What is lym in a blood test. Deciphering and norms of LYM in a blood test. GHB - hemoglobin
With the advent of a child in the family, parents have many wonderful and unforgettable moments. First smile, first word, first steps. All these achievements of the baby are the most important for his parents. Mom and dad try to give their child only the best and protect him from all sorts of adversities. But, despite the gentle and vigilant guardianship, the child tends to get sick.
What protects a child from disease?
Getting into this world from the sterile conditions of the mother's womb, the child encounters a numerous world of microorganisms.
His acquaintance with the smallest representatives of life forms begins with the first breath. For the sterile body of the baby, each microorganism carries a threat. But, fortunately, nature took care of the defenseless creature, rewarding it with powerful protection - immunity. The immunity of a newborn is completely dependent on his mother. It is the mother who is able to give powerful protection to the child's body along with the first drops of milk. So conceived by nature, and no one is able to invent or invent better.
But the child is not able to resist all the microorganisms that are found on his life path. As a result of such a meeting - the emergence of diseases. If a child has symptoms of an illness, we hasten to contact a specialist - a pediatrician. After carefully examining your child, the doctor will recommend a blood test for a complete picture.
What can a blood test tell?
A detailed blood test can tell a lot about the physiological state of the child at the moment. Blood tests, transcript, LYM - all these concepts are important for a doctor. According to this indicator, the doctor can judge the state of immunity of your baby.
What do blood tests say, LYM, what is it and what is it for? So, you have a sheet with a lot of symbols and numbers that are incomprehensible to the average person. Only a medical specialist can understand them. But something to understand in force and a person without specialized education. For example, what is LYM? A blood test, the decoding of which is given below, will help you understand the intricacies of medical terms.
Typically, a CBC results sheet contains the following main items:
Next to these indicators, the actually detected values and the maximum allowable values are set. Here is the information from a blood test. Deciphering LYM in children is made in accordance with the age of the child. Standards change as your child grows.
What are lymphocytes?
What does the mysterious abbreviation LYM tell us? A blood test, the decoding of which you already know, indicates the content of special particles in the blood - lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes are blood cells that are part of the human immune system. This is a group of agranulocytes, one of the varieties of leukocytes, which are called "white blood cells". The tasks of lymphocytes include the following positions:
- Ensuring humoral immunity or the production of antibodies.
- Contact with cells - victims. This provides immunity at the cellular level.
- Activities to regulate other types of cells.
Normally, the rate of lymphocytes in children is 30 - 70% (depending on age). But the blood contains no more than 2% of all leukocytes, since the rest of them are dispersed throughout the body and deployed in the tissues. According to the blood test, the doctor judges the normal content of lymphocytes in the body. For him, the LYM indicator (blood test) matters. Decoding (the norm is also indicated there) will tell you everything. The condition in which their number exceeds the standard is called lymphocytosis. If their content is below the limits, then this is called leukopenia.
A unique property of leukocytes is the ability to recognize antigens. Lymphocytes are formed in the following organs of the human body: tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, bone marrow and appendix. At rest, lymphocytes are small cells with a stained dark nucleus. The nucleus contains a large amount of chromatin and some cytoplasm with mitochondria that are scattered. If we carry out the morphology of lymphocytes, then we can distinguish two types of them:
- Large granular cells (usually NK cells, rarely dividing immunoblasts and lymphoblasts).
- Small cells (T and B-lymphocytes).
Based on the functions that lymphocytes perform in the body, they are divided into three main types: B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and NK-lymphocytes.
B-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes are cells that are able to recognize hostile structures or antigens. In response, they produce special molecules of protein nature - antibodies.
About 10-20% of all specific cells are transformed into the form of B-lymphocytes. The peculiarity of these structures is the memory of contact with a foreign agent, be it a virus, bacterium or chemical compound, and the development of a unique mechanism for its neutralization. As long as these cells are alive, they retain this acquired memory. They are also able to transmit this information to newly formed B-lymphocytes. It is thanks to these cells that it is possible to effectively carry out the vaccination process.
T-lymphocytes
T - lymphocytes are a kind of regulators of immunity. Their content in the blood is 60-85% of the total mass of lymphocytes. Having passed blood tests, decoding LYM will indicate exactly this type of lymphocytes. The precursors of this group of bodies enter the thymus gland or thymus, where the process of their maturation takes place. That is why they are called T-lymphocytes. These cells are divided into several types:
- T-lymphocytes carrying the CD4 marker. They are involved in regulating the process of differentiation of B-lymphocytes and the production of antibodies.
- T-lymphocytes, carriers of the CD4 marker. These bodies cooperate with phagocytes and help them neutralize microbial cells. Two groups of carriers of the CD4 marker are combined into a class of T-helpers.
- T-suppressors capable of suppressing the immune response either by cytotoxic effects on antigens, or by the release of cytokines, or by giving a signal of negative regulation.
- T-lymphocytes bearing the CD8 marker, called T-killers. These cells are able to recognize and destroy structures infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens.
The main functions of T-lymphocytes in the human body are:
- Stimulation of B-lymphocytes to proliferation and differentiation.
- The ability to suppress the immune response.
- Antigenic specificity of T-helpers and T-killers.
NK lymphocytes
NK-lymphocytes have the function of quality control of all cells in the human body. They account for 5-20% of all lymphocytes.
Having recognized a deviation from the norm in a cell, NK-lymphocyte is able to destroy it. The abbreviation NK stands for "Natural Killer" ("Natural Killer"), which indicates how these cellular substances work. Having found a discrepancy marker on the cell, NK - lymphocyte eliminates it, providing histological purity in the human body. Its action is mainly aimed at fighting cancerous tumors and cells transformed by viruses.
So, the available blood tests (LYM decoding) will tell the doctor whether the child's lymphocyte count is normal. At this stage, we can talk about the normal, increased or decreased content of these cells in the blood. The normal content of lymphocytes is indicated in the table.
Table of normalized indicators of lymphocytes
The most informative for assessing this indicator is a complete blood count (LYM LY decoding). Lymphocytes (the available indicators are compared with the norm) will indicate an increased or decreased content of these elements in the blood.
Increased number of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis)
There are two types of lymphocytosis:
Decreased number of lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
Lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia can also be of two types:
- Relative lymphopenia, found in the vast majority of cases, is expressed in a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in the leukocyte formula. In this case, the absolute number of lymphocytes can be normal or increased. This phenomenon is typical for leukemic myelosis, neutrophilic leukocytosis (sepsis, croupous pneumonia).
- Absolute leukopenia is rare. It is typical for acute infectious diseases in severe form. For example, for acute sepsis, measles, sarcoma, tuberculosis of the lymph nodes, cancer. LYM (complete blood count, decoding of all indicators) is necessary for specialists to know for diagnosis and further examination of the patient.
What expert advice is required?
For consultation and identification of the form of deviation of the level of leukocytes from the norm, making an accurate diagnosis, a consultation with a hematologist, phthisiatrician and venereologist will be required. A complete blood count is very informative for these specialists. Deciphering LYM (this indicator is increased or decreased) will help to make the correct diagnosis. With a comprehensive examination and timely professional treatment, there is always a chance for a complete recovery of the patient.
If a lymphocyte in the blood is elevated - what does this mean?
One of the most important components of the immune system are lymphocytes. These blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and play a special role in the human body. Thus, lymphocytes are responsible for the recognition of foreign cells and develop immunity to them. And an increased number of lymphocytes in the blood (lymphocytosis) signals that something is wrong with the body. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly donate blood for a general analysis in order to recognize any dangerous disease in time. When analyzing blood, laboratory technicians make a simple count. To find the desired number of lymphocytes per volume unit of blood, it is necessary to multiply the number of leukocytes by their percentage and divide by one hundred. According to the results obtained, it is determined whether the indicators are normal, and if it turns out that the lymphocyte in the blood is increased or decreased, then you should definitely consult a doctor. The doctor will determine the cause of the deviation and prescribe an adequate treatment. 
What does it mean: elevated lymphocytes in the blood?
