Almost everything about Pythagoras (9 photos). It is known that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion. What sports did Pythagoras play?

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Call stage
1. The class is divided into working groups, which are seated at three round tables.

2. Students are invited to name in turn one word or phrase that causes them to associate with the concept of "ancient Olympic Games". Thinking time - 30 sec. It is important not to repeat the word named by the previous student. The teacher writes the proposed words on the board, if necessary, gives information about how the ancient Olympic Games differ from modern ones.

3. Using the named words, children in groups create definitions of the Olympic Games. Preparation time - 1 min. It is important to use as many named words as possible - at least three. The final definition from the working group can be given by one person, or by all - depending on the time.

4. Pupils are invited to answer the question: “What is the connection between the Olympic Games and Pythagoras?” Thinking time - 1 min. Each group formulates its own version, one person answers. Versions are fixed on the board.

5. The topic of the lesson is reported: “Is Pythagoras an Olympic champion?” Understanding stage
Participants form three different expert groups, each of which includes representatives from different working groups. Expert groups are offered three completely different texts about Pythagoras, taken from the Internet: the participants in each expert group receive a copy. After reading the material, the guys should answer the questions at the end of the text. They make notes in the margins with a pencil, then discuss what they read and formulate a general group response. Time for individual reading and comprehension - 5-7 minutes, for group discussion - 2-3 minutes.

Issues for discussion in expert groups

1. How did Pythagoras become famous as a coach?
2. Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion?
3. How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?

Then the representatives of the expert groups return to their working groups, where they tell each other about their texts and offer answers to questions. The working groups, after discussion, choose one of the three statements proposed by the teacher and prove it, confirming it with statements from the texts:

Pythagoras was an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion, but his students were champions.

Time for an exchange of opinions - 3 minutes, for the choice of a statement and its proof - 5 minutes. One representative from each group makes a presentation explaining the group's conclusion and why. Time for performance - 2 min. The teacher summarizes the statements. Reflection stage
The teacher draws the attention of the children to the blackboard, where all the versions are written, and starts a discussion: who was right and who was wrong.

Held game "Brain Ring" . The teacher asks questions, the answers to which could be found in the text, and accepts the answer of the first player who raised his hand. The group is awarded 1 point for each correct answer. In case of an incorrect answer, the opponents get a chance to earn a point. The team (group) with the most points wins.

In this case, students are allowed to use the texts. The whole group is involved in this process. In case of an unequal number of team members, one or two students can act as judges.

The teacher makes a final speech, sums up the lesson and expresses his opinion on the problem under study. Children can also give their assessment by talking about their ideas before and after the lesson and explaining what made them change their point of view. Applications Heirs of Hercules Text for Expert Group No. 1
(Based on the site www.sovsport.ru)

Who has not heard this proverb, which expresses the essence of one of the most famous mathematical theorems? But how many people know that Pythagoras is the champion of the Olympic Games?

True, there is so much confusion in the reports about the Olympic triumph of Pythagoras! Some sources indicate that he won in pankration, others insist that he was in a fight. The historian Plutarch, who, by the way, was definitely the Olympic champion in pankration (a type of martial art in ancient Greece that combined the techniques of wrestling and fisticuffs), claims in his “Biography of Numa” that Pythagoras was a runner at all. But is it possible to believe Plutarch, who was born 700 years after Pythagoras?

The dates are also a mess. In one of the lists of Olympic champions that have come down to us, it is indicated that Pythagoras of Samos won in 588 BC. And the earliest year of birth indicated in his biographies is 586 BC. He couldn't have become an Olympian two years before his birth!

But here's what's set for sure. A certain Milo of Croton was a student of the Pythagorean school and called Pythagoras "a teacher in everything." So, this Milo became famous for the treatise "Physics" and six victories at the Olympic Games in power competitions. This time.

Even armed enemies were afraid to contact the pupils of this school, believing that they had an unknown system of hand-to-hand combat developed by the founder of the doctrine. They were able to destroy the school only by setting a fire in its building at night, in which most of the Pythagoreans died. This is two.

Finally, the entire Hellenistic system of education and training was based on the harmony of intellectual and physical development. A great scientist could not but be a great athlete, which is confirmed by the examples of Plato, Archimedes and the same Plutarch. It's three. And not without reason one of the most offensive characteristics in ancient Greece was this: "He can neither read nor swim."

***

The famous Hellenic athlete Milon from the city of Croton lived in the VI century. BC. He was undefeated in strength training and wrestling for 20 years, winning the crown of the overall winner at the Olympic Games six times. Phenomenal strength, which has become proverbial, was developed by Milon almost according to modern principles of training: duration, continuity, gradual increase in load. For the first time it was he who lifted the bull on his shoulders when he was a calf, and subsequently carried him daily around the arena of the stadium. The bull grew - and the strength of Milon grew. The end of the attraction is for the needs of the ancient public: having lowered the bull to the ground, the athlete killed him with a fist between the eyes ...

... Milon got up on a disk, smeared with lard or oil, and none of the spectators could push him off this slippery pedestal. A stone weighing 136 kg was thrown at 6 m. He put six people in a chariot, lifted it on his head and carried it around the arena. But he left the most amazing of his tricks for last: Milo squeezed a ripe pomegranate in his palm and offered those who wished to take it out. Nobody succeeded. The athlete unclenched his hand - the pomegranate was completely intact and not even dented: to such an extent, by tensing the muscles of his fingers, he knew how to simultaneously relax the muscles of the palm.

During the war between his native Croton and the city of Sybaris, Milo was elected commander. Like Hercules, the famous hero, dressed in a lion's skin, fought with a huge club in his hands, replacing a whole detachment ...

... The death of a strong man was tragic. Going into the woods to fetch firewood for his old mother, he drove the wedges into the gap of the thick trunk and tried to tear it in two with his hands. But the freed wedges fell to the ground, and the wood caught his fingers. Milon did not take into account that with age, strength leaves even champions. He could not free his hands and was chained to the trunk. Helpless, hungry and exhausted, the famous athlete was torn to pieces by wild beasts. Thus, Milo of Croton died, to whom a marble monument was erected and whose name was entered six times in the lists of the winners of Ancient Olympia.

What made Pythagoras famous as a coach? Biography of Pythagoras Text for Expert Group No. 2
(based on the site www.wikipedia.org)

Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos in Asia Minor. The exact date of birth is unknown. He studied science in Egypt, Babylon, India. He founded his own school in Crotone (Southern Italy). Established a relationship between string length and pitch, laying the foundation for modern music theory. Proved a number of fundamental mathematical theorems. Founded number theory. Invented the term "philosopher". Developed the astronomical concept of the music of the spheres. He recognized the sphericity of the Earth and the fact that it moves around the Sun. The disciples considered him the son of Apollo. It is still included in the pantheon of Hindu gods under the name Yavanacharya - "Ionian teacher". Killed in hand-to-hand street fighting in the city of Metapont.

The parents of Pythagoras were Mnesarchus and Partenida from Samos. According to Diogenes Laertes, Mnesarchus was a stone cutter; according to Porphyry, he was a rich merchant from Tyre, who received Samian citizenship for the distribution of grain in a lean year. The first version is preferable, since Pausanias cites the genealogy of Pythagoras in the male line from Hippasus from the Peloponnesian Phlius, who fled to Samos and became Pythagoras' great-grandfather.

