How brown algae eat. Brown algae in the aquarium. What are the nutritional properties of brown algae

The underwater world of the seas and oceans has always been of interest to people. After all, it is very useful and curious to know what species of plants and animals it is represented by? Therefore, for many decades, various scientists have been conducting thorough research in this area. A huge amount of various information has accumulated, a person has learned to use almost all known types of marine plants and animals for their needs.

Brown algae have become one of such useful and significant representatives in the economic activity of people. Let's talk about them in more detail.

The systematic position of brown algae

Class Brown algae occupies a fairly voluminous part of the entire flora of the seas. To date, there are about one and a half thousand species of representatives, united in 250 genera. All of them are multicellular, and most often quite impressive in size.

The general plan of the systematic position occupied by brown algae can be represented as follows:

• Empire - Cellular.
• Kingdom - Eukaryotes.
• Kingdom - Plants.
• Subkingdom - Algae or Lower Plants.
• Department - Ochrophyte algae.
• Class - Brown algae.

Among brown algae, there are plants of both small sizes and real giants. Consider what features they have in the structure of the body and who belongs to them.

General plan of the building

The structure of brown algae is not much different from that of their other relatives. The body is represented by a thallus or thallus, not differentiated into parts, has no leaves and roots. The organs of attachment to the substrate are special outgrowths resembling small tentacle roots called rhizoids.

The vast majority of species spend most of their lives attached to the substrate. However, there are also free-floating representatives on the surface. A feature of the thallus can be called well-defined large leaf plates. Sometimes they have very strong cuts, which makes the structure of brown algae look like threads. Therefore, often some representatives are called so - filamentous.

The chemical composition of the cells of these plants includes special pigment substances contained in chloroplasts. This is:

• fucoxanthin;
• chlorophyll;
• xanthophyll.

They are designed to absorb individual spectra of solar radiation, which are able to penetrate to great depths in the sea. Also, the pigments of these species give the corresponding brown color. It is thanks to this that these algae can live at a depth of up to 200 m, although they still prefer coastal zones and a depth of at least 15 m.

The cell walls contain a special acid - alginic, which is one of the reasons for the extraction of these algae by humans. Among brown algae, there are plants on which special lumps filled with air are formed. This is necessary in order to stay afloat at the surface of the water, and also so that germ cells can freely develop inside for reproduction.

The process of leaving offspring is of three types:

1. Asexual, by means of spores.
2. Sexual, with the participation of gametes.
3. Vegetative, body parts.

Another interesting substance that is part of the brown algae thallus is fucoidan. It is a polysaccharide of complex structure, which has a wide range of therapeutic effects (antitumor agent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory). This is another reason for the extraction of brown algae by people.

Places of distribution

Brown algae are species that prefer the seas. However, representatives of four genera prefer to live in fresh water - Heribaudiella, Pleurocladia, Bodanella and Sphacelaria.

These plants are found everywhere in all the seas of the globe, but their maximum concentration occurs in water bodies of temperate latitudes, as well as in the Arctic zones. Individual representatives form a significant part of the solonchak flora.

It should be noted that brown algae include giants who have chosen the Atlantic Ocean for their habitat. They formed a whole sea there, named Sargasso in their honor. This is

That is, climatic conditions are not so important for the life of such plants, which is why their distribution is so widespread and massive.

Representatives of the class: macrocystis

Brown algae include macrostructures, the most striking example of which are macrocystis. This is one of the largest and most massive representatives of these plants. The length of the thallus reaches 60 m, and the weight of the culture is equal to 150 kg.

They are distributed mainly in the waters of the temperate zone. The structural features include wide leaf-shaped thalli and balloons on them, which serve as a float to hold it near the surface. Rhizoids are also found on the thallus; these plants attach themselves to rocky and stony substrates at a depth of about 25 m.

The composition of thallus cells includes many substances that are useful and important for humans, which they widely use when extracting macrocystis. What are these substances?

1. Polysaccharides and amino acids - are used in the cosmetic industry to add to creams, tonics, lotions and so on.
2. Iodine, silicon, phosphorus and other elements.
3. - used in the chemical industry to produce artificial fibers and fabrics.

The algae itself systematically belongs to the genus Laminariaceae.

