Complex mathematical figures. Doman cards for free, pictures of geometric shapes, cards of geometric shapes, study geometric shapes. Tetrahedron figure: description

Here you and your child can learn geometric shapes and their names with the help of fun picture tasks. But training will be most effective if you add various samples of geometric shapes to the printed task. For this purpose, objects such as balls, pyramids, cubes, inflated balloons (round and oval), tea mugs (standard, in the form of a cylinder), oranges, books, balls of thread, square cookies and much more - everything what your fantasy tells you.

All of these items will help the child understand what a three-dimensional geometric figure means. Flat figures can be prepared by cutting out the desired geometric shapes from paper, pre-painting them in different colors.

The more different materials you prepare for the lesson, the more interesting it will be for the child to learn new concepts for him.

You may also like our online math simulator for grade 1 "Geometric shapes":

The online math simulator "Geometric Shapes Grade 1" will help first graders practice their ability to distinguish between basic geometric shapes: a square, a circle, an oval, a rectangle and a triangle.

Geometric shapes and their names - We conduct a lesson with a child:

So that the child can easily and naturally remember geometric shapes and their names, first download the picture with the task in the attachments at the bottom of the page, print it on a color printer and put it on the table along with colored pencils. Also, by this time, you should already have prepared various items that we listed earlier.

• Stage 1. First, let the child complete the tasks on the printed sheet - say the names of the figures aloud and color in all the pictures.
• Stage 2. It is necessary to clearly show the child the differences between volumetric figures and flat ones. To do this, lay out all the sample items (both three-dimensional and cut out of paper) and move away from the table with the child at such a distance from which all three-dimensional figures are clearly visible, but all flat samples are lost from sight. Draw your child's attention to this fact. Let him experiment by moving closer and further away from the table, telling you about his observations.
• Stage 3. Further, the lesson needs to be turned into a kind of game. Ask the child to carefully look around him and find objects that have the shape of any geometric shapes. For example, a TV is a rectangle, a clock is a circle, etc. On each found figure - loudly clap your hands to add enthusiasm to the game.
• Stage 4. Conduct research and observational work with those sample materials that you have prepared for the lesson. For example, put a book and a flat rectangle of paper on the table. Invite the child to feel them, look at them from different angles and tell you their observations. In the same way, you can explore an orange and a paper circle, a children's pyramid and a paper triangle, a cube and a paper square, an oval-shaped balloon and an oval cut out of paper. You can add to the list of items yourself.
• Stage 5 Put various three-dimensional samples in an opaque bag and ask the child to touch a square object, then a round one, then a rectangular one, and so on.
• Stage 6 Lay out in front of the child on the table several different items from those that are involved in the lesson. Then have the child turn away for a few seconds while you hide one of the objects. Turning to the table, the child should name the hidden object and its geometric shape.

You can download geometric shapes and their names - Task Form - in the attachments at the bottom of the page.

Names of geometric shapes - Printable cards

Studying geometric shapes with your baby, you can use printable cards from Bibushi the Fox during classes . Download the attachments, print the form with cards on a color printer, cut out each card along the contour - and start learning. Cards can be laminated or stuck on thicker paper to keep the look of the pictures, because they will be used repeatedly.

The first six cards will give you the opportunity to study with your child such shapes: oval, circle, square, rhombus, rectangle and triangle, under each figure in the cards you can read its name.

After the child has memorized the name of a certain figure, ask him to do the following: circle all the samples of the figure being studied on the card, and then color them in the color of the main figure located in the upper left corner.

Download the names of geometric shapes - Printable cards - you can in the attachments at the bottom of the page

With the help of the following six cards, the child will be able to get acquainted with such geometric shapes: a parallelogram, a trapezoid, a pentagon, a hexagon, a star and a heart. As in the previous material, under each figure you can find its name.

To diversify activities with the baby, combine learning with drawing - this method will not allow the child to overwork, and the baby will continue to study with pleasure. Make sure that when tracing the figures along the lines, the child is not in a hurry and performs the task carefully, because such exercises not only develop fine motor skills, they can further affect the baby's handwriting.

