How easy it is to calculate the price of an item with a discount. How to calculate the percentage of the sum of numbers in Excel. How to calculate percentages using a proportion

A percentage is one hundredth of a number taken as a whole. Percentages are used to indicate the ratio of a part to a whole, as well as to compare quantities.

1% = 1 100 = 0,01

The interest calculator allows you to perform the following operations:

Find percentage of a number

To find a percentage p from a number, you need to multiply this number by a fraction p 100

Let's find 12% of the number 300:
300 12 100 = 300 0.12 = 36
12% of 300 equals 36.

For example, a product costs 500 rubles and a 7% discount applies to it. Find the absolute value of the discount:
500 · 7 100 = 500 0.07 = 35
Thus, the discount is 35 rubles.

What percentage is one number of another

To calculate the percentage of numbers, you need to divide one number by another and multiply by 100%.

Let's calculate how many percent is the number 12 of the number 30:
12 30 100 = 0.4 100 = 40%
The number 12 is 40% of the number 30.

For example, a book contains 340 pages. Vasya read 200 pages. Let's calculate how many percent of the whole book Vasya has read.
200 340 100% = 0.59 100 = 59%
Thus, Vasya read 59% of the entire book.

Add a percentage to a number

To add to the number p percent, you need to multiply this number by (1 + p 100)

Let's add 30% to the number 200:
200 (1+ 30 100 ) = 200 1.3 = 260
200 + 30% equals 260.

For example, a subscription to the pool costs 1000 rubles. From next month they promised to raise the price by 20%. Let's calculate how much the subscription will cost.
1000 (1+ 20 100 ) = 1000 1.2 = 1200
Thus, the subscription will cost 1200 rubles.

Subtract a percentage from a number

To subtract from the number p percent, you need to multiply this number by (1 - p 100)

Subtract 30% from the number 200:
200 (1 - 30 100 ) = 200 0.7 = 140
200 - 30% equals 140.

For example, a bicycle costs 30,000 rubles. The store gave him a 5% discount. Let's calculate how much the bike will cost, taking into account the discount.
30000 (1 - 5 100 ) = 30000 0.95 = 28500
Thus, the bike will cost 28,500 rubles.

By what percentage is one number greater than the other?

To calculate how many percent one number is greater than another, you need to divide the first number by the second, multiply the result by 100 and subtract 100.

Let's calculate how many percent the number 20 is greater than the number 5:
20 5 100 - 100 = 4 100 - 100 = 400 - 100 = 300%
The number 20 is greater than the number 5 by 300%.

For example, the salary of a boss is 50,000 rubles, and an employee is 30,000 rubles. Find by how many percent the boss's salary is higher:
50000 35000 100 - 100 = 1.43 * 100 - 100 = 143 - 100 = 43%
Thus, the boss's salary is 43% higher than the employee's salary.

By what percentage is one number less than the other?

To calculate how many percent one number is less than another, you need to subtract from 100 the ratio of the first number to the second, multiplied by 100.

Let's calculate how many percent the number 5 is less than the number 20:
100 - 5 20 100 = 100 - 0.25 100 = 100 - 25 = 75%
The number 5 is less than the number 20 by 75%.

For example, freelancer Oleg in January completed orders for 40,000 rubles, and in February for 30,000 rubles. Let's find by what percentage Oleg earned less in February than in January:
100 - 30000 40000 100 = 100 - 0.75 * 100 = 100 - 75 = 25%
Thus, in February Oleg earned 25% less than in January.

Find 100 percent

If number x This p percent, then you can find 100 percent by multiplying the number x on the 100p

Finding 100% if 25% is 7:
7 · 100 25 = 7 4 = 28
If 25% equals 7, then 100% equals 28.

For example, Katya copies photos from her camera to her computer. 20% of photos were copied in 5 minutes. Let's find how much time the copying process takes:
5 · 100 20 = 5 5 = 25
We get that the process of copying all photos takes 30 minutes.

The concept of markup and margin (people still say “gap”) are similar to each other. They are easy to confuse. Therefore, first we will clearly define the difference between these two important financial indicators.