Partenida came from the noble family of Ankey, the founder of the Greek colony on Samos. She accompanied her husband on his travels, and Pythagoras, according to Iamblichus, was born in Sidon of Phoenicia in about 570 BC. The birth of a child was allegedly predicted by the Pythia in Delphi. In particular, she informed Mnesarchus that his son would bring as much benefit and good to people as no one else had and would bring in the future. Therefore, to celebrate, Mnesarchus gave his wife a new name - Pythaida, and his son - Pythagoras, i.e. "the one announced by the Pythia".

According to ancient authors, Pythagoras met almost all the famous sages of that era - Greeks, Persians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, absorbed all the knowledge accumulated by mankind. In popular literature, Pythagoras is sometimes credited with the Olympic victory in boxing, confusing Pythagoras the philosopher with his namesake, Pythagoras, son of Crates of Samos, who won the Forty-eighth Games 18 years before the birth of the famous philosopher.

Iamblichus writes that Pythagoras left his native island at the age of 18 and, having visited different parts, ended up in Egypt, where he stayed for 22 years to gain wisdom and secret knowledge from the priests. Diogenes and Porphyry write that the Samian tyrant Polycrates supplied Pythagoras with a letter of recommendation to Pharaoh Amasis, thanks to which Pythagoras was admitted to training and initiated into the sacraments forbidden to other foreigners, until he was taken to Babylon, among other captives, by the Persian king Cambyses, who conquered Egypt in 525 BC Pythagoras stayed in Babylon for another 12 years, communicating with magicians, until he was finally able to return to Samos at the age of 56, where his compatriots recognized him as a wise man.

According to Porphyry, Pythagoras left Samos because of disagreement with the tyrannical power of Polycrates at the age of 40. Since this information is based on the words of Aristoxenus, i.e. belong to the 4th century. BC, they are considered relatively reliable. Polycrates came to power in 535 BC, so Pythagoras' date of birth can be taken as 570 BC, assuming that he left for Italy in 530 BC. Iamblichus reports that Pythagoras moved to Italy in the 62nd Olympiad, i.e. in 532-529 BC. This information is in good agreement with the data of Porfiry, but completely contradicts the legend of Iamblichus himself (or rather, one of his sources) about the Babylonian captivity of Pythagoras. It is not known for sure whether Pythagoras visited Egypt, Babylon or Phenicia, where, according to legend, he learned Eastern wisdom. Diogenes Laertes quotes Aristoxenus, who said that Pythagoras received his teaching, at least with regard to instructions on the way of life, from the priestess Themistocleia of Delphi, i.e. at home.

Disagreements with the tyrant Polycrates could hardly have caused Pythagoras to leave - rather, he needed the opportunity to preach his ideas and, moreover, put them into practice, which was very problematic in Ionia and mainland Hellas, where many people sophisticated in matters of philosophy and politics lived .

Iamblichus reports: Pythagoras settled in the Greek colony of Crotone in southern Italy, where he found many followers. They were attracted not only by the occult philosophy, which he convincingly expounded, but also by the way of life prescribed by him with elements of healthy asceticism and strict morality. Pythagoras preached the moral ennoblement of an ignorant people, which can be achieved where power belongs to a caste of wise and knowledgeable people, to whom the people obey unconditionally in something, like children to parents, and in the rest - consciously, obeying moral authority.

The disciples of Pythagoras formed a kind of religious order, or a brotherhood of initiates, consisting of like-minded people who literally deified their teacher. This order actually came to power in Croton. However, due to anti-Pythagorean sentiments at the end of the VI century. BC. Pythagoras had to retire to another Greek colony - Metapont, where he died. Almost 450 years later, in the 1st c. BC, during the time of Cicero, the crypt of Pythagoras was shown as one of the attractions there.

According to Iamblichus, Pythagoras led his secret society for 39 years. Then the approximate date of the death of Pythagoras can be attributed to 491 BC, to the beginning of the era of the Greco-Persian wars. Diogenes, referring to Heraclid (4th century BC), says that Pythagoras died peacefully at the age of 80 or, according to other sources, at 90. From this follows the date of death - 490 BC. (or 480 BC, which is unlikely). Eusebius of Caesarea in his chronography indicated 497 BC. as the year of the death of Pythagoras.

Question for group discussion Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion? Program of the Ancient Olympic Games Text for Expert Group No. 3
(according to the site: www.olimpiada.dljatebja.ru)

At first, there was only a stadium in the program of the Olympic Games - running for 1 stage (192.27 m), then the number of Olympic disciplines increased. Let's note some cardinal changes in the program:

At the fourteenth Olympic Games (724 BC), the program included diaulos - a run for the 2nd stage, and four years later - a dolichodrome (run for endurance), the distance of which ranged from 7 to 24 stages;

At the eighteenth Olympic Games (708 BC), wrestling and pentathlon (pentathlon) competitions were held for the first time, which included, in addition to wrestling and the stadium, jumping, as well as javelin and discus throwing;

At the twenty-third Olympic Games (688 BC), fisticuffs were included in the competition program;

The twenty-fifth Olympic Games (680 BC) added chariot racing drawn by four adult horses; over time, this type of program expanded, and in the V-IV centuries. BC. began to hold races in chariots drawn by a pair of adult horses, young horses or mules;

At the thirty-third Olympic Games (648 BC), horse racing appeared in the program (in the middle of the 3rd century BC, horse racing began to be held) and pankration, a martial art that combined elements of wrestling and fisticuffs, with a minimum number of prohibited techniques, in many ways reminiscent of modern fights without rules.

Greek gods and mythological heroes are involved in the emergence of not only the Olympic Games in general, but also their individual disciplines. For example, it was believed that Hercules himself introduced the run of 1 stage, personally measuring this distance in Olympia (1 stage was equal to the length of 600 feet of the priest in the temple of Zeus), and pankration dates back to the legendary fight between Theseus and the Minotaur.

Some disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games, familiar to us from modern competitions, differ markedly from their current counterparts. Greek athletes did not jump in length from a run, but from a place, moreover, with stones (later - with dumbbells) in their hands. At the end of the jump, the athlete threw the stones sharply back: it was believed that this allows him to jump further. This jumping technique required good coordination. Javelin and discus throwing - and over time, instead of a stone one, athletes began to throw an iron disc - was carried out from a small elevation, and the javelin was thrown not for distance, but for accuracy: the athlete had to hit a special target. In wrestling and boxing, there was no division of participants into weight categories, and the boxing match continued until one of the opponents recognized himself as defeated or was unable to continue the fight. There were very peculiar varieties of running disciplines: running in full armor, i.e. wearing a helmet, with a shield and weapons, running heralds and trumpeters, alternating running and racing on a chariot.

From the thirty-seventh Games (632 BC), young men under the age of 20 began to participate in competitions. At first, competitions in this age category included only running and wrestling, over time, pentathlon, fisticuffs and pankration were added to them.

In addition to athletic competitions, an art competition was also held at the Olympic Games, which has become an official part of the program since the Eighty-fourth Games (444 BC).

Initially, the Olympic Games took one day, then with the expansion of the program - five days (this is how long the Games lasted during their heyday in the 6th-4th centuries BC) and eventually stretched for a whole month.