Analipus japonica

A plant that is part of the Chordarium brown algae family. Representatives of this taxon have a vertical thallus of not too high size. So, analipus reaches 30 cm in length. At the same time, lateral branches depart from the main axis, but, as a rule, they do not branch further.

Rhizoids are removed in the sole, with the help of which the plant is attached to stones in the coastal zones of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent territories. A common view for Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Sea of ​​Japan and the shores of the Kuril Islands.

The thallus of this algae is multilocular and develops throughout life. In habitats with strong surfs, the algae takes the form of a plant pressed to the bottom, more like a crust.

Kelp

Also important is the brown alga kelp, a representative of the genus of the same name. It consists of numerous species, the main of which is Japanese Laminaria or This plant is common in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and is of great value to humans.

The structure of the body is represented by a long, up to 12 m thallus, which looks like a wide brown ribbon. The rhizoids at the bottom of the thallus serve to attach themselves to stony and rocky substrates.

Why is laminaria useful to people?

1. Methionine is an amino acid, according to which this plant is a champion even among terrestrial vegetables.
2. Minerals, iodine, trace elements are present in large quantities in kelp cells.
3. Carbohydrates give this plant a high nutritional value.

Thanks to this composition, kelp is used for animal feed, is used as a valuable product for people, and is known for its properties in cosmetology and dietology.

Fucuses

Medically very valuable and the following representatives are fucus (fucuses). Their other name, which they received for the interesting structure of the thallus. It is very clawed and dissected and resembles the clusters of this fruit. These plants are a storehouse of all possible nutrients and important substances that brown algae generally contain. Representatives number about 19 taxa.

Outwardly, the thallus is low, olive in color, quite massive, dense. Plant habitats: almost all seas and oceans, especially

Substances included in the composition and having value:

• about 42 chemical elements;
• amino acids and fatty acids;
• vitamins from group A to PP;
• fucoidan.

sargassums

Brown algae also include plants such as sargassum. The thallus reaches a length of up to 10 m; a feature is the ability to form air bumps and bubbles on the tops. Due to this, plants form whole thickets near the surface of the water (in the part of the Atlantic Ocean, they attach to rocky bottom surfaces.

The main areas of application of these species are human food (Asian countries), animal feed, and the extraction of medicinal substances. Habitat: tropical zones.

padins

Very interesting brown algae, the color of which is far from the name of the class. They are more reminiscent of porcini mushrooms with their beautiful fan-shaped small thallus. This plant is very thermophilic, therefore it is common in tropical zones and off the coast of America. It is mainly used in medicine and cosmetology.

18. Department 9. Brown algae - Phaeophyta (Phaeophycophyta, Phaeophyceae) (N. A. Moshkova)

Brown algae are predominantly marine multicellular plants, very large, complexly dissected, attached to the substrate. Currently, about 1500 species of brown algae belonging to 240 genera are known. In the fresh, mostly cold running waters of temperate latitudes, 5 species of brown algae have so far been found. Due to the small size of their thalli and rare occurrence, they remain a poorly studied group of plants, both biologically and ecologically.

A common external sign of brown algae individuals is the yellowish-brown color of their thalli, due to the presence of a large amount of yellow and brown pigments. Thalluses can be microscopic (several tens of micrometers) and gigantic (30-50 m; in some species of the genera Laminaria Lamour., Macrocystis Ag., Sargassum Ag.). The shape of the thalli is very diverse: filiform, corky, saccular, lamellar (solid or with ruptures, outgrowths and numerous holes, smooth or with longitudinal folds and ribs), as well as bushy.

The thalli of brown algae of the order Ectocarpales are most simply organized. In primitive organisms (Bodanella Zimmerm.), the thallus is represented by single-row randomly branching filaments in one plane, tightly adjacent to the substrate. Species of the genus Ectocarpus Lyngb. have bushy thalli formed by single-row ascending, abundantly branching threads, the base of which are creeping rhizoids (Fig. 18.1).

In some representatives of the order Chordariales, the ascending filaments are connected into bundles enclosed in mucus. At the same time, a single-axis type of structure of the thallus is distinguished, in which one thread rises from the base, and other threads branch off from it, running next to it, and a multi-axial type of structure, when a bundle of single-row threads immediately rises from the base. In highly organized brown algae (Laminaria, Fucus Tourn., Sargassum), the thalli are differentiated and resemble flowering plants. They have stem, leaf and root parts, some large representatives have air bubbles that hold the branches in an upright position.