We use the markup to form prices, and the margin to calculate the net profit from the total income. In absolute terms, markup and margin are always the same, but in relative (percentage) terms they are always different.

Formulas for calculating margin and markup in Excel

A simple example for calculating margin and markup. To accomplish this task, we need only two financial indicators: price and cost. We know the price and cost of the product, but we need to calculate the markup and margin.

Margin formula in Excel

Create a table in Excel, as shown in the figure:

In the cell under the word margin D2, enter the following formula:

As a result, we get the indicator of the margin volume, we have it: 33.3%.

Formula for calculating markup in Excel

We move the cursor to cell B2, where the result of the calculations should be displayed and enter the formula into it:

As a result, we get the following indicator of the markup share: 50% (it is easy to check 80+50%=120).

Difference between margin and markup by example

Both of these financial ratios consist of profits and expenses. What is the difference between markup and margin? And their differences are very significant!

These two financial ratios differ in the way they are calculated and in percentage terms.

The markup allows businesses to cover costs and make a profit.

Without it, trade and production would go into negative territory. And the margin is already the result after the markup. For an illustrative example, we define all these concepts with formulas:

1. Product price = Cost price + Markup.
2. Margin is the difference between price and cost.
3. Margin is the share of profit that the price contains, so the margin cannot be 100% or more, since any price also contains a share of the cost.

The markup is the part of the price that we added to the cost price.

Margin is the portion of the price that remains after deducting the cost.

For clarity, we translate the above into formulas:

1. N=(Ct-S)/S*100;
2. M=(Ct-S)/Ct*100.

Description of indicators:

• N is the markup indicator;
• M – margin indicator;
• Ct is the price of the goods;
• S is the cost.

If we calculate these two indicators as numbers, then: Markup = Margin.

And if in percentage terms then: Markup > Margin.

Please note that the markup can be as high as 20,000%, and the margin level can never exceed 99.9%. Otherwise, the cost will be = 0r.

All relative (as a percentage) financial indicators allow you to display their dynamic changes. Thus, changes in indicators in specific periods of time are tracked.

They are proportional: the higher the markup, the greater the margin and profit.

This gives us the opportunity to calculate the values ​​of one indicator if we have the values ​​of the second.

For example, margin indicators allow predicting real profit (margin). And vice versa. If the goal is to reach a certain profit, you need to calculate what markup to set, which will lead to the desired result.

Before practice, let's summarize:

• for margin, we need indicators of the sum of sales and margins;
• for the markup, we need the amount of sales and the margin.

How to calculate the margin as a percentage if we know the markup?

For clarity, we give a practical example. After collecting reporting data, the company received the following indicators:

1. Sales volume = 1000
2. Markup = 60%
3. Based on the data obtained, we calculate the cost price (1000 - x) / x = 60%

Hence x = 1000 / (1 + 60%) = 625

Calculate the margin:

• 1000 — 625 = 375
• 375 / 1000 * 100 = 37,5%

From this example, the margin formula algorithm for Excel follows:

How to calculate the markup as a percentage if we know the margin?

Sales reports for the previous period brought the following indicators:

1. Sales volume = 1000
2. Margin = 37.5%
3. Based on the data obtained, we calculate the cost price (1000 - x) / 1000 = 37.5%

Hence x = 625

Calculate markup:

• 1000 — 625 = 375
• 375 / 625 * 100 = 60%

An example of the markup formula algorithm for Excel:

Download calculation example in Excel

Note. To check formulas, press the key combination CTRL + ~ (the “~” key is in front of the one) to switch to the appropriate mode. To exit this mode, press again.

Volume discount

A volume discount may be granted if the buyer purchases a large quantity of a similar product. Such a discount can be set as a percentage of the total cost of a consignment of goods or as a percentage of the unit price of the established sales volume. Volume discounts may be provided on a cumulative or non-cumulative basis, or as a step or incremental discount.

Cumulative, or cumulative, discounts are set depending on the number of products purchased for a certain period and involve a price reduction if, during the agreed period, the volume of purchases exceeds the value set by the seller.

Such a discount is provided even if the purchases were made in small lots.

