In counties and settlements for the performance of judicial, financial and police duties. The chosen person swore to honestly fulfill his duties and, in confirmation of the oath, kissed the cross, from which the name comes.

Story

In the history of the development of this institution, two periods can be distinguished: before the 17th century, when the kissers perform their functions independently, and after the 17th century, when they act under the command of the voivode or, in general, clerks.

Until the 17th century

For the first time, kissers are mentioned in the Sudebnik, 1497, and then in the statutory charters of Novgorod Vasily III. In the year 1508, the chronicler reports that in order to avoid falsehood at the trial, the Grand Duke ordered the tiuns to judge with kissers, 4 for each month. In the first half of the 16th century, before Grozny came of age, cities and districts almost everywhere received the right to choose their favorite people, including kissers, for the lips, and from 1555, zemstvo self-government was introduced in many places; the activities of the kissers are expanding, and they receive help from their voters for carrying out their duties, for example, in the inheritance of Vladimir Andreevich, in the Vyshkovsky camp, for half a plow. Tselovalniks at this time act independently or help zemstvo, labial and other elders in court, in catching thieves, robbers, in collecting taxes, trade and customs duties, hand over these fees from the allowance to

Tselovalnik is the strangest and most mysterious profession that has ever existed in Russia. This name is capable of misleading anyone. Moreover, not only people who are inexperienced in knowledge of the language are confused, but also various writers, critics, and some public figures. In fact, this is a profession that was on the territory of Russia in the 15-18 centuries. Throughout the history of its existence, it has undergone changes, so its definition has changed. This is even more misleading.

general information

Tselovalnik is a kind of administrative term that most often characterized a particular profession. This concept existed in Russia from the 15th to the 18th century.

Kissers were such workers or public figures (akin to modern tax authorities or officials) who kissed the cross. Directly during this process, they began their duties, as they took an oath before the Lord. It was a kind of oath, and to break this word means to betray God. Therefore, people were afraid to act against the rules.

This position was elective. There was no specific profession that would characterize her. The kissers could perform the following procedures:

• Collect taxes. They took money from the peasants, after which they transferred it to the authorities. A part was left to itself as an intermediary percentage.
• Find and execute murderers. In the West, in Texas, there was a similar position, when a specific price was assigned to the head of a criminal. In Russia, this was also the case, although it did not gain popularity.
• Work at customs. They took payment for the goods that they transported through a specific place.

Thus, there were no specifics regarding this position.

First value

Who is a kisser? The meaning of the word is ambiguous. There are two explanations that differ radically from each other. The profession first appeared in the 15th century. Then it did not exist independently. The person who occupied had a great responsibility to the authorities and the people. At the moment, there are "descendants" of the profession - a bailiff, employees of tax authorities.

Tselovalnik is a person who was responsible for collecting taxes, and also took a direct part in the judicial system. He searched for and executed criminals. Each worker was assigned to a certain territory. And when he went beyond its limits, he became an ordinary person without a position.

It is impossible not to note the choice of the profession. A person was appointed by the people through ordinary voting. Therefore, we can say that already in the 15th century, the beginnings of democracy appeared in Russia.

Until the time when Ivan the Terrible became the executive power of Russia, kissers were ordinary workers. They were elected to office by popular vote. At first they were ordinary employees who acted on their own. There was no leadership over them.

Second value

At the end of the Time of Troubles, such a profession as a kisser changed. The meaning was now focused on bureaucratic activity. Roles and responsibilities have changed. Now the worker only needed to collect taxes or deprive people of their property if they did not pay off their debts to the state in a timely manner.

Speaking about what the kisser was doing, one cannot fail to note one unique feature. Each month, the employee had to collect a specific amount. And if he raises the bar, then next time it could not be less. If such a situation was observed, then he had to pay the missing funds from his own pocket. Or the kisser was handed over into slavery, where he worked until he paid off his debt.