You can download printable cards depicting flat geometric shapes in attachments

In the process, how you will study volumetric geometric shapes and their names with your child, using the new six cards from Bibushi with images of a cube, cylinder, cone, pyramid, ball and hemisphere, purchase the studied figures in the store, or use objects in the house that have a similar shape.

Show the baby with examples how three-dimensional figures look in life, the child should touch and play with them. First of all, this is necessary in order to use the visually - effective thinking of the baby, with the help of which it is easier for the child to learn about the world around him.

Download - Volumetric geometric shapes and their names - you can in the attachments at the bottom of the page

Other materials on the study of geometric shapes will also be useful to you:

Fun and colorful tasks for children "Drawings from geometric shapes" are a very convenient teaching material for children of preschool and primary school age to study and memorize basic geometric shapes:

The tasks will introduce the child to the basic shapes of geometry - a circle, an oval, a square, a rectangle and a triangle. Only here is not a boring memorization of the names of the figures, but a kind of coloring game.

As a rule, they begin to study geometry by drawing flat geometric figures. The perception of the correct geometric shape is impossible without drawing it out with your own hands on a piece of paper.

This lesson will greatly amuse your young mathematicians. After all, now they will have to find familiar shapes of geometric shapes among many pictures.

Stacking shapes on top of each other is a geometry activity for preschoolers and younger students. The meaning of the exercise is to solve addition examples. These are just unusual examples. Instead of numbers, here you need to add geometric shapes.

This task is designed as a game in which the child has to change the properties of geometric shapes: shape, color or size.

Here you can download tasks in pictures, which present the calculation of geometric shapes for math classes.

In this task, the child will get acquainted with such a concept as drawings of geometric bodies. In fact, this lesson is a mini-lesson on descriptive geometry.

Here we have prepared for you volumetric geometric shapes made of paper that need to be cut and glued. Cube, pyramids, rhombus, cone, cylinder, hexagon, print them on cardboard (or colored paper, and then stick on cardboard), and then give the child to remember.

Here we have posted counting up to 5 for you - pictures with math tasks for kids, thanks to which your children will train not only their counting skills, but also the ability to read, write, distinguish geometric shapes, draw and color.

And you can also play math games online from Bibushi the fox:

In this educational online game, the child will have to determine what is superfluous among 4 pictures. In this case, it is necessary to be guided by the signs of geometric shapes.

Lesson Objectives:

• Cognitive: create conditions for familiarization with the concepts flat and voluminous geometric shapes, to expand the idea of ​​​​the types of three-dimensional figures, to teach how to determine the type of figure, to compare figures.
• Communicative: create conditions for the formation of the ability to work in pairs, groups; fostering a friendly attitude towards each other; to educate students in mutual assistance, mutual assistance.
• Regulatory: to create conditions for the formation of planning a learning task, to build a sequence of necessary operations, to adjust their activities.
• Personal: create conditions for the development of computational skills, logical thinking, interest in mathematics, the formation of cognitive interests, intellectual abilities of students, independence in acquiring new knowledge and practical skills.

Planned results:

personal:

• formation of cognitive interests, intellectual abilities of students; formation of valuable relations to each other;
  independence in acquiring new knowledge and practical skills;
• the formation of skills to perceive, process the information received, highlight the main content.

metasubject:

• mastering the skills of independent acquisition of new knowledge;
• organization of educational activities, planning;
• development of theoretical thinking based on the formation of the ability to establish facts.

subject:

• to master the concepts of flat and three-dimensional figures, to learn how to compare figures, to find flat and three-dimensional figures in the surrounding reality, to learn how to work with a sweep.

UUD general scientific:

• search and selection of the necessary information;
• application of information retrieval methods, conscious and arbitrary construction of a speech statement in oral form.

UUD personal:

• evaluate their own and others' actions;
• manifestation of trust, attentiveness, goodwill;
• ability to work in pairs;
• express a positive attitude towards the process of cognition.

Equipment: textbook, interactive whiteboard, emoticons, models of figures, sweeps of figures, individual traffic lights, rectangles - feedback tools, Explanatory dictionary.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Methods: verbal, research, visual, practical.