Non-cumulative discounts are provided for each placed order, i.e., they are set for a one-time purchase volume. Such discounts encourage consumers to purchase as large a batch as possible.

Step discounts are used on the volume of purchases made in excess of the batch threshold set by the seller.

Volume discounts are categorized as quantitative. They should be offered to all customers, but care must be taken to ensure that the amount of discounts provided does not exceed the cost savings from increased sales volume.

Pricing strategy
Territorial price differentiation
Price dynamics indicators
Main drivers of price growth
Main factors of price reduction
Changing prices with discounts
Simple (general) discount
Discount for faster payment
Volume discount
Cumulative discount (discount per turnover)
progressive discount
Dealer discount
Retailer Discounts
Special Discounts
Seasonal discounts
New Product Discounts
Discounts for complex purchase of goods
Quality Discounts
Service Discounts
Discounts for returning obsolete goods
Discounts on used goods
Club discounts
Export discounts
National discounts
Pricing strategy: concept, types

Calculations and plans: Formation of a scale of discounts

FORMATION OF THE SCALE OF DISCOUNT

General provisions

Prices and pricing policy - one of the main components of the enterprise, the role of which is increasing. At the same time, prices, their level and dynamics largely determine sales, and the latter, in turn, has a direct impact on the commercial results of a business entity as a whole, and this impact (positive or negative) is long-term and long-term.

In connection with such a role of prices and pricing policy in general, price variation, expressed in the application of various price discounts, deserves special consideration.

Before proceeding to a direct consideration of discounts and their economic evaluation, we should dwell on the principles of applying discounts.

First, the use of the discount system should lead to a positive economic effect. That is, discounts should not be perceived as an inevitable evil that a business entity has to put up with and which is a burden.

On the contrary, they should serve at least to maintain the level of profitability, and better - to increase it.

Secondly, the discount provided should arouse the buyer's real interest and desire to fulfill the agreed conditions, i.e. be felt for the buyer and cause the desire to receive it.

Thirdly, the system of discounts should be simple and understandable for both customers and employees of the economic entity itself. The presence of a large number of different types of discounts in one system at the same time can create confusion and misunderstanding among the buyer and significantly complicate the work of the sales department.

Depending on the conditions of provision, a large number of different types of discounts are distinguished: functional discounts, discounts for cash payment, for quantity, off-season, bonus, dealer, discounts for customer loyalty, etc.

Quantity Discounts

The most common type of discounts are discounts for the quantity of purchased products (for a larger volume of purchases). Such discounts are provided for purchase volumes measured either in natural units or in monetary terms. At the same time, the result of their application is most tangible in comparison with other types of discounts and is provided primarily by an increase in sales volumes, which positively affects the activities of the entire business entity.

These discounts are given either on the basis of a single purchase (non-cumulative discount) or on the basis of purchases over a certain period of time (cumulative or deferred discount).

Discounts can be provided both for the purchase of one type of goods, and for the purchase of several types of goods, as well as for the purchase of complex product sets, made either at a time or over a certain period of time.

Quantity discounts may have different expressions. This is either a percentage of the price, or the amount of product that can be presented to the buyer for free or at a reduced price, or the amount that can be returned to the client or credited against payment for the next amount of the product.

At the same time, quantity discounts can be non-cumulative and cumulative.

Non-cumulative discounts are discounts for the quantity of a one-time purchased product that exceeds the value of the minimum lot. For example, a product lot of up to 15 pieces has no discount, a lot of 16 to 25 pieces has a 5% discount, a lot of 26 to 35 pieces has a 7% discount, etc.

Cumulative discounts are discounts given to a customer if they purchase more than the contractual limit in a given period of time. They apply to quantities of product above this limit. The form and mechanism of applying cumulative discounts may be different. For example, cumulative discounts in the form of increasing trade discounts are as follows: with a purchase volume of up to 1000 units during the year, the trade discount for the entire volume of purchases to date is 12%, from 1001 to 3000 units - 15%, etc. For each additional volume of product purchased, the amount payable is recalculated to account for increasing discounts.