The growth of brown algae is intercalary or apical. In the most primitive forms, intercalary diffuse growth occurs, in more evolutionarily advanced algae, an intercalary growth zone is already outlined. It is usually located in the basal part of multicellular hairs and causes the trichothal growth characteristic of brown algae.

On the surface of single-row thalli of brown algae, multicellular filamentous hairs are formed. At the same time, real and false hairs are distinguished. Real hairs have an intercalary growth zone at the base, where the cells divide frequently and therefore they are smaller, short-cylindrical or disc-shaped. False hairs do not have such a special growth zone and are a continuation of vegetative single-row filaments with strongly elongated cells lacking chloroplasts.

In the multi-row thalli of brown algae, specialization of cells with the formation of tissues is observed - a parenchymal type of body structure. In the simplest case, a cortex is distinguished from intensely colored cells containing a large number of chloroplasts and special vacuoles - physodes, and a core consisting of colorless, often larger cells of the same shape. In more complexly organized brown algae (Laminariaceae, Fucaceae), the crustal layer reaches a considerable thickness and consists of intensely colored cells of various sizes and shapes (Fig. 18.2). The surface four layers of the cortex are formed by small cells, elongated towards the surface. These upper layers are called meristoderm - dividing integumentary tissue. They are able to actively divide and produce hairs and reproductive organs. Real hairs are located on the surface of the meristoderm scattered or in bundles and are often immersed with their bases in special depressions - cryptostomes. Deeper under the meristoderm lies a cortex of larger stained cells. In the central colorless part of the thallus, two groups of cells can be distinguished. In the center there are loosely or densely arranged filaments with strongly elongated cells - the core, large colorless cells - the intermediate layer lie between the core and the bark. The core of brown algae serves not only to transport the products of photosynthesis, but also performs a mechanical function; it often contains thin filaments with thick longitudinal sheaths. Representatives of the order Laminariales differ in the most complex anatomical structure, in which mucous channels develop in the core with special secretory cells for transporting photosynthesis products - sieve tubes and tubular filaments.

The thalli of brown algae are attached to the ground or other substrates and only occasionally, due to mechanical damage, break off and float freely. Attachment organs are usually long outgrowths - rhizoids, in large forms they are massive and are short root-like outgrowths covering the substrate like bird claws. In representatives of the order Fucales and some other algae, the attachment organ is a disc-shaped growth at the base of the thallus - a basal disc, flattened or conical, tightly adhering to the ground.

Branching of brown algae is monopodial. Lateral branches alternate, scattered or opposite. With their rapid growth to the size of the main thread (mother cells), dichotomous branching occurs. Quite often, alternate and opposite branches are located in the same plane and the algae acquire a peculiar pinnate appearance. The correct placement of branches is often masked by secondary branches.

Among brown algae there are species with ephemeral, annual and perennial thalli. The duration of the existence of thalli is greatly influenced by environmental conditions. Perennial thalli of brown algae are of several types. In some algae, the thallus is perennial, every year only the shoots on which the reproductive organs (Fucales) developed, while in others (Laminariales) the trunk and attachment organs are perennial, the lamellar part is annual. In some tropical species of Sargasso algae, only a disk is perennial, which serves to attach the thallus.

Brown algae cells are mononuclear, spherical, ellipsoid, barrel-shaped, mostly cylindrical, elongated or short-cylindrical, disc-shaped, sometimes polygonal or indefinite. They also vary in size. The nucleus is of the usual type for eukaryotes.

The cell wall is bilayered. The inner layer is cellulose, but the cellulose of brown algae differs in its properties from the cellulose of flowering plants and therefore it is sometimes called algulose. The outer layer of the shell is pectin, usually consisting of protein compounds of alginic acid and its salts. Due to this structure, the shell of brown algae can swell strongly, turning into a mucous mass, sometimes of a significant volume. In most brown pectin, the basis of pectin is a gum-like substance - algin (soluble sodium salt of alginic acid), in some - fucoidin.

The contents of neighboring cells of brown algae are communicated through plasmodesmata. In cells with thick membranes (in large thalli), pores are well defined.