Forms of work: frontal, group, steam room, individual.

1. Organization of the beginning of the lesson.

In the morning the sun rose.
A new day has brought us.
Strong and kind
We meet a new day.
Here are my hands, I open
them towards the sun.
Here are my legs, they are firmly
Stand on the ground and lead
me on the right path.
Here is my soul, I reveal
her towards the people.
Come, new day!
Hello new day!

2. Actualization of knowledge.

Let's create a good mood. Smile at me and at each other, sit down!

To reach the goal, you must first of all go.

There is a statement in front of you, read it. What does this saying mean?

(To achieve something, you need to do something)

And indeed, guys, only one who sets himself up for composure and organization of his actions can become a target. And so I hope that we will achieve our goal in the lesson.

Let's start our journey to achieve the goal of today's lesson.

3. Preparatory work.

Look at the screen. What do you see? (Geometric figures)

Name these figures.

What task can you offer your classmates? (separate the figures into groups)

You have cards with these figures on your desks. Do this task in pairs.

On what basis did you separate these figures?

• Flat and three-dimensional figures
• Based on three-dimensional figures

What figures have we already worked with? What did they learn to find from them? What figures do we meet in geometry for the first time?

What is the topic of our lesson? (The teacher adds the words on the board: voluminous, the topic of the lesson appears on the board: Volumetric geometric shapes.)

What should we learn in class?

4. "Discovery" of new knowledge in practical research work.

(The teacher shows a cube and a square.)

How are they similar?

Can we say that they are one and the same?

What is the difference between a cube and a square?

Let's do an experiment. (Students receive individual figures - a cube and a square.)

Let's try to attach a square to the flat surface of the port. What do we see? Did he lie all (entirely) on the surface of the desk? Close?

! What is the name of a figure that can be placed entirely on one flat surface? (Flat figure.)

Is it possible to press the cube completely (all) to the desk? Let's check.

Can a cube be called a flat figure? Why? Is there space between the hand and the desk?

! So what can we say about the cube? (It occupies a certain space, is a three-dimensional figure.)

CONCLUSIONS: What is the difference between flat and volumetric figures? (The teacher writes the conclusions on the blackboard.)

• Can be placed entirely on one flat surface.

VOLUMETRIC

• occupy a certain space
• rise above a flat surface.

Volume figures: pyramid, cube, cylinder, cone, sphere, parallelepiped.

4. Discovery of new knowledge.

1. Name the figures shown in the figure.

What shape are the bases of these figures?

What other shapes can be seen on the surface of a cube and a prism?

2. Figures and lines on the surface of three-dimensional figures have their own names.

Suggest your names.

The sides that form a flat figure are called faces. And the side lines are ribs. The corners of polygons are vertices. These are elements of three-dimensional figures.

Guys, what do you think, what are the names of such voluminous figures that have many faces? Polyhedra.

Working with notebooks: reading new material

Correlation of real objects and three-dimensional bodies.

Now select for each object the three-dimensional figure that it looks like.

The box is a parallelepiped.

• An apple is a ball.
• A pyramid is a pyramid.
• Bank - cylinder.
• The flower pot is a cone.
• The cap is a cone.
• Vase - cylinder.
• The ball is a ball.

5. Physical minutes.

1. Imagine a big ball, stroke it from all sides. It's big and smooth.

(Pupils wrap their hands around and stroke an imaginary ball.)

Now imagine a cone, touch its top. The cone grows upward, now it is already above you. Jump to its top.

Imagine that you are inside the cylinder, pat on its upper base, stomp on the bottom, and now with your hands on the side surface.

The cylinder became a small gift box. Imagine that you are the surprise that is in this box. I press the button and... a surprise pops out of the box!

6. Group work:

(Each group receives one of the figures: a cube, a pyramid, a parallelepiped. The children study the resulting figure, write down the conclusions in a card prepared by the teacher.)
Group 1.(To study the parallelepiped)

Group 2(To study the pyramid)

Group 3.(To study the cube)

7. Crossword solution

8. The result of the lesson. Reflection of activity.

Solving a crossword in a presentation

What new did you discover today?