In general, this type of discount is characterized by four parameters:

1) form of discount (whether the discount is applied to all units of the product or only to units of the product after exceeding some threshold value);

2) the complexity of the discount (the number of threshold values ​​for the volume of purchases, in accordance with which the price changes, the so-called price points);

3) the depth of the discount (the size of the price reduction at each price point);

4) units (quantity) of goods that are taken into account when calculating the discount (calculation of the discount may be based on goods of the same type in one order, or units of goods may be summed up in several categories and (or) over a certain period of time).

In general, when setting quantity discounts, certain rules must be followed.

In the case of homogeneous buyers, quantity discounts should be used if:

a) buyers (end users or intermediaries) of the product are characterized by a downward-sloping demand curve (i.e.

the maximum willingness to pay for additional units of the good decreases);

b) there are significant costs for storing stocks and transporting goods;

c) the buyer prefers to have several competing suppliers.

Where heterogeneous buyers exist, quantity discounts should be applied if:

1) large buyers (buyers of large consignments of goods) are more price sensitive than small ones;

2) there are significant costs for storing stocks and transporting goods.

The use of quantity discounts is possible under the following conditions:

on the cost side - optimization of overhead costs, incl. warehouse and transport (reduction in their specific ratio (per unit of goods), due to the fact that it is cheaper to serve larger orders;

on the part of competition - creating a barrier for competitors and the emergence of additional switching costs (note) for buyers;

on the demand side, a higher price elasticity of demand for large buyers compared to smaller buyers (the same amount of discount will be more tangible and therefore more desirable for large customers).

However, complications can also arise here, which consist in the fact that the willingness to pay for additional units of goods decreases - the buyer is willing to pay more for the first unit of the product than for the second, and for the second more than for the third, and so on. In this case, the seller can increase profits by charging a higher price for the first unit than for the second, and a higher price for the second than for the third.

The pricing manager must assess whether these conditions are met in each particular case. The more pronounced one of the above conditions is, the more profitable the use of quantity discounts will be. It is usually fairly easy to assess the impact of transport and storage costs. For a situation with price discrimination (in relation to competitors and buyers), the manager needs to understand the demand curve of his buyers both for the entire market and its various segments. As a rule, the possibility of price discrimination becomes apparent if there are different levels of purchases at uniform prices. Quantity discounts require the firm to monitor purchases at the individual level - it is necessary to record and analyze purchases over a certain period of time.

Successful price discrimination requires that the firm be able to prevent resale of goods between buyers. Partial price discrimination will work as long as a large buyer paying a lower price does not resell goods to small buyers from whom the firm is trying to get a higher price.

The sales manager must also consider two other possible complications when giving quantity discounts:

1) discounts on goods purchased for a certain period. If a buyer promises to buy a certain quantity of a product during a specific period, how should quantity discounts be calculated? If there is a long-term relationship with him, a discount can be provided from the very first unit of goods. However, if the buyer still does not meet the promised number of purchases, he will be billed back for the unearned but received discount on all units purchased at a discount. Alternatively, the buyer can pay the full cost of the goods, but after exceeding a certain level of purchases, he will receive compensation in the amount of a discount on all already purchased units of the goods (the so-called retrobonus);

2) purchase in reserve. The salesperson must consider the effect of the quantity discount on customer inventory. Stocking discourages price discrimination, as even small buyers can buy ahead of time to stock up to get a discount. At the same time, such behavior will not increase aggregate demand, but only shift it in time. In addition, over-purchases for inventory caused by incorrectly formulated quantity discounts can create problems for the firm to meet all incoming orders due to capacity constraints.

Formation of the scale of discounts

To calculate the scale of discounts, the principle of non-decreasing profit level can serve: profit at a discounted price and a new sales volume should be no less than at the initial values ​​of the price and sales level.

Given this principle, we can derive a formula for calculating discounts:

where "Current Margin" is revenue less variable costs for a manufacturing plant or purchase cost for a trading company. If the trading company has a large amount of its own variable costs, then they should also be added to the purchase price;

“Desired Margin Growth” is a measure of the desired margin growth relative to the current level.

As can be seen from the formula, aggregated data (margin and markup percentage) by product category are used to calculate the discount scale. At the same time, the product category itself may contain a large number of commodity items with different prices, units of measurement and sales volumes.