As mentioned above, lymphocytes are responsible for the production of antibodies in the blood, and also regulate the work of other cells responsible for the immune system. Therefore, if the number of these blood cells rises, then this means that the body is attacking some kind of virus. Viruses to which the body responds with lymphocytosis include smallpox virus, whooping cough, typhoid fever, syphilis, and HIV infection. Also, poisoning with arsenic, carbon disulfide or lead gives an indicator of an increased number of lymphocytes in the analysis. In addition, if a lymphocyte in the blood is elevated, this can signal a serious oncological disease: leukemia, Franklin's disease, lymphosarcoma and other blood pathologies. 
The norm of lymphocytes in children and adults
Lymphocytes, as a rule, make up from twenty-five to forty percent of the total number of leukocytes. But this figure may vary depending on the age of the person. In a child in the first two years of life, 37-60 percent of lymphocytes are considered normal. Then the indicators decrease: in children by the eighth year of life, the number of these blood cells decreases to fifty percent, in adolescents - up to forty-five. Therefore, in order to determine whether a lymphocyte in the blood is elevated or not, it is necessary to take into account the age category of a person.
Decreased rate of lymphocytes (lymphopenia)
You can talk about lymphopenia if the number of these cells in the blood is less than 1.00 × 109/l. This condition may indicate diseases such as renal failure, lymphogranulomatosis, prolonged stress, dystrophy, prolonged starvation, certain forms of leukemia. 
Treatment of lymphocytosis and lymphopenia
If the level of lymphocytes deviates from the norm, in no case should you self-medicate. The doctor must prescribe an additional blood test, a chest x-ray, and only after that prescribe treatment. Remember that it is impossible to delay in contacting a doctor with a bad blood test. Because as soon as he can tell exactly why the lymphocyte in the blood is elevated or lowered. Be always healthy!
Clinical blood test
The query "Blood test" is redirected here. This topic needs a separate article.
Blood cells under an electron microscope. "Blood test" redirects here; see also other meanings. Clinical blood test (AS) (complete blood count, complete blood count (CBC)) - a medical or nursing analysis that allows you to evaluate the hemoglobin content in the red blood system, the number of red blood cells, color index, the number of leukocytes, platelets. A clinical blood test allows you to consider the leukogram and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
With the help of this analysis, anemia can be detected (decrease in hemoglobin - leukocyte formula), inflammatory processes (leukocytes, leukocyte formula), etc.
Conducting an analysis
Blood sampling Blood sampling for analysis must be done on an empty stomach, and it is done in two ways:
- from a finger (usually - nameless);
- from a vein.
In order to monitor the patient's health over time, it is more appropriate to compare the results of a general blood test by the same types of biomaterial, or taking into account deviations in the results of capillary blood relative to similar indicators of venous blood.
Research methods
Today, for analysis, most often, automatic analyzers are used or microscopic examination methods are used. The most common methods for determining ESR are:
- Panchenkov's method
- Westergren's method
Blood indicators
Currently, most of the indicators are performed on automatic hematological analyzers, which are able to simultaneously determine from 5 to 24 parameters. Of these, the main ones are the number of leukocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, the number of erythrocytes, the average volume of an erythrocyte, the average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte, the average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte, the half-width of the distribution of erythrocytes by size, the number of platelets, the average platelet volume.
- WBC(white blood cells - white blood cells) - the absolute content of leukocytes (norm 4-9 10 9 (\ displaystyle 10 ^ (9)) cells / l) - blood cells - responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign components, the body's immune defense against viruses and bacteria, elimination of dying cells of one's own body.
- RBC(red blood cells - red blood cells) - the absolute content of erythrocytes (norm 4.3-5.5 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12)) cells / l) - blood cells - containing hemoglobin, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide .
- HGB(Hb, hemoglobin) - concentration of hemoglobin in whole blood (normal 120-140 g/l). For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter. (Please note that it will be correct not grams per liter, but gigamol per liter, a common mistake of illiterate doctors who do not understand that one hemoglobin cell is one hemoglobin molecule, here a mole is one molecule, not the Avagadro number of such molecules).
- HCT(hematocrit) - hematocrit (normal 0.39-0.49), part (% \u003d l / l) of the total blood volume attributable to blood cells. Blood consists of 40-45% formed elements (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes) and 60-55% of plasma. Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of formed elements to blood plasma. It is believed that hematocrit reflects the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the volume of blood plasma, since erythrocytes mainly make up the volume of blood cells. Hematocrit depends on the amount of RBC and the value of MCV and corresponds to the product of RBC * MCV.
- PLT(platelets - platelets) - the absolute content of platelets (norm 150-400 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells / l) - blood cells - involved in hemostasis.
Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC):
- MCV- the average volume of an erythrocyte in cubic micrometers (µm) or femtoliters (fl) (the norm is 80-95 fl). In the old analyzes indicated: microcytosis, normocytosis, macrocytosis.
- MCH- the average content of hemoglobin in an individual erythrocyte in absolute units (norm 27-31 pg), proportional to the ratio "hemoglobin / number of erythrocytes". Color indicator of blood in old tests. CPU=MCH*0.03
- MCHC- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte mass, and not in whole blood (see HGB above) (norm 300-380 g / l [ source unspecified 1198 days]), reflects the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. A decrease in MCHC is observed in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis. However, it is the most stable hematological indicator. Any inaccuracy associated with the determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV leads to an increase in MCHC, so this parameter is used as an indicator of an instrument error or an error made during sample preparation for the study.
Platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):
- MPV(mean platelet volume) - the average volume of platelets (normal 7-10 fl).
- PDW- the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume, an indicator of platelet heterogeneity.
- PCT(platelet crit) - thrombocrit (normal 0.108-0.282), the proportion (%) of whole blood volume occupied by platelets.
Leukocyte indices:
- LYM% (LY%)(lymphocyte) - relative (%) content (normal 25-40%) of lymphocytes.
- LYM# (LY#)(lymphocyte) - absolute content (norm 1.2-3.0x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-3.0 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / µl)) of lymphocytes.
- MXD% (MID%)- relative (%) content of the mixture (norm 5-10%) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
- MXD# (MID#)- the absolute content of the mixture (norm 0.2-0.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
- NEUT% (NE%)(neutrophils) - relative (%) content of neutrophils.
- NEUT# (NE#)(neutrophils) - absolute content of neutrophils.
- MON% (MO%)(monocyte) - relative (%) content of monocytes (normal 4-11%).
- MON# (MO#)(monocyte) - absolute content of monocytes (norm 0.1-0.6 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells/l).
- EO%- relative (%) content of eosinophils.
- EO#- absolute content of eosinophils.
- BA%- relative (%) content of basophils.
- BA#- absolute content of basophils.
- IMM%- relative (%) content of immature granulocytes.
- IMM#- absolute content of immature granulocytes.
- ATL%- relative (%) content of atypical lymphocytes.
- ATL#- absolute content of atypical lymphocytes.
- GR% (GRAN%)- relative (%) content (norm 47-72%) of granulocytes.
- GR# (GRAN#)- absolute content (norm 1.2-6.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-6.8 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / μl) ) granulocytes.
Erythrocyte indices:
- HCT/RBC- the average volume of erythrocytes.
- HGB/RBC- the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
- HGB/HCT- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
- RDW- Red cell Distribution Width - "erythrocyte distribution width" the so-called "erythrocyte anisocytosis" - an indicator of erythrocyte heterogeneity, calculated as a coefficient of variation of the average volume of erythrocytes.
- RDW-SD- relative width of distribution of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation.
- RDW-CV- the relative width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume, the coefficient of variation.
- P-LCR- coefficient of large platelets.
- ESR (ESR) (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body.
As a rule, automatic hematology analyzers also build histograms for erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes.
Hemoglobin
Main article: HemoglobinHemoglobin(Hb, Hgb) in a blood test is the main component of red blood cells that transports oxygen to organs and tissues. For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter. Its definition has not only diagnostic, but also prognostic value, since pathological conditions leading to a decrease in hemoglobin content lead to oxygen starvation of tissues.
- men - 135-160 g / l (gigamol per liter);
- women - 120-140 g / l.
An increase in hemoglobin is noted with:
- primary and secondary erythremia;
- dehydration (false effect due to hemoconcentration);
- excessive smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO).
