methodology of economic analysis is based on the achievements of the world economic science and takes into account the effect of economic laws.

The principle of objectivity involves the study of real economic phenomena and processes, their cause-and-effect relationships. It is reflected in legislative acts that provide for varying degrees of responsibility for persons who falsify accounting and reporting data on the organization’s activities. Thus, the information used in the research process must be documented and reliable, reflecting the realities of the financial and economic activities of a particular organization.

The principle of consistency and complexity requires taking into account the relationship of individual factors when studying, measuring and generalizing their influence on the formation of economic indicators. All aspects of the financial and economic activities of the organization are considered not in isolation, but in interconnection and dynamics. The analysis is carried out at all levels of management, and its complexity is manifested in a systematic consideration of all stages and indicators of the activity of the object under study.

The principle of efficiency concerns the rapid and accurate implementation by an organization of business plans, implementation decisions taken in order to fulfill statutory tasks.

Based on the results of the analysis, measures are planned aimed at improving the financial and economic activities of the organization. Thus, the timeliness of the analysis makes it possible to turn it into a tool for operational control of various areas of activity of an economic entity.

The principle of mass participation means involving specialists in the production sector in analytical work, on which the increase in the living standards of the population depends. The processes of globalization of the economy, the creation of equal conditions for organizations of various forms of ownership contribute to increasing the efficiency of its activities, which is achieved by finding unused reserves in the activities of each division of the organization.

The principle of efficiency is expressed in the fact that the cost of analysis produces a multiple effect.

Economic analysis was formed as a result of the differentiation of the social sciences. Previously, certain forms of economic analysis were inherent primarily in the accounting sciences: balance sheet science, accounting, and statistics. But as economic work at enterprises deepened, the need arose to distinguish analysis as a separate system of knowledge, since accounting disciplines were no longer able to answer all the questions of economic practice. The differentiation of sciences was accompanied by certain disadvantages. Their essence boiled down to excessive specialization of sciences, excessive fragmentation, and loss of interconnections. Against this background, the process of integration of sciences should be considered positive. Having formed into an independent science, economic analysis comprehensively and systematically uses data, and in some cases, research methods and techniques inherent in statistics, planning, accounting, mathematics, marketing and other sciences.

The closest connections exist between accounting and economic analysis. Accounting reflects business transactions in primary documentation, recording them in registers of synthetic and analytical accounting and in financial statements. Life itself forces accountants to analyze balance sheets and statements. The connection between economic analysis and statistics is expressed by:

Firstly, that statistical accounting and reporting serve for economic analysis, just like accounting, as a necessary information base (however, its share in relation to enterprises is small);

Secondly, the fact that statistical science, which problematically develops methods of groupings, indices, correlations, regressions and others, significantly expands the arsenal of analytical methods and techniques.

The analytical developments of statisticians themselves are associated primarily with mass socio-economic processes, with certain statistical aggregates and are carried out mainly at the sectoral, regional and national economic levels. We can say that microanalysis is carried out mainly by accountants-analysts, and macroanalysis - by statisticians-analysts. However, in both cases, economic analysis acts as an independent science. The need to improve the management of economic processes, especially during the transition to market relations, led to the development of control theory.

The main elements of the management system include: organization, planning, regulation (coordination), stimulation (motivation) and control, and the basic principles of management include: democratic approach, unity of command and collegiality, individual responsibility, specificity and efficiency of management, objectivity and scientific validity decisions made.

The list of individual functions and principles of management determines the importance of economic analysis in the management process. Coordination of work is closely related to verification of execution and operational analysis of what has been done. Economic analysis is also associated with such an important management principle as economy mode. The introduction of effective commercial calculations in all sectors of the economy, ensuring the best results at the lowest cost, and adhering to the strictest savings regime requires constant monitoring of all components of production costs, an in-depth analysis of costs by item and element.

In this case, unproductive expenses and losses should be analyzed especially carefully. The theory of managerial decision making is based on multivariance, uncertainty, and the influence of additional factors on each individual option.