The use of source data by product category makes the formula easy to apply in practice, since the discount scale has to be developed entirely for product categories, and not for individual items.

Let us give an example of the formation of a scale of discounts, for which we use the following initial data:

1) the volume of the order lot is 56,120 thousand rubles. (without discount);

2) the average trade margin for this category of goods is 28%;

3) the cost of purchasing the batch in question - 43,843 thousand rubles. (56,120 / (1 + 28% / 100%)).

Taking into account the given data, the size of the current margin will be 12,277 thousand rubles.

Situation 1. Maintaining the achieved level of sales profitability (zero margin growth). Let's determine the required sales volume in value terms for a 2% discount:

Required sales volume with 2% discount	=	12 277	=	60 535 (thousand rubles)
1 —	1
(1 —	2	) x	(1 +	28	)
100%	100%

According to the price list, such a batch will cost 61,770 thousand rubles. (60,535 / (1 - 2% / 100%)), purchase price - 48,257 thousand rubles. (61,770 / (1 + 28% / 100%)).

Calculate in a similar way the required sales volume in monetary terms for each discount level (Table 1).

Table 1
Calculation of the required sales volume (situation 1)
Indicator	Discount amount
0%	2%	5%	10%
	0	0	0	0
	56 120	60 535	69 115	93 047
	0,00	7,87	23,16	65,80
	56 120	61 770	72 753	103 385
Purchase cost, thousand rubles	43 843	48 258	56 838	80 770
Margin, thousand rubles	12 277	12 277	12 277	12 277

Note to table 1. The margin value is defined as the difference between the volume of sales (at a discount) and the cost of purchasing goods. So, for a 2% discount, the margin will be 12,277 thousand rubles. (60 535 - 48 258). Since this situation is considered from the point of view of maintaining sales profitability (zero margin growth), the difference between sales volumes and expenses for the purchase of goods will be constant - 12,277 thousand rubles.

Situation 2. Increasing the level of sales profitability. So, the customer asks for a big discount, like 5 or 10%. What counter-conditions should the company offer in order to maintain the level of profit?

For example, for a discount level of 5% or more, the company has set the desired margin increase of 500 thousand rubles. compared to the previous level (12,277 thousand rubles), and for a discount of 10% - 1 million rubles. Let's calculate the required sales volume in monetary terms for this case (see Table 2).

table 2
Calculation of the required sales volume (situation 2)
Indicator	Discount amount
0%	2%	5%	10%
Desired increase in margin, thousand rubles	0	0	500	1000
Required sales volume at a discount, thousand rubles.	56 120	60 535	71 930	100 626
Required increase in sales in relation to the option without a discount,%	0,00	7,87	28,17	79,30
Cost according to the price list, thousand rubles	56 120	61 770	75 716	111 806
Purchase cost, thousand rubles	43 843	48 258	59 153	87 349
Margin, thousand rubles	12 277	12 277	12 777	13 277

Note to table 2. The margin value is determined in the same way as in the first case, but since the condition for increasing profitability is set here, taking this into account, the margin value will increase depending on the size of the discount.

So, if at a discount of 2% it will be 12,277 thousand rubles. (60,535 - 48,258), then in the case of a 5% discount, it will be 12,777 thousand rubles. (71,930 - 59,153), etc., which is explained by the desired increase in the margin pre-planned in the calculations (with a 5% discount, 500 thousand rubles - see the table).

1) determine the initial sales volume from which discounts begin (for example, 60,535 thousand rubles);

2) set an acceptable margin amount for each discount level;

3) form gradations of sales volumes (obtained sales volumes for each discount level can be rounded up to the nearest round number);

4) assess the attractiveness of the resulting scale of discounts for customers.

Thus, for the example under consideration, we obtain the following data (see tables 3, 4).