A decrease in hemoglobin is detected when:
- anemia;
- hyperhydration (a false effect due to hemodilution - "dilution" of blood, an increase in plasma volume relative to the volume of the totality of formed elements).
red blood cells
Main article: red blood cellsred blood cells(E) in a blood test - red blood cells that are involved in the transport of oxygen to tissues and support the processes of biological oxidation in the body.
- men - (4.0-5.15) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12)) /l
- women - (3.7-4.7) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12)) / l
- children - (3.80-4.90) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12)) /l
An increase (erythrocytosis) in the number of red blood cells occurs when:
- neoplasms;
- dropsy of the renal pelvis;
- the influence of corticosteroids;
- Cushing's disease and syndrome;
- disease Polycythemia vera;
- steroid treatment.
A slight relative increase in the number of red blood cells may be associated with thickening of the blood due to burns, diarrhea, diuretics.
A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is observed with:
- blood loss;
- anemia;
- pregnancy;
- hydremia (intravenous administration of a large amount of fluid, i.e. infusion therapy)
- with the outflow of tissue fluid into the bloodstream with a decrease in edema (therapy with diuretic drugs).
- decrease in the intensity of the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow;
- accelerated destruction of red blood cells;
Leukocytes
Main article: LeukocytesLeukocytes(L) - blood cells produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from antigens foreign to it (including microorganisms, tumor cells; the effect is also manifested in the direction of transplant cells).
An increase (leukocytosis) occurs when:
- acute inflammatory processes;
- purulent processes, sepsis;
- many infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal and other etiologies;
- malignant neoplasms;
- tissue trauma;
- myocardial infarction;
- during pregnancy (last trimester);
- after childbirth - during the period of breastfeeding;
- after heavy physical exertion (physiological leukocytosis).
To decrease (leukopenia) leads to:
- aplasia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow;
- exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation sickness;
- typhoid fever;
- viral diseases;
- anaphylactic shock;
- Addison's disease - Birmer;
- collagenoses;
- under the influence of certain drugs (sulfonamides and some antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, antiepileptic drugs, antispasmodic oral drugs);
- damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs;
- hypersplenism (primary, secondary);
- acute leukemia;
- myelofibrosis;
- myelodysplastic syndromes;
- plasmacytoma;
- metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow;
- pernicious anemia;
- typhus and paratyphoid;
- collagenoses.
Leukocyte formula
Main article: Leukocyte formulaLeukocyte formula (leukogram) - the percentage of different types of leukocytes, determined by counting them in a stained blood smear under a microscope.
In addition to the leukocyte indices listed above, leukocyte, or hematological, indices are also proposed, calculated as the ratio of the percentage of different types of leukocytes, for example, the index of the ratio of lymphocytes and monocytes, the index of the ratio of eosinophils and lymphocytes, etc.
color index
Main article: color indicator of bloodColor Index (CPU)- the degree of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin:
- 0.85-1.05 - norm;
- less than 0.80 - hypochromic anemia;
- 0.80-1.05 - erythrocytes are considered normochromic;
- more than 1.10 - hyperchromic anemia.
In pathological conditions, there is a parallel and approximately the same decrease in both the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin.
A decrease in the CPU (0.50-0.70) occurs when:
- iron deficiency anemia;
- anemia caused by lead poisoning.
An increase in CPU (1.10 or more) occurs when:
- deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body;
- folic acid deficiency;
- cancer;
- polyposis of the stomach.
For a correct assessment of the color index, it is necessary to take into account not only the number of red blood cells, but also their volume.
ESR
Main article:Sedimentation rate of erythrocytes(ESR) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body. Fine:
- newborns - 0-2 mm / h;
- children under 6 years old - 12-17 mm / h;
- men under 60 - up to 8 mm / h;
- women under 60 - up to 12 mm / h;
- men over 60 years old - up to 15 mm / h;
- women over 60 - up to 20 mm / h.
An increase in ESR occurs when:
- infectious and inflammatory disease;
- collagenoses;
- damage to the kidneys, liver, endocrine disorders;
- pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation;
- bone fractures;
- surgical interventions;
- anemia;
- oncological diseases.
It can also increase under such physiological conditions as food intake (up to 25 mm/h), pregnancy (up to 45 mm/h).
A decrease in ESR occurs when:
- hyperbilirubinemia;
- increased levels of bile acids;
- chronic circulatory failure;
- erythremia;
- hypofibrinogenemia.
Comparison of the results of a general analysis of capillary and venous blood
Blood tests from a vein are the recognized “gold standard” of laboratory diagnostics for many indicators. However, capillary blood is a commonly used type of biomaterial for complete blood counts. In this regard, the question arises of the equivalence of the results obtained in the study of capillary (K) and venous (V) blood.
A comparative assessment of 25 indicators of the general blood test for different types of biomaterial is presented in the table as the average value of the analysis, :
| Indicator, units | n | Blood | Difference | Significance differences |
||
| B, unit | K, unit | (K-V), units | (K-V), % of V | |||
| WBC, *109/l | 52 | 6,347 | 5,845 | -0,502
[-0,639; -0,353] |
-7,901 | W=1312 |
| RBC, *1012/l | 52 | 4,684 | 4,647 | -0,5 | -0,792 | W=670
R MC=0.951 |
| HGB, g/l | 52 | 135,346 | 136,154 | 0,808 | 0,597 | W=850,5
R MC=0.017 |
| HCT, % | 52 | 41,215 | 39,763 | -1,452 | -3,522 | W=1254 |
| MCV, fl | 52 | 88,115 | 85,663 | -2,452 | -2,782 | W=1378 |
| MCH, pg | 52 | 28,911 | 29,306 | 0,394 | 1,363 | W=997 |
| MCHC, g/l | 52 | 328,038 | 342,154 | 14,115 | 4,303 | W=1378 |
| PLT, *109/l | 52 | 259,385 | 208,442 | -50,942 | -19,639 | W=1314 |
| BA, *109/L | 52 | 0,041 | 0,026 | -0,015 | -37,089 | W=861 |
| BA, % | 52 | 0,654 | 0,446 | -0,207 | -31,764 | W=865,5 |
| P-LCR, % | 52 | 31,627 | 36,109 | 4,482 | 14,172 | W=1221 |
| LY, *109/l | 52 | 2,270 | 2,049 | -0,221 | -9,757 | W=1203 |
| LY, % | 52 | 35,836 | 35,12 | -0,715 | -1,996 | W=987,5
R MC=0.002 |
| MO, *109/l | 52 | 0,519 | 0,521 | 0,002 | 0,333 | W=668,5
R MC=0.583 |
| MO, % | 52 | 8,402 | 9,119 | 0,717 | 8,537 | W=1244 |
| NE, *109/l | 52 | 3,378 | 3,118 | -0,259 | -7,680 | W=1264 |
| NE, % | 52 | 52,925 | 52,981 | 0,056 | 0,105 | W=743
R MC=0.456 |
| PDW | 52 | 12,968 | 14,549 | 1,580 | 12,186 | W=1315 |
| RDW-CV | 52 | 12,731 | 13,185 | 0,454 | 3,565 | W=1378 |
| RDW-SD | 52 | 40,967 | 40,471 | -0,496 | -1,211 | W=979 |
| MPV, fl | 52 | 10,819 | 11,431 | 0,612 | 5,654 | W=1159 |
| PCT, % | 52 | 0,283 | 0,240 | -0,042 | -14,966 | W=245 |
| EO, *109/l | 52 | 0,139 | 0,131 | -0,007 | -5,263 | W=475
R MC=0.235 |
| EO, % | 52 | 2,183 | 2,275 | 0,092 | 4,229 | W=621,5
R MC=0.074 |
| ESR, mm/hour | 52 | 7,529 | 7,117 | -0,412 | -5,469 | W=156,5
R MC=0.339 |
All 25 parameters studied were divided into 3 groups: (1) statistically significantly decreasing in capillary blood relative to venous blood, (2) significantly increasing, and (3) not changing:
1) There are eleven indicators in this group, 4 of which are within -5% (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW-SD) - their CIs are within the limits of the bias of -5% and 0%, but do not cross them. CIs for WBC, LY, NE, and PCT were not within the -5% bias. The indicators of PLT (-19.64%), BA (-37.09%) and BA% (-31.77%) decrease the most.
