Each organization is faced with such a concept as inventories. This is the name of the part of the property that is used in the form of raw materials and materials in the production of certain products, performance of work or provision of services. At the same time, only those assets that are used for less than one year are included in the inventory.

Groups of current assets:

• materials - part of the inventory consumed in the production process and transferring its value to the price of finished products, works or services;
• goods - part of the inventory, intended for sale, which is purchased from individuals and legal entities;
• finished products - part of the inventory, intended for sale and being the final result of the production process and having all the necessary characteristics.

Inventories may be owned by the organization or simply stored (used) on a contractual basis.

They can enter the organization by acquisition, gratuitous receipt, production by the organization itself or by contribution to its authorized capital.

MPZ classification

Depending on the functions that the assets in question perform, they are divided into several main groups.

The groups are as follows:

• raw materials and basic materials - form the material basis of products, include the objects of labor from which products are made;
• auxiliary materials - are used to influence raw materials and basic materials to give the manufactured goods certain properties and characteristics, or for the care and maintenance of labor tools;
• purchased semi-finished products - are raw materials and materials that have undergone certain processing, but are not finished products; together with the basic materials form the material basis of the product;
• fuel - is divided into several types: technological is used for technological purposes, motor - for refueling, household - for heating;
• containers and packaging materials - used for packaging, moving and storing materials and finished products;
• spare parts - used to repair and replace worn parts of equipment and machines.

In addition to the listed groups, returnable production wastes are distinguished into a separate group - the remains of materials that were formed during the production process, and raw materials that have partially lost their properties. Within each group, the materials are additionally divided into types, brands, grades and other characteristics.

It should be noted that the division of materials into basic (basic) and auxiliary is conditional, and often depends on the amount of materials used in the production process.

Inventory accounting tasks

The classification of inventories considered by us is used for systematic and analytical accounting of values, for controlling their balances, the receipt and consumption of raw materials. Most often, item numbers are chosen as the accounting unit for inventories, which are developed by organizations in the context of asset names or their homogeneous groups.

Inventory accounting solves several important tasks at once, which include:

• control of the safety of the organization's assets in the places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
• control of compliance of warehouse stocks of the organization with standards;
• documentation of all operations performed on the movement of the MPZ;
• implementation of approved plans for the supply of materials;
• monitoring compliance with production consumption standards;
• calculation of actual costs incurred by the organization in connection with the procurement and acquisition of inventory;
• correct and correct distribution of the cost of material assets expended by the organization in the production process, according to the objects of calculation;
• identification of excess materials and unused raw materials for their implementation;
• performance of timely settlements with suppliers of inventories;
• control of materials in transit and non-invoiced deliveries.

Valuation of inventories

Most often, inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost, which is calculated based on the organization's actual costs for the production or purchase of inventories, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

Actual costs may include:

• amounts paid to suppliers in accordance with contracts;
• amounts paid to third-party firms and organizations for the provision of information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• customs duties, non-refundable taxes;
• remuneration that is paid to third-party organizations with the help of which the acquisition of inventory is carried out;
• fare;
• insurance and other expenses.

Actual expenses do not include general business and other similar expenses, except for situations when they are associated with the acquisition of inventories. Assets can be valued at their average cost, at the cost of each inventory unit, or at the cost of the first/last purchases.

Inventory accounting in warehouses and in accounting

In order to provide the production process with appropriate material values, many organizations create special warehouses that store basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, spare parts and other necessary resources. In addition, MPZs are usually arranged by purchase lots and sections, and within them - by groups, types and varieties. All this ensures their quick acceptance, release and control of the actual availability.

The movement and balance of material assets is kept in special cards for the inventory of materials (or in books of grade accounting).

A separate card is created for each item number, so accounting is kept only in kind.

The cards are opened by accounting staff, who indicate in them warehouse numbers, names of materials, their brands and grades, sizes, units of measurement, item numbers, accounting prices and limits. After that, the cards are transferred to the warehouses, where the responsible employees, on the basis of primary documents, fill in the data on the receipt, expenditure and balance of the inventory.

Inventory accounting can be performed in one of the following ways:

• in the first method, cards are opened for each type of inventory at the time of their receipt and expenditure, while accounting for materials is kept both in kind and in monetary terms; at the end of the month, based on the data of all completed cards, quantitative-sum turnover sheets are compiled;
• in the second method, all incoming and outgoing documentation is grouped by item numbers and at the end of the month is summarized in turnover sheets compiled in physical and monetary terms.

The second method is less time-consuming, however, even when using it, the accounting process remains cumbersome: after all, often hundreds, and sometimes thousands of item numbers are entered into the turnover sheet.

Inventory planning

The relevance of planning the material and production assets of organizations is due to the fact that a delay in purchases can lead to disruption of production processes, an increase in overhead costs and other unpleasant consequences. Purchases made ahead of schedule can also cause certain problems, for example, increase the load on working capital and storage facilities.

Determining the need for inventory allows you to prevent overproduction and unnecessary financial costs. In addition, planning makes it possible to form a cash flow budget (income and expenses of the organization).

When calculating the requirements for materials, it is advisable to divide them into the following groups:

• a group of stocks of current storage (includes an updated part of stocks regularly and evenly used during the production process);
• seasonal inventory group (includes materials associated with seasonal fluctuations in the production process, for example, the supply of forest materials in the autumn and spring periods);
• special purpose stock group (includes materials related to the specifics of the activity).

To determine the volume of required orders, you need to know how many similar materials were used in previous periods and how many materials are needed.

To do this, you need to know how much time is needed to fulfill orders and what is the annual volume of demand (consumption).

Proper planning should maximize the use of storage space, minimize storage costs and optimize reorder conditions.

PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n. Guidelines for the accounting of inventories were approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n.

According to the requirements of PBU 5/01 for accounting, the following assets are accepted as inventories:

used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

• - intended for sale;
• - used for the management needs of the organization.

Materials are part of inventories and are objects of labor that are used to manufacture products, perform work, and provide services. Materials are completely consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to newly created products, works, services. Materials are recorded on the active account of the same name 10, on debit - the balance of materials in the warehouse and receipt for the period, on credit - write-off to production, sale.

In analytical accounting, materials are divided into the following main groups:

• - raw materials and basic materials (form the material basis of the product. Raw materials are products of agriculture and extractive industries, materials - products of manufacturing industries);
• - auxiliary materials (used to affect raw materials and basic materials: paints, varnishes for cars, spices in the food industry, maintenance of equipment: lubricants, cleaning materials);
• - purchased semi-finished products (materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not finished products);
• - recyclable waste (remains of raw materials and materials generated in the process of their processing into finished products, but which have partially or completely lost the consumer properties of the feedstock: sawdust, shreds of fabric);
• - fuel: technological, motor, economic;
• - containers and packaging materials (intended for packaging, transportation and storage of materials and products: bags, boxes, boxes);
• - spare parts (serve for the repair and replacement of wear parts and parts of machines and equipment).

Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law). Finished products are accounted for on the active account of the same name 43, on debit - the balance of finished products in the warehouse and receipt for the period, on credit - shipment and sale.

Goods are part of inventories purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and held for sale. Goods are recorded on the active account of the same name 41, on debit - the balance of goods in the warehouse and receipt for the period, on credit - shipment and sale.

Accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories may be an item number, a batch, a homogeneous group, etc.

PBU 5/01 does not apply to assets characterized as work in progress.

Valuation of inventories. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee, the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition is recognized, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

To actual costs for the acquisition of inventories include:

• - amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
• - amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
• - customs duties;
• - non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventories;
• - remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;
• - costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the cost of procurement and delivery of inventories; the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, interest on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;
• - the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;
• - other costs directly related to the acquisition of material and pro- ducts from stocks.

Not included in actual costs for the acquisition of inventories, general business and other similar expenses, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories during their manufacture by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

made on account of the contribution to the statutory (folding) organization capital, is determined on the basis of their monetary value, agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories, received by the organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. At the same time, current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

The actual cost of inventories, received under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-cash funds, the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by the entity is recognized. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which the entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances. If it is impossible to establish the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of inventories received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are acquired in comparable circumstances.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, not subject to change except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Organization implementing trading activity, may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to the central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the cost of sales.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts). This is an element of accounting policy for retail organizations.

Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract.

Accounting for the acquisition and procurement of materials (goods). for a fee in accounting records are made:

Debit 10, 41, 42 Credit 60, (15), 71 - materials (goods) purchased for a fee from a supplier or through an accountable person were taken into account;

Debit 60 Credit 51.52 - payment to the supplier is transferred;

Debit 71 Credit 50 - money was issued from the cash desk to an accountable person;

Debit 68 - VAT Credit 19 - VAT deductible in budget calculations.

In the manufacture of materials on your own their actual cost is the sum of all relevant production costs. Recordings are being made:

Debit 10 Credit 20, 23, 29 - materials made on their own are taken into account.

When making materials (goods) to the authorized capital their actual cost is determined as a contractual estimate agreed by the founders. Recordings are being made:

Debit 10, 41 Credit 75 - the contractual cost of materials is reflected.

When materials (goods) are received free of charge, their actual cost is determined at the market price as of the date of acceptance for accounting. Recordings are being made:

Debit 10, 41 Credit 98 - reflects the market value of materials (goods);

Debit 20, 90-2 Credit 10, 41 - materials released into production, goods sold;

Debit 98 Credit 91-1 - included in other income is the cost of materials released into production or goods sold.

When purchasing materials (goods) in exchange for other property their actual cost is determined based on the price of the transferred property. Recordings are being made:

Debit 62 Credit 90-1 - reflected the proceeds from the sale of the exchanged property;

Debit 90-3 Credit 68 - VAT - VAT charged on sales proceeds;

Debit 10, 41 Credit 60 - materials (goods) received in exchange for transferred property were credited;

Debit 19 Credit 60 - VAT is reflected on credited materials (goods);

Debit 60 Credit 62 - offset of obligations under an exchange agreement;

Debit 91-2 (Credit 91-1) Credit 62 (Debit 62) - reflects the difference between the value of the exchanged property;

Debit 68 - VAT Credit 19 - accepted for VAT deduction in budget calculations.

Upon receipt of materials (goods) as a result of disposal of property, plant and equipment they are accounted for at the market price. Recordings are being made:

Debit 10, 41 Credit 91-1 - materials (goods) remaining after the dismantling of the OS object are taken into account

Debit 91-9 Credit 99 - reflected the profit from the dismantling of fixed assets.

When purchasing materials (goods) for foreign currency their actual cost is determined by recalculating their value at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of acceptance for accounting. The cost of materials is no longer revalued.

Positive foreign exchange differences increase the actual procurement cost of materials (goods): Debit 10, 41 Credit 60.