Brown algae cells have one large or several small vacuoles. In addition, there are physodes - very small vacuoles (up to 4 microns in diameter) filled with fucosan - a compound similar to tannin. In young cells, the physodes are colorless, in old cells they are colored yellow or brown.

Chloroplasts are parietal, mostly numerous, small, disc-shaped, less often ribbon-like or lamellar. However, as cells age, the shape of chloroplasts may change, and instead of narrow, ribbon-like curved cells, numerous disc-shaped chloroplasts may appear. Pyrenoids are present either in the chloroplasts of vegetative cells or only in the chloroplasts of gametes; in a number of species, pyrenoids are absent or rare.

Brown algae are distinguished by a peculiar complex set of pigments. In chloroplasts, chlorophylls a, c (chlorophyll b is absent), β- and ε-carotenes, as well as several xanthophylls - fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, etc. were found. Fucoxanthin of intense brown color is especially specific among them. Different ratios of these pigments determine the color of brown algae from olive-yellowish to dark brown, almost black.

The assimilation products of brown algae are various carbohydrates soluble in cell sap - kelp (polysaccharide), mannitol (a six-hydric alcohol that plays a significant role in metabolism), as well as oil.

Brown algae have asexual and sexual forms of reproduction. However, vegetative propagation by fragmentation of the thallus cannot be considered unconditional. It is observed only when the torn thalli fall into more or less protected places and continue their vegetation there. At the same time, their lower older parts die off, collapse, and young branches develop into independent plants, which, however, are not attached to the ground. Such plants, floating or lying on the ground, never form organs of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Special buds for vegetative reproduction are found only in species of the genus Sphacelaria Lyngb. (Fig. 18.3).

Asexual reproduction is carried out by mobile zoospores, which are formed in large quantities in one-celled sporangia. In the most simply organized marine and freshwater brown algae (Ectocarpus, Sphacelaria, Pleurocladia A. Br., etc.), single-celled sporangia are spherical or ellipsoid cells that are located as lateral outgrowths of branches (Fig. 18.4, 1). In sporangia, a reduction division of the nucleus occurs, followed by multiple mitotic divisions; chloroplasts divide simultaneously with the nuclei. As a result, a large number of zoospores are formed, which are released through a rupture of the membrane at the top of the sporangium and, after swimming for a short time, germinate into a new, similar in appearance, but already haploid plant. In species of the genus Laminaria, zoosporangia form sori on the surface of the leaf-shaped plate. The sorus consists of paraphyses and zoosporangia (see Fig. 18.4, 2, 5). Paraphyses are elongated cells, with chloroplasts at the upper expanded end, developing on the surface of the thallus between the reproductive organs and serving to protect them. The shell of the paraphysis at the top is strongly mucilaginous, forming a kind of thick mucous cap. Mucous caps of adjacent paraphyses close, resulting in a continuous thick layer of mucus that protects the sorus. Zoosporangia are elongated ellipsoid, with a mucoid membrane at the top. Depending on the species, it develops in zoosporangia by 16-128 zoospores. The first division of the nucleus is reduction. Some brown algae reproduce by immobile, devoid of flagella, spores - aplanospores. Monospores are observed only in species of the order Tilopteridales, tetraspores - in species of the order Dictyotales (Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour., see Fig. 18.4, 4).

The sexual process is iso-, hetero- and oogamous. Gametes are usually produced in multilocular gametangia, one in each chamber. Mobile cells of brown algae - zoospores into gametes have a similar structure - they are pear-shaped, with one chloroplast and two flagella attached to the side. One flagellum is longer, pinnate, directed forward, the other is shorter, smooth, flagellate, directed backward. Stigma in motile cells is not always noticeable. The chloroplast of male gametes in oogamy may be colorless.

In the development cycle of most brown algae of the Phaeozoosporophyceae class, there is a change in development forms and alternation of sexual and asexual generations, i.e. gametophyte (sometimes also gametosporophyte, if the same organism can give rise to zoospores and gametes) and sporophyte.

These processes are detailed in Section 3.2.3. Here we dwell only on some features of the development cycles of brown algae. In the most primitive marine brown algae of the order Ectocarpales, an isomorphic change in developmental forms is observed, but a strict alternation of generations is still absent. The spores produced by the sporophyte can develop into both gametophytes and sporophytes.

The correct isomorphic change of forms of development is observed in representatives of the order Dictyotales. The most widespread of these is Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lam., which has a forked thallus with flat, usually in the same plane branches without a longitudinal rib (Fig. 18.5).