The winner of the Olympic Games received with an olive wreath - this tradition began in 52 BC. - and purple ribbons universal recognition. He became one of the most respected people in his city, for the inhabitants of which the victory of a fellow countryman at the Olympics was also a great honor, he was often released from state duties and given other privileges. Olympionics were also given posthumous honors in their homeland. And according to the introduced in the VI century. BC. In practice, a three-time winner of the Games could put his statue in Altis.

The first Olympionist known to us was Koreb from Elis, who won the race for one stadia in 776 BC.

The most famous and the only athlete in the history of the ancient Olympic Games who won six Olympics was “the strongest among the strong” - the wrestler Milon. A native of the Greek city-colony of Croton (south of modern Italy) and, according to some sources, a student of Pythagoras, he won his first victory at the Sixtieth Olympic Games (540 BC) in competitions among youths. From 532 BC to 516 BC he won five more Olympic titles - already among adult athletes. In 512 BC Milon, who was already over 40 years old, tried to win his seventh title, but lost to a younger opponent. Olympionic Milo was also a repeated winner of the Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean Games and many local competitions. Mentions of him can be found in the writings of Pausanias, Cicero and other authors.

Another outstanding athlete - Leonidas from Rhodes - at four Olympiads in a row (164 BC - 152 BC) won in three running disciplines: in running for one and two stages, as well as in running with weapons .

Astil from Croton entered the history of the ancient Olympic Games not only as one of the champions in the number of victories: six - in the race for 1 stage and 2 stage at the Games from 488 BC. to 480 BC If at his first Olympics Astil played for Croton, then at the next two - for Syracuse. Former countrymen took revenge on him for betrayal: the statue of the champion in Croton was demolished, and his former house was turned into a prison.

In the history of the ancient Olympic Games, there are entire Olympic dynasties. So, the grandfather of the fisticuff champion Poseidor from Rhodes Diagoras, as well as his uncles Akusilai and Damaget were also Olympionists. The exceptional stamina and honesty of this athlete in boxing matches won him great respect from the audience and were sung in the odes of Pindar, he also became an eyewitness to the Olympic victories of his sons in boxing and pankration. According to legend, when the grateful sons put their champion wreaths on their father's head and lifted him on their shoulders, one of the applauding spectators exclaimed: “Die, Diagoras, die! Die because you have nothing more to want from life!” And the excited Diagoras immediately died in the arms of his sons.

Many olympians were distinguished by exceptional physical data. For example, the champion in the two-stage race (404 BC), Lasfen of Thebea, is credited with winning an unusual horse race, and Aegeus of Argos, who won the long-distance race (328 BC) , after that, running, without making a single stop along the way, he covered the distance from Olympia to his hometown in order to bring good news to his fellow countrymen faster.

Victories were also achieved due to a kind of technique. So, the extremely hardy and agile boxer Melancom from Kariya, the winner of the Olympic Games, during the fight constantly kept his arms outstretched forward, due to which he avoided the opponent’s blows, and at the same time he rarely retaliated; in the end, exhausted physically and emotionally, the opponent admitted defeat. And about the winner of the Olympic Games in 460 BC. in the dolichodrome of Ladas of Argos, it was said that he ran so lightly that he did not even leave footprints on the ground.

Among the participants and winners of the Olympic Games were such famous scientists and thinkers as Demosthenes, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras, Hippocrates. And they competed not only in the fine arts. For example, Pythagoras was a champion in fisticuffs, and Plato was in pankration.

But much more important were honors to the hero. The winner was brought to his hometown on four white horses through a gap made in the fortress wall of the city, exempted from paying taxes, fed all his life at the expense of the city, erected monuments to him, minted coins with his image; sometimes, after the death of some athletes, they even deified and built temples in their honor. The memory of the Olympians was surrounded by legends to make the victory more attractive to posterity.

Up to 45-50 thousand spectators gathered for the Olympic festivities, among which were famous philosophers, historians, poets. History has preserved for us the names of prominent representatives of the Ancient World, who most closely corresponded to the modern term “harmonious person”. Pythagoras, whose theorem is studied in school to this day, was a powerful fist fighter, became the Olympic champion at the Forty-eighth Olympic Games in 588 BC. The father of medicine, the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, achieved significant success in wrestling and chariot racing. Famous philosophers Plato and Socrates, tragic poets Sophocles and Euripides also received various awards for sports prowess.

The Games were repeatedly visited by the philosopher Aristotle and the historian Herodotus. The poet Lucian, having visited the Games many times, described them in his writings.

During the days of the Games, Olympia turned into the center of the economic, political and cultural life of Greece. At this time, there was a brisk trade, trade deals were concluded; the guests communicated with representatives of other countries, got acquainted with the development of crafts and agriculture, various customs and religious rites, listened to philosophers, historians, poets, musicians and religious ministers. In the socio-political and cultural life of Greece during its heyday, the Olympic holidays played a very important role, contributing to the unification of policies - city-states. A month before the Games, a sacred truce - ekecheria - was declared throughout Greece: all strife between policies ceased, no one had the right to enter the land of Olympia with weapons in their hands. Along with philosophy, theater, music, visual arts, the Olympic Games also played an important role in the education and upbringing of the population.

The Olympics did not stop even after in 146 BC. Greek lands were subject to Rome. True, the conquerors violated the sacred tradition, according to which only residents of Greece could participate in the Olympic Games.

The Romans included circus performances - gladiator fights - in the Olympic Games. The fierce interest of the satiated public was caused by the fights of gladiators with lions, tigers, bulls. But all this, of course, no longer had anything to do with sports and those Olympic ideals that the Greeks had previously affirmed.

Athletic competitions in Olympia were held regularly for 1168 years. In 394 AD Emperor of the East and West Theodosius I, who forcibly propagated Christianity, considered the Olympic Games a pagan rite, declared them unholy, and by a special decree forbade their further holding.

Subsequently, Olympia was destroyed as a result of the flood of the rivers after two strong earthquakes and was under a layer of sand and mud.

After the termination of the ancient Olympic Games, the idea of the all-round development of man laid down in them was consigned to oblivion for one and a half millennia. In many countries, sports themselves were banned.

Question for group discussion

How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?

Questions for the game "Brain Ring"

1. In what year did Pythagoras become an Olympic champion?
2. In what city did Pythagoras die?
3. Complete the well-known phrase: "He can't read, __________."
4. In what sport did Pythagoras become an Olympic champion?
5. Name the most famous Olympic athlete - a student of Pythagoras.
6. What Olympic Games did Pythagoras win?
7. In what year was fisticuffs included in the program of the Olympic Games?
8. What was the name of the Olympic champion in Ancient Greece?
9. In what year did the first ancient Olympic Games take place?
10. By whom and when were the ancient Olympic Games abolished?

