2 social values. Lesson "social values ​​and norms". I. Learning new material

All of us, since we live in a society of our own kind, are doomed to choose a line of behavior in their environment. From behavioral responses - both our own and those of others - we learn whether we are accepted by this or that social group, whether we are leaders or outsiders, whether in some way we determine the behavior of others, or whether it is others who predominantly determine our own behavior.

In different situations - in different social contexts - the same people behave differently. People's behavior is determined by values. In essence, the values ​​of all people are similar, people differ only in the scale of their values ​​- in which of the values ​​dominate for them, and which ones can always or situationally be sacrificed.

Social values ​​are the value ideas adopted by a given social group. Such representations are more diverse than individual values. They are determined by ethnic psychology, the peculiarities of the way of life, religion, economy and culture, if we are talking about the people, and the specifics of the occupation and social status of the group, if we are talking about more fractional groups.

Since each person is included not in one, but in several social groups, the values ​​of these groups intersect in his mind, sometimes very contradictory. Group values ​​are classified into social, stratification, political, ethnic, religious.

Those values ​​that really determine the behavioral strategies of people are obligatory for all members of a given social group, and for the neglect of which punishments sanctioned by the group are applied in the group, they are called social norms. Not all value ideas are reflected in the norms. Only those values ​​that are capable of actually regulating action become norms. Positive states of things that cannot be achieved by human effort do not become norms, no matter how good and desirable they may be.

There are also positive assessments of human actions and actions that never become a social norm because people are not able to follow them en masse. For example, in any society, heroes are revered as an ideal of courage and selflessness, and saints as carriers of the ideal of lofty morality and love for one's neighbor. But history does not know a society that would consist only of heroes or saints. Thus, some social values ​​always remain an exclusive unattainable model. The norm becomes what, in principle, can be demanded from the behavior of everyone.

The norm cannot be actions that a person cannot not perform in any way. In order for a norm to become a norm, there must be the possibility of the opposite choice.

The function of norms in society is not limited to the direct regulation of the social behavior of individuals; they make such behavior fairly predictable. Norms prescribe to all members of a given group in such and such a situation to behave in a strictly defined way, and this normative prescription is reinforced by the threat of social sanctions in case of non-compliance and the expectation of encouragement in case of performance.

social values

As already mentioned, the individual becomes a person in the course of socialization, i.e., the acquisition of elements of contemporary culture, incl. ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ values ​​and norms of behavior. The spectrum of social values ​​is quite diverse: ϶ᴛᴏ values ​​are moral and data, ideological, political, religious, economic, aesthetic, etc. Values ​​are directly related to social ideals. Values ​​- ϶ᴛᴏ not something that can be bought or sold, ϶ᴛᴏ something that is worth living for. It should not be forgotten that the most important function of social values ​​is to play the role of criteria for choosing from alternative courses of action. The values ​​of any society interact with each other, being a fundamental content element of this culture.

The relationship between culturally predetermined values ​​is characterized by the following two features. First of all, according to the degree of their social significance, values ​​are formed into a certain hierarchical structure, subdivided into values ​​of a higher or lower order, more preferred and less preferred. Secondly, the relationship between these values ​​can be both harmonious, mutually reinforcing, and neutral, even antagonistic, mutually exclusive. These relations between social values, developing historically, fill the culture of this type with concrete content.

The main function of social values- to be a measure of assessments - leads to the fact that in any system of values ​​it is possible to distinguish:

• what is most preferred (acts of behavior approaching the social ideal - what is admired) Do not forget that the most important element of the value system will be the zone of higher values, the value of which does not need any justification (that which is higher than everything that is inviolable, sacred and cannot be violated under any circumstances);
• what is considered normal, correct (as they do in most cases);
• what is not approved is condemned and - at the extreme pole of the value system - appears as an absolute, self-evident evil that is not allowed under any circumstances.