All geometric shapes can be divided into three-dimensional and flat.

And I learned the names of three-dimensional figures

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

Geometry is one of the most important components of mathematical education, necessary for the acquisition of specific knowledge about space and practically significant skills, the formation of a language for describing objects of the surrounding world, for the development of spatial imagination and intuition, mathematical culture, as well as for aesthetic education. The study of geometry contributes to the development of logical thinking, the formation of proof skills.

The 7th grade geometry course systematizes knowledge about the simplest geometric shapes and their properties; the concept of equality of figures is introduced; the ability to prove the equality of triangles with the help of the studied signs is developed; a class of construction problems with the help of a compass and straightedge is introduced; one of the most important concepts is introduced - the concept of parallel lines; new interesting and important properties of triangles are considered; one of the most important theorems in geometry is considered - the theorem on the sum of angles of a triangle, which allows us to give a classification of triangles by angles (acute-angled, rectangular, obtuse-angled).

During classes, especially when moving from one part of the lesson to another, changing activities, the question arises of maintaining interest in classes. Thus, relevant the question arises of applying tasks in the classroom in geometry, in which there is a condition of the problem situation and elements of creativity. Thus, goal of this study is the systematization of tasks of geometric content with elements of creativity and problem situations.

Object of study: Problems in geometry with elements of creativity, entertainment and problem situations.

Research objectives: To analyze the existing problems in geometry, aimed at the development of logic, imagination and creative thinking. Show how entertaining techniques can develop interest in the subject.

Theoretical and practical significance of the research consists in the fact that the collected material can be used in the process of additional classes in geometry, namely at olympiads and competitions in geometry.

Scope and structure of the study:

The study consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a bibliographic list, contains 14 pages of the main typewritten text, 1 table, 10 figures.

Chapter 1. FLAT GEOMETRIC FIGURES. BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Basic geometric shapes in the architecture of buildings and structures

In the world around us, there are many material objects of various shapes and sizes: residential buildings, machine parts, books, jewelry, toys, etc.

In geometry, instead of the word object, they say a geometric figure, while dividing geometric figures into flat and spatial ones. In this paper, one of the most interesting sections of geometry will be considered - planimetry, in which only plane figures are considered. Planimetry(from Latin planum - “plane”, other Greek μετρεω - “I measure”) - a section of Euclidean geometry that studies two-dimensional (single-plane) figures, that is, figures that can be placed within the same plane. A flat geometric figure is one whose all points lie on the same plane. An idea of ​​such a figure is given by any drawing made on a sheet of paper.

But before considering flat figures, it is necessary to get acquainted with simple, but very important figures, without which flat figures simply cannot exist.

The simplest geometric figure is dot. This is one of the main figures of geometry. It is very small, but it is always used to build various forms on a plane. The point is the main figure for absolutely all constructions, even the highest complexity. From the point of view of mathematics, a point is an abstract spatial object that does not have such characteristics as area, volume, but at the same time remains a fundamental concept in geometry.

Straight- one of the fundamental concepts of geometry. In a systematic presentation of geometry, a straight line is usually taken as one of the initial concepts, which is only indirectly determined by the axioms of geometry (Euclidean). If the basis for constructing geometry is the concept of the distance between two points in space, then a straight line can be defined as a line along which the path along which is equal to the distance between two points.

Straight lines in space can occupy different positions, we will consider some of them and give examples that are found in the architectural appearance of buildings and structures (Table 1):

Table 1

1.2. Flat geometric figures. Properties and definitions

Observing the forms of plants and animals, mountains and meanders of rivers, the features of the landscape and distant planets, man borrowed from nature its correct forms, sizes and properties. Material needs prompted a person to build dwellings, make tools for labor and hunting, sculpt dishes from clay, and so on. All this gradually contributed to the fact that a person came to the realization of the basic geometric concepts.

Quadrangles:

Parallelogram(ancient Greek παραλληλόγραμμον from παράλληλος - parallel and γραμμή - line, line) is a quadrangle whose opposite sides are pairwise parallel, that is, they lie on parallel lines.