Table 3
Final settlement of discounts (situation 2)
Indicator	Discount amount
0%	2%	5%	10%
Desired increase in margin, thousand rubles	0	0	500	1000
Required sales volume at a discount, thousand rubles.	56 120	60 535	71 930	100 626
Rounded sales volume at a discount, thousand rubles	—	65 000	75 000	105 000
Cost according to the price list, thousand rubles	56 120	66 327	78 947	116 667
Purchase cost, thousand rubles	43 843	51 818	61 678	91 146
Margin (taking into account rounded values), thousand rubles	12 277	13 182	13 322	13 854

So, if you correctly develop and calculate the system of discounts, they will be economically beneficial both for the company itself and for the buyer. Moreover, the effect that the discount gives is measured not only by economic benefits. A company that provides a discount to its customers demonstrates care, respect and increased interest in them, which most often makes them loyal to the company. And customer loyalty is more valuable than money.

Long-term financial investments in the balance sheet

Perhaps math was not your favorite subject in school, and numbers were frightening and depressing. But in adulthood, there is no escape from them. Without calculations, one cannot fill out a receipt for paying for electricity, one cannot draw up a business project, one cannot help a child with homework. Often in these and other cases it is required to calculate the percentage of the amount. How to do this if there are vague memories of what a percentage is from school days? Let's sharpen our memory and figure it out.

Method one: percentage of the amount through the definition of the value of one percent

A percentage is one hundredth of a number and is denoted by the sign %. If you divide the amount by 100, then you just get one percent of it. And then everything is simple. The resulting number is multiplied by the desired percentage. In this way, it is easy to calculate the profit on a bank deposit.

For example, you deposited an amount of 30,000 at 9% per annum. What will be the profit? We divide the amount of 30,000 by 100. We get the value of one percent - 300. We multiply 300 by 9 and we get 2,700 rubles - an increase to the original amount. If the contribution is for two or three years, then this figure doubles or triples. There are deposits on which interest is paid monthly. Then you need to divide 2700 by 12 months. 225 rubles will be a monthly profit. If interest is capitalized (added to the general account), then every month the amount of the deposit will increase. This means that the percentage will not be calculated from the initial contribution, but from the new indicator. Therefore, at the end of the year, you will receive a profit no longer of 2,700 rubles, but more. How much? Try to count.

Method two: convert percentages to decimals

As you remember, a percentage is a hundredth of a number. In decimal form, this is 0.01 (zero point one cell). Therefore, 17% is 0.17 (zero point, seventeen hundredths), 45% - 0.45 (zero point, forty-five hundredths), etc. We multiply the resulting decimal fraction by the amount, the percentage of which we consider. And we find the desired answer.

For example, let's calculate the amount of income tax from a salary of 35,000 rubles. The tax is 13%. In decimal form, this would be 0.13 (zero point, thirteen hundredths). Multiply the amount of 35,000 by 0.13. It will turn out 4,550. So, after deducting income tax, you will receive a salary of 35,000 - 4,550 \u003d 30,050. Sometimes this amount is already called “hands-on salary” or “net” without tax. In contrast, the amount together with the "dirty salary" tax. It is the "dirty salary" that is indicated in the company's vacancy announcements and in the employment contract. Less is given to the hands. How much? Now you can easily count.

Method three: counting on a calculator

If you doubt your mathematical abilities, then use a calculator. With its help, it is calculated faster and more accurately, especially when it comes to large amounts. It is easier to work with a calculator that has a button with a percentage sign. Multiply the amount by the percentage and press the % button. The required answer will appear on the screen.

For example, you want to calculate what your allowance for caring for a child up to 1.5 years old will be. It is 40% of the average earnings for the last two closed calendar years. Let's say the average salary is 30,000 rubles. On the calculator, multiply 30,000 by 40 and press the % button. The = key does not need to be touched. The screen will display the answer 12,000. This will be the amount of the benefit.

As you can see, everything is very simple. Moreover, the application "Calculator" is now in every cell phone. If the device does not have a special button%, then use one of the two methods described above. And perform multiplication and division on a calculator, which will facilitate and speed up your calculations.

Don't forget: there are online calculators to make the calculations easier. They act in the same way as regular ones, but are always at hand when you work on a computer.