Algae of the order Laminariales have a heteromorphic change in developmental forms with the obligatory alternation of sporophytes and gametophytes. Their development cycle is characterized by the correct change of a powerful sporophyte and a microscopic, simply arranged gametophyte.

Brown algae that do not have a change in development forms, but only a change in nuclear phases, include representatives of the families Fucaceae, Cystoseiraceae and Sargassaceae. Their normal reproduction is possible only sexually. The sexual process is a typical oogamy. Sexual organs develop in conceptacles (Fig. 18.6). Long hairs grow from the wall of the conceptula - paraphyses, filling almost its entire cavity. Particularly long hairs develop in female conceptacles, where they protrude in the form of a bundle from the opening of the conceptacle. Among these hairs, oogonia and antheridia develop (Fig. 18.7, 1-5). Antheridia are formed in large numbers at the ends of special single-row branched branches growing from the wall of the conceptacle. Two layers are distinguishable in their shell. When the antheridium matures, its outer shell bursts and the antherozoids come out in the form of a package surrounded by an inner shell. In sea water, the inner shell is torn and pear-shaped antherozoids with a large nucleus and orange stigma are released. The oogonia are spherical or ellipsoid, equipped with a three-layered membrane, located in conceptacles on a short unicellular stalk. In the oogonium, 8 eggs are formed, they exit into the water, surrounded by two inner layers of the oogonium membrane. When the eggs are completely freed from the shells of the oogonium, fertilization occurs. A fertilized egg develops its own thick shell and immediately begins to germinate, forming a new fucus thallus.

In freshwater brown algae, developmental cycles have not been studied.

There are some differences in views on the classification of brown algae. According to a number of researchers, the Phaeophyta division is divided into 2 classes: Phaeozoosporophyceae and Cyclosporophyceae. Brown algae belong to the Cyclospores, in which the reproductive organs develop in conceptacles and are large in size, allowing them to be seen on preparations with the naked eye. All other brown algae are classified as pheozoospores, many of which reproduce by zoospores. Since the 1930s, there has been a tendency to classify brown algae depending on the characteristics of development cycles. At the same time, it was proposed to divide brown algae into 3 classes: Isogenerate, Heterogenerate, Cyclosporae. The proposed classification has received a very wide distribution. However, the division of brown algae into isogenerate and heterogeneous is rather arbitrary, since in both classes, in separate orders, there are representatives with the opposite type of change in developmental forms. Adhering to the views of domestic algologists, we adopt a classification scheme for dividing brown algae into 2 classes - Phaeozoosporophyceae and Cyclosporophyceae.

The question of the origin of brown algae is still poorly developed. A. Sherfell associated their origin with golden (Chrysophyta). According to A. Pasher, there is a phylogenetic relationship between brown and cryptophytic (Cryptophyta). The peculiar structure of the flagella, together with the brown coloration, allowed M. Shadefoe to combine into one large division of Chromophycophyta such large taxa as Pyrrhophyta (where, in addition to peridines, he included cryptophyte and euglena algae), Chrysophyta (to which he included, in addition to golden, yellow-green and diatoms algae) and Phaeophyta. According to biochemical properties, of all brown-colored organisms, diatoms are closest to brown algae. It is diatoms and brown algae that are characterized by such common pigments as chlorophyll (also characteristic of peridineans), fucoxanthin (also found in golden algae) and neofucoxanthins A and B. Taking into account the presence of a number of similarities between diatoms, golden algae and brown algae, we join the thought expressed by a number of scientists about the possibility of their origin from close, if not common, monadic ancestors.

According to G. Papenfuss, the original order of brown algae is Ectocarpales. The parenchymal structure of the thallus, apical growth, the oogamous sexual process, and the heteromorphic change in development forms in different groups of brown algae developed independently of each other.

Marine brown algae are widespread in all seas of the globe. Their thickets are common in the coastal waters of Antarctica and the northern islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. They reach their greatest development in the seas of temperate and subpolar latitudes, where, due to the low temperature and high concentration of nutrients, the most favorable conditions for their vegetation are created. Brown algae populate vertically all horizons of the shelf. Their thickets are found from the littoral zone, where they are out of water for hours at low tide, to a depth of 40-100 (200) m. And yet, the most dense and extensive thickets of brown algae are formed in the upper part of the sublittoral to a depth of 6-15 m. In these places, with sufficient illumination, there is a constant movement of water caused by surf and surface currents, which, on the one hand, ensures an intensive supply of biogenic substances to the thalli, and, on the other hand, limits the settlement of herbivorous animals.