Alexey MASHKOVTSEV,
physical education teacher,
ANO "School" Premier ",
Moscow
Theoretical lesson using critical thinking technology
Pythagoras is an Olympic champion?
Our school traditionally hosts the Day of Pythagoras for eighth graders. On this day
the schedule of lessons changes, and in the lessons of algebra, geometry, music, psychology, history
children get acquainted with the main inventions of the ancient Greek scientist.
When the head teacher of the school approached me with a request to conduct a physical education lesson as part of this
Day, I agreed, because I was sure that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion. However, in
During the preparation for the lesson, I found the most conflicting information about this. Here
then the idea came up to hold a lesson in the classroom and discuss the Olympic
achievements of Pythagoras.
The technology of critical thinking that was used in the lesson includes three stages
(parts) of the lesson: challenge, comprehension and reflection. It was on this principle that it was built
our lesson, the scheme of which can be successfully used when conducting other
theoretical lessons.
Call stage
1. The class is divided into working groups, which are seated at three round tables.
2. Students are invited to name one word or phrase in turn,
causing them to associate with the concept of the "ancient Olympic Games". Time to think
– 30 sec. It is important not to repeat the word named by the previous student. The teacher writes
proposed words on the board, if necessary, gives information about how they differ
ancient olympic games from modern ones.
3. Using the named words, children in groups create definitions of the Olympic Games.
Preparation time - 1 min. It is important to use as many of the named words as possible - at least
three. The final definition from the working group can be given by one person, or everyone can - in
depending on time.
4. Children are invited to answer the question: “What is the connection between the Olympic Games and
Pythagoras?" Thinking time - 1 min. Each group formulates its own version,
one person answers. Versions are fixed on the board.
5. The topic of the lesson is reported: “Is Pythagoras an Olympic champion?”
Understanding stage
Participants form three different expert groups, each of which includes
representatives from different working groups. Expert groups are invited to three completely
different texts about Pythagoras taken from the Internet: participants in each expert group receive
by copy. After reading the material, the guys should answer the questions at the end of the text. They are
make notes with a pencil in the margins, then discuss what they have read and formulate
group response. Time for individual reading and comprehension - 5-7 minutes, for
group discussion – 2–3 min.
1

Issues for discussion in expert groups
1. How did Pythagoras become famous as a coach?
2. Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion?
3. How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?
Then the representatives of the expert groups return to their working groups, where
talk to each other about their texts, and offer answers to questions. workers
groups after discussion choose one of the three statements proposed by the teacher, and
prove it, confirming statements from the texts:
- Pythagoras was an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion, but his students were champions.
The time for an exchange of opinions is 3 minutes, for the choice of a statement and its proof - 5 minutes.
One representative from each group makes a presentation explaining the conclusion reached.
group and why. Time for performance - 2 minutes.
The teacher summarizes the statements.
Reflection stage
The teacher draws the attention of the children to the blackboard, where all the versions are written, and begins
discussion: who was right and who was wrong.
The Brainring game is being played. The teacher asks questions that can be answered
find in the text, and accepts the answer of the first player who raised his hand. For every correct
The answer to the group is awarded 1 point. In case of an incorrect answer, a chance to earn a point is received
rivals. The team (group) with the most points wins.
In this case, students are allowed to use the texts. This process involves all
Group. With an unequal number of team members, one or two students can perform in
as judges.
The teacher makes a final speech, sums up the lesson and expresses his
opinion on the problem under study. Children can also give their assessment by talking about their
presentations before and after the lesson and explaining what made them change their point of view.
Applications
Heirs of Hercules
Text for expert group 1
(Based on the site www.sovsport.ru)
Who has not heard this proverb, which expresses the essence of one of the most famous
mathematical theorems? But how many people know that Pythagoras is the champion of the Olympic
games?
True, there is so much confusion in the reports about the Olympic triumph of Pythagoras!
Some sources indicate that he won in pankration, others insist that in
fight. Historian Plutarch, who, by the way, was definitely an Olympian
2

champion in pankration (a type of martial arts in ancient Greece, combining techniques
wrestling and fisticuffs), in the "Biography of Numa" claims that Pythagoras and
was actually a runner. But is it possible to believe Plutarch, who was born after 700 years
after Pythagoras?
The dates are also a mess. In one of the lists of Olympic
champions, it is indicated that Pythagoras of Samos won in 588 BC. BUT
the earliest year of birth given in his biographies is 586 BC. He couldn't
become an Olympian two years before your birth!
But here's what's set for sure. A certain Milo of Croton was a student
Pythagorean school and called Pythagoras "a teacher in everything." So, this Milo
became famous for the treatise "Physics" and six victories at the Olympic Games in power
competitions. This time.
Even armed enemies were afraid to contact the pupils of this school,
believing that they have an unknown hand-to-hand combat system developed
founder of the doctrine. They were able to destroy the school only by arranging at night in its building
the fire that killed most of the Pythagoreans. This is two.
Finally, the entire Hellenistic system of education and training was based on
harmony of intellectual and physical development. The great scientist could not help being
great athlete, which is confirmed by the examples of Plato, Archimedes and all the same
Plutarch. It's three. And not without reason one of the most offensive characteristics in
Ancient Greece was like this: "He can neither read nor swim."
***
The famous Hellenic athlete Milon from the city of Croton lived in the VI century. BC. He
was undefeated in strength training and wrestling for 20 years, six times
won the wreath of the absolute winner at the Olympic Games. Phenomenal
proverbial strength he developed almost according to modern principles
training: duration, continuity, gradual increase in load.
For the first time Milo lifted the bull on his shoulders when he was a calf, and subsequently
carried it around the arena of the stadium every day. The bull grew - and the strength of Milon grew. End
attraction - for the needs of the ancient public: lowering the bull to the ground, the athlete killed him
punch between the eyes...
... Milon stood on a disk greased with lard or oil, and none of the spectators
couldn't push him off that slippery pedestal. A stone weighing 136 kg was thrown at 6
m. He put six people in a chariot, raised it on his head and carried it around the arena. But
he saved the most amazing of his tricks for last: Milo squeezed a ripe
pomegranate in the palm of his hand and offered those who wished to take it out. Nobody succeeded. Athlete
unclenched the brush - the pomegranate was completely intact and not even wrinkled: to such an extent, he,
straining the muscles of the fingers, he was able to simultaneously relax the muscles of the palm.
During the war between his native Croton and the city of Sybaris, Milo was elected
commander. Like Hercules, the famous hero, dressed in a lion's skin, fought
with a huge club in his hands, replacing the whole squad ...
... The death of a strong man was tragic. Going to the forest for firewood for
old mother, he drove wedges into the slot of a thick trunk and tried to
3

tear it apart. But the freed wedges fell to the ground and the tree pinched
fingers. Milon did not take into account that with age, strength leaves even champions. release
he could not hold his hand and was chained to the trunk. Helpless, hungry and
exhausted, the famous athlete was torn to pieces by wild animals. This is how Milon died.
Crotonsky, to whom a marble monument was erected and whose name is six times
was included in the list of winners of Ancient Olympia.