Method four: make a proportion

You can calculate the percentage of the amount by drawing up a proportion. This is another scary word from the school math course. Proportion is the equality between two ratios of four quantities. For clarity, it is better to immediately understand a specific example. You want to buy boots for 8,000 rubles. The price tag states that they are on sale at a 25% discount. How much is it in rubles? Of the 4 values, we know 3. There is a sum of 8,000, which equates to 100%, and 25% that needs to be calculated. In mathematics, an unknown quantity is usually called X. It turns out the proportion:

For the convenience of calculations, we convert percentages to decimal fractions. We get:

The proportion is solved as follows: X \u003d 8,000 * 0.25: 1X \u003d 2,000

2,000 rubles - a discount on boots. Subtract this amount from the old price. 8,000 - 2,000= 6,000 rubles (new discounted price). That's such a nice proportion.

This method can also be used to determine the value of 100%, if you know a numerical indicator - say, 70%. At a company-wide meeting, the boss announced that 46,900 units of goods were sold during the year, while the plan was only 70% completed. How much would have to be sold to complete the plan? We make a proportion:

Converting percentages to decimals, we get:

We solve the proportion: X \u003d 46,900 * 1: 0.7X \u003d 67,000. These are the results of the work that the authorities expected.

As you may have guessed, the proportion method can be used to calculate how many percent a numerical indicator of the amount is. For example, while taking a test, you answered 132 questions out of 150 correctly. What percentage of the task was completed?

It is not necessary to convert this proportion into decimal fractions, you can immediately decide.

X \u003d 100 * 132: 150. As a result, X \u003d 88%

As you can see, it's not all that scary. A little patience and attention, and now you have mastered the calculation of percentages.

In various activities, the ability to calculate percentages is necessary. Understand how they "get". Trading allowances, VAT, discounts, returns on deposits, securities, and even tips are all calculated as some part of the whole.

Let's understand how to work with percentages in Excel. A program that performs calculations automatically and allows variations of the same formula.

Working with percentages in Excel

Calculating a percentage of a number, adding, subtracting interest on a modern calculator is not difficult. The main condition is that the corresponding icon (%) must be on the keyboard. And then - a matter of technique and attentiveness.

For example, 25 + 5%. To find the value of an expression, you need to type a given sequence of numbers and signs on the calculator. The result is 26.25. You don't need to be smart with this technique.

To create formulas in Excel, let's remember the school basics:

A percentage is a hundredth of a whole.

To find the percentage of a whole number, you need to divide the desired share by the whole number and multiply the total by 100.

Example. Brought 30 units of goods. On the first day, 5 units were sold. What percentage of the product was sold?

5 is a part. 30 is an integer. We substitute the data in the formula:

(5/30) * 100 = 16,7%

To add a percentage to a number in Excel (25 + 5%), you must first find 5% of 25. At school, they made up the proportion:

X \u003d (25 * 5) / 100 \u003d 1.25

After that, you can perform addition.

When basic computing skills are restored, it will not be difficult to figure out the formulas.



How to calculate percentage of a number in Excel

There are several ways.

We adapt the mathematical formula to the program: (part / whole) * 100.

Look carefully at the formula bar and the result. The result is correct. But we did not multiply by 100. Why?

Cell format changes in Excel. For C1, we assigned the "Percentage" format. It involves multiplying the value by 100 and displaying it with a % sign. If necessary, you can set a certain number of digits after the decimal point.

Now let's calculate how much it will be 5% of 25. To do this, enter the calculation formula into the cell: \u003d (25 * 5) / 100. Result:

Or: =(25/100)*5. The result will be the same.

Let's solve the example in a different way, using the % sign on the keyboard:

Let's apply the acquired knowledge in practice.

The cost of the goods and the VAT rate (18%) are known. You need to calculate the amount of VAT.

Multiply the cost of the item by 18%. Let's "multiply" the formula to the entire column. To do this, click on the bottom right corner of the cell and drag it down.

The amount of VAT, the rate is known. Let's find the cost of the goods.

Calculation formula: =(B1*100)/18. Result:

The quantity of goods sold, individually and in total, is known. It is necessary to find the share of sales for each unit relative to the total.

The calculation formula remains the same: part / whole * 100. Only in this example, we will make the reference to the cell in the denominator of the fraction absolute. Use the $ sign before the row name and column name: $B$7.