Usually brown algae live on rocky or rocky soils, and only in calm places near the coast or at great depths can they stay on the valves of large mollusk shells or on gravel. Torn off thalli are carried by the current to calm places with a muddy or sandy bottom, where they continue to vegetate under sufficient illumination. Species with air bubbles on the thallus, when separated from the ground, float to the surface of the water, forming large clusters (Sargasso Sea). Among marine brown algae, there are a significant number of epiphytic and endophytic forms.

In the seas of temperate and subpolar latitudes, brown algae reach their maximum development in the summer months, although the rapid growth of their thalli begins in early spring, when the water temperature approaches 0°C. In tropical seas, the mass development of brown is confined to the winter months, when the water temperature drops slightly. Some types of marine brown algae can be found in heavily desalinated areas of the seas with a salinity of less than 5‰.

The role of brown algae in nature is extremely large. They are one of the main sources of organic matter in the coastal zone, especially in the seas of temperate and subpolar latitudes, where their biomass can reach tens of kilograms per 1 m2. In addition, thickets of brown algae serve as breeding, sheltering and feeding grounds for many coastal animals; they also create conditions for the settlement of microscopic and macroscopic algae of other systematic groups.

The economic importance of brown algae is also great, especially as a raw material for obtaining various kinds of substances (for example, alginates - salts of alginic acid, in particular sodium alginate). This substance is widely used to stabilize various solutions and suspensions. The addition of a small amount of sodium alginate improves the quality of food products (canned food, ice cream, fruit juices, etc.), a variety of coloring and adhesive substances. Alginates are used in book printing, in the production of plastics, synthetic fibers and plasticizers, to obtain weather-resistant coatings and building materials. They are found in high quality machine lubricants, dissolvable surgical sutures, ointments and pastes in the pharmaceutical and perfume industries. In the foundry, alginates are used to improve the quality of foundry earth. Alginates are used in the production of electrodes for electric welding, which make it possible to obtain higher quality seams. Brown algae is also used as a raw material for the production of mannitol, which is used in the pharmaceutical industry, in the food industry - for the manufacture of diabetic foods, and in the chemical industry - in the production of synthetic resins, paints, paper, explosives, and leather dressing. Brown algae contain a large amount of iodine and other trace elements, so they are used in the preparation of fodder meal. In fresh and processed form, they are used as fertilizers.

Brown algae have been used in medicine since ancient times. Now more and more new areas of their application are being identified, for example, for the manufacture of blood substitutes, for the preparation of drugs that prevent blood clotting and promote the removal of radioactive substances from the body. Since ancient times, brown algae (mainly representatives of the order Laminariales) have been eaten by humans.

The negative properties of brown algae include their participation, together with other organisms, in the fouling of ships, buoys, and various hydraulic structures submerged in water, which worsens their performance.

The intensive use of wild-growing marine macrophytes, in particular brown algae, has led to the depletion of their natural reserves and has confronted mankind with the need for their artificial cultivation. Therefore, in the last 30 years, aquaculture of algae has developed significantly. In Norway and the UK, not only are species of the genus Laminaria successfully cultivated, but the technology of their production is also being improved. In France, work is underway to acclimatize representatives of the genus Macrocystis. Seaweed aquaculture is intensively developing in the USA. In this case, special attention is paid to Macrocystis pyrifera. In the USSR, research is being carried out on the artificial breeding of Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lam. in the White Sea. Thus, the cultivation of seaweed is becoming industrial in nature and is becoming an increasingly profitable branch of crop production, despite some economic and environmental difficulties.

In fresh waters of temperate latitudes, 5 species of brown algae from the Phaeozoosporophyceae class were found: Bodanella lauterbornii Zimmerm. (order Ectocarpales, family Ectocarpaceae) (Fig. 18.8, 1), Pleurocladia lacustris A. Br. (order Chordariales, family Myrionemataceae) (Fig. 18.8, 2). Heribaudiella fluviatilis (Aresch.) Sved. (order Chordariales, family Lithodermataceae (Fig. 18.8, 3)), Streblonema longiseta Arnoldi (order Chordariales, family Streblonemataceae) (Fig. 18.8, 4). Sphacelaria fluviatilis Jao (order Sphacelariales, family Sphacelariaceae) (Fig. 18.8, 5).

