1. Social values

Currently, a number of prominent sociologists (for example, G. Lasswell and A. Kaplan) believe that values ​​are the basis that gives social interactions a certain color and content, making social relations out of them. Value can be defined as a targeted desirable event. The fact that subject X values ​​object Y means that X acts in such a way as to reach the level of X, or at least come close to it. The personality takes a position of evaluation in relation to all components of its environment. But she will carry out social actions in relation to someone only because of things that she values ​​​​and considers useful and desirable for herself, that is, for the sake of values. Values ​​in this case serve as an impetus, a necessary condition for any kind of interaction.

An analysis of social values ​​allows us to conditionally divide them into two main groups:

welfare values,

Other values.

Welfare values ​​are understood as those values ​​that are a necessary condition for maintaining the physical and mental activity of individuals. This group of values ​​includes, first of all: skill (qualification), enlightenment, wealth, well-being.

Mastery (qualification) is an acquired professionalism in some area of ​​practical activity.

Enlightenment is the knowledge and information potential of the individual, as well as his cultural ties.

Wealth implies mainly services and various material goods.

Well-being means the health and safety of individuals.

Other social values ​​are expressed in the actions of both this individual and others. The most significant of them should be considered power, respect, moral values ​​and affectivity.

The most important of these is power. This is the most universal and highest value, since the possession of it makes it possible to acquire any other values.

Respect is a value that includes status, prestige, fame and reputation. The desire to possess this value is rightfully considered one of the main human motivations.

Moral values ​​include kindness, generosity,

virtue, justice and other moral qualities.

Affectivity is a value that primarily includes love and friendship.

Everyone knows the case when Alexander the Great, who had power, wealth and prestige, offered to use these values ​​to the philosopher Diogenes of Sinop. The king asked the philosopher to name a desire, to present any requirement that he would immediately fulfill. But Diogenes had no need for the proposed values ​​and expressed only one wish: that the king would move away and not block the sun for him. The relationship of respect and gratitude, which Macedonsky counted on, did not arise, Diogenes remained independent, as, indeed, the king.

Thus, the interaction of needs in values ​​reflect the content and meaning of social relations.

Due to the inequality that exists in society, social values ​​are unevenly distributed among members of society. In every social group, in every social stratum or class, there is its own distribution of values, different from others, between members of the social community. It is on the unequal distribution of values ​​that relations of power and subordination, all types of economic relations, relations of friendship, love, partnership, etc. are built.

A person or group that has advantages in the distribution of values ​​has a high value position, and a person or group that has less or no values ​​has a low value position. Value positions, and therefore value patterns, do not remain unchanged, since in the course of the exchange of existing values ​​and interactions aimed at acquiring values, individuals and social groups constantly redistribute values ​​among themselves.

In their striving to achieve values, people enter into conflict interactions if they consider the existing value model to be unfair, and actively try to change their own value positions. But they also use cooperative interactions if the value model suits them or if they need to enter into coalitions against other individuals or groups. And, finally, people enter into interactions in the form of concessions if the value model is considered unfair, but some members of the group, for various reasons, do not seek to change the existing situation.

Social values ​​are the basic initial concept in the study of such a phenomenon as culture. According to the domestic sociologist N.I. Lapin “the value system forms the inner core of culture, the spiritual quintessence of the needs and interests of individuals and social communities. It, in turn, has a reverse effect on social interests and needs, acting as one of the most important motivators of social action, the behavior of individuals. Thus, each value and value system has a dual basis: in the individual as an intrinsically valuable subject and in society as a socio-cultural system.

Analyzing social values ​​in the context of social consciousness and people's behavior, one can get a fairly accurate idea of ​​the degree of development of the individual, the level of assimilation of all the richness of human history. That is why they can be correlated with one or another type of civilization in the depths of which a given value arose or to which it mainly refers: traditional values ​​oriented towards the preservation and reproduction of established goals and norms of life; modern values ​​that have arisen under the influence of changes in public life or in its main areas. In this context, comparisons of the values ​​of the older and younger generations are very indicative, which makes it possible to understand the tension and the causes of conflicts between them.