Multivariance under conditions of uncertainty and the influence of additional factors makes it necessary to analyze various options for management decisions. A market economy, its organization and management are impossible without the use of marketing principles, without the development of a carefully substantiated marketing program. The meaning of the basic principles of marketing as a system for managing trade and production activities comes down to the following:

To produce products in accordance with the needs of customers, to know the market situation and the actual capabilities of organizations;

To the fullest satisfaction of the needs and requests of buyers and customers;

To sell products and services in certain markets in the prescribed volumes and on time;

To ensure long-term profitability of production and commercial activities;

To strict adherence to selected marketing strategies and tactics:

o formation of medium-term and long-term goals and objectives;

o their implementation in a specific period of time, taking into account market situations;

To actively adapt to constantly changing market conditions and customer requirements (with a simultaneous impact on the formation and stimulation of demand).

Both the development of marketing programs and their implementation are organically connected with the corresponding analytical calculations. Development of marketing programs and monitoring their implementation is impossible without analysis:

Influences on the enterprise's economy from external and internal environment;

Market conditions (globally, by product groups and individual products);

Buyers and consumers (existing and potential);

Competitive situation (studying the commercial opportunities of organizations operating in the same industry); -

Market prices and the formation of your own pricing policy;

Final financial results (opportunities for obtaining an average or possibly higher rate of return on invested capital).

Consequently, economic analysis is one of the important components of scientifically based planning, regulation and management.

Without a business plan, it is impossible to organize a group of shareholders, attract investors, and obtaining loans from state and commercial banks becomes completely unrealistic. The business plan of a manufacturing enterprise is built according to a scheme that includes the following sections:

Introduction-summary;

The purpose of production is a list of manufactured goods (their differences and advantages compared to the products of other manufacturers); assessment of the sales market (search for the necessary information and its analysis);

Competitiveness in terms of basic parameters (production and sales volume, product quality, price level, average profit);

Marketing strategy; production plan (production capacity, raw materials, personnel);

Organizational principles (production services, their coordination, interaction and control);

Legal status of the enterprise (especially a newly organized one); commercial risk and measures limiting it (prevention, insurance);

Financial plan(including data on product sales, income and expenses, cash receipts and other income, balance sheet of assets and liabilities, analytical calculation of break-even);

Financing strategy (expected return on investment);

Goods are intangible collateral for received loans,

Receiving a profit not lower than the industry average.

Any of the listed sections of a business plan cannot be adequately justified without using almost the entire arsenal of analytical methods and techniques, including mathematical ones.

Economic analysis is closely related to mathematics; these sciences are characterized by the study of quantitative relationships. When defining mathematics as a science, it should be borne in mind, firstly, that mathematics cannot be divorced from the outside world, from material reality, although mathematical constructions take an extremely abstract form; secondly, the course of mathematical research into spatial forms and quantitative relations of the real world in its pure form requires their isolation.

The application of mathematics in economic analysis, research and calculations extends primarily to the area of ​​variables interconnected by functional dependence. The use of mathematics in economics takes the form of economic-mathematical modeling. Using an economic-mathematical model, one or another actual economic process is depicted. Such a model can only be constructed on the basis of a deep theoretical study of the economic essence of the process. Only in this case will the mathematical model be adequate to the actual economic process and objectively reflect it. Transition to market economy led to the emergence of a new branch of scientific knowledge and practical activity for us, which we had not encountered before - auditing.

In our country, the official birth date of the audit is March 1991, when it took place constituent Assembly Audit Chamber and its charter was approved. One of the main tasks of an audit is documentary verification. Using documentary audit methods, the compliance of primary accounting documentation with the true content of business transactions is established, and control is exercised over the compliance of the operations themselves with existing laws and legal regulations.

Special attention require operations related to tax (fiscal) taxation. In this area, more than in any other, abuses occur (concealing or diminishing profits, delays in repaying debts to the budget, etc.). Verified source documents, current accounting data, indicators reflected in the business plan, balance sheet, profit and loss statement, and other internal reporting, serve as an information base, which is the main component of an expert system adapted to the requirements and purposes of the audit.

The ultimate goal of the audit is to verify the reliability of financial stability, analysis financial indicators a single enterprise (any form of ownership), one or another association of enterprises (limited liability partnership, joint stock company, concern, industrial trading company, etc.).