Brown algae, in addition to chlorophyll, have a brown pigment in their chromatophores - fucoxanthin, which masks the rest of the pigments. These are multicellular algae that grow at depths of 40 to 100 meters. In size, they are the largest of all algae. Typical representatives are fucus, sargassum and sugar kelp, pictured below.

The structure of kelp

Laminaria sugar can reach a length of up to 60 m. The body of the algae is divided into thallus (thallus), stem, rhizoids. Outwardly, it resembles a leaf on a petiole. Water is absorbed by the entire surface of the thallus (thallus), rhizoids perform the sole function of attachment to the substrate.

The chromatophore has a rounded shape, contains, in addition to chlorophyll, carotene, xanthophyll, a brown pigment - fucoxanthin. The reserve nutrient, laminarin, is deposited in the cytoplasm.

Life cycle

The life cycle is represented by the alternation of the sporophyte (2n, asexual generation) - has the appearance of an adult kelp plant, and the gametophyte - the haploid phase (n), represented by small branched filaments. As a result of meiosis, zoospores (n) are formed in zoosporangia on the sporophyte (2n). Zoospores on the soil germinate into female and male gametophytes, on which there are respectively oogonia with eggs (n) and antheridia with spermatozoa (n). As a result of fertilization, a zygote (2n) is formed, from which an adult individual, the sporophyte, begins to grow. The cycle closes.

The value of brown algae

From brown algae, agar-agar is obtained, a substance used in food production - for the production of sauces, ice cream, marmalade, marshmallows and in microbiology - in order to make nutrient media for microorganisms.

© Bellevich Yury Sergeevich 2018-2020

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Various natural biologically active additives, especially from seaweed, are now gaining more and more popularity. In the article, we will consider what brown algae are, how they are useful, what are their features, and how they are used.

general characteristics

Brown algae are multicellular spore plants that come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes. They prefer sea depths with a rocky bottom. They do not have a root system, and they are fixed on the surface with the help of powerful stems. They get all the nutrients they need for growth and reproduction from the water.

They got their name from the brown pigment fucoxanthin. contained in chromatophores, which has the ability to overshadow other color pigments - xanthophyll, chlorophyll and others.

Do not confuse them with red algae (crimson) - this is another group of plants that are close relatives of brown ones, and they have quite a few differences.

It should be noted that chlorella does not belong to this type of plant, it is a unicellular algae that grows in freshwater reservoirs.

Types and their differences

There are about 250 genera and more than one and a half thousand species of this large family, of which only eight can live in fresh water, the rest are marine life. The most famous representatives are kelp, sargasso, cystoseira, fucus.

There are three classes of these plants - Aplanosporophyceae, Phaeosporophyceae and Cyclosporophyceae. The first class includes dictyotes, the second - heterogeneous and isogenerates, minus dictyotes, and the third - cyclospores.

Classification is also carried out according to the structure of cells, their ability to group, and also according to the methods of organizing reproduction. Higher brown algae in their structure came close to land plants, which is not surprising, because they are the progenitors of the entire plant world on land.

Compound

Brown algae contain a huge amount of various biologically active substances - vitamins A, C, D, E, K, P, PP, group B, macro- and microelements such as Ca, I, K, Mg, Na, Br, Cl, Se other. And also the cells of these plants contain compounds such as fucoidan, mannitol, fucosan, algin.

The chemical composition of brown algae is similar to that of human blood. And it should also be noted that the micro and macro elements contained in brown algae are in the form of organic compounds that are much easier and faster absorbed by the body than synthetic multivitamin supplements.

The energy value of these representatives of the plant world is very small - an average of about 43 kcal per 100 g, which makes them a desirable component for any diet. The BJU indicator for them is 1.7: 0.6: 8.3.

Benefit and harm

Due to the high content of iodine, brown algae normalize the activity of the thyroid gland, have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the brain.

Brown algae contain almost 70 elements of the periodic system, which makes them an indispensable source of nutrition for our cells.