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Class: 11

Target: to form an idea of ​​social norms and values, of social control as a special mechanism for maintaining public order.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes

Plan:

1. Social values ​​and norms.
2. social sanctions.

I. Learning new material.

Creating the human race, the gods took care of it with truly divine generosity: they gave reason, speech, fire, abilities for craftsmanship and art. Everyone was endowed with some kind of talent. Builders, blacksmiths, doctors, etc. appeared. Man began to get food, make beautiful things, build dwellings. But the gods failed to teach people how to live in society. And when people got together for some big deal - to build a road, a canal, fierce disputes broke out between them, and often the case ended in a general collapse. People were too selfish, too intolerant and cruel, everything was decided only by brute force ...

And the threat of self-destruction hung over the human race.

Then the father of the gods Zeus, feeling his special responsibility, ordered to introduce shame and truth into people's lives.

The gods were delighted with the wisdom of the father. They asked him only one question: how to distribute shame and truth among people? After all, the gods bestow talents selectively: they will send the abilities of a builder to one, a musician to another, a healer to a third, and so on. And what to do with shame and truth?

Zeus replied that all people should have shame and truth. Otherwise, there will be no cities, no states, no people on Earth...

What is this myth about?

Today in the lesson we will talk about social values ​​and norms - the regulators of human behavior.

1. Social values ​​and norms

We encounter values ​​at every step. But how often do we think about them? The saying “Look inside yourself” suggests that the basis of our morality should be an internal dialogue, a person’s judgment on himself, in which he himself is both an accuser, a defender, and a judge. And what determines the essence of this monologue? Of course, those values ​​that move a person. What are values ​​and norms?

The class is invited to assemble a whole concept from words.

There are values ​​that the absolute majority of the inhabitants of the planet worship. What values ​​am I talking about? On universal (eternal) values:

The class is divided into three groups.

Exercise 1. Each group should make up a short story (5-6 sentences) using partially given words (values).

Task 2. After studying the material of § 6 "Social norms", make a cluster, which social norms permeate our lives.

Regulation of human behavior by social norms is carried out in three ways:

• permission - an indication of behaviors that are desirable, but not required;
• prescription - an indication of the required action;
• prohibition - an indication of actions that should not be performed.

Carefully study the data in the table "Social norms" and indicate which of the presented norms is a ban? What - prescription? What - permission?

social norms

2. Social sanctions - means of establishing social norms.

Sanctions exist in the form of rewards and punishments, which can be formal or informal.

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state awards and scholarships, bestowed titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of diplomas, admission to high positions and honorary functions .

informal positive sanctions (H+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, benevolent disposition, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, confiscation of property, demotion, demolition, death penalty.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remarks, ridicule, mockery, a cruel joke, an unflattering nickname, refusal to maintain relations, spreading rumors, slander, an unfriendly review, a complaint, writing a feuilleton, exposing article.

II. Consolidation of what has been learned.

Answer the questions:

1. What social norm?
2. What social norms exist in society? Explain their purpose.
3. What role do social sanctions play?

Homework:§ 6, learn.

Appendix 1 . Worksheet for the lesson "Social Values ​​and Norms"

All of us, since we live in a society of our own kind, are doomed to choose a line of behavior in their environment. From behavioral responses - both our own and those of others - we learn whether we are accepted by this or that social group, whether we are leaders or outsiders, whether in some way we determine the behavior of others, or whether it is others who predominantly determine our own behavior.

In different situations - in different social contexts - the same people behave differently. People's behavior is determined by values. In essence, the values ​​of all people are similar, people differ only in the scale of their values ​​- in which of the values ​​dominate for them, and which ones can always or situationally be sacrificed.

Social values ​​are the value ideas adopted by a given social group. Such representations are more diverse than individual values. They are determined by ethnic psychology, the peculiarities of the way of life, religion, economy and culture, if we are talking about the people, and the specifics of the occupation and social status of the group, if we are talking about more fractional groups.