The formed system of values ​​structures, arranges for the individual a picture of the world. It should not be forgotten that an important feature of social values ​​is essentially that, due to their universal recognition, they are perceived by members of society as a matter of course, values ​​are spontaneously realized, reproduced in socially significant actions of people. With all the variety of content characteristics of social values, it is possible to single out certain objects that are inevitably associated with the formation of a value system. Among them:

• definition of human nature, the ideal of personality;
• picture of the world, the universe, perception and understanding of nature;
• the place of man, his role in the system of the universe, the relationship of man to nature;
• relation of man to man;
• the nature of society, the ideal of social order.

social norms

In a situation where the system of social values ​​is characterized by stability, reproducibility over time and prevalence within a given society, this system is formalized, concretized in the form of social norms. Attention should be paid to the dual definition of the concept of "norm". According to its first use norm - an abstractly formulated rule, prescription. It is known, however, that the concept of "norm" in relation to any series of phenomena, processes also denotes that set of phenomena or signs of a process, which serve as their predominant characteristic, are constantly renewed, steadily manifesting themselves in a given series of phenomena (then they talk about a normal phenomenon, a normal process, about the presence of an objective (real) norm) In social life, there are ordinary, repetitive relationships between members of society. These relationships fall under the concept objective(real) norms in human behavior. The set of acts of action, characterized by a high degree of uniformity and repetition, is objective social norm.

Objective social norm

This is a characteristic of existing phenomena or processes (or acts of command), therefore, its presence and content can only be established by analyzing social reality; the content of social norms is derived from the actual behavior of individuals and social groups. It is here that social norms are reproduced from day to day, often showing their action spontaneously, not always being reflected in the minds of people. If in law the sphere of social obligation is expressed in the form of rationally conscious and logically formulated rules (prohibitions or commands), where the means are subordinate to the goals, and the immediate goals are subordinate to the remote ones, then social norms are not divided in the public consciousness into goals and means, they exist in in the form of stereotypes (standards of behavior), as something implied, are perceived as such and reproduced in command without their mandatory conscious evaluation.

Social norms, spontaneously ordering people's behavior, regulate the most diverse types of social relations, forming a certain hierarchy of norms, distributed according to the degree of social significance. It is worth saying that political norms that are directly related to the system of ideological values ​​affect the norms of an economic nature, the latter - on technical norms, etc. The norms of everyday behavior, professional data, family relations and morality as a whole cover, in essence, the entire set of social significant acts of behavior.

The social norm embodies the vast majority of ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ phenomena (acts of behavior). It can denote what is usually, naturally, typical in a given area of ​​social reality, which characterizes its main social ϲʙᴏ property at the moment. These are the majority of precisely homogeneous, more or less identical acts of behavior. Relative homogeneity makes it possible to summarize them, to separate them from other acts of behavior that constitute deviations, exceptions, anomalies. The norm will be a synthetic generalization of the mass social practice of people. In social norms, i.e., stable, most typical types and methods of behavior in specific areas of social practice, the objective laws of social development will come into play. Socially normal will be what is necessary, what naturally exists in a given way of society.

The social norm in the field of human behavior in relation to specific acts can be characterized by two main series of quantitative indicators. This is, firstly, the relative number of acts of behavior of the ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙof the prevailing type and, secondly, the degree of their ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙand some average pattern. The objective basis of the social norm will be in the fact that the functioning, development of social phenomena and processes takes place within ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙlimiting qualitative and quantitative limits. The totality of actual acts of action that form social norms is made up of homogeneous, but not identical, elements. These acts of action inevitably differ among themselves in the degree of ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ and the average sample of social norm. These actions, therefore, are located along a certain continuum: from the complete ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙiya to the pattern through cases of partial deviation up to a complete departure from the limits of the objective social norm. In qualitative certainty, in the content, sense and significance of the qualitative characteristics of social norms, in real behavior, the dominant system of social values ​​will eventually awaken.