For obvious reasons, the position in question was not popular. People took risks, because they could collect more taxes than required, providing themselves with a comfortable existence. But, on the other hand, there is a high probability of falling into slavery.

Toward the beginning of the 19th century, the profession gradually fades away. It is replaced by the relevant departments - tax,

Why did such a profession appear?

The kisser is a profession that would definitely appear. The fact is that it was necessary to create a system that would collect taxes. But at the same time it was necessary to minimize bureaucracy. Then it was decided to choose tax collectors among public figures. They entered into their rights without specific wages.

Another advantage of the kissers was that an illiterate person could not go to collect taxes. All people already knew how to read, count and write. Therefore, the state authorities, in order for the tax collections to come into their own hands, did not have to do anything. Thus, a kind of cooperation was formed between public positions and the leaders of the country.

"lip kisser"

In Russia there was such a position as a "labial kisser". Despite the similarity to something romantic, it meant something completely different. The elders and kissers themselves performed various duties. They included collecting taxes and dealing with crime.

When a person did something bad, they had to find him and make a trial. As a result, the criminal was either sent to hard labor or executed. And the word "labial" here has a common root with "destroy".

Where does the name "kissing" come from?

Tselovalniks in Russia are people who did a certain job. For their obligations, they took responsibility on a voluntary basis. Then there was no employment contract or any other document that had legal force. Therefore, the performer could not be forced to strictly fulfill his obligations to the people and state structures.

However, fear of the law was not enough then. People were more afraid and afraid of God. Therefore, before taking up a certain position, they kissed the crucifix. That is, a person swore before God that he would responsibly approach the fulfillment of his duties to the people.

At the same time, it was impossible to indicate the presence of a specific position. People were just doing their job. Only then, after some time, they received official employment. First, they needed to show themselves and prove themselves.

Conclusion

Thus, kissers in Russia are people who performed certain duties that are part of the concept of the profession they chose. The position is elective, there has never been specifics. After the 18th century, it lost its significance, but left many modern historians perplexed. After all, the name of an administrative term is often compared with something lyrical, love. But in fact, he has nothing to do with it.

For the execution of judicial, financial and police duties. The chosen person swore to honestly fulfill his duties and, in confirmation of the oath, kissed the cross, from which the name comes.

Story

Two periods can be distinguished in the history of the development of this institution: before the 17th century, when the kissers perform their functions independently, and after the 17th century, when they act under the command of the voivode or, in general, clerks.

Until the 17th century

For the first time, kissers are mentioned in the Sudebnik of 1497, and then in the statutory charters of Novgorod Vasily III. In the year 1508, the chronicler reports that in order to avoid falsehood at the trial, the Grand Duke ordered the tiuns to judge with kissers, 4 for each month. In the first half of the 16th century, before Grozny came of age, cities and districts almost everywhere received the right to choose their favorite people, including kissers, for the lips, and from 1555, zemstvo self-government was introduced in many places; the activities of the kissers are expanding, and they receive help from their voters for carrying out their duties, for example, in the inheritance of Vladimir Andreevich, in the Vyshkovsky camp, for half a plow. Tselovalniks at this time act independently or help zemstvo, labial and other elders in court, in catching thieves, robbers, in collecting taxes, trade and customs duties, rent these fees out of the allowance, etc.

After the 17th century

Check information.

see also

Sources

• Lappo-Danilevsky, "Organization of direct taxation"
• Milyukov, "Controversial Issues in the Financial History of the Muscovite State"
• Chicherin, "Regional Institutions in the 17th Century"
• Gradovsky, "History of local government in Russia"
• Sergeevich, "Russian legal antiquities"
• GARF, f. 1911, op.1, file 391, sheet 79
• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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An excerpt characterizing the Tselovalnik