2) The scores in this group are 7. For MO%, P-LCR, PDW, and MPV, the bias is greater than 5%, but the MPV 95% CI includes a bias value of 5%. The deviations of the remaining 3 indicators of this group (MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) are less than 5%.
3) There are 7 indicators in this group: RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR. No statistically significant differences were found for them.
When comparing the results of capillary and venous blood, it is necessary to take into account a significant decrease in the number of basophils and platelets in capillary blood (leads to an increase in the ratio of large platelets, the distribution of platelets by volume, the average platelet volume and a significant decrease in thrombocrit), as well as a less significant decrease in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, which causes some increase in the relative number of monocytes.
Third group parameters (RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR), along with blood parameters of the first and second groups, whose 95% CI included no more than 5% deviation (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW -SD, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) can be determined in capillary blood under strict adherence to preanalytical rules without any compromise on the accuracy of the clinical assessment.
Deciphering the results of a general blood test
Alena_LiSasha all posts by the authorDeciphering the results of a general blood test carried out in several stages, during which they are compared with norms results major blood counts. Modern laboratories equipped with equipment that automatically determines the main indicators blood tests. Such equipment usually produces analysis results, in which the main blood test results indicated by abbreviations in English. The table below shows the main indicators of the general blood test, their corresponding English abbreviations and norms.
Index
Result interpretation
Norm
red blood cells (RBC)
Erythrocytes function of supplying body tissues with oxygen, as well as removing carbon dioxide from tissues. If a index erythrocytes below norms(anemia), the body receives insufficient amounts of oxygen (hypoxia). If a index erythrocytes are higher norms(polycythemia or erythrocytosis), there is a risk of thrombosis.
4.3 - 6.2 x 10 to the 12th degree / l
for men
3.8-5.5 x 10 to the 12th degree / l
for women
Hemoglobin (HGB, Hb)
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs. decline indicator hemoglobin lower norms(anemia) leads to oxygen starvation. Raise indicator hemoglobin higher norms, as a rule, speaks of a high number of red blood cells, or dehydration of the body.
Hematocrit (HCT)
The hematocrit is index, which reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. Index hematocrit is expressed as a percentage: for example, a hematocrit (HCT) of 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Excess norms hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis (increased number of red blood cells in the blood), with dehydration. Lower hematocrit norms indicates anemia (decreased indicator erythrocytes in the blood below norms), or to increase the amount of the liquid part of the blood.
39 – 49% for men
35 – 45% for women
(RDWc)
The distribution width of erythrocytes is index, which indicates how much erythrocytes differ in size from each other. If both large and small erythrocytes are present in the blood, the width of the distribution will be greater norms This condition is called anisocytosis. Anisocytosis is a sign of anemia.
Average erythrocyte volume (MCV)
The mean erythrocyte volume provides data on the size of the erythrocyte. The average volume of an erythrocyte is expressed in femtoliters (fl) or in cubic micrometers (µm3). Red blood cells with an average volume below norms found in anemia. Red blood cells with an average volume above norms occur with anemia, which develops with a deficiency in the body of vitamin B12, or folic acid.
(MCH)
Index The average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte allows you to determine how much hemoglobin is contained in one erythrocyte. The average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte is expressed in picograms (pg). Reducing it indicator below norms occurs in iron deficiency anemia, the increase is higher norms with anemia, which develops with a deficiency in the body of vitamin B12, or folic acid.
26 - 34 pg (pg)
(ICSU)
The average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte reflects how saturated the erythrocyte is with hemoglobin. Reducing it indicator below norms occurs with iron deficiency anemia, as well as with thalassemia (a congenital blood disease). Increasing this figure above norms practically never occurs.
30 - 370 g/l (g/l)
platelets (PLT)
Platelets are small blood cells that are involved in the formation of a blood clot and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. Raise indicator blood platelets are higher norms occurs in diseases of the blood, after blood loss, after removal of the spleen. decline indicator platelets are lower norms occurs in blood diseases, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.
180 - 320 × 10 to the 9th degree / l
Leukocytes (WBC)
White blood cells protect the body from infections. Raise indicator leukocytes are higher norms indicates the presence of a bacterial infection, but is often normal in the second half of pregnancy and before menstruation, and a decrease indicator leukocytes below norms occurs with a viral infection, taking certain medications, blood diseases, etc.
4.0 – 9.0 × 10 to the 9th degree/l
Lymphocytes (LYM)
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting infection. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented as an absolute number (how many lymphocytes were found), or as a percentage (what percentage of the total number of leukocytes are lymphocytes). The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually denoted LYM# or LYM. The percentage of lymphocytes is referred to as LYM% or LY%. Raise indicator lymphocytes are higher norms(lymphocytosis) occurs in infectious diseases and in diseases of the blood. decline indicator lymphocytes below norms(lymphopenia) occurs with severe chronic diseases, taking certain drugs that suppress the immune system.
LYM# 1.2 - 3.0 x 10 to the 9th degree / L (or 1.2-63.0 x 103 / μl)
MID# (MID, MXD#) 0.2-0.8 x 10 to the 9th degree/L
MID% (MXD%) 5 – 10%
Granulocytes (GRA, GRAN)
Raise indicator granulocytes above norms occurs when there is inflammation in the body. decline indicator granulocytes below norms occurs with aplastic anemia, after taking certain medications, connective tissue diseases, etc.
GRA# 1.2-6.8 x 10 grade 9/L (or 1.2-6.8 x 10 grade 3/µL)
Monocytes (MON)
Monocytes are leukocytes that, once in the vessels, exit them into the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages (cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead cells of the body). The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (MON#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (MON%). Raise indicator monocytes are higher norms found in infectious diseases, connective tissue diseases, blood diseases. decline indicator monocytes below norms occurs in severe diseases, taking drugs that suppress the immune system.
MON# 0.1-0.7 x 10 grade 9/L (or 0.1-0.7 x 10 grade 3/µL)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an indicator that indirectly reflects the content of proteins in the blood plasma. Raise indicator ESR higher norms indicates possible inflammation in the body due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood. In addition, an increase in ESR is higher norms occurs with anemia, malignant tumors, etc. indicator ESR below norms indicates an increased content of erythrocytes in the blood (erythrocytosis), or other blood diseases.
Up to 10 mm/h for men
Deciphering blood tests
BLOOD TEST INTERPRETATION
Index
What does this mean
Norm
RBC count red blood cell count
Hemoglobin(HGB, Hb)
Hematocrit(HCT)
39 – 49% for men
35 – 45% for women
RBC distribution width(RDWc)
Average erythrocyte volume(MCV)
The average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte(MCH)
26 - 34 pg (pg)
The average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte(ICSU)
30 - 370 g/l (g/l)
Platelet count platelets- plates)
180 – 320 × 109/l
White blood cell count white blood cell count
4.0 – 9.0 × 10 to the 9th degree/l
MID% (MXD%) 5 – 10%
Number of granulocytes(GRA, GRAN)
Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain granules (granular white blood cells). Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The number of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (GRA#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (GRA%).
Number of monocytes(MON)
Up to 10 mm/h for men
Up to 15 mm/h for women
Deciphering the general blood test
Quote from Alena_LiSasha Read the WholeTo your quote pad or community!The decoding of the general blood test is carried out in several stages, during which the main blood parameters are evaluated. Modern laboratories are equipped with equipment that automatically determines the main blood parameters. Such equipment usually gives the results of the analysis in the form of a printout, in which the main blood parameters are indicated by abbreviations in English. The table below will present the main indicators of the general blood test, their corresponding English abbreviations and norms.
Index
What does this mean
Norm
RBC count(RBC is an English abbreviation red blood cell count is the number of red blood cells).
Red blood cells perform an important function of supplying the tissues of the body with oxygen, as well as removing carbon dioxide from the tissues, which is then released through the lungs. If the level of red blood cells is below normal (anemia), the body receives insufficient amounts of oxygen. If the level of red blood cells is higher than normal (polycythemia, or erythrocytosis), there is a high risk that red blood cells stick together and block the movement of blood through the vessels (thrombosis).