The total number of homogeneous (i.e., more or less ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙ corresponding to a certain characteristic) acts of behavior is the first quantitative indicator of a given set of acts. The difference between similar homogeneous acts is due to the fact that the indicated qualitative feature in each specific case can be expressed to a different degree, i.e. acts of behavior can have different frequency characteristics from the standpoint of the manifestation of the ϶ᴛᴏth feature in them. This is the second quantitative parameter of this population. Deviations from the average pattern of behavior to some level fit within the framework of what can be considered an objective social norm. Upon reaching a certain limit, the degree of deviation will be so high that such acts will be classified as anomalies, antisocial, dangerous, criminal acts.

Going beyond the objective social norm is possible in two directions: with a minus sign (negative value) and with a plus sign (positive value). It is this system that not only provides social norms with their qualitative characteristics, but also determines the polar meanings of cases of going beyond the limits of these norms. With ϶ᴛᴏm, a regularity is essential: the higher the degree of ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙia of a given act to the average sample of a social norm, the more such acts, and the lower the degree of ϶ᴛᴏgo ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙia, the smaller the relative number of such acts.

It is worth saying that it is useful to resort to a schematic, graphical representation of the ϶ᴛᴏth ratio (see Fig. 2) ϲᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛϲᴛʙiya to the average sample (with both plus and minus signs)

In the above graph, in the zones "c" and "c1" there are acts of actions that fit within the limits of an objective social norm, ϶ᴛᴏ how they usually act. Zone "a1" - ϶ᴛᴏ deviations that go beyond the limits of an objective social norm. These are actions that differ from the average norm, that which is condemned. In zone "a" actions are placed that deviate even more from the framework of the social norm (maximum deviations), ϶ᴛᴏ actions condemned by the majority, assessed as unacceptable, criminal. In the "c" zone are actions that go beyond the average sample of social norm towards social ideals, ϶ᴛᴏ those actions that are admired (although rarely followed)

Figure No. 2. Graph of the ratio of social norms and deviations

The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of social norms are extremely indicative from the standpoint of the level of dynamics of social changes and their content. A situation is possible when those acts of behavior that were in the minority grow to such an extent that they begin to move from the category of deviations, exceptions to the stage of formation of a new model of social norm. Usually, ϶ᴛᴏ marks a radical transformation of the social value system of a given society

Values ​​in human life: definition, features and their classification

Snezhana Ivanova

The most important role in the life of an individual and society as a whole is played by values ​​and value orientations...

The most important role not only in the life of each individual person, but also in the whole society as a whole is played by values ​​and value orientations, which primarily perform an integrative function. It is on the basis of values ​​(while focusing on their approval in society) that each person makes his own choice in life. Values, occupying a central position in the structure of personality, have a significant impact on the direction of a person and the content of his social activity, behavior and actions, his social position and his general attitude towards the world, towards himself and other people. Therefore, the loss of the meaning of life by a person is always the result of the destruction and rethinking of the old system of values, and in order to regain this meaning again, he needs to create a new system based on universal human experience and using the forms of behavior and activities accepted in society.

Values ​​are a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around themselves all his needs, interests, ideals, attitudes and beliefs. Thus, the system of values ​​in a person's life takes the form of the inner core of his entire personality, and the same system in society is the core of its culture. Value systems, functioning both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed based on the values ​​that are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, influence the choice of the individual goal of each individual and determine the ways to achieve it.

Values ​​in a person's life are the basis for choosing the goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question, why does he perform this or that activity? In addition, values ​​are the system-forming core of the idea (or program), human activity and his inner spiritual life, because spiritual principles, intentions and humanity no longer relate to activity, but to values ​​and value orientations.

The role of values ​​in human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values- the most urgent problem of both theoretical and applied psychology, since they influence the formation and are the integrative basis of the activity of not only a single individual, but also a social group (large or small), a team, an ethnic group, a nation and all of humanity. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values ​​in a person's life, because they illuminate his life, filling it with harmony and simplicity, which determines a person's desire for free will, for the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values ​​in life is studied by the science of axiology ( in lane from Greek axia / axio - value, logos / logos - a reasonable word, teaching, study), more precisely, a separate branch of scientific knowledge of philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, values ​​are usually understood as something significant for the person himself, something that gives an answer to his actual, personal meanings. Values ​​are also seen as a concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect social ideals and therefore are the standard of due.