What made Pythagoras famous as a coach?
Biography of Pythagoras
Text for expert group 2
(based on the site www.wikipedia.org)
Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos in Asia Minor. Exact date of birth
unknown. He studied science in Egypt, Babylon, India. Founded in Croton (South
Italy) own school. Established a relationship between string length and pitch,
laying the groundwork for modern music theory.
Proved a number of fundamental
mathematical theorems. Founded number theory. Invented the term "philosopher".
Developed the astronomical concept of the music of the spheres. Recognized sphericity
Earth and that it moves around the Sun. The disciples considered him the son of Apollo.
It is still included in the pantheon of Hindu gods under the name Yavanacharya - "Ionian
teacher". Killed in hand-to-hand street fighting in the city of Metapont.
The parents of Pythagoras were Mnesarchus and Partenida from Samos. According to
Diogenes Laertes, Mnesarchus was a stone cutter; according to Porfiry, he was
a wealthy merchant from Tyre, who received Samian citizenship for the distribution of bread in
lean year. The first version is preferable, since Pausanias gives
the genealogy of Pythagoras in the male line from Hippasus from the Peloponnesian Phlius,
who fled to Samos and became the great-grandfather of Pythagoras.
Partenida came from the noble family of Ankey, the founder of the Greek colony
on Samos. She accompanied her husband on his trips, and Pythagoras, according to information
Iamblichus, was born in Sidon of Phoenicia around 570 BC. Birth of a child
as if predicted by the Pythia in Delphi. In particular, she informed Mnesarchus that
his son will bring as much benefit and good to people as he has not brought and will not bring to
no one else's future. Therefore, to celebrate, Mnesarchus gave his wife a new name - Pythaida,
and to his son - Pythagoras, i.e. "the one announced by the Pythia".
According to ancient authors, Pythagoras met with almost everyone
famous sages of that era - the Greeks, Persians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, absorbed into
all the accumulated knowledge of mankind. In popular literature, Pythagoras
sometimes they attribute the Olympic victory in boxing, confusing the Pythagorean philosopher with his
namesake - Pythagoras, son of Crates from Samos, who won the Forty
eighth Games 18 years before the birth of the famous philosopher.
Iamblichus writes that Pythagoras left his native island at the age of 18 and,
having visited different parts, he reached Egypt in order to gain wisdom and secret
4

knowledge from the priests, where he stayed for 22 years. Diogenes and Porphyry write that the Samian tyrant
Polycrates supplied Pythagoras with a letter of recommendation to Pharaoh Amasis,
whereby he (Pythagoras) was admitted to teaching and initiated into the mysteries,
forbidden to other foreigners, until he was taken to Babylon among others
the captives of the Persian king Cambyses, who conquered Egypt in 525 BC. In Babylon
Pythagoras stayed for another 12 years, communicating with magicians, until he was finally able to return to
Samos at the age of 56, where his compatriots recognized him as a wise man.
According to Porphyry, Pythagoras left Samos because of disagreement with the tyrannical
by the power of Polycrates at the age of 40. Since this information is based on words
Aristoxene, i.e. belong to the 4th century. BC, they are considered relatively reliable.
Polycrates came to power in 535 BC, so the date of birth of Pythagoras can be
count 570 BC, assuming that he left for Italy in 530 BC. Iamblichus
reports that Pythagoras moved to Italy in the 62nd Olympiad, i.e. in 532–529 BC.
This information is in good agreement with the data of Porfiry, but completely contradicts
the legend of Iamblichus himself (or rather, one of his sources) about the Babylonian captivity
Pythagoras. It is not known for sure whether Pythagoras visited Egypt, Babylon or Phoenicia, where
drew, according to legend, oriental wisdom. Diogenes Laertes quotes
Aristoxenus, who said that his teaching, at least as far as
instructions on the way of life, Pythagoras received from the priestess Themistoclea
Delphic, i.e. at home.
Disagreements with the tyrant Polycrates could hardly be the reason for leaving
Pythagoras - rather, he needed the opportunity to preach his ideas and, more
in addition to putting them into practice, which was very problematic in Ionia and the mainland
Hellas, where many people experienced in matters of philosophy and politics lived.
Iamblichus reports: Pythagoras settled in the Greek colony of Crotone in South
Italy, where he found many followers. They were attracted not only by the occult
philosophy, which he convincingly expounded, but also the way of life prescribed by him with
elements of healthy asceticism and strict morality. Pythagoras preached
moral ennoblement of an ignorant people, to achieve which
perhaps where power belongs to a caste of wise and knowledgeable people who
the people obey unconditionally in something, like children to parents, and in the rest -
consciously, subject to moral authority.
The disciples of Pythagoras formed a kind of religious order, or brotherhood.
initiates, consisting of like-minded people who literally deified their
teachers. This order actually came to power in Croton. However, due to
anti-Pythagorean sentiments at the end of the 6th century. BC. Pythagoras had to retire to
another Greek colony, Metapont, where he died. Almost 450 years later, in the 1st c. before
AD, in the time of Cicero, the crypt was shown as one of the attractions there
Pythagoras.
According to Iamblichus, Pythagoras led his secret society for 39 years. Then
the approximate date of the death of Pythagoras can be attributed to 491 BC, to
the beginning of the era of the Greek-Persian wars. Diogenes, referring to Heraclid (4th century BC),
says that Pythagoras died peacefully at the age of 80, or, according to other sources, -
at 90 years old. From this follows the date of death - 490 BC. (or 480 BC, which is
5

unlikely). Eusebius of Caesarea in his chronography indicated 497 BC.
as the year of the death of Pythagoras.
Question for group discussion
Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion?
Program of the Ancient Olympic Games
Text for expert group 3
(Based on the site www.olimpiada.dljatebja.ru)
At first, the program of the Olympic Games included only a stadium - running for 1
stages (192.27 m), then the number of Olympic disciplines increased. We note some
major changes in the program:
- at the Fourteenth Olympic Games (724 BC) included in the program
diaulos - running for stage 2, and four years later - dolichodrome (running for endurance),
the distance of which ranged from 7 to 24 furlongs;
- at the Eighteenth Olympic Games (708 BC) for the first time held
competitions in wrestling and pentathlon (pentathlon), which included, in addition to wrestling and
stadium, jumping, as well as javelin and discus throwing;
- at the Twenty-third Olympic Games (688 BC) in the competition program
a fistfight entered;
– at the Twenty-fifth Olympic Games (680 BC) races were added for
chariots drawn by four adult horses; over time this kind
programs expanded, and in the V-IV centuries. BC. began to conduct chariot races,
drawn by a pair of adult horses, young horses or mules;
- at the Thirty-third Olympic Games (648 BC) appeared in the program
riding horse races (in the middle of the 3rd century BC horse races also began to be held
on foals) and pankration - martial arts, combining elements of struggle and
fisticuffs, with a minimum number of prohibited techniques and in many ways
reminiscent of modern fights without rules.
Greek gods and mythological heroes are involved in the emergence of not only
the Olympic Games as a whole, but also their individual disciplines. For example, it was believed that running
Hercules himself introduced 1 stage, personally measuring this distance in Olympia (1 stage
was equal to the length of 600 feet of the priest in the temple of Zeus) and pankration goes back to
The legendary fight between Theseus and the Minotaur.
Some disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games, familiar to us from
modern competitions are noticeably different from their current counterparts.
Greek athletes did not jump in length from a run, but from a place, moreover, with stones
(later - with dumbbells) in his hands. At the end of the jump, the athlete threw stones sharply
back: it was believed that this allows him to jump further. Similar jumping technique
required good coordination. Javelin and discus throw - and over time, instead of
stone athletes began to throw an iron disc - it was produced from a small
elevations, and the spear was thrown not for distance, but for accuracy: the athlete had to
hit a special target. In wrestling and boxing there was no division of participants according to
6