For more information, see Increase and decrease in the level of red blood cells in the blood.
4.3-6.2 x 10 to the 12th degree / l for men
3.8-5.5 x 10 to the 12th degree / l for women
3.8-5.5 x 10 to the 12th degree / l for children
Hemoglobin(HGB, Hb)
Hemoglobin is a special protein that is found in red blood cells and is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs. A decrease in hemoglobin levels (anemia) leads to oxygen starvation of the body. An increase in hemoglobin levels, as a rule, indicates a high number of red blood cells, or dehydration.
Hematocrit(HCT)
Hematocrit is an indicator that reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. The hematocrit is usually expressed as a percentage: for example, a hematocrit (HCT) of 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Elevated hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis (increased number of red blood cells in the blood), as well as with dehydration. A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia (a decrease in the level of red blood cells in the blood), or an increase in the amount of the liquid part of the blood.
39 – 49% for men
35 – 45% for women
RBC distribution width(RDWc)
The distribution width of erythrocytes is an indicator that indicates how much erythrocytes differ in size from each other. If both large and small red blood cells are present in the blood, the width of the distribution will be higher, this condition is called anisocytosis. Anisocytosis is a sign of iron deficiency and other types of anemia.
Average erythrocyte volume(MCV)
The mean volume of a red blood cell allows the doctor to obtain information about the size of the red blood cell. Mean cell volume (MCV) is expressed in femtoliters (fl) or cubic micrometers (µm3). Red blood cells with a small average volume are found in microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Red blood cells with an increased average volume are found in megaloblastic anemia (anemia that develops when there is a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid in the body).
The average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte(MCH)
The average hemoglobin content in a red blood cell allows the doctor to determine how much hemoglobin is contained in one red blood cell. The mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content, MCH, is expressed in picograms (pg). A decrease in this indicator occurs with iron deficiency anemia, an increase in megaloblastic anemia (with a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid).
26 - 34 pg (pg)
The average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte(ICSU)
The average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte reflects how saturated the erythrocyte is with hemoglobin. A decrease in this indicator occurs with iron deficiency anemia, as well as with thalassemia (a congenital blood disease). There is practically no increase in this indicator.
30 - 370 g/l (g/l)
Platelet count(blood platelets, PLT is an English abbreviation platelets- plates)
Platelets are small platelets of blood that are involved in the formation of a blood clot and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. An increase in the level of platelets in the blood occurs in some blood diseases, as well as after operations, after the removal of the spleen. A decrease in the level of platelets occurs in some congenital blood diseases, aplastic anemia (disruption of the bone marrow that produces blood cells), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (destruction of platelets due to increased activity of the immune system), cirrhosis of the liver, etc.
180 – 320 × 109/l
White blood cell count(WBC is an English abbreviation white blood cell count- number of white blood cells
Read more: Decrease and increase in the level of leukocytes in the blood
4.0 – 9.0 × 10 to the 9th degree/l
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting germs and viruses. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented as an absolute number (how many lymphocytes were found), or as a percentage (what percentage of the total number of leukocytes are lymphocytes). The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually denoted LYM# or LYM. The percentage of lymphocytes is referred to as LYM% or LY%. An increase in the number of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) occurs in some infectious diseases (rubella, influenza, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, etc.), as well as in blood diseases (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc.). A decrease in the number of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) occurs with severe chronic diseases, AIDS, kidney failure, taking certain drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).
Read more: Decrease and increase in the level of lymphocytes in the blood
LYM# 1.2 - 3.0x109/l (or 1.2-63.0x103/µl)
Read more: Decrease and increase in the level of eosinophils in the blood
MID# (MID, MXD#) 0.2-0.8 x 109/l
MID% (MXD%) 5 – 10%
Number of granulocytes(GRA, GRAN)
Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain granules (granular white blood cells). Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The number of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (GRA#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (GRA%).
Granulocytes are usually elevated when there is inflammation in the body. A decrease in the level of granulocytes occurs with aplastic anemia (loss of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells), after taking certain medications, as well as with systemic lupus erythematosus (connective tissue disease), etc.
GRA# 1.2-6.8 x 109/l (or 1.2-6.8 x 103/µl)
Number of monocytes(MON)
Monocytes are leukocytes that, once in the vessels, soon leave them into the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages (macrophages are cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead cells of the body). The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (MON#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (MON%). An increased content of monocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, and blood diseases. A decrease in the level of monocytes occurs after major operations, taking drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).
Read more: Decrease and increase in the level of monocytes in the blood
MON# 0.1-0.7 x 109/l (or 0.1-0.7 x 103/µl)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR, ESR.
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an indicator that indirectly reflects the content of proteins in the blood plasma. Elevated ESR indicates possible inflammation in the body due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood. In addition, an increase in ESR occurs with anemia, malignant tumors, etc. A decrease in ESR is rare and indicates an increased content of red blood cells in the blood (erythrocytosis), or other blood diseases.
Up to 10 mm/h for men
Up to 15 mm/h for women
It should be noted that some laboratories indicate other standards in the test results, which is due to the presence of several methods for calculating indicators. In such cases, the interpretation of the results of a general blood test is carried out according to specified standards.
MON% (MO%) (monocytes) is the relative content of monocytes.
MON# (MO#) (monocytes) is the absolute content of monocytes.
Monocytes- this is the largest species, do not contain granules. Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow and then leave it, entering the bloodstream as not yet fully matured cells. These immature cells have the greatest capacity for phagocytosis. For several days, monocytes circulate in the blood, and then migrate to the tissues, where they turn into macrophages, which, together with neutrophils, destroy foreign, pathogenic microorganisms. However, macrophages are much larger and live longer than neutrophils.
Increase in monocytes ( monocytosis) is most often observed in infectious diseases. Also, monocytosis occurs during the recovery period after acute infections, it can appear with blood diseases (for example, with acute leukemia), tuberculosis. An increase in the number of monocytes is a specific sign of a common viral infection - infectious mononucleosis.
Decreased monocytes ( monocytopenia) or their complete absence in the peripheral blood can develop in severe infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases, with damage to the bone marrow with a decrease in its function (B12-deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia).
Each of us took a blood test from a finger. This is a very easy and quick procedure, well, it can be a little painful. Why did the doctor prescribe it for you? Let's figure it out.
A complete blood count provides information about the number, size and shape of blood elements - erythrocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, leukocytes, etc. For each blood indicator, there is a certain range of values \u200b\u200b- the blood norm. This range is different for men and women, children and adults.
In a healthy person, the cellular composition of the blood is practically constant and lies within these limits. In case of illness, the values of some indicators go beyond the limits, because. the disease is the cause, the change in the composition of the blood is the consequence. In this case, only one change can speak of several diseases at once. The correct interpretation of the results of a blood test gives grounds to prescribe an additional examination to establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe a course of treatment.
Usually the doctor should announce the results, but often you just get your form and a referral for further examination without any explanation. The doctor may not have the time, desire to do this, or ... he is not able to correctly interpret deviations! It happens that you yourself want to understand the results of the analysis before visiting the doctor or for his check. How to decipher a blood test yourself? We will help!
With our ONLINE service, transcribing a blood test will only take a few minutes. Just fill out the form according to your own data and get the exact result specifically for your analysis. If any of the parameters goes beyond the norms, the program will issue a list of possible diseases, many of them are accompanied by a link to an article with a detailed description.
Therapists from Moscow polyclinics took part in the development of the service, so we guarantee complete and reliable information.
Description
Method of determination see description
Material under study Whole blood (with EDTA)
Home visit available
The study includes the determination of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, concentration of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, as well as the calculation of erythrocyte indices (MCV, RDW, MCH, MCHC).
Blood consists of a liquid part (plasma) and cellular, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). The composition and concentration of cellular elements in the blood change under various physiological and pathological conditions: dehydration, inflammation, bacterial or viral infections, disorders in the hematopoietic system, bleeding, intoxication, oncological diseases, etc. A complete blood count allows you to get an idea of the volumetric ratio of cellular elements and liquid part of the blood (hematocrit), the content of certain types of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), hemoglobin concentration, the main characteristics of erythrocytes (erythrocyte indices). A complete blood count is one of the basic clinical tests.