It should be noted that the special importance and significance of values ​​in human life arises only in comparison with the opposite (this is how people strive for good, because evil exists on earth). Values ​​cover the whole life of both a person and the whole of humanity, while they affect absolutely all areas (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensory).

The problem of values ​​was of interest to many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators, but the beginning of the study of this issue was laid back in ancient times. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what goodness, virtue and beauty are, and these concepts were separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved through the understanding of these concepts is the basis of a person's moral behavior. Here it is also worth referring to the ideas of Protagoras, who believed that each person is already a value as a measure of what exists and what does not exist.

Analyzing the category of “value”, one cannot pass by Aristotle, because it is to him that the term “thymia” (or valued) originated. He believed that values ​​in human life are both the source of things and phenomena and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle identified the following benefits:

• valued (or divine, to which the philosopher attributed the soul and mind);
• praised (impudent praise);
• opportunities (here the philosopher attributed strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

Philosophers of modern times made a significant contribution to the development of questions about the nature of values. Among the most significant figures of that era, it is worth highlighting I. Kant, who called the will the central category that could help in solving the problems of the human value sphere. And the most detailed explanation of the process of formation of values ​​belongs to G. Hegel, who described the changes in values, their connections and structure in the three stages of the existence of activity (they are described in more detail below in the table).

Features of changing values ​​in the process of activity (according to G. Hegel)

The problem of human values ​​in life has been deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among which it is worth noting the works of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of human life as its basic education finds its manifestation in the system of values. Under the values ​​themselves, he understood the meanings (he called them “universals of meanings”), which are characteristic of a greater number of representatives not only of a particular society, but of humanity as a whole throughout the entire path of its development (historical). Viktor Frankl focused on the subjective significance of values, which is accompanied, first of all, by the person taking responsibility for its implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values ​​were often considered by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". The greatest attention was paid to the study of the value orientations of the individual, which was understood both as an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for a person's assessment of the surrounding reality, and as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance for the individual. The main thing that almost all scientists paid attention to was that value orientations are formed only thanks to the assimilation of social experience by a person, and they find their manifestation in goals, ideals, and other manifestations of personality. In turn, the system of values ​​in human life is the basis of the content side of the orientation of the individual and reflects its internal attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that characterized the orientation of the personality and the content side of its activity, which determined the general approach of a person to himself, other people and to the world as a whole, and also gave meaning and direction to his personality. behavior and activities.

Forms of existence of values, their signs and features

Throughout its history of development, humankind has developed universal or universal values ​​that have not changed their meaning or diminished their significance for many generations. These are such values ​​as truth, beauty, goodness, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values ​​in a person's life are associated with the motivational-need sphere and are an important regulatory factor in his life.

Values ​​in psychological understanding can be represented in two meanings:

• in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
• as their significance for a person (value system).

Among the forms of existence of values, there are: social, subject and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of existence of values ​​according to O.V. Sukhomlinsky

Of particular importance in the study of values ​​and value orientations were the studies of M. Rokeach. He understood by values ​​positive or negative ideas (and abstract ones), which are in no way connected with any particular object or situation, but are only an expression of human beliefs about types of behavior and prevailing goals. According to the researcher, all values ​​have the following features:

• the total number of values ​​(significant and motivated) is small;
• all values ​​in people are similar (only the steps of their significance are different);
• all values ​​are organized into systems;
• the sources of values ​​are culture, society and social institutions;
• values ​​have an impact on a large number of phenomena that are studied by a variety of sciences.

In addition, M. Rokeach established a direct dependence of a person's value orientations on many factors, such as his income level, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious orientation, political beliefs, etc.