weight categories, and the boxing match continued until one of
rivals did not recognize himself as defeated or was unable to
continue the fight. There were very peculiar varieties in cross-country
disciplines: running in full armor, i.e. wearing a helmet, with a shield and weapons, the run of heralds
and trumpeters, alternating running and chariot racing.
From the Thirty-seventh Games (632 BC), young men began to participate in competitions in
under the age of 20. At first, competitions in this age category included
only running and wrestling, over time, pentathlon, fisticuffs and
pankration.
In addition to athletic competitions, the Olympic Games also included
art competition, from the Eighty-fourth Games (444 BC) became the official
part of the program.
Initially, the Olympic Games took one day, then with the expansion
programs - five days (this is how long the Games lasted during their
heyday in the VI-IV centuries. BC) and eventually stretched out for a whole month.
The winner of the Olympic Games received along with an olive wreath - this
the tradition began in 52 BC. - and purple ribbons universal recognition. He
became one of the most respected people in his city, for the inhabitants of which
the victory of a fellow countryman at the Olympics was also a great honor, he was often released
from state duties, gave other privileges. Olympics at home
posthumous honors were also given. And according to the introduced in the VI century. BC. practice
the three-time winner of the Games could put his statue in Altis.
The first of the Olympionists known to us was Koreb from Elis, who won
victory in the race for one stage in 776 BC.
The most famous and the only one in the history of the ancient Olympic Games
the athlete who won six Olympics was "the strongest among the strong" -
wrestler Milon. A native of the Greek city of the colony of Croton (south of modern Italy)
and, according to some reports, a student of Pythagoras, he won his first victory on
60th Olympic Games (540 BC) in youth competitions. C 532
BC. to 516 BC he won five more Olympic titles - already among
adult athletes. In 512 BC Milon, who was already over 40 years old,
tried to win his seventh title, but lost to a younger opponent.
Olympionic Milo was also a repeated winner of the Pythian,
Isthmian, Nemean Games and many local competitions. You can mention him
found in the writings of Pausanias, Cicero and other authors.
Another outstanding athlete - Leonid from Rhodes - at four Olympics
in a row (164 BC - 152 BC) won in three running disciplines: in running on
one and two stages, as well as in running with weapons.
Astil from Croton entered the history of the ancient Olympic Games not only as
one of the record holders for the number of wins: six - in the race for 1 and 2 stages at the Games with 488
BC. to 480 BC If at his first Olympics Astil played for Croton, then
on the next two - for Syracuse. Former countrymen took revenge on him for
betrayal: the statue of the champion in Croton was demolished, and his former house was turned into
prison.
7

In the history of the ancient Olympic Games, there are entire Olympic dynasties. So,
grandfather of the boxing champion Poseidor from Rhodes Diagoras, as well as his relatives
Uncles Akusilai and Damaget were also Olympians. Exceptional durability and
the honesty of this athlete in boxing fights won him a huge
respect of the audience and were sung in the odes of Pindar, became an eyewitness of the Olympic
victories of his sons in boxing and pankration. According to legend, when grateful
the sons put their champion wreaths on their father's head and lifted him on their shoulders,
one of the applauding spectators exclaimed: “Die, Diagoras, die! Die because
you have nothing more to want from life!” And the excited Diagoras immediately died on
sons' hands.
Many olympians were distinguished by exceptional physical data.
For example, the champion in the race for two stages (404 BC) Lasfen of Thebea
victory in an unusual horse race is attributed, and Aegeus of Argos,
victorious in the long-distance race (328 BC), after that by running without making
not a single stop on the way, covered the distance from Olympia to his native
cities in order to quickly bring good news to fellow countrymen.
Victories were also achieved due to a kind of technique. Yes, extremely
hardy and agile boxer Melankom from Kariya, winner of the Olympic Games,
during the fight, he constantly kept his arms outstretched forward, due to which he left
from the blows of the enemy, and at the same time he rarely struck back; at the end
in the end, exhausted physically and emotionally, the opponent admitted defeat.
And about the winner of the Olympic Games in 460 BC. at the dolichodrome of Ladas of Argos
it was said that he runs so easily that he does not even leave footprints on the ground.
Among the participants and winners of the Olympic Games were such well-known
scientists and thinkers like Demosthenes, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras,
Hippocrates. And they competed not only in the fine arts. For example,
Pythagoras was a boxing champion, and Plato was a pankration champion.
But much more important were honors to the hero. The winner was brought to his hometown
on four white horses through a gap made in the fortress wall of the city,
exempted from paying taxes, fed all their lives at the expense of the city, established them
monuments, minted coins with his image; sometimes after the death of some
athletes were even deified and temples were built in their honor. Memory of Olympionists
surrounded by legends to make the victory more attractive to posterity.
Up to 45-50 thousand spectators gathered for the Olympic festivities, among
which were famous philosophers, historians, poets. History has preserved for us
names of prominent representatives of the ancient world,
most accurately
corresponding to the modern term "harmonious person". Pythagoras, theorem
who is taught at school to this day, was a powerful fist fighter, became an Olympic
champion at the Forty-eighth Olympic Games in 588 BC. Father of medicine
the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates achieved significant success in wrestling and racing
chariots. The recipients of various awards for sporting prowess were also
famous philosophers Plato and Socrates, tragic poets Sophocles and Euripides.
The Games were repeatedly visited by the philosopher Aristotle and the historian Herodotus. Poet
Lucian, having visited the Games many times, described them in his writings.
8

During the days of the Games, Olympia turned into a center of economic,
political and cultural life of Greece. At this time there was a brisk trade,
trade deals were made; guests got acquainted with representatives of other countries,
got acquainted with the development of crafts and agriculture, various customs and
religious rites, listened to philosophers, historians, poets, musicians and
religious ministers. In social and cultural life
Greece during its heyday, the Olympic holidays played a very important role,
contributing to the unification of policies - city-states. A month before the Games throughout
the territory of Greece was declared a holy truce - ekeheria: stopped
all sorts of strife between the policies, no one had the right to enter the land of Olympia with
weapons in hand. Along with philosophy, theater, music, visual
art, the Olympic Games also played an important role in education and upbringing
population.
The Olympics did not stop even after in 146 BC. Greek lands
were subject to Rome. True, the conquerors violated the sacred tradition, according to
which only residents of Greece could participate in the Olympic Games.
The Romans included circus performances in the Olympic Games - fights
gladiators. The fierce interest of the satiated public was caused by gladiator fights with
lions, tigers, bulls. But all this, of course, had nothing to do with
sports and to those Olympic ideals that were approved by the Greeks before.
Athletic competitions in Olympia were held regularly throughout
1168 years. In 394 AD Emperor of East and West Theodosius I, forcibly
planted Christianity, considered the Olympic Games a pagan rite, declared
wicked and by a special decree forbade their further holding.
Subsequently, Olympia was destroyed by flooding of the rivers after two
strongest earthquakes and was under a layer of sand and mud.
After the cessation of the ancient Olympic Games, the idea embodied in them
the all-round development of man was consigned to oblivion for one and a half millennia. In
In many countries, sports themselves were banned.
Question for group discussion
How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?
brainring
In what year did Pythagoras become an Olympic champion?
In what city did Pythagoras die?
Complete the well-known phrase: "He can't read, __________."
In which sport did Pythagoras become an Olympic champion?
Name the most famous olympic athlete - student
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pythagoras.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Which Olympic Games did Pythagoras win?
In what year was fisticuffs included in the Olympics?
What was the name of the Olympic champion in Ancient Greece?
In what year did the first ancient Olympic Games take place?
By whom and when were the ancient Olympic Games abolished?
9

Wanderer, do you know Pythagoras, Pythagoras of Samos,
Long-haired wrestler, praised by many?
Know: Pythagoras is me; and how did I get my glory,
You ask the epidians; hard to believe, but believe!