Features of a parallelogram:

A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if one of the following conditions is satisfied: 1. If opposite sides in a quadrilateral are pairwise equal, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. 2. If in a quadrilateral the diagonals intersect and the intersection point is divided in half, then this quadrilateral is a parallelogram. 3. If in a quadrilateral two sides are equal and parallel, then this quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

A parallelogram with all right angles is called rectangle.

A parallelogram with all sides equal is called rhombus.

Trapeze— is a quadrilateral in which two sides are parallel and the other two sides are not parallel. Also, a quadrilateral is called a trapezoid, in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel, and the sides are not equal to each other.

Triangle- This is the simplest geometric figure formed by three segments that connect three points that do not lie on one straight line. These three points are called vertices. triangle, and the segments are sides triangle. It is because of its simplicity that the triangle was the basis of many measurements. Land surveyors in their calculations of land areas and astronomers in finding the distances to planets and stars use the properties of triangles. This is how the science of trigonometry arose - the science of measuring triangles, of expressing sides through its angles. The area of ​​any polygon is expressed in terms of the area of ​​a triangle: it is enough to divide this polygon into triangles, calculate their areas and add the results. True, it was not immediately possible to find the correct formula for the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba triangle.

The properties of the triangle were especially actively studied in the 15th-16th centuries. Here is one of the most beautiful theorems of that time, due to Leonhard Euler:

A huge amount of work on the geometry of the triangle, carried out in the XY-XIX centuries, created the impression that everything is already known about the triangle.

Polygon - it is a geometric figure, usually defined as a closed polyline.

A circle- the locus of points in the plane, the distance from which to a given point, called the center of the circle, does not exceed a given non-negative number, called the radius of this circle. If the radius is zero, then the circle degenerates into a point.

There are a large number of geometric shapes, they all differ in parameters and properties, sometimes surprising with their shapes.

In order to better remember and distinguish flat figures by properties and features, I came up with a geometric fairy tale, which I would like to bring to your attention in the next paragraph.

Chapter 2

2.1. Puzzles for building a complex figure from a set of flat geometric elements.

Having studied flat figures, I thought, are there any interesting problems with flat figures that can be used as tasks-games or tasks-puzzles. And the first problem I found was the Tangram puzzle.

This is a Chinese puzzle. In China, it is called "chi tao tu", i.e. a seven-piece mental puzzle. In Europe, the name "Tangram" most likely arose from the word "tan", which means "Chinese" and the root "gram" (Greek - "letter").

First you need to draw a square 10 x10 and divide it into seven parts: five triangles 1-5 , square 6 and parallelogram 7 . The essence of the puzzle is to use all seven pieces to put together the figures shown in Figure 3.

Fig.3. Elements of the game "Tangram" and geometric shapes

Fig.4. Tasks "Tangram"

It is especially interesting to make “figurative” polygons from flat figures, knowing only the outlines of objects (Fig. 4). I came up with several of these outline tasks myself and showed these tasks to my classmates, who gladly began to solve the tasks and made up many interesting polyhedral figures similar to the outlines of objects in the world around us.

To develop the imagination, you can also use such forms of entertaining puzzles as tasks for cutting and reproducing given shapes.

Example 2. Cutting (parquet) problems may seem, at first glance, to be very diverse. However, most of them use only a few basic types of cuts (usually those that can be used to get another from one parallelogram).

Let's take a look at some cutting techniques. In this case, the cut figures will be called polygons.

Rice. 5. Cutting techniques

Figure 5 shows geometric shapes from which you can assemble various ornamental compositions and make an ornament with your own hands.

Example 3. Another interesting task that you can come up with and share with other students, while whoever collects the most cut pieces is declared the winner. There can be quite a few tasks of this type. For coding, you can take all existing geometric shapes that are cut into three or four parts.

Fig.6. Examples of tasks for cutting:

------ - recreated square; - cut with scissors;

Main figure

2.2 Equal-sized and equally composed figures

Consider another interesting technique for cutting flat figures, where the main "heroes" of cutting will be polygons. When calculating the areas of polygons, a simple trick called the partitioning method is used.