Negative exchange differences reduce the actual procurement cost of materials: Debit 60 Credit 10, 41.

Interest on a loan for the purchase of materials are included in other expenses: Debit 91-2 Credit 66, 67.

It is possible to calculate the actual cost of each type of materials (goods) from different suppliers only if they have a limited range of consumed materials (goods).

In addition, enterprises often deal with non-invoiced deliveries, by which it is impossible to determine the actual cost of materials (goods). Uninvoiced deliveries include the situation “goods on the way” (documents have been received, but the goods are not), as well as the situation in which the goods have been received, but the entire set of documents is not available.

Later, the actual cost of materials (goods) will be known, but some of the supplied materials will already be used in production, and some of the goods will be sold. How to proceed in this case? When such situations arise in practice, enterprises use their book value (average purchase price, planned, standard cost) when procuring materials (goods). In this case, there is a difference between the actual cost of procurement of materials (goods) and their accounting price. This difference is reflected in accounting as deviations.

In this regard, when organizing accounting for the acquisition (procurement) of materials (goods), the organization has a choice:

• - keep records on account 10 or on account 41 at the actual procurement cost (FZS);
• - keep records on account 10 or on account 41 at accounting prices (CA). At the same time, on account 15, compare the actual cost (on a debit) with the accounting price (on a loan) and receive deviations, which at the end of the month are transferred to a special account 16 to account for deviations and include in the cost of products, works, services in terms of materials used in production or as part of the cost of sale in part of the goods sold.

In accounting, according to the methods of accounting for the procurement of inventories described above, entries are made:

Method 1

Debit 10, 41 Credit 60, 71 - materials (goods) were received at the warehouse from suppliers and accountable persons at actual cost;

Debit 19 Credit 60, 71 - reflected VAT on purchased materials (goods);

Debit 60 Credit 51, 52 - payment was transferred to the supplier of materials (goods);

Debit 71 Credit 50 - money was issued from the cash desk to an accountable person for the purchase of materials (goods);

Debit 20, 90-2 Credit 10, 41 - materials were transferred to the production workshop at actual cost, goods were sold.

Method 2

Debit 10, 41 Credit 15 - materials (goods) were received at the warehouse from suppliers and accountable persons at a book price;

Debit 15 Credit 60, 71 - reflects the actual cost of materials (goods) after receiving the primary documents;

Debit 19 Credit 60, 71 - reflected VAT on purchased materials (goods);

Debit 16 (Credit 16) Credit 15 (Debit 15) - deviations of the actual procurement cost of materials (goods) from their accounting price are reflected.

If the FZS is greater than the CA, then Debit 16 Credit 15;

If the CA is greater than the FZS, then Debit 15 Credit 16;

Debit 60 Credit 51, 52 - payment was transferred to the supplier of the MPZ;

Debit 71 Credit 50 - money was issued from the cash desk to an accountable person for the purchase of inventory.

The write-off of the cost of materials upon transfer to the production workshop or goods upon sale is made in two entries:

Debit 20, 90-2, Credit 10, 41 - at the discount price;

Debit 20, 90-2 Credit 16 - deviations of the CA from the FZS (direct entry or "red reversal").

Distribution of deviations. When preparing materials (goods), the question also arises of the distribution of indirect costs for their preparation and delivery: transportation and procurement costs (TZR), customs duties and other similar costs. These costs may relate to different groups, batches, types of materials (goods). As a rule, these expenses are taken into account on separate sub-accounts of account 10 and account 41 and then on the last day of the month they are distributed in proportion to the base chosen in the accounting policy, or they are taken into account together with deviations and at the end of the month are included in the cost of products or goods sold of the current month at an average percentage deviations.

To determine the amounts of deviations to be included in the cost of production of the current month in proportion to the cost of materials sold at discount prices or goods sold, the average percentage of deviations is used, which is calculated by the formula:

where Av.% - the average percentage of deviations; Оо - initial balance of deviations on account 16; To - the current receipt of deviations; Oz - initial balance of materials (goods); Tz - current receipt of materials (goods).

Then the sum of deviations is calculated as the product of the average percentage of deviations and the cost of materials released into production or goods sold at discount prices.

Vacation (deregistration) of inventories. When inventory is released (except for goods accounted for at the sale value) into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out in one of the following ways:

• - at the cost of each unit;
• - at the average cost;
• - at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).

The use of one of these methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

Inventories used by the organization in a special way (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

Evaluation of inventories at the average cost is made for each group (type) of stocks by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of stocks by their number, which are formed respectively from the cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the stocks received during this month.

Estimating the cost of the first but the time of acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used during a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. Inventories that are the first to be put into production (sales) should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of early but time acquisitions.

For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one assessment method is used.

Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods accounted for at sale value) is made depending on the accepted method of estimating inventories upon their disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first time acquisitions.

In the absence of inflation or its low level, all these estimates do not differ much from each other.

To apply the FIFO methods, it is necessary to organize the accounting of inventories by batch.

The valuation method is selected for each type of inventory.

Example 2.3.1. During the month, three purchases of materials were made - rolls with fabric of the same article at different prices per roll. 120 rolls were put into production within a month. Calculate the estimate of fabric rolls released into production in two ways: by average cost and by the FIFO method.

Decision

By average cost:

• - written off to production: 120 * 4750: 300 (rubles);
• - left in stock: 4750 - 1900 = 2850 (rubles).

• - written off to production: 100 x 10 + 20 * 15 = 1300 (rubles);
• - left in stock: 4750 - 1300 = 3450 (rubles).

Primary accounting of receipt and issue of inventories. Inventories together with accompanying documents (waybills, bills of lading, invoices, certificates, etc.) are received by the enterprise from suppliers in accordance with the concluded supply contracts.

The received inventories are handed over to the warehouse by the supplier, accountable person or directly by the representative of the supplier against the receipt of the warehouse manager on the accompanying documents.

When receiving inventories, warehouse workers check the correspondence of the actual quantity of stocks to the data of the supplier's accompanying documents. If there are no discrepancies, then receipt orders are issued (form No. M-4) for the entire number of incoming stocks in one copy for each type of stock.

If, upon acceptance of inventories, a discrepancy with the data of the accompanying documents is established (shortage, surplus, regrading) or there is an uninvoiced delivery, then an act of acceptance of materials (form No. M-7) is drawn up in two copies, the act is also signed by the representative of the supplier and serves basis for reconciliation of settlements with the supplier.

When posting materials received as a result of the liquidation of inventories, an act is drawn up in the form No. M-35.

Accounting for the movement of inventories is kept at the warehouse in warehouse accounting cards (form No. M-17). A separate card is opened for each stock item number. In connection with this order, warehouse accounting is called varietal and is carried out only in kind. Forms of cards are issued to the warehouse manager against receipt on the basis of the register, which indicates their number and registration numbers.

An entry in the cards is made on the basis of primary documents on the day of the operation. After each entry, the balance is displayed for each item number of inventories.

The release of inventories into production is carried out on the basis of either an invoice requirement (form No. M-11) or a limit-fence card (form No. M-8). Both documents are drawn up in two copies - for financially responsible persons of the warehouse and workshop.

The vacation limit is determined on the basis of standards, based on the volume of production tasks of the workshops, taking into account the balances in the workshops (limit intake cards are issued in duplicate for a month or a quarter).

When inventory is released into production, the storekeeper notes in both copies of the documents the date and quantity of the released inventory and displays the balance of the limit. After using the limit, vacation documents are submitted to the accounting department.

The release of inventories to the party (sale) is carried out on the basis of an invoice for the release of materials to the party (form No. M-15), which is issued in two copies upon presentation by the recipient of inventories of a power of attorney (form No. M-2).

At least once a week, accountants check the correctness of the entries in the warehouse accounting cards and the correctness of the execution of primary documents. The rest of the materials in the cards are confirmed by the signature of the inspectors.

At the end of the month, warehouse workers compile a register of delivery of incoming and outgoing documents, all accompanying primary documents of suppliers are attached to it and transferred to the accounting department.

At the end of the month, the warehouse manager transfers the quantitative balances of inventories from the cards to the balance sheet, which is maintained by sub-accounts of materials, by groups and types of stocks.

The documents received by the accounting department are checked and taxed (estimated) but at fixed accounting prices or at actual cost. The results of the registers for income and expenditure are reflected in the accumulative statements for synthetic accounts, sub-accounts and groups of materials. The data of the accumulative statements are then used to compile the turnover sheets for each warehouse.

To ensure the safety of material assets, at least once a year, usually before the preparation of annual reports, their inventory.

The identified surpluses are credited to accounts 10, 41, 43 in correspondence with the credit of account 91.

shortages are reflected initially in the debit of account 94 in correspondence with the credit of accounts 10, 41, 43. Further write-off of shortages is carried out in the following order:

within the norms of natural loss - to the debit of accounts 23, 25, 26, 29, 44, 20;

• - in excess of the norms of natural loss, as well as in case of theft, when the perpetrators are identified, - to the debit of account 73, subaccount 73-2;
• - in excess of the norms of natural loss, as well as in case of theft, when the perpetrators are not identified, - to the debit of account 91, subaccount 91-2.

Disclosure of information in financial statements. Inventories are reflected in the financial statements in accordance with their classification (distribution into groups (types)) based on the method of use in the production of products, performance of work, provision of services or for the management needs of the organization.

At the end of the reporting year, inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined on the basis of the methods used for estimating reserves.

Inventories that are morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality, or the current market value, the sale price of which has decreased, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year minus the allowance for depreciation of tangible assets. The reserve for the decline in the value of material assets is formed at the expense of the financial results of the organization by the amount of the difference between the current market value and the actual cost of inventories, if the latter is higher than the current market value.

Inventories owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer on bail, are accounted for in accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost.

In the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality:

• - about methods for assessing inventories by their groups (types);
• - on the consequences of changes in the methods for assessing inventories;
• - on the cost of inventories pledged;
• - on the size and movement of reserves for depreciation of material assets.