The Countess wept.
- Yes, yes, mama, very hard times! Berg said.
Natasha went out with her father and, as if thinking something with difficulty, first followed him, and then ran downstairs.
On the porch stood Petya, who was engaged in arming people who were traveling from Moscow. In the yard, the laid wagons were still standing. Two of them were untied, and an officer, supported by a batman, climbed onto one of them.
- Do you know why? - Petya asked Natasha (Natasha realized that Petya understood: why father and mother quarreled). She didn't answer.
“Because papa wanted to give all the carts to the wounded,” said Petya. “Vassilyitch told me. In my…
“In my opinion,” Natasha almost suddenly screamed, turning her embittered face to Petya, “in my opinion, this is such disgusting, such an abomination, such ... I don’t know!” Are we some kind of Germans? .. - Her throat trembled from convulsive sobs, and she, afraid of weakening and releasing a charge of her anger for nothing, turned and quickly rushed up the stairs. Berg sat beside the Countess and kindly comforted her. The count, pipe in hand, was walking around the room when Natasha, with a face disfigured by anger, burst into the room like a storm and quickly approached her mother.
- This is disgusting! This is an abomination! she screamed. “It can't be what you ordered.
Berg and the countess looked at her in bewilderment and fear. The count stopped at the window, listening.
- Mom, this is impossible; look what's in the yard! she screamed. - They stay!
- What happened to you? Who are they? What do you want?
- The wounded, that's who! It's impossible, mother; it's not like anything ... No, mama, my dear, it's not that, please forgive me, my dear ... Mama, well, what do we need, what we will take away, you just look at what is in the yard ... Mama! .. This cannot be !..
The count stood at the window and, without turning his face, listened to Natasha's words. Suddenly he sniffled and put his face close to the window.
The countess looked at her daughter, saw her face, ashamed of her mother, saw her excitement, understood why her husband now did not look back at her, and looked around her with a bewildered look.
“Oh, do as you please! Am I bothering anyone! she said, not yet suddenly giving up.
- Mommy, my dear, forgive me!
But the countess pushed her daughter away and went up to the count.
- Mon cher, you dispose of it as it should ... I don’t know this, - she said, lowering her eyes guiltily.
“Eggs ... eggs teach a chicken ...” the count said through happy tears and hugged his wife, who was glad to hide her ashamed face on his chest.
- Daddy, mommy! Can you arrange? Is it possible? .. - Natasha asked. “We will still take everything we need,” Natasha said.
The count nodded his head in the affirmative, and Natasha, with the quick run with which she ran into the burners, ran down the hall into the hall and up the stairs to the courtyard.
People gathered near Natasha and until then they could not believe the strange order that she transmitted, until the count himself, in the name of his wife, confirmed the orders to give all the carts under the wounded, and carry the chests to the pantries. Having understood the order, people with joy and trouble set to a new business. Now it not only did not seem strange to the servants, but, on the contrary, it seemed that it could not be otherwise, just as a quarter of an hour before it not only did not seem strange to anyone that they were leaving the wounded and taking things, but it seemed which could not be otherwise.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word kisser

kisser in the crossword dictionary

kisser

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

kisser

kisser, m. (historical).

Seller of wine in drinking houses, taverns. Father will receive a salary - first of all, in a tavern, congratulate the kisser on the upcoming first number. Saltykov-Shchedrin. There was a sheepskin coat, but what's the sin to hide? laid the evening at the kisser. Pushkin.

In Muscovite Russia - the name of officials who performed the work of collecting taxes, as well as judicial police and other functions.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

kisser

In Russia, 15-18 centuries: an official involved in the collection of taxes and some judicial cases.

Seller in a drinking establishment, tavern (obsolete).

adj. tse-loving, -ya, -ye-

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

kisser

An official (in Russia at the end of the 15th century - beginning of the 18th century) who performs the work of collecting taxes, as well as judicial police and other functions.

Seller of wine in drinking establishments of the Russian state until 1917

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

kisser

official in the Russian state 15-18 centuries. He was elected from townspeople or black-haired peasants to perform various financial or judicial duties. He swore to honestly fulfill them (kissed the cross). Later, sellers in state wine shops were called kissers.