Hemoglobin (Hb, Hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin is the respiratory pigment of the blood, which is contained in red blood cells and is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The content of hemoglobin in the blood in men is slightly higher than in women. In children of the first year of life, a physiological decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin can be observed. A pathological decrease in blood hemoglobin (anemia) may be the result of increased losses during various types of bleeding, the result of an accelerated destruction of red blood cells, and a violation of the formation of red blood cells. Anemia can be both an independent disease and a symptom of a chronic disease.
Hematocrit (Ht, Hematocrit)
Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements (quantitatively, mainly erythrocytes) of the total blood volume.
Erythrocytes (RBC, Red Blood Cells)
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are highly specialized nuclear-free blood cells filled with a respiratory pigment - the iron-containing protein hemoglobin. The main function of erythrocytes is the transport of oxygen. They are formed in the red bone marrow. The formation of red blood cells stimulates erythropoietin, which is synthesized in the kidneys (in increased amounts during hypoxia). For the normal synthesis of hemoglobin and the formation of red blood cells, vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary, there must be a sufficient intake of iron. The normal lifespan of an erythrocyte in the bloodstream is 120 days. RBCs are destroyed in the spleen and reticuloendothelial system. The determination of the number of red blood cells, in combination with the study of hemoglobin content, the assessment of hematocrit and the characterization of red blood cells (erythrocyte indices) is used in the differential diagnosis of anemia.
MCV (Mean Cell volume, average volume of erythrocytes)
A calculated indicator that reflects the average volume of erythrocytes, which is used in the diagnosis of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic). With severe anisocytosis (the presence of cells with different volumes), as well as the presence of a large number of erythrocytes with a changed shape, this indicator is of limited value.
A calculated indicator that reflects the degree of anisocytosis (heterogeneity of erythrocytes in volume). Used for differential diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of anemia of various origins.
MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin, the average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes)
A calculated indicator that reflects the average content of hemoglobin in 1 cell (erythrocyte). It is used, like MCV, for the differential diagnosis of anemia.
MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes)
The concentration index is a calculated indicator that reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. A sensitive indicator of changes in hemoglobin formation - in particular, with iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and some hemoglobinopathies.
Platelets (PLT, Platelets)
Platelets are nuclear-free cells, which in their granules and on the surface contain many active substances and some coagulation factors that enter the blood when platelets are activated. Platelets are capable of aggregation (connecting to each other) and adhesion (sticking to a damaged vascular wall), which allows the formation of a temporary clot and stop bleeding in small vessels. Produced in red bone marrow. The lifespan of a platelet in the bloodstream is 7-10 days. A decrease in the number of platelets can occur both due to their increased consumption, and due to insufficient production. Clinical manifestations (increased bleeding, up to life-threatening conditions) occur when the platelet concentration is less than 50 * 10 3 cells / μl.
Leukocytes (WBC, White Blood Cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells) are nucleated blood cells involved in the recognition and neutralization of foreign elements, the elimination of altered and decaying cells of one's own body, various immune and inflammatory reactions. It is the basis of the body's antimicrobial defenses. Formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are different types of blood leukocytes, their functions and residence time in the circulating blood are different (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, see test). The study of the number of leukocytes is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for a wide variety of diseases.
Determination methods: SYSMEX hematology analyzers: SYSMEX XS 800i, SYSMEX XT 2000i, SYSMEX XE 2100 (SYSMEX Corporation, Japan):
- hemoglobin - colorimetric method using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate);
- erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hematocrit - cell-specific lysis and automatic cell counting using conductometry and hydrodynamic focusing;
- erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) - calculated indicators.
A calculated indicator that reflects the degree of anisocytosis (heterogeneity of erythrocytes in volume). Used for differential diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of anemia of various origins. A calculated indicator that reflects the average content of hemoglobin in 1 cell (erythrocyte). It is used, like MCV, for the differential diagnosis of anemia. The concentration index is a calculated indicator that reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. A sensitive indicator of changes in hemoglobin formation - in particular, with iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and some hemoglobinopathies.
Platelets are nuclear-free cells, which in their granules and on the surface contain many active substances and some coagulation factors that enter the blood when platelets are activated. Platelets are capable of aggregation (connecting to each other) and adhesion (sticking to a damaged vascular wall), which allows the formation of a temporary clot and stop bleeding in small vessels. Produced in red bone marrow. The lifespan of a platelet in the bloodstream is 7-10 days. A decrease in the number of platelets can occur both due to their increased consumption, and due to insufficient production. Clinical manifestations (increased bleeding, up to life-threatening conditions) occur when the platelet concentration is less than 50 * 10 cells / μl. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are nucleated blood cells involved in the recognition and neutralization of foreign elements, the elimination of altered and decaying cells of one's own body, various immune and inflammatory reactions. It is the basis of the body's antimicrobial defenses. Formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are different types of blood leukocytes, their functions and residence time in the circulating blood are different (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, see test). The study of the number of leukocytes is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for a wide variety of diseases.
Training
It is preferable to take blood in the morning on an empty stomach, after 8-14 hours of a night fasting period (you can drink water), it is permissible in the afternoon 4 hours after a light meal.
On the eve of the study, it is necessary to exclude increased psycho-emotional and physical activity (sports training), alcohol intake.
Indications for appointment
- Screening examinations within the framework of preventive, dispensary observation.
- Basic examinations during hospitalization in hospitals of therapeutic and surgical profiles,
- Diagnosis of anemia.
- Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
- Diagnosis of diseases of the blood system.
- Monitoring of ongoing therapy and the course of various diseases.
Interpretation of results
The interpretation of test results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. An accurate diagnosis is made by the doctor, using both the results of this examination and the necessary information from other sources: history, results of other examinations, etc.
Hemoglobin (Hb, hemoglobin)
Units of measurement in the INVITRO laboratory: g/dl.
Alternative units of measurement: g/l.
Conversion factor: g/l x 0.1 ==> g/dl.
Reference values
| Age, gender | Hemoglobin level, g/dl | |
| Children | ||
| 1 day - 14 days | 13,4 - 19,8 | |
| 14 days - 4.3 weeks | 10,7 - 17,1 | |
| 4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks | 9,4 - 13,0 | |
| 8.6 weeks - 4 months | 10,3 - 14,1 | |
| 4 months - 6 months | 11,1 - 14,1 | |
| 6 months - 9 months | 11,4 - 14,0 | |
| 9 months - 12 months | 11,3 - 14,1 | |
| 12 months - 5 years | 11,0 - 14,0 | |
| 5 years - 10 years | 11,5 - 14,5 | |
| 10 years - 12 years | 12,0 - 15,0 | |
| 12 years - 15 years | Women | 11,5 - 15,0 |
| Men | 12,0 - 16,0 | |
| 15 years old - 18 years old | Women | 11,7 - 15,3 |
| Men | 11,7 - 16,6 | |
| 18 years old - 45 years old | Women | 11,7 - 15,5 |
| Men | 13,2 - 17,3 | |
| 45 years - 65 years | Women | 11,7 - 16,0 |
| Men | 13,1 - 17,2 | |
| > 65 years old | Women | 11,7 - 16,1 |
| Men | 12,6 - 17,4 | |
Increase in hemoglobin level:
- erythremia.
- anemia of various etiologies;
- hyperhydration.
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: %.
Reference values
| Age, gender | Hematocrit, % | |
| Children | ||
| 1 day - 14 days | 41,0 - 65,0 | |
| 14 days - 4.3 weeks | 33,0 - 55,0 | |
| 4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks | 28,0 - 42,0 | |
| 8.6 weeks - 4 months | 32,0 - 44,0 | |
| 4 months - 9 months | 32,0 - 40,0 | |
| 9 months - 12 months | 33,0 - 41,0 | |
| 12 months - 3 years | 32,0 - 40,0 | |
| 3 years - 6 years | 32,0 - 42,0 | |
| 6 years - 9 years | 33,0 - 41,0 | |
| 9 years - 12 years | 34,0 - 43,0 | |
| 12 years - 15 years | Women | 34,0 - 44,0 |
| Men | 35,0 - 45,0 | |
| 15 years old - 18 years old | Women | 34,0 - 44,0 |
| Men | 37,0 - 48,0 | |
| 18 years old - 45 years old | Women | 35,0 - 45,0 |
| Men | 39,0 - 49,0 | |
| 45 years - 65 years | Women | 35,0 - 47,0 |
| Men | 39,0 - 50,0 | |
| 65 years - 120 years | Women | 35,0 - 47,0 |
| Men | 37,0 - 51,0 | |
Increase in hematocrit:
- dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
- physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of the highlands, pilots, athletes);
- symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
- erythremia.