Tests for paragraph 2.3

• 1. The current accounting of inventories received by the organization is carried out at prices:
  • a) actual or accounting;
  • b) FIFO, average;
  • c) LIFO, FIFO, average;
  • d) accounting, residual.
• 2. Write-off of deviations of actual costs for the purchase of materials from their accounting price is reflected using the entry:
  • a) Dt 10 Kt 16;
  • b) Dt 16 Kt 10;
  • c) Dt 16 Kt 15;
  • d) Dt 16 Kt40.
• 3. Organizations that use accounts 15 and 16 to account for materials, materials credited to the warehouse reflect using the entry:
  • a) Dt 26 Kt 16;
  • b) Dt 10 Kt 15;
  • c) Dt 25 Kg 10;
  • d) Dt 15 Kt 10.
• 4. The amount of VAT on the received materials is reflected in the accounting using the entry:
  • a) Dt 19 Kt 68;
  • b) Dt 68 Kt 19;
  • c) Dt 19 Kt 60;
  • d) Dt 60 Kt 19.
• 5. The release of materials for production needs is reflected in the entry on the credit of account 10 and the debit of the account:
  • a) 20;
  • b) 23;
  • c) 25;
  • d) 26.
• 6. Record Dt 10 Kt 60 means:
  • a) acceptance for payment of invoices of suppliers for services in the aftermath of natural disasters;
  • b) recognition of the organization's debt to suppliers for the materials accepted for accounting;
  • c) reflecting the shortage of materials;
  • d) shipment of materials to suppliers.
• 7. The release of materials for the needs of management is reflected in the entry but the credit of account 10 and the debit of the account:
  • a) 20;
  • b) 23;
  • c) 25;
  • d) 26.
• 8. Record Dt 20 Kt 10 means the release of materials:
  • a) for the maintenance of fixed assets for shop purposes;
  • b) current repair of fixed assets;
  • c) general business needs of the organization;
  • d) technological goals.
• 9. Free receipt of materials at the current market value is reflected using the entry:
  • a) Dt 10 Kt 80;
  • b) Dt 10 Kt 82;
  • c) Dt 10 Kt 98;
  • d) Dt 10 Kt 84.
• 10. The formation of reserves for the decrease in the cost of inventories is reflected using the entry:
  • a) Dt 14 Kt 91-1;
  • b) Dt 99 Kt 14;
  • c) Dt91-2 Kt 14;
  • d) Dt 20 Kt 14.
• 11. The release of materials for general production needs is reflected in the entry on the credit of account 10 and the debit "account:
  • a) 25;
  • b) 20;
  • c) 23;
  • d) 26.
• 12. According to the business transaction "Materials received from suppliers and credited to the warehouse", the correspondence of accounts is performed:
  • a) Dt 10 Kt 71;
  • b) Dt 60 Kt 51;
  • c) Dt 10 Kt 60;
  • d) Dt 20 Kt 10.
• 13. The release of materials for the correction of marriage is reflected in the entry but the credit of account 10 and the debit of the account:
  • a) 91;
  • b) 28;
  • c) 25;
  • d) 26.
• 14. According to the business transaction "Materials necessary for the production of products were released from the organization's warehouse to the main production", the correspondence of the accounts is performed:
  • a) Dt 21 Kt 10;
  • b) Dt 26 Kt 10;
  • c) Dt 20 Kt 10;
  • d) Dt 25 Kt 10.
• 15. Fulfillment of obligations to suppliers is recorded using the entry:
  • a) Dt 60 Kt 20;
  • b) Dt 60 Kt 51;
  • c) Dt 60 Kt 10;
  • d) Dt 60 Kt 15.
• 16. To account for shortages and losses from damage to valuables identified by the inventory, the following synthetic account is used:
  • a) account 73;
  • b) account 94;
  • c) account 91;
  • d) score 98.

To carry out an uninterrupted production process, an organization needs to have a sufficient number of various inventories, so business entities need to purchase raw materials, materials, etc. inventories - a concept inherent in the economy as a whole and requiring adequate reflection in accounting. Under production stocks understand the various material elements of production used as objects of labor in the production process. They are wholly consumed in each production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of production. Inventories are a set of tangible property belonging to current assets. This includes: materials, work in progress, finished products, goods. In this chapter, attention will be paid to accounting for inventories, the acquisition costs of which are capitalized in the main accounts: 10 "Materials" and 41 "Goods".

Inventories are the main (after cash) current asset of most organizations related to the trade and manufacturing sector. Since inventories are the main material element of the production cycle, their accounting is extremely important for all its levels and users. In most industries, inventories also form the basis of direct material costs in the cost of production or cost of sales.

Any organization conducts its activities in order to obtain material (or any other) benefits. To determine the profitability of this type of activity, it is first necessary to know the amount of funds spent on the production of a product or service. Also, undoubtedly, information about the availability of goods or materials in warehouses necessary for the functioning of the organization is important. In addition to cash, inventories are the most liquid assets of an organization, and thus the real balances of these assets and their value are key indicators for calculating the value of the organization as a whole.

In most cases, it is inventories that make up the bulk of the cost of production, which shows the effectiveness of this type of activity as such, as well as the effectiveness of management efforts. For trade and manufacturing organizations, detailed material accounting is the most important. In organizations that provide consulting services, it will be more important to take into account the material assets used to maintain the functioning of the office and consultants. These costs relate to the indirect costs of the firm as a whole.

A clear accounting of inventory items is also important due to the significant impact of the correct calculation of inventory on the financial statements and financial results of the organization as a whole. There is an opinion that the main purpose of material accounting is precisely the accurate determination of profit (and, as a result, the assessment of equity), and not the actual cost of inventories. Most investors and lenders make their decisions based on financial statement earnings and inventory estimates.

The accounting principles for inventories are set out in IFRS 2 Inventories.

Stocks- assets intended for sale in the course of ordinary activities or for the production of goods (services) with their subsequent sale, as well as raw materials and materials used in the production process. Inventories also include properties held for resale. In accordance with IFRS 2, inventories are classified as follows:

Goods, land and other property purchased and held for resale;

Finished products manufactured by the company;

A work in progress produced by a company that includes raw materials and materials intended for further use in the manufacturing process.

In accordance with PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories”, in Russian accounting practice, the following assets are accepted as inventories:

Used as raw materials, materials and other assets in the production of products for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

held for sale, including finished products and goods;

Used for the management needs of the organization.

Note that under IFRS 2 Inventories, inventories include work in progress and property held for resale. In PBU 5/01, unlike IFRS 2, assets used in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services or for the management needs of the organization for more than 12 months or more than the normal operating cycle are not classified as inventories.

Depending on the purpose and role in production, inventories are classified into the following types:

2) purchased semi-finished products;

3) fuel;

4) spare parts;

5) building materials;

6) inventory and household supplies;

7) containers and packaging materials;

8) auxiliary materials;

9) special clothing and special equipment;

10) others.

Within each of the listed groups, inventories are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each of these groups of materials is different from the others both in its physical state and in origin, entry into the organization, use for production purposes, storage methods and many other features. All these features dictate the tasks and requirements for accounting for inventories.

In order to successfully solve these problems, organizations must properly organize warehousing, improve the document management system, monitor the selection and training of financially responsible persons associated with accounting, ensure timely and complete maintenance of synthetic and analytical accounting of material assets. To do this, the organization must:

Have a nomenclature - a price tag;

Establish a clear system of documentation and workflow;

Carry out, in accordance with the established procedure, an inventory and control random checks of the remaining materials, timely reflect their results in accounting.

Nomenclature - a systematic list of names of materials, semi-finished products, spare parts, fuel and other material assets used in this organization. The nomenclature of material assets should contain the following data about each material: technically correct name (in accordance with all-Union standards - GOST); full description (brand, grade, size, unit of measurement, etc.); item number - a symbol that essentially replaces the listed features. If the nomenclature contains the accounting price of each type of material, then it is called the nomenclature-price tag.

Subsequently, when issuing each document on the movement of materials, it indicates not only the name of the material, but also its item number, which makes it possible to avoid errors in the records in the warehouse and accounting of materials.

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use unit of inventories may be item number , party, peer group, etc.

Accounting for reserves is carried out in two meters - monetary and material (quantitative).

Materials can be received by the organization under contracts of sale (delivery contracts, etc.); when making a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization; upon receipt by the organization free of charge (including a donation agreement); through the manufacture of materials by the organization, as well as as a result of the disposal of fixed assets or other property.

In accordance with PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual costs of acquiring inventories can be:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

Customs duties and other payments;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Fees paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

Costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs;

The cost of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other refundable taxes (except as provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. The current market value is understood as the amount of cash that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

The actual cost of inventories during their manufacture by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories are carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred is set on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).

Inventories owned by the organization, but in transit or transferred to the buyer on bail, are accounted for in accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract, with subsequent clarification of the actual cost. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and provided for by the above Regulations.

Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the contract, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the contract.

The actual cost of materials can be calculated only at the end of the month, when the accounting department will have the components of this cost (payment documents of suppliers of materials or invoices for transportation, handling and other expenses). The movement of materials occurs in organizations daily, and documents for the receipt and consumption of materials must be drawn up in a timely manner, as operations are performed, and reflected in the accounting. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use in the current accounting firm, pre-established prices, called accounting prices (they can be either contractual or planned prices).

When using planned prices, monthly amounts and percentages of deviations of the actual cost from the planned one (savings or overruns) are calculated. This indicator makes it possible to evaluate the process of procurement of materials. Deviations from planned prices are calculated not for each item number of materials, but for groups of materials (basic, auxiliary materials, fuel, etc.). When calculating, the balances of materials at the beginning of the month and their receipt for the reporting period are taken.

For materials received from the supplier, the organization receives settlement documents (payment requests, payment requests-orders, invoices, waybills, etc.) and accompanying documents (specifications, certificates, quality certificates, etc.).

The organization establishes the procedure for acceptance, registration, verification, acceptance and passage of settlement documents for incoming materials, taking into account the conditions of supply, transportation (delivery to the organization), the organizational structure of the organization and the functional duties of divisions (departments, warehouses) and officials. In this case, it is necessary:

Register documents in the register of incoming goods;

Check the compliance of these documents with supply contracts (other similar contracts) in terms of assortment, prices and quantity of materials, method and terms of shipment and other delivery conditions stipulated by the contract;

Check the correctness of the calculations in the settlement documents;

Accept (pay) settlement documents in full or in part or reasonably refuse to accept (pay);

Determine the actual amount of liability in case of violation of the terms of the contract;

Submit documents to the departments of the organization (accounting service, financial department, etc.) within the time limits stipulated by the organization's document management rules.

Materials must be accounted for in the appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, linear, in pieces). According to the same units of measurement, the discount price is set.

Accounting for material resources in any production organization is assigned to a financially responsible person or a team of financially responsible persons. A financially responsible person can be either a warehouse manager or any other employee who has reached the age of 18. If the number of employees of the organization is small and the range of inventories is small, it is possible not to maintain full-time warehouse workers, and their functions of receiving and issuing materials, ensuring the safety of industrial inventories are assigned to employees whose activities are directly related to the use of materials, in the order of combination. It is necessary to conclude an agreement with employees on full liability. As materials are received, they are assigned to the financially responsible person.

Acceptance and posting of incoming materials and containers (for materials) is formalized by the respective warehouses, as a rule, by drawing up receipt orders (form No. M-4, as well as other forms discussed below, approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a) in the absence of discrepancies between the supplier's data and the actual data (in terms of quantity and quality).