Big Law Dictionary

kisser

in the Russian state of the XV-XVIII centuries. an official elected from among the townspeople or black-haired peasants to perform various financial or judicial duties; also participated in the police supervision of the population. Assuming office, C. took an oath (kissed the cross, hence the name).

Tselovalnik

position in Russia at the end of the 15th-18th centuries. Assuming office, Ts. took an oath (he kissed the cross, hence the name "Ts."). Along with the sexes and elders, the C., being their assistants, were responsible to the central and local administrations for the regular flow of cash income and participated in judicial and police supervision of the population. First mentioned in Sudebnik 1497. After the abolition of internal customs (1754), only the tavern houses remained. continued to be called C.

Wikipedia

Tselovalnik

kissers- officials in the Russian state, elected by the zemstvo in the districts and in the settlements to perform judicial, financial and police duties. The chosen person swore to honestly fulfill his duties and, in confirmation of the oath, kissed the cross, from which the name comes.

Tselovalnik (disambiguation)

Tselovalnik:

• Tselovalnik - officials in the Russian state, who were chosen to perform judicial, financial and police duties.
• Lip kisser - a position in the Moscow state.
• Tselovalnik, Sergei Anatolyevich (born 1952) - Soviet and Ukrainian architect.

Examples of the use of the word kisser in the literature.

Somehow, shortly after the dog siege, sitting in a tavern kisser Bashkirtsev and being in a cheerful mood, Fedot argued with one experienced bone cutter.

Scoop bird, altyn head, to people okhalnik - tavern kisser!

Tea, you know that everyone will forgive kisser at the order of the Big Treasury they give batogs in the back!

The governor or volost, or tiun will send their list of judgment to the report, and looking for or the defendant at the report will deceive the list, then send it to the courtier, the headman and kissers who were sitting in that case in court.

It happens that one of those volosts before the governor or before the volost, or before their tiuns seek or answer, then in court to be the elders and kissers of the parish from which one is seeking or answering.

Ryabov clicked kisser, no one answered: and Toshchak and his big-lipped fellow rolled out with a big fight on the porch - they kicked out the roosters.

And our queen is kind, merciful, she even has mercy on cattle, she pities the birds, - kisser, straining mugs of intoxicating.

He was in Astrakhan, he knew that to the Shah from Moscow, from the Shah to Moscow, there were all the hounds: some merchants of the Shah with goods, from us kissers, clerks for goods.

Petrovich, of course, will cling to his Apollos and Venus with Cupids, and between them we are our primordial kissers, hook-makers, ripped off and crooked ships sunem.

Sinbirenin Stepan Fedosyev was chopped up and thrown into the water, and two people kissers Sinbirsky, who were sent with uncarried sovereign Saratov bread, beat and tortured, and Stenka Razin took the banner of the patriarchal plow, and beat the old man of the patriarch of the outfield trade, cut down his hand and drowned.

Tselovalnik, glancing sideways at the Cossack's saber, at his bloody hands, he handed over an uncorked kosushka, put down a kalach thickly sprinkled with flour.

The owners returned to their pre-revolutionary duties, and the entire lower stone floor of our half-stone house was set aside for the sale of wine, and the wine was sold by the same kisser as in tsarist times.

Tamga and all customs duties were collected by guests and merchants of Moscow and Novgorod on faith, in which year they would put someone in their heads and kissers the governors of Novgorod and the deacons will choose.

Emelyanovs: conditions are to blame for the soldering of thousands of Emelyanovs, when the momentary benefit of state kissers placed above public health.

Those were tenths kissers and yaryzhki, merchants, clerks and trade inmates, clerks and clerks.

Tselovalnik

Tselovalniki- officials of Muscovite Russia, elected by the zemstvo in counties and settlements to perform judicial, financial and police duties. The chosen person swore to honestly fulfill his duties and, in confirmation of the oath, kissed the cross, from which the name comes.