Mannitol, one of the polysaccharides that make up these plants, has a pronounced choleretic effect.

Salts of alginic acid and fucoidan contained in these plants have the ability to neutralize the harmful effects of penetrating radiation and ultraviolet radiation, forming water-insoluble salts with heavy metal ions and radionuclides and removing them from the body naturally (diuretic effect).

And also there is a strong antiviral effect from the use of algae in food - in particular, the fucoidan contained in the cells of these wonderful plants has the ability to prevent the transformation of normal body cells into malignant ones and is very effective in complex therapy for the treatment of hepatitis B.

This substance also has the ability to enhance regeneration at the cellular level and strengthen the immune system.

There are no direct contraindications to the use of marine brown and red algae, but if you have stomach problems (gastritis or ulcers), kidneys or thyroid, before using a food or dietary supplement that contains brown algae, consult your doctor. And also consultation is required in case of pregnancy, lactation or children under 12 years of age.

Applications

The taste of these marine life is very specific, so quite a few people like to include them in their diet. Therefore, at present, on the shelves of shops and pharmacies, you can increasingly see capsules, tablets with brown algae extract (kelp). Cosmetic oil is also produced in the form of an extract.

In many Asian cuisines, kelp species such as wakame, kombu, arame, hijiki, and lima are eaten. They are not only added to salads, stewed with vegetables, added to soups and other dishes as spices, but they are also used to make well-known rolls and sushi.

The alginic acid found in these "natural storehouses of health" is used as a leavening and filling ingredient in baked goods, cocoa powder, coffee, ice cream, and more.

Dried and crushed algae successfully replace salt.

And also algae are used as animal feed and natural fertilizers for the earth.

The industrial use of these natural storerooms is also possible - with their help, they hope to get a cheap and, most importantly, renewable source of fuel.

In medicine

And also from sea brown algae receive effective remedies for rheumatism, headaches and diabetes.

These beneficial plants also have the ability to:

• normalize metabolism;
• remove waste and toxins from the body;
• improve the process of blood circulation;
• regulate the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood;
• have a diuretic effect;
• reduce blood clotting and prevent thrombosis;
• reduce the content of harmful cholesterol, thereby serving as a prophylactic against atherosclerosis of blood vessels;
• beneficial effect on the musculoskeletal system.

Ascophylla, one of the representatives of this large family, is used to obtain antibacterial protection of the epidermis.

Laminaria extract is also produced in the form of a food gel, which is quickly absorbed by the body and retains the greatest amount of useful substances. It is also possible not to use this gel internally, but in the form of lotions, applications and compresses on rheumatic joints or places where blood vessels protrude strongly (varicose veins).

In cosmetology

Seaweeds are also actively used in cosmetology, they are added to various creams and masks for the body and face, they are used for wraps that are now popular, in a comprehensive fight against cellulite and more.

Laminaria oil is also used to combat dandruff, in case of oily and excessively brittle hair, to improve hair growth - after all, its extract has a beneficial effect on blood circulation in the scalp, strengthens hair follicles. To nourish your hair, you can simply rinse clean hair with algae infusion (brew 2 teaspoons of dry product per 1 liter of water, insist for an hour, strain and use).

Wraps with fresh seaweed are practiced to get rid of cellulite and general healing and rejuvenation of the skin. And also for this purpose, gruel from a crushed dried product diluted with water is rubbed into problem areas.

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in large quantities in brown algae, are able to restore collagen in the epidermis, which in turn improves the tone and elasticity of our skin. To soften it, smooth out wrinkles and saturate it with useful substances, make a mask from a dry product diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1. If the skin is dry, add a spoonful of oil - olive or burdock. It is also possible to vary the composition of such masks by adding honey, eggs, clay and other components.

And you can also take baths with the addition of an oil extract of kelp and fucus.

Brown algae have been of great importance in human life since ancient times, especially for the inhabitants of the sea coast. Fishermen and sailors stuffed mattresses with dried algae, built fires for heating. Fish was wrapped fresh for roasting in coals, used as seasonings and simply eaten.

In the 18th century, dry algae were burned to produce soda ash, necessary for the production of glass and building materials.

Scientists from the University of Manchester said that algae can influence cloud formation in coastal regions.

And also in the USA there is a project to grow brown algae Macrocystis pyrifera in order to extract methane.