(Palatine Anthology, 111, 16)

Such a sonorous epigram was composed by the ancient Greek poet Theaetetus, who glorified the Olympic victory of the fist fighter Pythagoras. The final line of the epigram is vague but significant. The poet alludes to some extraordinary event that influenced the outcome of the duel, which brought the winner the laurel wreath of Olympia.

Turning to the famous biographer of the greatest philosophers of antiquity, Diogenes Laertes, in the chapter devoted to Pythagoras, the philosopher and mathematician, we learn the most curious things that reveal not only the secret meaning of Theaetetus' hint, but also some details that preceded the significant battle that took place at the 48th Olympiad 588 BC. n. e.

It turns out that the Olympic champion was fond of the distant past of the ancient world and composed the "History of the Dorians", which is mentioned in his writings by Dionysius of Alexandria, who was fond of Olympic statistics and published a complete list of champions of the ancient Games from 1 to 262 Olympiads.

Unfortunately, not a single ancient source deciphers the "scholarship" of a fist fighter. And we can only guess what the advantage of Pythagoras is here. Most likely, in tactical maturity, the use of technical innovations.

And there is no doubt that all this happened. Here is what Diogenes tells about the debut of a young athlete. Arriving at Olympia, he was rejected by the organizers of the Games because of his effeminacy: "long-haired, in purple clothes, he was ridiculed from the boys' competitions, but immediately entered the men's competition and emerged victorious."

The Palatine Anthology, a unique collection of works by ancient poets, in addition to the above epigram, also retained the following couplet:

This fighter is Pythagoras, born of Crates of Samos.
As a boy, he came to Aptis for Olympic victories.

So, the famous philosopher, mathematician and leader of the famous Croton secret league Pythagoras, whose name is known to every schoolchild, and no less revered by the sports mentors of our time, citing Pythagoras's talent as an irresistible example of the compatibility of science and sports, was Pythagoras the scientist also an Olympic champion?

Nothing like this! Pythagoras never entered the Olympic ring, fought with anyone, and did not defeat anyone!

And in order not to arouse the wrath of the admirers of this learned man, it is enough to give a short reference. The philosopher lived, according to available information, in 580-500 BC. e. So, in the year of the 48th Olympiad, he was not yet in the world. Further: the father of Pythagoras the fighter was named Crates, the father of the philosopher was called Mnesarchus. They are related only by the island of Samos, which probably confused the not very knowledgeable connoisseurs of the talent of a learned man.

Well, the most stubborn debaters may object, Pythagoras was not a champion in 588 BC. e., so maybe he won the laurel wreath later? There is no name of Pythagoras in the lists of ancient Olympians that have survived and have come down to our time. For example, during the four Olympiads - from 572 to 560 BC. e. (at this time Pythagoras the mathematician was 20 years old) Thysander from Sicyon won four victories in a row. And then the names of the fist fighters who gained fame in Olympia are known. And what is probably the most important, there was no statue of Pythagoras in Olympia - a philosopher and a fist fighter.

The legend of the championship of Pythagoras arose long ago, back in the middle of the last century. And she became a nomadic "duck", passing from one popular book to another. True, Pythagoras, a philosopher and mathematician, had a direct relationship with the ancient Olympics as ... a coach! So, for example, the Samian athlete Eurymenes, who did not have outstanding physical data, was small in stature, with the direct participation of Pythagoras, achieved significant success and, as Porfiry wrote in the biography of Pythagoras, “Evrimenes, thanks to Pythagorean wisdom, despite his small stature, managed to overpower and defeat at the Olympic Games of many tall opponents.

The coaching secret of Pythagoras was this. According to an old custom, Olympic athletes on the eve of the next Olympics switched to a strict dietary diet, ate vegetables and cheese. Pythagoras advised Eurymenes to eat meat, appointing a daily portion of beef, which would be enough for three eaters! The diligent student perfectly mastered the instructions of the mentor. Entered the fight for the Olympic laurels. Evrimen literally tossed his rivals, exhausted by a strict diet.

Theoretical lesson using critical thinking technology

Our school traditionally hosts the Day of Pythagoras for eighth graders. On this day, the schedule of lessons changes, and in the lessons of algebra, geometry, music, psychology, history, children get acquainted with the main inventions of the ancient Greek scientist.

When the head teacher of the school approached me with a request to conduct a physical education lesson as part of this Day, I agreed, as I was sure that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion. However, in the course of preparing for the lesson, I found the most conflicting information about this. That's when the idea came up to hold a lesson in the classroom and discuss with the guys the Olympic achievements of Pythagoras.

The technology of critical thinking that was used in the lesson includes three stages (parts) of the lesson: challenge, comprehension and reflection. It was on this principle that our lesson was built, the scheme of which can be successfully used in conducting other theoretical lessons.

Call stage

1. The class is divided into working groups, which are seated at three round tables.

3. Using the named words, children in groups create definitions of the Olympic Games. Preparation time - 1 min. It is important to use as many of the named words as possible - at least three. The final definition from the working group can be given by one person, or by all, depending on the time.

5. The topic of the lesson is reported: “Is Pythagoras an Olympic champion?”

Understanding stage

Participants form three different expert groups, each of which includes representatives from different working groups. Expert groups are offered three completely different texts about Pythagoras, taken from the Internet: the participants in each expert group receive a copy. After reading the material, the guys should answer the questions at the end of the text. They make notes in the margins with a pencil, then discuss what they read and formulate a general group response. Time for individual reading and comprehension - 5-7 minutes, for group discussion - 2-3 minutes.

Issues for discussion in expert groups

1. How did Pythagoras become famous as a coach?
2. Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion?
3. How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?

- Pythagoras was an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion.
- Pythagoras was not an Olympic champion, but his students were champions.

Reflection stage

The teacher draws the attention of the children to the blackboard, where all the versions are written, and starts a discussion: who was right and who was wrong.

In this case, students are allowed to use the texts. The whole group is involved in this process. In case of an unequal number of team members, one or two students can act as judges.

Applications

Heirs of Hercules

Text for Expert Group No. 1
(Based on the site www.sovsport.ru)

Who has not heard this proverb, which expresses the essence of one of the most famous mathematical theorems? But how many people know that Pythagoras is the champion of the Olympic Games?

What made Pythagoras famous as a coach?

Biography of Pythagoras

Text for Expert Group No. 2
(based on the site www.wikipedia.org)

According to ancient authors, Pythagoras met almost all the famous sages of that era - Greeks, Persians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, absorbed all the knowledge accumulated by mankind. In popular literature, Pythagoras is sometimes credited with the Olympic victory in boxing, confusing Pythagoras the philosopher with his namesake, Pythagoras, the son of Crates of Samos, who won the Forty-eighth Games 18 years before the birth of the famous philosopher.