Some signs of values ​​were also proposed by S. Schwartz and W. Bilisky, namely:

• values ​​are understood as either a concept or a belief;
• they refer to the desired end states of the individual or to his behavior;
• they have a supra-situational character;
• are guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human behavior and actions;
• they are ordered by importance.

Classification of values

Today in psychology there is a huge number of very different classifications of values ​​and value orientations. Such diversity appeared due to the fact that values ​​are classified according to various criteria. So they can be combined into certain groups and classes, depending on what types of needs these values ​​satisfy, what role they play in a person's life and in what area they are applied. The table below shows the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

From the point of view of the psychological characteristics of human values, the classification proposed by K. Khabibulin is interesting. Their values ​​were divided as follows:

• depending on the subject of activity, values ​​can be individual or act as values ​​of a group, class, society;
• according to the object of activity, the scientist singled out material values ​​in human life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
• depending on the type of human activity, values ​​can be cognitive, labor, educational and socio-political;
• the last group consists of values ​​according to the way of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (human ideas about good, evil, happiness and sorrow) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century by T.V. Butkovskaya. Universal values, according to the scientist, are:

• vital (life, family, health);
• social recognition (values ​​such as social status and ability to work);
• interpersonal recognition (exhibition and honesty);
• democratic (freedom of expression or freedom of speech);
• particular (belonging to a family);
• transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worth dwelling separately on the classification of values ​​according to M. Rokeach, the author of the most famous method in the world, the main purpose of which is to determine the hierarchy of a person's value orientations. M. Rokeach divided all human values ​​into two broad categories:

• terminal (or value-goals) - the person's conviction that the ultimate goal is worth all the effort to achieve it;
• instrumental (or value-methods) - a person's conviction that a certain way of behavior and actions is the most successful for achieving the goal.

There are still a huge number of different classifications of values, a summary of which is given in the table below.

Value classifications

Analyzing the presented classification, the question arises, what are the main values ​​in human life? In fact, there are a lot of such values, but the most important are common (or universal) values, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on three main human existentials - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist identified the following groups of values ​​("eternal values"):

• creativity that allows people to understand what they can give to a given society;
• experiences, thanks to which a person realizes what he receives from society and society;
• relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) in relation to those factors that somehow limit their lives.

It should also be noted that the most important place is occupied by moral values ​​in human life, because they play a leading role in people's decisions related to morality and moral standards, and this in turn indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

The system of values ​​in human life

The problem of human values ​​in life occupies a leading position in psychological research, because they are the core of the personality and determine its direction. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the value system, and here the research of S. Bubnova, who, based on the works of M. Rokeach, created her own model of the system of value orientations (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels), had a serious impact. The system of values ​​in human life, in her opinion, consists of:

• values-ideals, which are the most general and abstract (this includes spiritual and social values);
• values-properties that are fixed in the process of human life;
• values-modes of activity and behavior.

Any system of values ​​will always combine two categories of values: values-goals (or terminal) and values-methods (or instrumental). Terminal includes the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental - ways to achieve goals that are accepted and approved in a given society. Values-goals are more stable than values-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

To the specific system of values ​​that exists in society, each person shows his own attitude. In psychology, there are five types of human relations in the value system (according to J. Gudechek):

• active, which is expressed in a high degree of internalization of this system;
• comfortable, that is, externally accepted, but at the same time a person does not identify himself with this system of values;
• indifferent, which consists in the manifestation of indifference and complete lack of interest in this system;
• disagreement or rejection, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention of changing it;
• opposition, which manifests itself both in internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the system of values ​​in human life is the most important component in the structure of the personality, while it occupies a borderline position - on the one hand, it is a system of personal meanings of a person, on the other, its motivational-need sphere. Values ​​and value orientations of a person act as the leading quality of a person, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values ​​are the most powerful regulator of human life. They guide a person on the path of his development and determine his behavior and activities. In addition, the focus of a person on certain values ​​and value orientations will certainly have an impact on the process of formation of society as a whole.

social value- this is not an interest and not a need, it is a standard by which the goals of the action are selected. Society is supported by the dissemination of values, but social groups understand them differently.

social norms- these are samples, standards of action in certain situations. This is a kind of set of rules of conduct, this is coercion to certain behavior, this is a set of sanctions. Norms act as a bond in society.