For bulk homogeneous goods arriving from the same supplier (for example, fuel and lubricants) several times during the day, it is allowed to draw up one receipt order for the whole day. At the same time, for each individual acceptance of material during the day, entries are made on the back of the order, which are calculated at the end of the day and the total is recorded in the receipt order.

To receive materials from the supplier's warehouse or from a transport organization, the authorized person is issued the relevant documents and a power of attorney to receive materials. Registration of powers of attorney in organizations is carried out in the manner prescribed by applicable law.

Materials received for safekeeping are recorded by the warehouse manager (storekeeper) in a special book (card), stored separately in the warehouse and cannot be spent.

Materials purchased by accountable persons of the organization are subject to delivery to the warehouse. Posting of materials is carried out in the generally established manner on the basis of supporting documents confirming the purchase (accounts and checks of stores, a receipt for a cash receipt order - when buying from another organization for cash, an act or certificate - about buying on the market or from the population), which are attached to advance report of the accountable person.

The disposal of inventories includes:

Their leave to production;

Sale;

Write-off;

Free transfer.

The release of materials into production is understood as their release from the warehouse directly for the production of products (performance of work, provision of services), as well as the release of materials for the management needs of the organization. The issue of materials to the warehouses of the organization's divisions and to the construction site is considered as an internal movement. The procedure for the release of materials from the warehouse (pantry) of the workshop, division of the organization is established by the head of the division of the organization in agreement with the chief accountant of the organization.

The cost of materials released from the organization's warehouses to divisions and from divisions to sites, brigades, and workplaces in analytical accounting, as a rule, is determined at accounting prices. As materials are released from the warehouses (pantries) of the unit to sites, to brigades, to workplaces, they are debited from the accounts of material assets and credited to the corresponding accounts of accounting for production costs.

The release of materials from the warehouses (pantries) of the organization to production (sections, teams, workplaces), as a rule, should be carried out on the basis of pre-established limits. Limits for the release of materials for production are set by the supply department or other departments (officials) by decision of the head of the organization. Limits on the release of materials are set on the basis of the material consumption rates developed by the relevant departments of the organization, the production programs of the organization's divisions, taking into account the balances (carryover stocks) of materials at the beginning and end of the planning period. Making changes to the limits (due to clarifying the volume of work in progress and the balance of unused materials in the divisions of the organization, changing and (or) overfulfilling the production program, changing consumption rates, replacing materials, correcting errors made when calculating the limit, etc.) made with the permission of the same persons who have been granted the right to approve them.

In accordance with PBU 5/01, when inventories are released into production and otherwise disposed of, they are evaluated by the organization (goods accounted for at sale (retail) cost) using one of the following methods:

- at the cost of each unit;

- at the average cost;

- at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).

For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one assessment method is used.

Inventories used by the organization in a special way (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, are valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

Inventories can be estimated by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of stocks as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of stocks by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and of the received stocks this month. In this situation, the cost of consumed materials is estimated by the formula:

where P is the cost of the materials used;

He and Ok - the cost of the initial and final balances of materials;

P is the cost of the materials received.

With the FIFO method (from the English. " FIFO - first in - first out”), the rule contained in its English name applies: the first batch to the income - the first batch to the expense.

Inventory valuation using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that material resources are used during a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e., the resources that are the first to enter production (in trade - for sale) should be valued at the cost of the first by the time of acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of selling products (works, services) takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

The organization can apply during the reporting year as an element of the accounting policy one method of evaluation for each individual type (group) of inventories.

The primary accounting documents for the release of materials from the warehouses of the organization to the units are:

Limit-fence card (f. No. M-8) - issued for one or more positions (types of materials) related to a specific production cost code (order). The calculation of the need for the required volume and type of material assets for the workshop to fulfill the production program is carried out by the planning and production department. The limit for spending and issuing materials is reduced by the number of valuables of this type remaining in the shops at the beginning of the month. Cards are issued in two copies: one - to the workshop, the other - to the warehouse. When valuables are released from the warehouse, the storekeeper signs on the limit-fence card, and the recipient's representative signs on the limit-fence card of the warehouse. In both cards, after each vacation, the balance of the unused limit is displayed. After using the limit and at the end of the month, limit-fence cards are handed over to the accounting department of the organization. Thus, on the basis of the limit-fence card, the release of materials is issued and current control over compliance with the established limits for the release of materials for production needs is carried out. In addition, the limit-fence card keeps records of materials not used in production (return). In this case, no additional documents are drawn up;

Invoice requirement (f. No. M-11) - used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions or financially responsible persons;

Invoice for the release of materials to the party (f. No. M-15) - is used to account for the release of material assets to divisions of your organization located outside its territory, or to third parties, on the basis of contracts and other documents. It is issued in duplicate on the basis of orders, contracts and other relevant documents upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables. When transporting materials released to the side, a consignment note is issued by road.

At the end of the month (quarter), limit-fence cards are handed over to the accounting service of the organization. In the case of the release of materials in excess of the limit, the primary accounting documents (limit-fence cards, requirements-waybills) are stamped (inscription) “Over the limit”. The release of materials in excess of the limit is carried out with the permission of the head or persons authorized by him. The documents indicate the reasons for the over-limit release of materials.

Over-limit release of materials includes additional vacation associated with the correction or compensation of defects (for the production of products, products instead of rejected ones) and covering overruns of materials (i.e., expenses in excess of the norms).

To reduce the number of primary documents, where appropriate, it is recommended to issue a release of materials directly in the materials accounting cards (form No. M-17).

The material accounting card (form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, type and size; filled in for each item number of the material and maintained by the financially responsible person (storekeeper, warehouse manager). Entries in the card are kept on the basis of primary receipts and expenditures on the day of the operation. The vacation limit can also be specified in the card itself. Upon receipt of materials, the representative of the structural unit signs directly on the materials accounting cards, and the storekeeper signs on the limit-fence card. The cipher or name of the order (costs) is also indicated here.

With this system for the release of materials from the warehouse, the warehouse accounting card is a register of analytical accounting and at the same time performs the functions of a primary accounting document.

The return of unused materials by departments of the organization to the warehouse is issued by waybills or limit-fence cards. The materials handed over to the warehouse are credited to the warehouse with simultaneous write-off from the account of the organization's subdivision. If these materials were written off to production and then returned, then their cost is deducted from the corresponding costs.

The order of vacation, delivery schedule, forms of operational documents are determined by the organization in the order (instruction) on the workflow.

All primary documents on the movement of material assets must be submitted by the organization's divisions to the accounting department within the time limits established by the organization.

To account for inventories, synthetic accounts 10 “Materials”, 43 “Finished products”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”, 19 “VAT on acquired assets” are intended. All accounts are active: the debit reflects the receipt and posting of inventories, the credit shows their disposal.

The main account reflecting the movement of materials in organizations is account 10 "Materials". On account 10 "Materials" only materials belonging to the organization on the basis of ownership, full economic management, operational management are taken into account.

Materials in safekeeping are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping”, raw materials and materials of customers accepted for processing, but not paid (tolling raw materials), are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 003 “Materials accepted in processing".

Accounting for materials is carried out according to sub-accounts 10-1 "Raw materials and materials", 10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures, parts", 10-3 "Fuel", 10-4 "Containers and packaging materials", 10-5 " Spare parts", 10-6 "Other materials", 10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the side", 10-8 "Construction materials", 10-9 "Inventory and household supplies" and others by type of materials.

Materials are recorded on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices.

Analytical accounting of the movement of stocks can be maintained both in quantitative and sum (value) terms ( reverse method), and only in value terms ( balance method).

When using the reverse method, two options for accounting for materials are used. In the first option, in the accounting department, analytical accounting cards are opened for each type and grade of materials, in which, on the basis of primary documents, operations for the receipt and expenditure of stocks are recorded. These cards differ from warehouse accounting cards in that inventory records are kept in them not only in kind, but also in monetary terms. At the end of the month, according to the total data of all cards, quantitative-sum turnover sheets of materials are compiled for each warehouse and division. In each turnover sheet, the totals of the amounts for each page, for groups of materials, for sub-accounts, synthetic accounts and the total for the warehouse or division are displayed. On the basis of these statements, a summary turnover sheet is compiled, the data of which are then compared with the synthetic accounting data.

In the second option, all incoming and outgoing documents are grouped by stock numbers and at the end of the month, the total data on the receipt and consumption of materials calculated by the documents are recorded in the turnover sheets compiled in physical and monetary terms for each warehouse separately in the context of the corresponding synthetic accounts and sub-accounts. On the basis of these statements, consolidated turnover statements are compiled. In the second option, the complexity of accounting is significantly reduced, since there is no need to maintain analytical accounting cards. But even in this case, accounting remains cumbersome, since hundreds, and sometimes thousands of nomenclature units are recorded in the turnover sheet.

More progressive balance method materials accounting. With this method, the accounting department does not duplicate warehouse varietal accounting either in separate analytical accounting cards or in turnover sheets, but uses warehouse accounting cards of materials maintained in the warehouse as analytical accounting registers. Every day or at other specified times, the accounting officer checks the correctness of the entries made by the storekeeper in the warehouse accounting cards and confirms them with his signature on the cards. At the end of the month, the warehouse manager, and in some cases the accounting officer, transfers quantitative data on the balances on the first day of the month for each item number of materials from the warehouse accounting cards to the balance sheet (without income and expenditure). After checking and endorsement by the accountant, the balance sheet is transferred to the accounting department, where the remaining materials are taxed at fixed accounting prices and their totals are displayed for individual accounting groups of materials and for the warehouse as a whole. On the basis of the indicated balance sheets, a consolidated balance sheet is compiled, into which the results of the balance sheets of warehouses and divisions are transferred by groups of materials, by sub-accounts, synthetic accounts, warehouses, divisions.

Balance sheets and consolidated balance sheets are reconciled monthly with synthetic material accounting data.

Analytical accounting on account 10 "Materials" is kept by the places of storage of materials and their individual names (types, grades, sizes, etc.) in monetary terms for financially responsible persons (warehouses) in the context of balance sheet accounts (sub-accounts) and stock groups. The analytical accounting of the receipt of materials largely depends on the choice of accounting price. If average purchase prices are used as solids, then the materials received are reflected in each analytical account at average prices. Margins of marketing and supply organizations and transport and procurement costs for all received materials are taken into account on a separate analytical account “Transport and procurement costs and margins of supply and marketing organizations”.

If the planned cost of materials serves as a fixed accounting price, the received materials are reflected on each analytical account at the planned cost, and the difference between the actual and planned cost of materials is shown on the analytical account “Deviations of the actual cost from the planned one”.