In general, polygons are said to be equally composed if, after cutting the polygon in a certain way F into a finite number of parts, it is possible, by arranging these parts differently, to form a polygon H out of them.

From this follows the following theorem: Equally composed polygons have the same area, so they will be considered equal area.

Using the example of equally composed polygons, one can also consider such an interesting cutting as the transformation of the "Greek cross" into a square (Fig. 7).

Fig.7. Transformation of the "Greek cross"

In the case of a mosaic (parquet) made up of Greek crosses, the period parallelogram is a square. We can solve the problem by overlaying a tiling of squares onto a tiling of crosses so that the congruent points of one tiling coincide with the congruent points of the other (Fig. 8).

In the figure, the congruent points of the mosaic of crosses, namely the centers of the crosses, coincide with the congruent points of the "square" mosaic - the vertices of the squares. By shifting the square tiling in parallel, we always get a solution to the problem. Moreover, the task has several solutions, if color is used in the preparation of the parquet ornament.

Fig.8. Parquet assembled from a Greek cross

Another example of equally composed figures can be considered on the example of a parallelogram. For example, a parallelogram is equidistant with a rectangle (Fig. 9).

This example illustrates the method of partitioning, which consists in the fact that in order to calculate the area of ​​a polygon, one tries to divide it into a finite number of parts in such a way that from these parts it is possible to form a simpler polygon, the area of ​​which we already know.

For example, a triangle is equidistant with a parallelogram having the same base and half the height. From this position, the formula for the area of ​​a triangle is easily derived.

Note that for the above theorem, we also have converse theorem: if two polygons are equal in size, then they are equal.

This theorem, proved in the first half of the XIX century. by the Hungarian mathematician F. Bolyai and the German officer and math lover P. Gervin, can also be represented in this form: if there is a cake in the shape of a polygon and a polygonal box of a completely different shape, but of the same area, then you can cut the cake into a finite number of pieces (without turning them cream down) that they can be put into this box.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I note that problems for flat figures are sufficiently represented in various sources, but I was interested in those on the basis of which I had to come up with my own puzzle problems.

After all, solving such problems, you can not only accumulate life experience, but also acquire new knowledge and skills.

In puzzles, when building actions-moves using rotations, shifts, transfers on planes or their compositions, I got new images created by myself, for example, polyhedron figures from the Tangram game.

It is known that the main criterion for the mobility of a person's thinking is the ability to perform certain actions in a set period of time, and in our case, the moves of figures on a plane, by means of recreating and creative imagination. Therefore, studying mathematics and, in particular, geometry at school will give me even more knowledge in order to further apply them in my future professional activities.

Bibliographic list

1. Pavlova, L.V. Non-traditional approaches to teaching drawing: textbook / L.V. Pavlova. - Nizhny Novgorod: Publishing House of NSTU, 2002. - 73 p.

2. Encyclopedic dictionary of a young mathematician / Comp. A.P. Savin. - M.: Pedagogy, 1985. - 352 p.

3.https://www.srops.ru/novosti_otrasli/2015_11_11_pervoe_zdanie_iz_grandioznogo_proekta_big_v_tayvane

4.https://www.votpusk.ru/country/dostoprim_info.asp?ID=16053

Appendix 1

Questionnaire for classmates

1. Do you know what a Tangram puzzle is?

2. What is a "Greek cross"?

3. Would you be interested to know what "Tangram" is?

4. Would you be interested to know what a "Greek cross" is?

22 students of the 8th grade were interviewed. Results: 22 students do not know what "Tangram" and "Greek cross" are. 20 students would be interested to learn how to get a more complex figure using the Tangram puzzle, consisting of seven flat figures. The results of the survey are summarized in the diagram.

Appendix 2

Elements of the game "Tangram" and geometric shapes

Transformation of the "Greek cross"

Little kids are ready to learn anywhere and anytime. Their young brain is able to capture, analyze and remember as much information as it is difficult even for an adult. What parents should teach their kids has generally accepted age limits.

Children should learn the basic geometric shapes and their names at the age of 3 to 5 years.