How to add a percentage to a number

The problem is solved in two steps:

And here we have performed the actual addition. We omit the intermediate action. Initial data:

The VAT rate is 18%. We need to find the amount of VAT and add it to the price of the goods. Formula: price + (price * 18%).

Don't forget the brackets! With their help, we establish the order of calculation.

To subtract a percentage from a number in Excel, follow the same procedure. Only instead of addition, we perform subtraction.

How to calculate percentage difference in Excel?

How much the value has changed between two values ​​as a percentage.

Let's abstract from Excel first. A month ago, tables were brought to the store at a price of 100 rubles per unit. Today the purchase price is 150 rubles.

Percent difference = (new data - old data) / old data * 100%.

In our example, the purchase price of a unit of goods increased by 50%.

Let's calculate the percentage difference between the data in the two columns:

Do not forget to set the "Percentage" cell format.

Calculate the percentage change between rows:

The formula is: (next value - previous value) / previous value.

With this arrangement of data, we skip the first line!

If you need to compare data for all months with January, for example, use an absolute cell reference with the desired value ($ sign).

How to make a percentage chart

First option: make a column in the data table. Then use this data to build a chart. Select the cells with percentages and copy - click "Insert" - select the chart type - OK.

The second option is to format the data labels as a share. In May - 22 working shifts. You need to calculate in percentage: how much each worker worked. We compile a table where the first column is the number of working days, the second is the number of days off.

Let's make a pie chart. Select the data in two columns - copy - "Insert" - chart - type - OK. Then we insert the data. Click on them with the right mouse button - "Format Data Signatures".

Select "Shares". On the "Number" tab - percentage format. It turns out like this:

We will stop there. And you can edit to your taste: change the color, the appearance of the diagram, make underlines, etc.

Using the percentage calculator you can make all kinds of calculations using percentages. Rounds results to the desired number of decimal places.

How many percent is the number X of the number Y. What number corresponds to X percent of the number Y. Add or subtract percentages from the number.

Interest calculator

clear form

How much is % of number

Calculation

0% of the number 0 = 0

Interest calculator

clear form

What percentage is the number from number

Calculation

The number 15 of the number 3000 = 0.5%

Interest calculator

clear form

add % to number

Calculation

Add 0% to the number 0 = 0

Interest calculator

clear form

Subtract % from the number

Calculation clear all

The calculator is designed specifically for calculating percentages. Allows you to perform various calculations when working with percentages. Functionally consists of 4 different calculators. Examples of calculations on the percentage calculator, see below.

A percent in mathematics is called a hundredth of a number. For example, 5% of 100 equals 5.
This calculator will allow you to accurately calculate the percentage of a given number. There are various calculation modes. You can make various calculations using percentages.

• The first calculator is needed when you want to calculate the percentage of the amount. Those. Do you know the meaning of percentage and amount
• The second is if you need to calculate what percentage is X of Y. X and Y are numbers, and you are looking for the percentage of the first in the second
• The third mode is adding a percentage of the specified number to the given number. For example, Vasya has 50 apples. Misha brought Vasya another 20% of the apples. How many apples does Vasya have?
• The fourth calculator is the opposite of the third. Vasya has 50 apples, and Misha took 30% of the apples. How many apples does Vasya have left?

Frequent tasks

Task 1. An individual entrepreneur receives 100 thousand rubles every month. He works on a simplified basis and pays taxes of 6% per month. How much does an individual entrepreneur have to pay taxes per month?

Decision: We use the first calculator. Enter the bet 6 in the first field, 100000 in the second
We get 6000 rubles. - amount of tax.

Problem 2. Misha has 30 apples. 6 he gave to Katya. What percentage of the total number of apples did Misha give to Katya?

Decision: We use the second calculator - enter 6 in the first field, 30 in the second. We get 20%.

Task 3. At Tinkoff Bank, for replenishing a deposit from another bank, the depositor receives 1% on top of the replenishment amount. Kolya replenished the deposit with a transfer from another bank in the amount of 30,000. What is the total amount Kolya's deposit will be replenished with.

Decision: use the 3rd calculator. Enter 1 in the first field, 10000 in the second. We press the calculation, we get the amount of 10100 rubles.