Beneath social values ​​and norms understand the rules established in society, patterns, standards of human behavior that regulate social life. They define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of people in relation to the specific conditions of their life.

social norms can be divided for several types:

moral standards, that is, such rules of conduct in which people's ideas about good or bad, good and evil, etc. are expressed; their violation is condemned in society;

legal regulations, formally defined rules of conduct, established or sanctioned by the state and supported by its coercive power; legal norms are necessarily expressed in official form: in laws or other normative legal acts; these are always written norms, for other social regulators, recording is optional; in any particular society there is only one legal system;

religious norms- rules of conduct formulated in the texts of sacred books or established by religious organizations;

political norms- rules of conduct that regulate political activity, relations between a citizen and the state, etc.;

aesthetic standards reinforce ideas about the beautiful and the ugly, etc.

The concept of social control

Every society strives to create and maintain social order. Indeed, each member of human society is obliged to obey not only the laws, but also the institutional norms and norms of his group. To do this, society has a system of social control that protects society from the selfishness of its individual members. Thus, social control is a set of means by which a society or a social group guarantees the conformal behavior of its members in accordance with role requirements and social norms.

The main type of control in society is control through socialization. This is a type of social control in which members of society develop a desire to comply with social norms and requirements of the role. Such control is carried out through education, training, during which the individual not only perceives the existing regulatory requirements, but also accepts them. In the event that control through socialization is successful, society benefits, first of all, in terms of reducing the costs of control.

In case of ineffective control through socialization, society or a social group resorts to control through group pressure. This is an informal type of control, which is carried out by influencing a member of small groups based on interpersonal relationships. This type of control is considered to be a very effective means of influencing the behavior of people in small communities or associations in the case when the individual has restrictions on leaving this association.

The third type of social control is called control through coercion. Coercive control is based on institutional norms and laws. In accordance with these norms, a set of negative sanctions is applied to individuals who violate accepted social norms. This type of control is often ineffective, since it does not provide for the adoption of norms and role requirements and is associated with high costs.

Social Deviations

The term "social deviation" or "deviation" refers to the behavior of an individual or group that does not correspond to generally accepted norms, as a result of which these norms are violated by them.

Can be distinguished two ideal types of deviations:

1) individual deviations when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture;

2) group deviation, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.

The following types of deviant behavior:

1. Destructive behavior that harms only the personality itself and does not correspond to generally accepted social and moral standards: masochism, etc.

2. antisocial behavior that harms the individual and social communities - family, neighbors, friends, etc. - and manifests itself in alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.

3. Illegal behavior, which is a violation of both moral and legal norms and is expressed in violation of labor, military discipline, in theft, robbery, rape, murder and other crimes.

Depending on the attitude of the culture adopted in a given society to deviant behavior, culturally approved and culturally condemned deviations are distinguished.

Culturally acceptable deviations. As a rule, people who fall under the definition of a genius, hero, leader, chosen one of the people are culturally approved deviations. Such deviations are associated with the concept of exaltation, i.e. elevation above others, which is the basis of the deviation. Most often, the necessary qualities and behaviors that can lead to socially approved deviations include:

1. Superintelligence. Increased intelligence can be viewed as a way of behavior that leads to socially approved deviations only when a limited number of social statuses are achieved. Intellectual mediocrity is not possible when playing the roles of a great scientist or cultural figure, at the same time, super-intelligence is less necessary for an actor, sportsman or political leader. In these roles, specific talent, physical strength, and strong character are more important.