The financial condition, financial stability, determined by all production and commercial activities of the enterprise, can be measured using the calculation of coefficients:

The ratio of equity and borrowed funds, which is the quotient of dividing the sum of all obligations on borrowed funds by the amount of equity;

The coefficient of long-term borrowing, calculated by dividing the amount of long-term loans and borrowings by the amount of equity, plus long-term borrowed funds;

The coefficient of maneuverability of own funds, representing the quotient of dividing the amount of own working capital by the total amount of sources of own funds;

Depreciation accumulation coefficient - the ratio of the amount of accumulated depreciation to the original amount of depreciable property;

The coefficient of the real value of fixed and material current assets in the property of the enterprise;

The coefficient of the real value of fixed assets is the ratio of the cost of fixed assets minus the amount of depreciation to the net value of the property;

Payment readiness ratio - the ratio of the amount of funds of the first degree of payment readiness to the amount of payments (obligations) of the first urgency.

The numerical values ​​of these and other coefficients depend on the successful implementation of the business plan and on the skillful conduct of all commercial activities. Auditing firms, commissioned by enterprises or commercial banks, carry out regular checks and analyzes of solvency and financial stability, economic efficiency and profitability; assess the reality of balance sheet items, the reality of the financial statement, and the liquidity of the balance sheet. Liquidity is the ability to quickly convert an enterprise's assets into cash for the timely repayment of its obligations, debts (liabilities); the most important indicator by which the stability and efficiency of an enterprise is judged. The analytical principle is much more evident in internal audit than in external audit, which was mentioned above. This is due primarily to the fact that private enterprises, limited liability companies, joint-stock companies, concerns and other business associations have the right to trade secrets in market conditions. They are obliged to publish, make public only financial statements, which are used primarily by external, independent audit firms. The rest of the information can be used by agreement of the parties.

The situation is completely different with regard to internal audit. The information base here is expanding; The emphasis of analytical developments is also changing significantly. Internal audit, characteristic primarily of large corporate associations, is organically combined with their marketing activities. The principles of marketing express, as already noted, the management system of trade and production activities. This system naturally includes control and analysis. Moreover, economic analysis here, as it were, evaluates the correctness of the marketing strategy and tactics itself. Thus, economic analysis is a synthesized science, which was formed by integrating a number of sciences and combining their individual elements. The results of economic analysis are used by other sciences in the study of certain aspects of economic activity.

Practical part

Tasks 1 - 7

Journal of registration of business transactions for May 2015

Turnover sheet for account 10 Materials" for May 2015

General characteristics of economic analysis as a science

For effective management economics requires economic analysis. If considered in the broad sense of the word, economic analysis covers the entire economic space and acts as an objective source that determines the efficiency of an organization.

Definition 1

Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge based on the laws of development and functioning of systems and aimed at understanding the methodology for assessing, diagnosing and forecasting the financial and economic activities of an enterprise.

Economic analysis allows you to determine the essence of an object from the inside, “splitting” the object into components and determining the role of the components. For example, in order to determine the essence of cost, it is necessary to understand what elements it consists of (depreciation, wages, etc.). This will make it possible to identify which components generate growth and which produce losses. This analysis will allow you to more effectively manage cost and its parameters.

Any science is characterized by a subject, method and objectives. Different economists interpret the definition of the subject of economic analysis in different ways. Some believe that the subject of economic analysis is the economic processes of an enterprise, the efficiency of a socio-economic nature, as well as financial results, depending on the factors reflected in economic information. Others believe that analysis studies the economics of an enterprise and its individual components. Adherents of the managerial approach believe that the subject is information flows.

Objectives of economic analysis

The objectives of economic analysis are:

• establishing the effective use of material and labor resources,
• monitoring the calculation of commercial expenses,
• exercising control over reserves at all stages of production,
• validity of scientific and economic feasibility in the business plan in the process of creation,
• study of business plans and business processes,
• determining the optimality of management decisions.

Principles of Economic Analysis

The science of economic analysis is closely related to accounting, and as a science it is characterized by certain basic principles:

• Scientificity - study of factors influencing the development of analytical research, definition of work economic system and the factors influencing it.
• Systematicity is the definition of economic analysis as a system with a complex functional and structural structure that studies processes and economic phenomena.
• Rating assessment - this assessment is carried out to determine specifically set goals and priorities aimed at changing the economic system.
• The principle of complexity is associated with the principle of consistency and comprehensively evaluates the incoming parameters of the functional-structural approach and evaluates the changes taking place.
• Democracy – this principle presupposes a wide audience of interested parties. In another way it is called the principle of mass participation. This approach allows you to most fully identify problems and shortcomings.

In the process of work, a set of principles of economic analysis is used.