Since all children are multi-educational, these boundaries are only conditionally accepted in our country.

Geometry is the science of shapes, sizes and arrangement of figures in space. It may seem that this is difficult for babies. However, the subjects of this science are all around us. That is why having basic knowledge in this area is important for both children and adults.

To captivate children in the study of geometry, you can resort to funny pictures. In addition, it would be nice to have aids that the child can touch, feel, circle, color, recognize with his eyes closed. The main principle of any activity with children is to keep their attention and develop a craving for the subject using game techniques and a relaxed, fun environment.

The combination of several means of perception will do the job very quickly. Use our mini-manual to teach your child to distinguish geometric shapes, to know their names.

The circle is the very first of all figures. In nature around us, much is round: our planet, the sun, the moon, the core of a flower, many fruits and vegetables, the pupils of the eyes. A volumetric circle is a ball (ball, ball)

It is better to start studying the shape of a circle with a child by looking at drawings, and then reinforce the theory with practice by letting the child hold something round in his hands.

A square is a figure in which all sides have the same height and width. Square objects - cubes, boxes, house, window, pillow, stool, etc.

It is very simple to build all sorts of houses from square cubes. Drawing a square is easier to do on a piece of paper in a cage.

A rectangle is a relative of a square, which differs in that it has the same opposite sides. Just like a square, a rectangle is all equal to 90 degrees.

You can find many items that have the shape of a rectangle: cabinets, appliances, doors, furniture.

In nature, mountains and some trees have the shape of a triangle. From the immediate environment of the kids, one can cite as an example the triangular roof of the house, various road signs.

Some ancient structures, such as temples and pyramids, were built in the shape of a triangle.

An oval is a circle that is elongated on both sides. For example, an oval shape is possessed by: an egg, nuts, many vegetables and fruits, a human face, galaxies, etc.

An oval in volume is called an ellipse. Even the Earth is flattened from the poles - ellipsoidal.

Rhombus

A rhombus is the same square, only elongated, that is, it has two obtuse angles and a pair of sharp ones.

You can study a rhombus with the help of visual aids - a drawn picture or a three-dimensional object.

Memorization techniques

Geometric shapes are easy to remember by name. Learning them for children can be turned into a game by applying the following ideas:

• Buy a children's picture book that contains fun and colorful drawings of figures and their analogies from the outside world.

• Cut out more figures from multi-colored cardboard, laminate them with adhesive tape and use them as a constructor - a lot of interesting combinations can be laid out by combining different figures.

• Buy a ruler with holes in the shape of a circle, square, triangle and others - for children who are already friends with pencils, drawing with such a ruler is an interesting activity.

You can come up with many opportunities to teach kids to know the names of geometric shapes. All methods are good: drawings, toys, observation of surrounding objects. Start small, gradually complicating the information and tasks. You will not feel how time flies, and the baby will surely please you with success in the near future.

Figure is an arbitrary set of points on the plane. A point, a line, a line segment, a ray, a triangle, a circle, a square, and so on are all examples of geometric shapes.

Dot- the basic concept of geometry, it is an abstract object that has no measuring characteristics: no height, no length, no radius.

Line is a set of points arranged in series one after another. The line is measured only by the length. It has no width or thickness.

Straight line- this is a line that does not curve, has neither beginning nor end, it can be extended indefinitely in both directions.

Ray- this is a part of a straight line that has a beginning, but has no end, it can be continued indefinitely in only one direction.

Line segment is the part of a straight line bounded by two points. A segment has a beginning and an end, so you can measure its length.

Curve line- This is a smoothly curving line, which is determined by the location of its constituent points.

broken line- this is a figure that consists of segments connected in series with their ends.

Polyline vertices- This

1. the point from which the polyline begins,
2. points where line segments join to form a polyline
3. the point at which the polyline ends.

Polyline links are the segments that make up the broken line. The number of polyline links is always 1 less than the number of polyline vertices.

Open line is a line whose ends are not joined together.

closed line is a line whose ends are joined together.

Polygon is a closed broken line. The vertices of the polyline are called the vertices of the polygon, and the segments are called the sides of the polygon.