Since each person is included not in one, but in several social groups, the values ​​of these groups intersect in his mind, sometimes very contradictory. Group values ​​are classified into social, stratification, political, ethnic, religious.

Those values ​​that really determine the behavioral strategies of people are obligatory for all members of a given social group, and for the neglect of which punishments sanctioned by the group are applied in the group, they are called social norms. Not all value ideas are reflected in the norms. Only those values ​​that are capable of actually regulating action become norms. Positive states of things that cannot be achieved by human effort do not become norms, no matter how good and desirable they may be.

There are also positive assessments of human actions and actions that never become a social norm because people are not able to follow them en masse. For example, in any society, heroes are revered as an ideal of courage and selflessness, and saints as carriers of the ideal of lofty morality and love for one's neighbor. But history does not know a society that would consist only of heroes or saints. Thus, some social values ​​always remain an exclusive unattainable model. The norm becomes what, in principle, can be demanded from the behavior of everyone.

The norm cannot be actions that a person cannot not perform in any way. In order for a norm to become a norm, there must be the possibility of the opposite choice.

The function of norms in society is not limited to the direct regulation of the social behavior of individuals; they make such behavior fairly predictable. Norms prescribe to all members of a given group in such and such a situation to behave in a strictly defined way, and this normative prescription is reinforced by the threat of social sanctions in case of non-compliance and the expectation of encouragement in case of performance.

Social values ​​and norms are a fundamental factor in social behavior. Social values ​​and norms are understood as the rules established in society, samples, standards of human behavior that regulate social life. They define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of people in relation to the specific conditions of their life.

Social values ​​are understood as the most general ideas about the desired type of society, the goals that people should strive for, and the methods for achieving them. Values ​​are concretized in social norms.

As temperature can indicate the health and ill health of the body, so the social norm and its compliance can characterize social health. Social disadvantage can be judged by deviations from social norms - ethical, legal, deviations of various types, including aggressive (causing physical and moral harm to another), mercenary (illegal appropriation of what does not belong to oneself), socially passive, expressed in various forms of self-destructive behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, sexual promiscuity and prostitution, they also have the consequences of physical and spiritual destruction of the individual).

Social norms - prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal models (templates) that prescribe what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. A norm is a measure of acceptable behavior of an individual, a group, historically established in a particular society. These are some kind of boundaries. The norm also means something average, or the rule of large numbers (“like everyone else”). For example, the length of the active age may vary depending on the particular time, society.

• 1. Habits - established patterns (stereotypes) of behavior in certain situations.
• 2. Manners - external forms of human behavior that receive a positive or negative assessment of others. Manners distinguish the educated from the ill-mannered, secular people from commoners. If habits are acquired spontaneously, then good manners must be cultivated.
• 3. Etiquette - a system of rules of conduct adopted in special social circles that make up a single whole. Includes special manners, norms, ceremonies and rituals. It characterizes the upper strata of society and belongs to the field of elite culture.
• 4. Custom - the traditionally established order of conduct. It is also based on habit, but refers not to individual, but to collective habits. These are community-approved mass patterns of action that are recommended to be followed.
• 5. Tradition - everything that is inherited from predecessors. Originally this word meant "tradition". If habits and customs pass from one generation to another, they turn into traditions.
• 6. A rite is a kind of tradition. It characterizes not selective, but mass actions. This is a set of actions established by custom or ritual. They express some religious ideas or everyday traditions. Rites are not limited to one social group, but apply to all segments of the population. Rites accompany important moments of human life.
• 7. Ceremony and ritual. Ceremony - a sequence of actions that have a symbolic meaning and dedicated to the celebration of some events or dates. The function of these actions is to emphasize the special value of the celebrated events for the society or group. A ritual is a highly stylized and carefully planned set of gestures or words performed by persons specially chosen and prepared for this. The ritual is endowed with a symbolic meaning.
• 8. Morals - special protected, highly honored by society mass patterns of action. Mores reflect the moral values ​​of society, their violation is punished more severely than the violation of traditions. These are practices that have moral significance. A special form of mores are taboos (absolute prohibition imposed on any action, word, object). It was especially common in traditional society. In modern society, the taboo is imposed on incest, cannibalism, desecration of graves or insult, etc.
• 9. Laws - burrows and rules of conduct, documented, backed by the political authority of the state. By laws, society protects the most precious and revered values: human life, state secrets, human rights and dignity, property.
• 10. Fashion and hobbies. Passion is a short-term emotional addiction. The change of hobbies that have taken hold of large groups is called fashion.
• 11. Values ​​- socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what good is. Justice, patriotism, friendship, etc. Values ​​are not questioned, they serve as a standard, an ideal for all people. To describe what values ​​people are guided by, sociologists use the term value orientations. Values ​​belong to the group or society, value orientations belong to the individual. Values ​​are beliefs shared by many people about goals to be pursued.
• 12. Beliefs - conviction, emotional commitment to any idea, real or illusory.
• 13. Code of honor. Among the rules governing human behavior, there are special ones that are based on the concept of honor. They have an ethical content and mean how a person should behave in order not to tarnish his reputation, dignity and good name.