Reflection of operations for the acquisition of materials in the current accounting can be carried out in two ways (the method must be indicated in the accounting policy of the organization):

Or on account 10 "Materials" (without using accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets");

Or on accounts 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”.

When organizing accounting for inventories without using accounts 15, 16, on account 10, upon receipt of inventories, their actual cost should be reflected. In this case, transportation and procurement costs can be included in the actual cost or reflected in a separate sub-account to account 10. The posting of materials is reflected in the entry on the debit of account 10 and the credit of the corresponding accounts (60, 20, 23, 71, etc.).

The actual consumption of materials for production or for other economic purposes is taken into account on the credit of account 10 "Materials" in correspondence with the accounts for accounting for production costs, sales costs, etc.

Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" is intended to summarize information on the procurement and acquisition of material assets related to funds in circulation. The debit of account 15 includes the purchase cost of material assets for which the organization received settlement documents from suppliers. Entries are made in correspondence with accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, etc. in depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the organization. At the same time, entries on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" are made regardless of when the materials arrived at the organization - before or after receipt of the supplier's settlement documents.

The posting of materials actually received by the organization is reflected in the debit entry of account 10 “Materials” and the credit of account 15 “Procurement and purchase of materials” at accounting prices.

The following can be used as the discount price:

Acquisition cost (the amount payable to the supplier);

The actual cost of the previous period;

Planned-estimated price of the organization.

When accounting for materials at accounting prices, the difference between the value of valuables at these prices and the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) is reflected on account 16 “Deviations in the cost of material assets”.

Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" is intended to summarize information on differences in the cost of acquired inventories, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, as well as data characterizing exchange rate differences. This account is used by organizations that record stocks on account 10 "Materials" at discount prices.

The amount of the difference in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is written off to the debit or credit of account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” from account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”.

Differences in the value of acquired material assets accumulated on account 16, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, are written off (reversed - with a negative difference) to the debit of accounts for accounting for production costs (sales expenses) or other relevant accounts in proportion to the cost of accounting prices of materials used in production.

Analytical accounting on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" is carried out for groups of material assets with approximately the same level of these deviations.

The sale of materials to the side, the gratuitous transfer is carried out on the credit of account 10 “Materials” and the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses”, while simultaneously reflecting on the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” the amounts due to the organization for these materials from buyers in correspondence with account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” (Table 5.1).

When organizing the accounting of inventories, special attention is paid to the reflection in accounting of transportation and procurement costs.

Transportation and procurement costs (TZR) of an organization can be taken into account by:

Assignment of TZR to a separate account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" according to the supplier's settlement documents;

Assignment of TZR to a separate sub-account to account 10 "Materials";

Direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material (addition to the contractual price of the material).

The first way of reflecting the TZR can be used only by those organizations that receive materials at accounting prices set by the organization independently.

When accounting for the inventory by the second method, you must first determine the percentage of inventory to be written off, and then the amount of inventory to be written off. The percentage that should be used when writing off such expenses (TZR%) for an increase (price) in the book value of the materials used is calculated as follows:

where TZR nach - the balance of TZR at the beginning of the month (reporting period);

TZR month - the total amount of TZR for the past month (reporting period);

M nach - the cost of materials at the beginning of the month (reporting period);

M month - the cost of materials received during the month (reporting period).

The amount of TZR to be written off for an increase (price) in the book value of the materials used is determined by the formula

where M pr - the cost of materials released into production.

The direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material (the third method) is advisable in organizations with a small range of materials, as well as in cases of significant importance of certain types and groups of materials.

A specific accounting option for TZR is established by the organization independently and is reflected in the accounting policy.

The main direction of increasing the efficiency of the use of inventories is the availability of technically equipped warehouses with modern weighing instruments and devices that allow mechanizing and automating warehouse operations and warehouse accounting.

An important condition for the rational use of reserves is the strengthening of personal and collective responsibility and the material interest of employees of structural divisions. In particular, in order to ensure control over the safety of inventories, the organization must conclude agreements with employees on full liability, timely conduct inventories and checks.

Inventory is an important technique for monitoring the safety of inventories. It allows you to control the correctness of accounting, its reliability and safety of stocks.

An inventory of inventories must be carried out at least once a year and not earlier than October 1. The timing of the inventory is determined directly by the head of the organization.

The Federal Law "On Accounting" obliges to conduct an inventory of raw materials, materials in the preparation of annual financial statements, in all other cases - in the period of the smallest balances of valuables in the accounts.

In accordance with the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, inventories of inventories are required:

Before preparing annual financial statements;

When transferring the organization's property for rent, redemption, sale;

When changing the financially responsible person;

When revealing facts of theft, abuse or damage to property;

In case of emergencies;

In case of reorganization or liquidation of the organization;

In case of brigade material liability when changing the foreman, leaving the brigade for more than 50% of its members, as well as at the request of one or more members of the brigade.

The inventory is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the head of the organization, in the presence of a financially responsible person, from whom a receipt is received that by the beginning of the inventory all valuables have been credited to him, all expenditure and receipt documents have been handed over to the accounting department or transferred to the inventory commission.

When inventorying stocks, they check the availability of products, materials on a certain date by recalculating, weighing, determining their volume and comparing actual data with accounting data. Inventory of inventories should be carried out, as a rule, in the order of the location of values ​​in a given room.

In the process of inventory, all primary accounting documents, the correctness of the decisions made on the regrading of material assets, shortages and surpluses are subjected to a thorough check. Also, when auditing the use and safety of inventories in the organization, you should check:

The state of the warehouse;

Safety of inventories, compliance with the procedure for accounting for materials;

Work on the rationing of the costs of inventories;

Timeliness and correctness of the inventories of stocks, the validity of the write-off of losses according to the norms of natural loss;

Compliance with and correctness of the establishment of the norm of free distribution of overalls, special footwear and special food.

The values ​​identified during the inventory are entered into the inventory list, according to which a collation list is then compiled. Commodity assets are entered in the inventory for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, variety, etc.).

Inventories are compiled separately for inventory items that are in transit, shipped, not paid on time by buyers and located in warehouses of other organizations.

As a result of the inventory can be identified:

Compliance of the actual availability of inventories with accounting data;

Excess values ​​that are subject to capitalization and inclusion in the income of the organization;

Lack of inventories;

Regrading.

Shortage and losses from damage to material assets are accounted for on account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”.

The discrepancies between the actual availability of reserves and accounting data identified during the inventory are reflected in the accounts in the accounting in the following order:

Analytical accounting of shortages, theft and damage to inventories is carried out on account 94 for each type of inventory. At the same time, for the values ​​that are in short supply and for which the norms of natural attrition are established, the shortage is calculated within the limits of the norms of natural attrition.

In case of shortage, damage or theft of material resources until the moment they are released into production (operation) and the moment of payment, the amount of value added tax indicated in the primary documents upon their acquisition, which is not subject to reimbursement in accordance with tax legislation, is recorded in the following entry in the accounting accounts :

In the event of a shortage, damage or theft of material resources prior to their release into production (operation), but after their payment, the amount of value added tax that is not subject to offset in accordance with tax legislation, but previously reimbursed to the budget, is restored to the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees". In this case, the following entries are made in the accounts of accounting:

Shortage within the norms of natural attrition is written off to production costs, and in excess of the established norms, as a rule, it refers to a financially responsible person by order of the head of the organization.

In these cases, the following entries are made in accounting:

It is possible to significantly improve the accounting of inventories by improving the applied documents and accounting registers, i.e., making wider use of accumulative documents (limit-fence cards, statements, etc.), preliminary issuance of documents on computers, warehouse accounting cards as an expense document on released materials, etc.

Paragraph 25 of PBU 5/01 establishes that inventories are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year, less a reserve for the depreciation of material assets, if:

Inventories are obsolete;

Inventories have completely or partially lost their original quality;

The market price for inventories decreased during the reporting year.

The allowance for the decrease in the cost of materials is formed on the difference between the current market value of inventories and their actual cost.

In the Chart of Accounts, a special synthetic account 14 with the same name is allocated to reflect the amounts of this reserve. A reserve is created when the market (sales) price falls below the purchase (cost) price.

Account 14 “Reserves for depreciation of material assets” is intended to summarize information on reserves for deviations in the cost of raw materials, materials, fuel and other valuables, determined in the accounting accounts, from the market value. The formation of a reserve is reflected in the credit of account 14 "Reserves for the depreciation of material assets" and the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". At the beginning of the period following the period in which, according to the current Chart of Accounts, this entry was made, the reserved amount is restored: the debit of account 14 and the credit of account 91.

The reserve formed for the decrease in the value of material assets is not reflected in the balance sheet, since the material assets for which such reserves were created are shown in the balance sheet in an updated estimate minus the amount of the reserve.

It should be noted that account 14 is used to summarize information on reserves for value deviations not only on account 10 “Materials”, but also on other funds in circulation - work in progress, finished products, goods, etc. Therefore, when compiling a balance sheet for year, the amount of the reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets (balance on account 14) is compared with the balance on accounts 10 "Materials", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods". After such a comparison, material assets are reflected in the balance sheet in a net assessment - by analogy with non-current assets, investments in shares of other organizations listed on the stock exchange, accounts receivable, under which reserves for doubtful debts are created.

Analytical accounting on account 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets” is kept for each reserve.

The balance of account 10 "Materials" at the end of the reporting period is 100,000 rubles. The market value of the balance of materials in the warehouse of the organization is 90,000 rubles.

At the end of the reporting period, the following entries are made:

In the balance sheet, the asset item "Materials" will be valued at 90,000 rubles.

At the beginning of the next reporting period, the formed amount of the reserve for the depreciation of material assets will be canceled by the entry:

Dt account 14, Kt account 91–10,000 rubles.

Calculation of the current market price of inventories is made on the basis of information received before the date of signing the financial statements. Educated valuation reserves are checked prior to the preparation of annual reports during the inventory. If necessary, the amount of the reserve is adjusted upward or downward.

Information on the amount and movement of reserves for the depreciation of material assets is subject to disclosure, taking into account materiality in the organization's financial statements (paragraph 27 of PBU 5/01).

Products – it is a part of the organization's inventory, acquired or received from other legal entities and individuals and intended for sale or resale without further processing.

Inventories purchased for sale are accounted for on active account 41 "Goods". Currently, trade organizations can keep records of goods at purchase prices (wholesale trade) and sale prices (in retail trade and public catering). That is why the organization of accounting for goods at retail and wholesale enterprises may differ somewhat.

Wholesale trade organizations, in accordance with the Chart of Accounts, determine the result from the sale of goods on account 90 “Sales” as the difference between the sale and purchase prices of the goods and distribution costs. Retail trade organizations, in addition to account 41 "Goods", use account 42 "Trade margin" to bring the purchase price of goods to the sale price.