- anemia of various etiologies;
- hyperhydration.
red blood cells
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: mln/µl (10 6 /µl).
Alternative units of measurement: 10 12 cells/l.
Conversion factors: 10 12 cells/L = 10 6 cells/µL = million/µL.
Reference values
| Age, gender | Erythrocytes, mln/µl (x10 6 /µl) | |
| Children | ||
| 1 day - 14 days | 3,90 - 5,90 | |
| 14 days - 4.3 weeks | 3,30 - 5,30 | |
| 4.3 weeks - 4 months | 3,50 - 5,10 | |
| 4 months - 6 months | 3,90 - 5,50 | |
| 6 months - 9 months | 4,00 - 5,30 | |
| 9 months - 12 months | 4,10 - 5,30 | |
| 12 months - 3 years | 3,80 - 4,80 | |
| 3 years - 6 years | 3,70 - 4,90 | |
| 6 years - 9 years | 3,80 - 4,90 | |
| 9 years - 12 years | 3,90 - 5,10 | |
| 12 years - 15 years | Women | 3,80 - 5,00 |
| Men | 4,10 - 5,20 | |
| 15 years old - 18 years old | Women | 3,90 - 5,10 |
| Men | 4,20 - 5,60 | |
| 18 years old - 45 years old | Women | 3,80 - 5,10 |
| Men | 4,30 - 5,70 | |
| 45 years - 65 years | Women | 3,80 - 5,30 |
| Men | 4,20 - 5,60 | |
| 65 years - 120 years | Women | 3,80 - 5,20 |
| Men | 3,80 - 5,80 | |
Increasing the concentration of red blood cells:
- dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
- physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of the highlands, pilots, athletes);
- symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
- erythremia.
Decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes:
- anemia of various etiologies;
- hyperhydration.
MCV (Mean Red Cell Volume)
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: fl (femtoliter).
Reference values
|
Age, gender |
Mean erythrocyte volume, MCV, fl |
|
| Children | ||
| 1 day - 14 days | 88,0 - 140,0 | |
| 14 days - 4.3 weeks | 91,0 - 112,0 | |
| 4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks | 84,0 - 106,0 | |
| 8.6 weeks - 4 months | 76,0 - 97,0 | |
| 4 months - 6 months | 68,0 - 85,0 | |
| 6 months - 9 months | 70,0 - 85,0 | |
| 9 months - 12 months | 71,0 - 84,0 | |
| 12 months - 5 years | 73,0 - 85,0 | |
| 5 years - 10 years | 75,0 - 87,0 | |
| 10 years - 12 years | 76,0 - 90,0 | |
| 12 years - 15 years | Women | 73,0 - 95,0 |
| Men | 77,0 - 94,0 | |
| 15 years old - 18 years old | Women | 78,0 - 98,0 |
| Men | 79,0 - 95,0 | |
| 18 years old - 45 years old | Women | 81,0 - 100,0 |
| Men | 80,0 - 99,0 | |
| 45 years - 65 years | Women | 81,0 - 101,0 |
| Men | 81,0 - 101,0 | |
| 65 years - 120 years | Women | 81,0 - 102,0 |
| Men | 83,0 - 103,0 | |
- aplastic anemia;
- liver disease;
- hypothyroidism;
- autoimmune anemia;
Decreasing MCV values:
- Iron-deficiency anemia;
- thalassemia;
- some types of hemoglobinopathies.
It should be borne in mind that the MCV value is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.
RDW (Red cell Distribution Width, distribution of erythrocytes by size)
Method of determination: calculated value
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: %
Reference values
< 6 мес. - 14,9 - 18,7
> 6 months - 11.6 - 14.8
Increasing RDW values:
anemia with heterogeneity in erythrocyte size, including those associated with nutrition; myelodysplastic, megaloblastic and sideroblastic types; anemia accompanying myelophthisis; homozygous thalassemias and some homozygous hemoglobinopathies;
a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes (for example, due to successful treatment of anemia);
condition after transfusion of erythrocyte mass;
interference – cold agglutinins, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (high white blood cell count), hyperglycemia.
There are also a number of anemias that are not characterized by an increase in RDW:
anemia of chronic diseases;
anemia due to acute blood loss;
aplastic anemia
some genetically determined diseases (thalassemia, congenital spherocytosis, the presence of hemoglobin E).
It should be borne in mind that the value of the RDW indicator is not specific, the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and a biochemical blood test.
MCH (mean amount of hemoglobin in 1 erythrocyte)
Method of determination: calculated value.
Units of measurement and conversion factors: pg (picogram).
Reference values
| Age, gender | ||
| Children | ||
| 1 day - 14 days | 30,0 - 37,0 | |
| 14 days - 4.3 weeks | 29,0 - 36,0 | |
| 4.3 weeks - 8.6 weeks | 27,0 - 34,0 | |
| 8.6 weeks - 4 months | 25,0 - 32,0 | |
| 4 months - 6 months | 24,0 - 30,0 | |
| 6 months - 9 months | 25,0 - 30,0 | |
| 9 months - 12 months | 24,0 - 30,0 | |
| 12 months - 3 years | 22,0 - 30,0 | |
| 3 years - 6 years | 25,0 - 31,0 | |
| 6 years - 9 years | 25,0 - 31,0 | |
| 9 years - 15 years | 26,0- 32,0 | |
| 15 - 18 years old | Women | 26,0 - 34,0 |
| Men | 27,0 - 32,0 | |
| 18 - 45 years old | Women | 27,0 - 34,0 |
| Men | 27,0 - 34,0 | |
| 45 - 65 years old | Women | 27,0 - 34,0 |
| Men | 27,0 - 35,0 | |
| 65 years - 120 years | Women | 27,0 - 35,0 |
| Men | 27,0 - 34,0 | |
Increasing MCH values:
- B 12 - deficiency and folic acid deficiency anemia;
- aplastic anemia;
- liver disease;
- hypothyroidism;
- autoimmune anemia;
- smoking and drinking alcohol.
MCH Down:
- pregnancy;
- B12 deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
- aplastic anemia;
- taking medications that inhibit platelet production;
- congenital thrombocytopenia;
- splenomegaly;
- autoimmune diseases;
- conditions after undergoing massive blood transfusions.
Method of determination: conductometry using the method of hydrodynamic focusing.
Units of measurement in the Independent laboratory INVITRO: thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl).
- viral and some chronic infections;
- taking medications (antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, etc.);
- autoimmune diseases;
- exposure to ionizing radiation;
- wasting and cachexia;
- anemia;
- splenomegaly;
- hemoblastosis.
Deciphering the general blood test (clinical blood test).
I. Main indicators of a clinical blood test.
There are a number of indicators of a general blood test, evaluating which you can make a first impression of the patient. Among them are:
1. RBC - Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
This indicator indicates the number of red blood cells contained in the blood. Units of measurement 10 * 12 / liter. Erythrocytes are blood cells containing hemoglobin. The main function of erythrocytes is the transport of oxygen. A normal erythrocyte has a biconcave shape. Due to this shape, the surface area of the erythrocyte increases, and the binding of the erythrocyte to oxygen is facilitated. The average life cycle of an erythrocyte is 120 days.
Norms of the amount of RBC (norm of red blood cells):
Men: 4.5-5.5*10 12 /l
Women: 4.0-5.0*10 12 /l
An increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood is called erythrocytosis. Erythrocytoses are absolute and relative. Absolute erythrocytosis occurs with an increase in the number of erythrocytes. Relative erythrocytosis occurs when the blood thickens (a decrease in its volume).
A reduced number of red blood cells is called erythropenia. Erythropenia occurs, for example, with bleeding.