In the history of the development of this institution, 2 periods can be distinguished: before the 17th century, when the kissers perform their functions independently, and after the 17th century, when they act under the command of the voivode or, in general, clerks. For the first time, kissers are mentioned in the Sudebnik of 1497, and then in the statutory charters of Novgorod Vasily III. In the year 1508, the chronicler reports that in order to avoid falsehood at the trial, the Grand Duke ordered the tiuns to judge with kissers, 4 for each month. In the first half of the 16th century, before Grozny came of age, cities and districts almost everywhere received the right to choose their favorite people, including kissers, for the lips, and from 1555, zemstvo self-government was introduced in many places; the activities of the kissers are expanding, and they receive help from their voters for carrying out their duties, for example, in the inheritance of Vladimir Andreevich, in the Vyshkovsky camp, for half a plow. Tselovalniks at this time act independently or help zemstvo, labial and other elders in court, in catching thieves, robbers, in collecting taxes, trade and customs duties, rent these fees out of the allowance, etc.

see also

• corral books

Sources

• Lappo-Danilevsky, "Organization of direct taxation"
• Milyukov, "Controversial Issues in the Financial History of the Muscovite State"
• Chicherin, "Regional Institutions in the 17th Century"
• Gradovsky, "History of local government in Russia"
• Sergeevich, "Russian legal antiquities"
• GARF, f. 1911, op.1, file 391, sheet 79

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Synonyms:

See what "Kissor" is in other dictionaries:

TSELOVALNIK, an official in the 15th-18th centuries. He was responsible for the regular receipt of cash income, participated in judicial and police supervision of the population. He was elected from townspeople or black-haired peasants, upon taking office, the kisser gave ... ... Russian history

Seller, tavern keeper Dictionary of Russian synonyms. kisser n., number of synonyms: 3 innkeeper (4) ... Synonym dictionary

In the Russian state of the XV-XVIII centuries. an official elected from among the townspeople or black-haired peasants to perform various financial or judicial duties; also participated in the police supervision of the population. Taking office… Law Dictionary

Official in the Russian state 15-18 centuries. He was elected from townspeople or black-haired peasants to perform various financial or judicial duties. He swore to honestly fulfill them (kissed the cross). Later they were called kissers ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

TSELOVALNIK, kisser, husband. (source). 1. Seller of wine in drinking houses, taverns. “Father will receive a salary first of all in a tavern, congratulate the kisser on the upcoming first number.” Saltykov Shchedrin. “There was a sheepskin coat, but what's the sin to hide? laid the evening... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

TSELOVALNIK, a, husband. 1. In Russia, 1518 centuries: an official involved in the collection of taxes and certain judicial police cases. 2. Seller in a drinking establishment, tavern (obsolete). | adj. kissing, ya, ya. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Official in the Russian state 15-18 centuries. He was elected from townspeople or black-haired peasants to perform various financial or judicial duties. Taking office, he took an oath (kissed the cross, hence the name). As well as… … Political science. Vocabulary.

Tselovalnik- in Russia at the end of the XV-XVIII century. elective office. Ts. was first mentioned in the Sudebnik of 1497 as a person who participated in the court of governors and volostels. The name comes from the inauguration ceremony of taking an oath and kissing the cross. Zemsky and ... ... Encyclopedia of Law

- (inosk.) wine seller; own sworn man, assembler (sworn kissing the cross) Cf. The neighboring tavern traded well. The kisser received the poor guests with feeling. I.F. Gorbunov. From Moscow. outback. 2. Wed. In the morning we stood, tired, tea, yes ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary

BUT; m. 1. In Russia 15-18 centuries: an elected official who collected taxes and performed a number of judicial, police duties (when taking office, he took the oath by kissing the cross). 2. East. A wine seller in a drinking establishment, a tavern ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Good life, Nikolai Vasilyevich Uspensky. “The kisser with a trimmed beard, dressed in a blue cloth coat, flung open and resting his left hand on his knee, was sitting at the table opposite his friend, a short tradesman who ... electronic book