Account 41 "Goods" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is used mainly by supply, marketing and trade organizations, as well as public catering organizations.

In industrial and other production organizations, account 41 “Goods” is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly at industrial enterprises is not included in the cost of manufactured products, but is subject to reimbursed by buyers separately.

An important criterion for organizing the accounting of goods on account 41 "Goods" is their actual location in the warehouse of the organization, i.e., the actual location under the control of its financially responsible persons. Hence, the transfer of goods to third parties while maintaining the right of ownership to them requires, on the one hand, their reflection on the balance sheet, and on the other hand, debiting from account 41 “Goods”. The chart of accounts for accounting for the reflection of goods transferred to third parties in pursuance of a supply agreement or for sale under commission agreements, orders or an agency agreement, a special account 45 “Goods shipped” is allocated.

Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are not debited from account 41 "Goods", but are accounted for separately.

Goods accepted for safekeeping are recorded on the off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". Goods accepted for commission are recorded on the off-balance account 004 "Goods accepted for commission".

To account 41 "Goods" sub-accounts can be opened:

41-1 “Goods in warehouses” - the presence and movement of commodity stocks located at wholesale and distribution depots, warehouses, in storerooms of organizations providing catering services, etc. are taken into account;

41-2 “Goods in retail trade” - the presence and movement of goods located in organizations engaged in retail trade (in stores, tents, stalls, kiosks, etc.) and in buffets of organizations engaged in public catering are taken into account. The same sub-account takes into account the presence and movement of glassware (bottles, cans, etc.) in organizations engaged in retail trade and in canteens of organizations providing catering services;

41-3 "Containers under goods and empty" - the presence and movement of containers under goods and empty containers (except for glassware in retail organizations and in canteens of organizations providing catering services) is taken into account;

41-4 "Purchased products" - organizations engaged in industrial and other production activities using account 41 "Goods" take into account the availability and movement of goods (in relation to the procedure provided for accounting for inventories).

Goods can come from suppliers, commitents, sponsors, founders as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital. The posting of goods and containers arrived at the warehouse is reflected in the debit of account 41 in correspondence with account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” at the cost of their purchase (Table 5.2). An organization engaged in the retail trade of goods at sales prices, simultaneously with this entry, makes an entry on the debit of account 41 and the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” for the difference between the purchase price and the cost at sales prices (discounts, markups).

Analytical accounting on account 41 "Goods" is carried out by responsible persons, names (grades, batches, bales), and, if necessary, by places of storage of goods.

Goods that are the property of the organization, in accordance with clause 5 of PBU 5/01, are accepted for accounting at actual cost. Section II of this PBU details the procedure for determining the actual cost of goods:

Purchased for a fee;

Contributed to the account of the contribution to the statutory (stock) material;

received free of charge;

Acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means.

Estimating the value of goods consists in choosing the accounting price, i.e., the price at which goods are received and written off. Based on the requirements of PBU 5/01, there are two options for accounting prices for goods:

1) acquisition cost: full (including all costs); incomplete (without procurement and delivery costs);

2) selling price: full purchase price plus markup; partial purchase price plus markup. This option is only available to retailers.

The sale of goods is regulated by various types of contracts: supply, retail sale, commission, exchange, etc.

For the correct determination of the proceeds from the sale, it is of great importance to determine the moment the goods are sold, that is, the moment from which the goods shipped or released to the buyer are considered sold. From an accounting point of view, the moment of implementation can also be defined as the time when the organization has the right (and must) credit account 90-1 “Revenue”.

For accounting purposes, the moment of sale of goods coincides with the moment of transfer of ownership of goods from the seller to the buyer.

For VAT purposes, the moment of determining the tax base is the earliest of the following dates:

Day of shipment (transfer) of goods to the buyer;

The day of payment for goods (for non-cash payments) - the receipt of funds for goods to bank accounts, and for cash payments - the receipt of money at the cash desk.

For the purposes of taxation on income in accordance with Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the moment of sale of goods is recognized as the day of shipment of goods to the buyer, subject to the transfer of ownership of these goods to him.

But as an exception to this rule, Art. 273 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that for organizations whose average net proceeds from the sale of goods (excluding VAT) for the previous four months does not exceed one million rubles for each quarter, the moment of sale of goods is determined on a cash basis.

Retailers, as noted above, can keep records of goods at purchase or sale prices. The choice of method should be fixed in the order on accounting policy. In the first case, as a general rule, goods are accounted for in the amount of the so-called actual costs of their acquisition, in the second case, goods are valued in accounting at the prices of their intended sale.

Most organizations prefer to organize the accounting of goods according to the second method. At the same time, the purchase price of goods is reflected on account 41 "Goods", and the difference between the purchase price of goods (net of VAT) and their selling price with VAT is recorded on account 42 "Trade margin".

Account 42 “Trade margin” is passive, has a credit balance, which shows the amount of the trade margin attributable to the balance of goods, and is intended to summarize information on trade margins (discounts, discounts) for goods in retail trade organizations, if they are recorded at sales prices .

In public catering organizations, this account takes into account the amounts of trade discounts and markups on food products and goods located in pantries, buffets, in the kitchen, as well as the amount of markups added in the prescribed amount to the cost of kitchen and buffet products at sales prices.

The amounts of discounts (markups) in the part related to goods sold are reversed on the credit of account 42 and the debit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 2 "Cost of sales" (Table 5.3).

The amounts of discounts (markups) in the part related to goods sold and released from warehouses and depots are determined according to invoices issued and written off (reversed) in a similar manner. The amounts of discounts (marks) related to unsold goods are specified on the basis of inventory lists by determining the due discount (mark) on goods in accordance with the established sizes.

In the future, when selling and writing off the goods, the amount of trade margins (discounts) for the sold goods is calculated according to the average percentage.

The average interest is calculated monthly as follows:

1) the balance at the beginning of the month on account 42, minus the turnover on the debit of account 42, is added to the amount of the mark-up made for the current period;

2) the balance of goods at the beginning of the month is added to the selling price of goods sold during the reporting period;

3) the ratio of the indicator obtained in paragraph 1 to the indicator obtained in paragraph 2 is multiplied by 100%.

The amount of the trade margin attributable to the sold goods is determined by multiplying the selling price of the sold goods by the average percentage of the trade margin (discount).

When writing off the cost of missing and stolen inventory items, the amounts of discounts (markups) related to these valuables are reflected in the entries on the debit of account 42 and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income” (subaccount 4 “The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty persons, and book value for shortages of valuables”).

The reflection of goods at sale prices, as a rule, involves only their cost accounting. The method of accounting for goods at sales prices makes it easy to determine the amount of goods sold. It will fully correspond to the amount of revenue received by the cash desk and recorded by counters of cash registers when printing receipts. It is also easy to determine the accounting balance of goods at any point in time, which is important for organizing control over their safety.

Analytical accounting on account 42 should provide a separate reflection of the amounts of discounts (markups) and price differences related to goods in warehouses and depots, in retail trade organizations and to goods shipped.

Thus, if there is a balance on account 41 in the General Ledger of a retail organization, then it must correspond to and be present on account 42.

To summarize information on the costs associated with the sale of goods, that is, distribution costs, trade and public catering organizations use a separate special account 44 “Sales costs”. Accounting for distribution costs for accounting purposes is regulated by PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization".

Account 44 "Expenses for sale" is active, the debit of this account takes into account the expenses for sale from the credit of the corresponding material, settlement and cash accounts; on the credit of the account these expenses are written off on the realized goods. These costs are recorded in the following accounting entries (Table 5.4).

Analytical accounting on account 44 is carried out in the statement of accounting for general business expenses, deferred expenses and sales expenses for the above items of expenses.

At the end of each month, sales costs are written off to the cost of goods sold. For certain types of products, expenses are charged directly, and if it is impossible to write them off directly, they are distributed in proportion to the production cost of products, the volume of products sold at wholesale prices of the organization or in another way.

If only a part of the output is sold in the reporting month, then the amount of sales expenses is distributed between the sold and unsold products.

In accordance with PBU 10/99, trade organizations have the right to choose one of the options for writing off sales expenses:

- completely in the current reporting period;

- in proportion to the cost of goods sold.

It should be borne in mind here that only transport costs are subject to distribution. All other expenses associated with the sale of products, goods, works, services are written off on a monthly basis to the cost of sold products (goods, works, services).

In trade organizations, the amount of distribution and production costs related to the balance of goods at the end of the month is calculated by the average percentage of distribution and production costs for the reporting month, taking into account the carry-over balance at the beginning of the month in the following order:

1) transport costs for the balance of goods at the beginning of the month and those incurred in the reporting month are summed up;

2) the amount of goods sold in the reporting month and the amount of the balance of goods at the end of the month are determined;

3) the ratio of the amount of distribution and production costs determined in clause 1 to the sum of goods sold and the remaining goods (clause 2) determines the average percentage of distribution and production costs for the total value of goods;

4) by multiplying the amount of the balance of goods at the end of the month by the average percentage of the indicated expenses, their amount relating to the balance of unsold goods at the end of the month is determined.

At the end of the reporting period, in accordance with paragraph 22 of PBU 5/01, goods are reflected in the balance sheet at a cost determined based on the methods used to evaluate goods when they are disposed of (at unit cost, average cost, FIFO method). An exception to this rule are goods accounted for at selling cost.

In the financial statements regarding the accounting for inventories, at least the following information is subject to disclosure:

Methods for evaluating goods;

Consequences of changing the way goods are valued;

The value of goods pledged;

The value and movement of reserves under the depreciation of inventories.

Goods that are morally obsolete, have completely or partially lost their original quality characteristics, as a result of which their market value has decreased, should be reflected in the balance sheet less a reserve for the decline in the value of material assets, which is formed at the expense of the financial results of the organization.

1. Define inventories.

2. How are inventories valued?

3. What signs form the basis for the classification of inventories?

4. What is the essence of the reverse method of accounting for materials?

5. What document establishes the rules for the formation of information about materials in accounting?

6. What are the primary accounting documents for the movement of inventories?

7. For what purposes is account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” used?

8. What can change in the reporting of the organization if instead of the FIFO method they start using the average cost method?

9. In the context of which sub-accounts is accounting kept on account 10 “Materials”?

10. What is the essence of the operational accounting (balance) method of accounting for materials?

11. What meters are used to account for materials?

12. In what cases does inventory disposal take place?

13. What accounting prices are applied when accounting for materials?

14. What is reflected in accounting on account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets"?

15. What is the economic purpose of account 14 “Reserve for depreciation of material assets”?

16. What are the features of accounting for goods?

17. How is the trade margin accounting organized?

1. Inventories that do not belong to the organization, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the contract, are accepted for accounting on off-balance accounts in the following assessment:

a) at actual cost;

b) according to the method of valuation enshrined in the accounting policy of the organization;

c) at the cost indicated in the shipping document;

d) at the cost specified in the contract.