2. Special inclinations allow you to show unique qualities in very narrow, specific areas of activity. The exaltation of an athlete, actor, ballerina, artist depends more on the special inclinations of a person than on his general intelligence. Individual intellectual abilities are often necessary for the realization of special inclinations, but usually celebrities outside the field of their activity are no different from the rest of the people. Everything here is decided by the ability to do a job better than others in a very narrow area of ​​​​activity, where a very specific talent is manifested.

3. Overmotivation. Undoubtedly, its presence in an individual is a factor contributing to his rise above other people. It is believed that one of the causes of overmotivation is group influence. For example, family tradition can become the basis of high motivation for the exaltation of an individual in the area in which his parents are active. Many sociologists believe that intense motivation often serves as a compensation for hardships or experiences suffered in childhood or adolescence. Thus, there is an opinion that Napoleon had a high motivation to achieve success and power as a result of the loneliness experienced by him in childhood; unattractive appearance and lack of attention from others in childhood became the basis for Richard S's super-motivation; Nicollo Paganini constantly strove for fame and honor as a result of the need experienced in childhood and the ridicule of his peers. It is known, for example, that militancy often appears due to the over-strictness of parents. Feelings of insecurity, insularity, resentment, or hostility may find their outlet in intense effort for personal achievement. Such an explanation is difficult to verify with measurements, but it has an important place in the study of overmotivation.

4. Personal qualities. Much research has been done in the field of psychology on personality traits and character traits that help achieve personal exaltation. It turned out that these traits are closely related to certain types of activity. Courage and courage open the way for a soldier to success, glory, exaltation, but they are not at all obligatory for an artist or a poet. Sociability, the ability to make acquaintances, firmness of character in difficult situations are necessary for a politician and an entrepreneur, but they have almost no effect on the career of a writer, artist or scientist. Personal qualities are an important factor in achieving exaltation, and often even the most important. It is no coincidence that many great personalities possessed some outstanding personal quality.

Culturally condemned deviations. Most societies support and reward social deviations in the form of extraordinary achievements and activities aimed at developing the generally accepted values ​​of the culture. These societies are not strict about individual failures to achieve the deviations they approve of. As for the violation of moral norms and laws, it has always been severely condemned and punished in society. This type of deviation, as a rule, includes: A mother's refusal of her child, various moral vices - slander, betrayal, etc., drunkenness and alcoholism, pushing a person out of a normal life and causing moral, physical, social damage to himself and his loved ones; drug addiction, leading to physical and social degradation of the individual, to premature death; robbery, theft, prostitution, terrorism, etc.

Theories of deviant behavior (theories of physical types, psychoanalytic theories, sociological and other theories) are devoted to the emergence of culturally condemned social deviations. Thus, deviant behavior can be represented with two poles - positive, where there are individuals with the most approved behavior, and negative, where individuals with the most disapproved behavior in society are located.

Social values ​​and norms are a fundamental factor in social behavior. Social values ​​and norms are understood as the rules established in society, samples, standards of human behavior that regulate social life. They define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of people in relation to the specific conditions of their life.

Social values ​​are understood as the most general ideas about the desired type of society, the goals that people should strive for, and the methods for achieving them. Values ​​are concretized in social norms.

As temperature can indicate the health and ill health of the body, so the social norm and its compliance can characterize social health. Social disadvantage can be judged by deviations from social norms - ethical, legal, deviations of various types, including aggressive (causing physical and moral harm to another), mercenary (illegal appropriation of what does not belong to oneself), socially passive, expressed in various forms of self-destructive behavior (alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, sexual promiscuity and prostitution, they also have the consequences of physical and spiritual destruction of the individual).

Social norms - prescriptions, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate (socially approved) behavior. Norms are some ideal models (templates) that prescribe what people should say, think, feel and do in specific situations. A norm is a measure of acceptable behavior of an individual, a group, historically established in a particular society. These are some kind of boundaries. The norm also means something average, or the rule of large numbers (“like everyone else”). For example, the length of the active age may vary depending on the particular time, society.