Values ​​are beliefs shared in society about the goals that people should strive for and the main means of achieving them. Social values ​​are significant ideas, phenomena and objects of reality in terms of their compliance with the needs and interests of society, groups, and individuals.

Value orientations are a product of the socialization of individuals, i.e. development of socio-political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements for them as members of social groups, communities and society as a whole. Value orientations are internally conditioned, they are formed on the basis of the correlation of personal experience with existing cultural patterns and express their own idea of ​​what should be, they characterize life claims. Value orientations perform an important function of regulators of social behavior of individuals Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkov. - M.: Gardarika, 1998. - 146 p.

In the social behavior of people there are many undesirable deviations from social norms, in other words - deviations. A special, extreme form of deviant behavior can be attributed to the so-called anomie (from the Greek a - negative prefix + nomos - law), which literally means lawlessness.

This is a kind of mass deviation, licentiousness in society. Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This is what happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times of civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms and other social upheavals, when the old common goals and values ​​that are understandable to people suddenly collapse, faith in the effectiveness of the usual moral and legal norms falls. All peoples in their history have experienced similar painful periods in one way or another.

social values- in a broad sense - the significance of phenomena and objects of reality in terms of their compliance or non-compliance with the needs of society, social group, individual. in a narrow sense - moral and aesthetic requirements developed by human culture and are products of social consciousness. Social values ​​are the product of the mode of production of material life, which determines the actual social, political, spiritual process of life, they always act as regulators of human society, people's aspirations and their actions. Values ​​certainly line up in a certain hierarchical system, which is always poured concretely - with historical meaning and content. That is why the scale of values ​​and assessments based on them contains a direction not only from minimum to maximum, but also from positive to negative. social norms - prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Social prescriptions - prohibition or permission to do something, addressed to an individual or group and expressed in any form (oral or written, formal or informal). Everything that is valued by society in one way or another is translated into the language of prescriptions. Human life and dignity, attitude towards elders, collective symbols (for example, banner, coat of arms, anthem), religious rites, laws of the state and many other things make a society a cohesive whole and therefore are especially valued and protected. The first type - These are norms that arise and exist only in small groups(companies of friends, family, work teams, youth get-togethers, sports teams). Second type are norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. These are customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners. Every social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette. There is secular etiquette, there are manners of behavior of young people, as well as national traditions and mores. All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is required. For violation of some norms, a mild punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look. Violation of other norms can be followed by very strong harsh sanctions - expulsion from the country, imprisonment, even the death penalty. If we arrange all the norms in increasing order, depending on the measure of punishment following their violation, then their sequence will take the following form: customs, manners, etiquette, traditions, group habits, mores, laws, taboos. Violations of taboos and legal laws are punished most severely (for example, killing a person, insulting a deity, disclosing state secrets), and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits (for example, refusing to turn off the light or close the front door) are the mildest. Social norms perform very important functions in society, namely: they regulate the general course of socialization; integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society; control deviant behavior; serve as models, standards of behavior.