2. Materials spent on liquidation of the consequences of a natural disaster are written off to the account:

a) 26 "General business expenses";

b) 91 “Other income and expenses”;

c) 99 Profit and Loss.

3. The cost of materials used for the construction of a new workshop is written off to the accounting accounts:

a) operating expenses;

b) investments in non-current assets;

c) operating expenses;

d) net profit of the organization.

4. At what cost should the accountant capitalize inventories received by the organization free of charge:

a) at the agreed price;

b) at market value on the date of posting;

c) at the discount price;

d) at actual cost?

5. If the accounting policy of the organization fixes the method of accounting for the acquisition of inventory items at actual cost, their receipt is reflected in the account:

a) 10 "Materials";

b) 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets";

c) 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets."

6. Inventories are production stocks:

a) used in the production process as a means of labor;

b) various material elements of the main production consumed in each production cycle;

c) used as raw materials, materials in the production of products intended for sale and for management purposes.

7. Goods transferred for processing to other organizations are deducted from accounting with the following accounting entry:

a) Dt of account 60, Kt of account 41;

b) Dt of account 43, Kt of account 41;

c) are not deducted from the balance sheet, but are accounted for separately.

8. If during the inventory discrepancies are found between the accounting data and the actual availability of reserves, the following are compiled:

a) collation statements;

b) inventory records;

c) statement of discrepancies.

9. During the inventory, a shortage of materials for 2,000 rubles was discovered, of which 800 rubles were within the limits of natural loss, and 1,200 rubles in excess of the norm. The cost of production can be written off the amount:

10. The organization purchased equipment for the purpose of subsequent sale. What accounting entry should an accountant make:

a) Dt account 01.19 Ct account 60;

b) Dt account 08.19 Ct account 60;

c) Invoice dt 41.19 Invoice ct 60?

11. A reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets is created in the organization in cases where:

a) the market price of materials is higher than their book value;

b) the market price of the materials is below their book value;

c) the market price of materials is below their planned cost.

12. If synthetic accounting of materials is carried out at accounting prices, then the receipt of materials is recorded in an accounting entry:

a) Dt of account 15, Kt of account 60;

b) Dt of account 10, Kt of account 15;

c) Dt account 10, Ct account 16.

13. One of the main documents for the disposal of inventories is:

a) inventory statement;

b) inventory list;

c) limit fence card.

14. The accounting unit of inventories is:

a) inventory object;

b) item number;

c) warehouse accounting card.

15. In trade organizations that take into account goods at sales prices, the write-off of goods is carried out by accounting entries:

a) Dt account 90-2, Ct account 41 and Dt account 42, Ct account 90;

b) Dt invoice 90-2, Ct invoice 41 and Dt invoice 90-2, Ct invoice 42 (reversal);

c) Dt account 90-2, Ct account 41 and Dt account 42, Ct account 91;

d) Invoice dt 90-2, Invoice ct 41 and Invoice dt 91, Invoice ct 42 (reversal).

16. The actual cost of materials purchased for a fee includes the costs of:

a) planned cost of purchased materials;

b) office expenses;

c) transportation and procurement costs.

17. Damaged materials were revealed as a result of natural disasters. To what account are losses deducted?

a) Dt account 99 "Profit and loss";

b) Dt account 91/2 "Other expenses";

c) Dt of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”?

18. The commission agent takes into account the goods accepted for commission with an accounting entry:

a) Dt account 41, Ct account 60;

b) Dt account 004;

c) Dt of account 43, Kt of account 60.

Accounting for inventories - raw materials and materials used in production or for the internal needs of the organization, as well as purchased goods and manufactured products - is required at each enterprise. We will analyze how and by what regulatory documents the movement of inventories is displayed in accounting and what postings are created in this case.

MPZ in accounting - what is it?

Inventory accounting is regulated by PBU 5/01 " Accounting for inventories». MPZs include:

• raw material used in the creation of a product, for the execution of works or the provision of services;
• goods and finished products;
• materials used for administrative purposes.

At the same time, PBU 5/01 does not regulate the accounting of work in progress.

Clause 5 of PBU 6/01 allows you to take into account assets as part of the inventory, including those with a useful life of more than 12 months worth up to 40,000 rubles. The cost threshold for attributing such assets to the inventory may be lower; it is set in the accounting policy of the organization.

Guidelines for accounting for inventories

method of guidance on accounting inventory accounting adopted by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 No. 119n. They regulate the accounting of inventories of organizations, except for credit and budget ones. Let's consider the main provisions.

Inventory cost

Determination of the value of the inventory depends on the method of their receipt: material assets can be purchased for a fee or free of charge, produced by the organization itself, contributed as authorized capital.

The cost of purchased material assets is equal to actual expenses minus VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

The cost of material assets produced by the organization itself is also made up of actual expenses.

The cost of inventories received on a gratuitous basis is equal to their market value at the time of receipt by the organization.

Valuables that are not the property of the company are accounted for at a price agreed with the owners on the accounts behind the balance sheet.

Assets purchased in That is, they are taken into account at the price calculated in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of acceptance for accounting.

Reserve for depreciation of tangible assets

Methodological guidelines provide for the formation of a reserve in the event of a decrease in the cost or moral and physical depreciation of the inventory. It is accrued on the account "Other income and expenses".

You can find out under what conditions a reserve is formed in the material.

Retirement of MPZ

Inventory disposal can occur in one of three ways:

• at the cost of each unit;
• at an average cost;
• at the cost of the first time the acquisition of supplies (FIFO method).

The chosen method is fixed in the accounting policy and is applied from month to month.

The main features of inventory accounting

To account for the inventory, the following features are inherent:

• numerical accounting of the movement of various types of inventory is carried out in warehouses using warehouse accounting cards;
• monetary accounting is carried out on synthetic accounts, sub-accounts and places of storage;
• after a month, warehouse accounting information in monetary terms is compared with numerical indicators of stock balances in warehouses.

To control the accounting and safety of the inventory, an inventory is provided.

You will find the regulatory legal acts governing its implementation in the article.

Inventory accounting in accounting

According to the methodological recommendations, all primary documents for material assets must be transferred to the accounting department at the time established by the workflow schedule or other document of the internal control system. It is she who receives and checks the primary accounting documents for the correctness of their execution and the legality of the actions taken.

Accounting takes place in the context of specific storage areas of materials, and among them - for each name (nomenclature number), group of materials, sub-account and synthetic accounting account.

In the accounting department, accounting in warehouses should be duplicated with the only difference that it is supposed to keep numerical and monetary records, and in warehouses and divisions - only numerical.

Documents that accompany accounting for the receipt of inventories

Inventory accounting is associated with the execution of documents, which can be conditionally divided into two groups: external and internal.

External documents - those that are issued by the suppliers of the inventory: waybill and invoice, waybill. Internal documents document the material assets moved within the organization.

The receipt of material assets at the warehouse is accompanied by a receipt order in the form of No. M-4, an act of acceptance of materials in the form of No. M-7 (for uninvoiced deliveries). The release of materials for production and other needs is accompanied by an issue of a limit-fence card in the form No. M-8.

The transfer of materials between the structural units of the enterprise or responsible persons may be accompanied by a requirement-invoice for the release of materials in the form No. M-11. This form is also used for the delivery of unused material to the warehouse.

If the structural units of the enterprise are located remotely from each other, an invoice in the form No. M-15 is used to transfer materials between them. It is also used to transfer material assets to third-party companies, for example, when transferring raw materials to be supplied.

Since January 2013, the organization has the right to use its own forms of primary documents (Law "On Accounting" dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ), fixing them in its accounting policy.

Postings when accounting for inventories at the enterprise

Upon receipt of the inventory, the postings are as follows:

Dt 10 (41) Kt 60.

In case of VAT:

• Dt 10 (41) Kt 60 - for the amount excluding VAT;
• Dt 19 Kt 60 - the amount of VAT indicated on the invoice.

Upon disposal of the inventory, the postings are as follows:

Written-off MPZ for production needs:

Dt 20 Ct 10 (41, 43).

Written-off MPZ for general business needs:

Dt 26 Ct 10 (41, 43.).

Inventory written off for selling expenses:

Dt 44 Ct 10 (41, 43).

The cost of the sold inventory was written off:

• Dt 90 Kt 41 (43);
• Dt 91 Kt 10.

Accounting for inventories in 2016-2017

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated May 16, 2016 No. 64n included amendments to PBU 5/01 for organizations that have reason to use simplified accounting methods. They are allowed to evaluate the received inventories at the price of the supplier. They can take into account other expenses in connection with the purchase of inventories by the total cost as part of the expenses for ordinary activities on the date of their implementation.

Micro-enterprises are allowed to accept the full cost of raw materials, materials, goods, other expenses at the time of their implementation as expenses for the usual type of activity. Firms have the right to accept expenses for the purchase of inventory for management purposes at their full cost as they are purchased.

The above organizations are allowed not to form a reserve for the decrease in the value of material assets.

Results

Order inventory accounting regulated by PBU 5/01 and guidelines. Since mid-2016, PBU 5/01 has introduced some relaxations in accounting for inventories for firms using simplified accounting methods.

60. Accounting accounting of inventories is carried out in accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2001 N 44n, and Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories reserves, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2001 N 119n, as well as Methodological recommendations for accounting of inventories in agricultural organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of January 31, 2003 N 26.

Inventories are reflected in accounting on the basis of the Chart of Accounts for accounting for the financial and economic activities of enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex and the Methodological Recommendations for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of June 13, 2001 N 654.

Raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, spare parts, containers used for packaging and transportation of products (goods), and other material assets are reflected in the balance sheet at the purchase price (historical cost) or market value, if it below historical.

Inventories in accounting are reflected at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices.

To summarize information on the availability and movement of raw materials, materials, spare parts, inventory and household supplies, containers, etc. belonging to the organization. valuables (including those in transit and processing) account 10 "Materials" is intended. Materials are accounted for on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices. Agricultural organizations, products of their own production of the reporting year, reflected on account 10 "Materials", during the year (before the preparation of the annual accounting calculation) are taken into account at the planned cost. After compiling the annual reporting cost estimate, the planned cost of materials is adjusted to the actual cost.

Depending on the accounting policy adopted by the organization, the receipt of materials may be reflected in:

Using account 10 "Materials" and valuation of materials on account 10 at actual cost;

Using account 10 "Materials", account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials" with the assessment of materials to account 10 "Materials" at discount prices.

In the first case, the posting of materials is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", etc. depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the organization.