• 1. Habits - established patterns (stereotypes) of behavior in certain situations.
• 2. Manners - external forms of human behavior that receive a positive or negative assessment of others. Manners distinguish the educated from the ill-mannered, secular people from commoners. If habits are acquired spontaneously, then good manners must be cultivated.
• 3. Etiquette - a system of rules of conduct adopted in special social circles that make up a single whole. Includes special manners, norms, ceremonies and rituals. It characterizes the upper strata of society and belongs to the field of elite culture.
• 4. Custom - the traditionally established order of conduct. It is also based on habit, but refers not to individual, but to collective habits. These are community-approved mass patterns of action that are recommended to be followed.
• 5. Tradition - everything that is inherited from predecessors. Originally this word meant "tradition". If habits and customs pass from one generation to another, they turn into traditions.
• 6. A rite is a kind of tradition. It characterizes not selective, but mass actions. This is a set of actions established by custom or ritual. They express some religious ideas or everyday traditions. Rites are not limited to one social group, but apply to all segments of the population. Rites accompany important moments of human life.
• 7. Ceremony and ritual. Ceremony - a sequence of actions that have a symbolic meaning and dedicated to the celebration of some events or dates. The function of these actions is to emphasize the special value of the celebrated events for the society or group. A ritual is a highly stylized and carefully planned set of gestures or words performed by persons specially chosen and prepared for this. The ritual is endowed with a symbolic meaning.
• 8. Morals - special protected, highly honored by society mass patterns of action. Mores reflect the moral values ​​of society, their violation is punished more severely than the violation of traditions. These are practices that have moral significance. A special form of mores are taboos (absolute prohibition imposed on any action, word, object). It was especially common in traditional society. In modern society, the taboo is imposed on incest, cannibalism, desecration of graves or insult, etc.
• 9. Laws - burrows and rules of conduct, documented, backed by the political authority of the state. By laws, society protects the most precious and revered values: human life, state secrets, human rights and dignity, property.
• 10. Fashion and hobbies. Passion is a short-term emotional addiction. The change of hobbies that have taken hold of large groups is called fashion.
• 11. Values ​​- socially approved and shared by the majority of people ideas about what good is. Justice, patriotism, friendship, etc. Values ​​are not questioned, they serve as a standard, an ideal for all people. To describe what values ​​people are guided by, sociologists use the term value orientations. Values ​​belong to the group or society, value orientations belong to the individual. Values ​​are beliefs shared by many people about goals to be pursued.
• 12. Beliefs - conviction, emotional commitment to any idea, real or illusory.
• 13. Code of honor. Among the rules governing human behavior, there are special ones that are based on the concept of honor. They have an ethical content and mean how a person should behave in order not to tarnish his reputation, dignity and good name.

Values ​​are beliefs shared in society about the goals that people should strive for and the main means of achieving them. Social values ​​are significant ideas, phenomena and objects of reality in terms of their compliance with the needs and interests of society, groups, and individuals.

Value orientations are a product of the socialization of individuals, i.e. development of socio-political, moral, aesthetic ideals and immutable regulatory requirements for them as members of social groups, communities and society as a whole. Value orientations are internally conditioned, they are formed on the basis of the correlation of personal experience with existing cultural patterns and express their own idea of ​​what should be, they characterize life claims. Value orientations perform an important function of regulators of social behavior of individuals Volkov Yu.G., Mostovaya I.V. Sociology: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. IN AND. Dobrenkov. - M.: Gardarika, 1998. - 146 p.

In the social behavior of people there are many undesirable deviations from social norms, in other words - deviations. A special, extreme form of deviant behavior can be attributed to the so-called anomie (from the Greek a - negative prefix + nomos - law), which literally means lawlessness.

This is a kind of mass deviation, licentiousness in society. Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of people neglects social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times of civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms and other social upheavals, when the old common goals and values ​​understandable to people suddenly collapse, faith in the effectiveness of the usual moral and legal norms falls. All peoples in their history have experienced similar painful periods in one way or another.