2. Hb (HGB) - Hemoglobin (hemoglobin)
This indicator characterizes the saturation of the blood with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a pigment found in red blood cells. The main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Hemoglobin plays an important role in human respiration. Hemoglobin norm indicators differ in men and women, in addition, normal hemoglobin levels differ at different ages. Men have slightly higher hemoglobin levels than women.
Units of measurement are grams/liter (g/l).
Hemoglobin norms (HGB norms):
Men: 120-170 g/l
Women: 110-155 g/l
A decrease in the level of hemoglobin (anemia) may indicate the occurrence of bleeding in a person, a lack of iron in the body, vitamin B 12.
An increase in hemoglobin is much less common. May be associated with thickening of the blood (dehydration), erythrocytosis, in athletes, residents of high mountain areas.
3. WBC (Leu) - Leukocytes (White blood cells)
This indicator indicates the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood.
WBC units - *10 9 /l
Normal levels of leukocytes fluctuate depending on the age of the person, and even on the region of his residence.
Average WBC (leukocyte count): 6-10*10 9 /l.
The main function of leukocytes is to participate in the defense mechanisms of the body. An increase in white blood cell count is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis is accompanied by infectious diseases, leukemia, burns, malignant neoplasms and many other diseases.
A decrease in white blood cell count is called leukopenia.
All leukocytes can be divided into 5 groups (leukocyte formula):
A. Neutrophils (normal 45-70%)
promyelocytes
- Metamyelocytes
- stab
- Segmented
Neutrophils are the most numerous fraction of leukocytes. Their main function is to fight microorganisms (infectious agents).
The number of neutrophils increases in acute inflammatory diseases. In this case, the so-called shift of the leukocyte formula to the left can occur. With such a shift, metamyelocytes appear in the blood, and with a sufficiently pronounced inflammatory process, promyelocytes appear.
B. Lymphocytes (Norm 19-37%)
Lymphocytes respond to the body's immune response. Among lymphocytes, T and B lymphocytes are distinguished. The level of lymphocytes increases, for example, with a viral infection. The level of lymphocytes decreases with immunodeficiencies.
B. Monocytes (Norm 3-11%)
Monocytes are the largest cells among leukocytes. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages. The main function of monocytes/macrophages is phagocytosis.
D. Eosinophils (Norm 1-5%)
D. Basophils (Norm 0-1%)
The main function of basophils is to participate in an immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
4. PLT - Platelets (Platelets)
This indicator indicates the number of platelets in the blood.
PLT units (platelet) - *10 9 /l
Platelet level norm (PLT norm) - 150-400 * 10 9 / l
The main function of platelets is participation in the blood coagulation system and in the processes of fibrinolysis. The number of platelets can increase, for example, during acute blood loss, after splenectomy, and with myeloid leukemia. (thrombositosis)
A decrease in platelets is called thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be either congenital (Fanconi Syndrome, Wiskot-Aldrich Syndrome, etc.) or acquired (drug-induced, with splenomegaly, etc.).
5. HCT (Ht) - Hematocrit (Hematocrit)
This indicator characterizes the ratio of the total volume of all erythrocytes to the plasma volume.
Measured as a percentage (%).
The norm of hematocrit (HCT) is 35-45%.
The hematocrit level increases with an increase in the number of erythrocytes (erythrocytosis), with an increase in the volume of erythrocytes.
Hematocrit (HCT) decreases with a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, a decrease in their volume, hemodilution (for example, with intensive infusion therapy with crystalloid solutions).
6. ESR - ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
This indicator indicates the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation.
Units of measurement - mm / hour.
ESR norm (ESR): men 1-10 mm/hour
women 1-15 mm/hour
ESR is measured in a special test tube, on which a scale in millimeters is applied. The ESR level is determined one hour after blood sampling by the height of a column consisting of erythrocytes. Usually, an increase in ESR indicates some kind of inflammatory process occurring in the body.
7. Color index (CPU)
This indicator indicates the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin.
CPU Norm (Color Index) - 0.9 - 1.1.
With CPU:
less than 0.9 - hypochromic erythrocytes
0.9 - 1.1 - normochromic erythrocytes
more than 1.1 - hyperchromic erythrocytes
II. Additional indicators of a clinical blood test (general blood test)
1. MCV - the average volume of an erythrocyte.
The average erythrocyte volume is measured in femtoliters (fl).
Norm MCV 80-100 fl.
If the volume of erythrocytes fits within the normal range, then these erythrocytes are normocytic. At MCV less than 80 fl - microcytic erythrocytes, MCV more than 100 - macrocytic erythrocytes.
2. MCH - the average level of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte.
It is measured in picograms (pg).
The MCH norm is 27-34 pg.
This indicator is important for determining the type of anemia. If the indicator fits within the normal range, then the anemia is hypochromic. At MCH less than 27 pg - hypochromic anemia, MCH more than 34 - hyperchromic anemia.
3. MCHC - this indicator characterizes the ratio of the hemoglobin level in the erythrocyte to the volume of the erythrocyte.
The units of MCHC are g/l (g/l).
Norm MCHC - 300-350 g / l
4. MPV – mean platelet volume.
The average platelet volume is measured in femtoliters (fl).
Norm MCV 7-10 fl.
5. PCT - thrombocrit.
This indicator characterizes the volume of all platelets in relation to the volume of whole blood.
Norm: 0.10-0.28.
6. PDW - this indicator characterizes the variability of platelets by volume.
7. RDW - erythrocyte distribution width (unit %)
8. RDW-SD - erythrocyte distribution width by volume, standard deviation.
9. RDW-CV - distribution width of erythrocytes by volume, coefficient of variation.
10. RDV - erythrocyte anisocytosis (normal 11.5-14.3%).
11. HGB / RBC - the average level of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
12 .P-LCR - large platelet ratio.
13. LYM% (LY%) - the relative number of lymphocytes.
Units of LYM%: %.
14. LYM# (LY#) – absolute number of lymphocytes.
15. MXD% - relative number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
Units of MXD%: %.
16. MXD# - absolute number of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
17. NEUT% (NE%) - the relative number of neutrophils.
Units NEUT% (NE%): %.
18. NEUT# (NE#) - absolute number of neutrophils.
19. MON% (MO%) - relative amount of monocytes
Units MON% (MO%): %.
20. MON# (MO#) - absolute number of monocytes
21. EO% - relative amount of eosinophils.
Units of EO%: %.
22. EO# - absolute number of eosinophils.
21. BA% - relative amount of basophils.
Units of BA%: %.
22. BA# - absolute number of basophils.
23. IMM% - relative amount of immature granulocytes.
Units IMM%: %.
24. IMM# - absolute number of immature granulocytes.
25. ATL% - the relative number of atypical lymphocytes.
Units ATL%: %.
26. ATL# - absolute number of atypical lymphocytes.
27. GR% - relative amount of granulocytes.
Units of GR%: %.
28. GR# - absolute number of granulocytes.
- Symptoms of trichomoniasis in women and men, treatment of the disease
- Symptoms and treatment of gonorrhea in men Tripak treatment at home
- Why does the nose bleed: causes of nosebleeds
- How does cytomegalovirus manifest itself for the fetus during mother's pregnancy
- Deciphering and norms of LYM in a blood test
- Types of prostatitis in men, the main forms of the disease
- Balanoposthitis: what is it and how is it diagnosed Balanoposthitis disease and its treatment
- Blood test for PLT and its interpretation
- Methods for the treatment of herpes on the buttocks Herpes on the pope in adults
- Recommendations for the fourth blood group
- 4 positive group rare or not
- Platelet aggregation: what is it and what is the norm?
- Does a condom protect against chlamydia infection?
- HCT in a blood test: what is it, decoding the results obtained Nst blood test decoding
- Intrauterine device: what you need to know before installation?
- The child has 4 positive blood type
- What is an STD: List of Common Diseases and Symptoms What is an STD?
- Medicinal reference book geotar
- Features of the use of wax cream is healthy for joints with prices and reviews How to use prostatitis cream
- Wax-cream for prostatitis "Healthy": description, composition, instructions and reviews The cream is healthy for prostatitis how to apply