In the second case, the posting of materials actually received by the organization is reflected in the debit entry of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 15 "Procurement and purchase of materials" at accounting prices. When accounting for materials at accounting prices, the difference between the value of valuables at these prices and the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) is reflected on account 16 "Deviations in the cost of material assets".

To summarize information about the presence and movement of young animals belonging to the organization; adult animals that are fattening and fattening; birds; animals; rabbits; families of bees; animals transferred to citizens for cultivation under contracts, as well as livestock accepted from the population for sale, account 11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening" is intended.

Material assets accepted for safekeeping are accounted for on the off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". The raw materials and materials of the customer, accepted by the organization for processing (tolling raw materials), but not paid for, are recorded on the off-balance account 003 "Materials accepted for processing".

61. The procedure for determining the accounting price of purchased materials is provided for by subparagraphs 89 - 93 of paragraph 3 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories in agricultural organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated January 31, 2003 N 26.

Accounting prices are developed based on the prices of suppliers established in the relevant price lists or other public sources, transport tariffs, trade margins and expenses for the delivery of material assets to the organization. In this case, deviations from the established fixed discount prices are taken into account separately.

As accounting prices for materials, the following can be used:

a) planned cost (planned and estimated prices). In this case, deviations of contract prices from planned and estimated prices are taken into account as part of transportation and procurement costs. Planning and estimated prices are developed and approved by the organization in relation to the level of the actual cost of the relevant materials. They are intended for use within an organization;

b) negotiated prices. In this case, other costs included in the actual cost of materials are accounted for separately as part of transportation and procurement costs;

c) the actual cost of materials according to the data of the previous month or reporting period (quarter, year). In this case, deviations between the actual cost of materials for the current month and their accounting price are taken into account as part of transportation and procurement costs;

d) the average price of the group. In this case, the difference between the actual cost of materials and the average price of the group is taken into account as part of the transportation and procurement costs. The average price of the group is a kind of planned and estimated price (planned cost). It is established in cases where the nomenclature numbers of materials are consolidated by combining into one nomenclature number several sizes, grades, types of homogeneous materials that have slight fluctuations in prices. At the same time, in the warehouse, such materials are accounted for on one card.

Deviations of the planned cost (planned prices) and average prices from the market prices should not exceed, as a rule, ten percent.

When setting accounting prices in agricultural organizations, the following should be borne in mind:

a) agricultural products and harvested materials of own production of the current year, until the actual cost is determined at the end of the year, are accounted for at the planned cost of production and procurement, production of past years - at actual, purchased - at actual acquisition costs (including delivery costs to the agricultural organization);

b) spare parts and repair materials, fuels and lubricants, biological products, medicines and chemicals, tools and small inventory, mineral fertilizers, solid fuels, construction materials supplied to agricultural organizations with sharply different transport and procurement costs are accounted for at settlement prices, established on the basis of supplier prices, trade margins, transport tariffs, costs of delivering material assets to an agricultural organization.

62. In accordance with clause 5 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 09.06.2001 N 44n, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other refundable taxes (except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation). The actual cost of inventories includes amounts determined in accordance with clause 6 of PBU 5/01.

Purchased material assets, as a rule, are taken into account at the actual cost, which consists of the cost indicated in the invoices of suppliers, and transportation and procurement costs. In current accounting (analytical and warehouse) during the reporting period, if necessary, they are valued at accounting prices.

The organization in its accounting policy must establish a specific option for accounting for transportation and procurement costs (TZR) by:

Assignment of TZR to a separate account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets", according to the supplier's settlement documents;

Assignment of TZR to a separate sub-account to account 10 "Materials";

Direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material (attachment to the contract price of the material, attachment to the monetary value of the contribution to the authorized capital made in the form of inventories, attachment to the market value of materials received free of charge, etc.).

The direct (direct) inclusion of TZR in the actual cost of the material is advisable in organizations with a small range of materials, as well as in cases of significant importance of individual types and groups of materials.

Paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01 reflects the specifics of accounting for transportation and procurement costs for enterprises engaged in trading activities. Such organizations may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the sales costs, i.e. in distribution costs.

If the accounting policy of a trade organization determines that the costs of procurement and delivery of goods are included in distribution costs, it is also necessary to indicate the procedure for writing off these costs.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts).

Thus, the cost of goods purchased for resale can be reflected in accounting in two ways:

At the purchase price using account 41 "Goods". When making purchases of goods for import (including barter transactions), the calculation of the purchase cost of incoming goods (materials, semi-finished products, equipment, etc.) is based on their value provided for in the contract (agreement).

At sales prices (in addition to the cost of purchasing goods, they also include a trade margin), using account 41 "Goods" and account 42 "Trade margin" (used for retail trade organizations).

Accounting for goods for wholesale and retail trade is maintained on separate sub-accounts of account 41.

63. In accordance with subparagraphs 94 - 100 of paragraph 3 of the Guidelines for accounting for inventories in agricultural organizations approved by Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of January 31, 2003 N 26, when materials are released into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out by an organization from the following ways:

a) at the cost of each unit (in this way, inventories are estimated that cannot normally replace each other or are subject to special accounting, for example, radioactive, explosives, etc.);

b) at the average cost;

c) according to the FIFO method (at the cost of the first in time acquisition of materials);

d) according to the LIFO method (at the cost of the most recent acquisition of materials).

The use of any of the listed methods by group (type) of materials should be carried out during the reporting year and is reflected in the accounting policy of the organization, based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

The use of methods of average estimates of the actual cost of materials released into production or written off for other purposes can be carried out in the following ways:

Based on the average monthly actual cost (weighted estimate), which includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts for the month (reporting period);

By determining the actual cost of the material at the time of issue (rolling valuation), while the calculation of the average valuation includes the quantity and cost of materials at the beginning of the month and all receipts before the issue.

The use of a rolling estimate should be economically justified and provided with appropriate computer technology.

The option for calculating average estimates of the actual cost of materials should be disclosed in the accounting policy of the organization.

In the case of significant labor intensity of accounting work, when valuing materials using the average cost method, the FIFO method and the LIFO method, it is allowed to take only the contractual price of materials for calculation.

64. In accordance with paragraph 59 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n, finished products are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual or standard (planned) production cost, including costs associated with use in the production process of fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources, and other production costs or direct cost items.

Thus, when forming the accounting policy of the organization of accounting for finished products, it is allowed to make a choice from the following assessment options:

At actual cost;

According to the standard or planned cost;

Direct cost items.

Feed, seeds, finished products can be valued during the current year in accounting and reporting also at accounting prices (planned cost) with the mandatory approval of this option in the accounting policy.

Accounting for agricultural products by type is carried out on accounts 10 "Materials", 43 "Finished products", 41 "Goods".

At the same time, agricultural products, the purpose of which is clearly defined upon receipt from production (for example, some types of feed, seeds and planting material), come directly to sub-accounts for accounting for the relevant material values. Products, the purpose of which is not clearly defined, are accounted for on account 43 "Finished products". After completing the underworking and determining the purpose of this product, part of it to be used as feed and seeds is attributed to account 10 "Materials", and transferred to public catering in its own distribution network - to account 41 "Goods".

When accounting for finished products on the synthetic account 43 "Finished products" at the actual production cost in analytical accounting, the movement of its individual items can be reflected at accounting prices (planned cost, selling prices, etc.) with the allocation of deviations from the actual production cost of products from their cost at discount prices. Such deviations are accounted for by homogeneous groups of finished products, which are formed by the organization based on the level of deviations of the actual production cost from the value at the discount prices of individual products.

When writing off finished products from account 43 "Finished products", the amount of deviations of the actual production cost from the cost at prices accepted in analytical accounting related to these products is determined by the percentage calculated based on the ratio of deviations to the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period and deviations in products received at the warehouse during the reporting month, to the cost of these products at discount prices.

The amount of deviations of the actual production cost of finished products from its value at accounting prices, related to shipped and sold products, is reflected in the credit of account 43 "Finished products" and the debit of the corresponding accounts with an additional or reversal entry, depending on whether they represent overspending or savings.

65. Special tools, special equipment and special clothing are accounted for in the manner provided for in the Methodological Guidelines for Accounting for Special Tools, Special Devices, Special Equipment and Special Clothing, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2002 N 135n.

Special tools and special devices are technical means that have individual (unique) properties and are designed to ensure the conditions for the manufacture (release) of specific types of products (performance of work, provision of services).

Special equipment - means of labor reused in production, which provide conditions for performing specific (non-standard) technological operations.

Special clothing - personal protective equipment for employees of the organization.

The composition of special tools and special devices includes: tools, dies, molds, molds, rolling rolls, pattern equipment, stocks, chill molds, flasks, special template equipment, other types of special tools and special devices.

Counted as special equipment:

Special technological equipment (chemical, metalworking, forging and pressing, thermal, welding, other types of special technological equipment) used to perform non-standard operations;

Control and testing apparatus and equipment (stands, consoles, mock-ups of finished products, test facilities) intended for adjustments, testing of specific products and their delivery to the customer (buyer);

Reactor equipment;

For those types of special equipment, the useful life of which is directly related to the amount of products (works, services) produced, it is recommended to use the write-off method in proportion to the volume of products (works, services), for other types of special equipment - the straight-line method.

The cost of special tooling designed for individual orders or used in mass production is fully repaid at the time of transfer to production (operation) of the corresponding tooling.

The cost of special clothing, the service life of which, according to the issuance norms, does not exceed 12 months, is fully repaid at the time of its transfer (vacation) to employees of the organization and is debited to the corresponding production cost accounts.

The cost of other special clothing is paid off in a linear way based on the useful life of special clothing, provided for in the standard industry norms for the free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, as well as in the Rules for providing workers with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 18, 1998 N 51 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on February 5, 1999, registration N 1700).

66. Shipped goods, delivered works and rendered services are reflected in the balance sheet at the actual (or standard (planned)) full cost, including, along with the production cost, the costs associated with the sale (sale) of products, works, services reimbursed by the contractual (contractual) price.

The difference between full cost and production cost is the cost associated with the sale (including the cost of bringing the finished product to market). This means that in any case (including the option of accounting for finished products at planned cost), sales costs cannot be written off to the account of finished products until the moment of their shipment. Another consequence arising from the cited requirements is that the term "full cost" cannot be applied to finished products that are in the organization (in the process of pre-sale preparation, waiting for shipment, as part of warranty or insurance stocks, etc.) .

The cost of finished products is formed in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 6 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 N 44n, and the provisions of the Methodological

In addition to the cost formed on the relevant accounting accounts in the manner established by the specified legislative and regulatory acts, the increase in the cost of finished products includes a part of the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage apparatus of the organization, including the costs of remuneration of employees of the organization directly involved in procurement, acceptance, storage, sale of finished products, and deductions for social needs of these employees.