According to Porphyry, Pythagoras left Samos because of disagreement with the tyrannical power of Polycrates at the age of 40. Since this information is based on the words of Aristoxenus, i.e. belong to the 4th century. BC, they are considered relatively reliable. Polycrates came to power in 535 BC, so Pythagoras' date of birth can be taken as 570 BC, assuming that he left for Italy in 530 BC. Iamblichus reports that Pythagoras moved to Italy in the 62nd Olympiad, i.e. in 532–529 BC. This information is in good agreement with the data of Porfiry, but completely contradicts the legend of Iamblichus himself (or rather, one of his sources) about the Babylonian captivity of Pythagoras. It is not known for sure whether Pythagoras visited Egypt, Babylon or Phenicia, where, according to legend, he learned Eastern wisdom. Diogenes Laertes quotes Aristoxenus, who said that Pythagoras received his teaching, at least with regard to instructions on the way of life, from the priestess Themistocleia of Delphi, i.e. at home.

Disagreements with the tyrant Polycrates could hardly have been the reason for Pythagoras's departure - rather, he needed the opportunity to preach his ideas and, moreover, put them into practice, which was very problematic in Ionia and mainland Hellas, where many people sophisticated in matters of philosophy and politics lived .

Question for group discussion

Was Pythagoras really an Olympic champion?

Program of the Ancient Olympic Games

Text for Expert Group No. 3
(according to the site: www.olimpiada.dljatebja.ru)

- at the fourteenth Olympic Games (724 BC), the program included diaulos - a run for the 2nd stage, and four years later - a dolichodrome (run for endurance), the distance of which ranged from 7 to 24 stages;

- at the eighteenth Olympic Games (708 BC), wrestling and pentathlon (pentathlon) competitions were held for the first time, which included, in addition to wrestling and the stadium, jumping, as well as javelin and discus throwing;

- at the twenty-third Olympic Games (688 BC), fisticuffs were included in the competition program;

- at the twenty-fifth Olympic Games (680 BC), chariot races drawn by four adult horses were added; over time, this type of program expanded, and in the V-IV centuries. BC. began to hold races in chariots drawn by a pair of adult horses, young horses or mules;

- at the thirty-third Olympic Games (648 BC), horse racing appeared in the program (in the middle of the 3rd century BC, horse racing began to be held) and pankration - martial arts that combined elements wrestling and fisticuffs, with a minimum number of prohibited techniques, in many ways reminiscent of modern fights without rules.

Some disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games, familiar to us from modern competitions, differ markedly from their current counterparts. Greek athletes did not long jump from a run, but from a place, moreover, with stones (later - with dumbbells) in their hands. At the end of the jump, the athlete threw the stones sharply back: it was believed that this allows him to jump further. This jumping technique required good coordination. Javelin and discus throwing - and over time, instead of a stone one, athletes began to throw an iron disc - was carried out from a small elevation, and the javelin was thrown not for distance, but for accuracy: the athlete had to hit a special target. In wrestling and boxing, there was no division of participants into weight categories, and the boxing match continued until one of the opponents recognized himself as defeated or was unable to continue the fight. There were also very peculiar varieties of running disciplines: running in full armor, i.e. wearing a helmet, with a shield and weapons, running heralds and trumpeters, alternating running and racing on a chariot.

In addition to athletic competitions, an art competition was also held at the Olympic Games, which has become an official part of the program since the Eighty-fourth Games (444 BC).

The first Olympionist known to us was Koreb from Elis, who won the race for one stadia in 776 BC.

Astil from Croton went down in the history of the ancient Olympic Games not only as one of the record holders for the number of victories: six - in the race for 1 stage and for 2 stages at the Games from 488 BC. to 480 BC If at his first Olympics Astil played for Croton, then at the next two - for Syracuse. Former countrymen took revenge on him for betrayal: the statue of the champion in Croton was demolished, and his former house was turned into a prison.

Up to 45-50 thousand spectators gathered for the Olympic festivities, among which were famous philosophers, historians, and poets. History has preserved for us the names of prominent representatives of the Ancient World, who most closely corresponded to the modern term “harmonious person”. Pythagoras, whose theorem is studied in school to this day, was a powerful fist fighter, became the Olympic champion at the Forty-eighth Olympic Games in 588 BC. The father of medicine, the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, achieved significant success in wrestling and chariot racing. Famous philosophers Plato and Socrates, tragic poets Sophocles and Euripides also received various awards for sports prowess.

The Games were repeatedly visited by the philosopher Aristotle and the historian Herodotus. The poet Lucian, having visited the Games many times, described them in his writings.

During the days of the Games, Olympia turned into the center of the economic, political and cultural life of Greece. At this time, there was a brisk trade, trade deals were concluded; the guests communicated with representatives of other countries, got acquainted with the development of crafts and agriculture, various customs and religious rites, listened to philosophers, historians, poets, musicians and religious ministers. In the socio-political and cultural life of Greece during its heyday, the Olympic holidays played a very important role, contributing to the unification of policies - city-states. A month before the Games, a sacred truce - ekeheria - was declared throughout Greece: all strife between the policies ceased, no one had the right to enter the land of Olympia with weapons in their hands. Along with philosophy, theater, music, visual arts, the Olympic Games also played an important role in the education and upbringing of the population.

Subsequently, Olympia was destroyed as a result of the flood of the rivers after two strong earthquakes and was under a layer of sand and mud.

Question for group discussion

How can you prove that Pythagoras was an Olympic champion?

Questions for the game "Brain Ring"

Alexey Mashkovtsev,
Deputy editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Sport at school". ANO "School "Premier", Moscow

Boxing is one of the oldest sports. Few people know that it existed before our era and was included in the Olympic Games. Information about the legendary boxers of antiquity has survived to this day.

Prominent ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras(Pythagoras), was an Olympic boxing champion (48th Olympiad, 588 BC). He was known as the first fighter who began to use the tactical-technical style of boxing. According to information recorded by Diogenes Laertes, a long-haired young man came to the Olympic arena and asked permission to compete in the youth category. At that time, Pythagoras was not even 17 years old. When he was refused, Pythagoras joined the group of adult participants in the competition and, to the surprise of the audience, became the champion.

Later, Pythagoras founded a school that was considered one of the strongest and purest in the field of spiritual development in the entire known world. However, Pythagoras and several of his students were burned alive in the house by mercenaries of power structures. At the same time, all his works were destroyed. Many consider Pythagoras not only the founder of the humanities, natural, systematic and exact sciences, but also the classical school of boxing.

Glavkos- Olympic champion 520 BC. e. One day, Dimilos noticed that his son was driving a plow into dry soil with one blow of his fist. Struck by the strength of his offspring, the peasant sent him to an athletic school. During the championship fight, a more experienced opponent defeated Glavkos, then the father shouted: “Son, remember how you handled the plow!” Glavkos gathered all his strength, got up and delivered a knockout blow to his opponent. An island near Karistos was named after the champion, and it bears the name Glavkos to this day.

Diagoras- Olympic champion 464 BC. e. - belonged to a noble Greek family. He was remembered by his contemporaries for his special boxing style. Diagoras didn't even try to evade his opponent's punches, but held them in such a way that he seemed to be made of steel. He never violated the rules of the duel. Thanks to this, the boxer became a real "people's" champion. In addition to the Olympic Games, he won the Isthmian boxing tournament four times and the Nemean twice.

His son became the Olympic champion in boxing, the other achieved victory in a different form. The winning tradition was also supported by one of the athlete's grandchildren. According to legend, when the two sons of Diagoras became champions, they lifted their father on their shoulders and carried them in front of the stands. Someone from the crowd shouted: “After this, it’s not scary to die!” After that, Diagoras suddenly dropped his head on his chest and died.

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