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If we consider environmental problems, one of the most pressing is air pollution. Environmentalists are sounding the alarm and urging mankind to reconsider their attitude to life and the consumption of natural resources, because only protection from air pollution will improve the situation and prevent serious consequences. Find out how to solve such an acute issue, influence the ecological situation and save the atmosphere.

Natural sources of clogging

What is air pollution? This concept includes the introduction and entry into the atmosphere and all its layers of uncharacteristic elements of a physical, biological or chemical nature, as well as a change in their concentrations.

What pollutes our air? Air pollution is due to many reasons, and all sources can be conditionally divided into natural or natural, as well as artificial, that is, anthropogenic.

It’s worth starting with the first group, which includes pollutants generated by nature itself:

The first source is volcanoes. Erupting, they throw out huge amounts of tiny particles of various rocks, ash, poisonous gases, sulfur oxides and other no less harmful substances. And although eruptions occur quite rarely, according to statistics, as a result of volcanic activity, the level of air pollution increases significantly, because up to 40 million tons of dangerous compounds are released into the atmosphere every year.
If we consider the natural causes of air pollution, then it is worth noting such as peat or forest fires. Most often, fires occur due to unintentional arson by a person who is negligent about the rules of safety and behavior in the forest. Even a small spark from an incompletely extinguished fire can cause a fire to spread. Less commonly, fires are caused by very high solar activity, which is why the peak of danger falls on the hot summer time.
Considering the main types of natural pollutants, one cannot fail to mention dust storms that occur due to strong gusts of wind and mixing of air flows. During a hurricane or other natural event, tons of dust rise, which provoke air pollution.

artificial sources

Air pollution in Russia and other developed countries is often caused by the influence of anthropogenic factors caused by the activities carried out by people.

We list the main artificial sources that cause air pollution:

The rapid development of industry. It is worth starting with chemical air pollution caused by the activities of chemical plants. Toxic substances released into the air poison it. Also, metallurgical plants cause air pollution with harmful substances: metal processing is a complex process, involving huge emissions as a result of heating and combustion. In addition, they pollute the air and small solid particles formed during the manufacture of building or finishing materials.
The problem of air pollution by motor vehicles is especially urgent. Although other types also provoke emissions into the atmosphere, it is cars that have the most significant negative impact on it, since there are much more of them than any other vehicles. Exhausts emitted by motor vehicles and arising during engine operation contain a lot of substances, including hazardous ones. It is sad that every year the number of emissions increases. An increasing number of people are acquiring an "iron horse", which, of course, has a detrimental effect on the environment.
Operation of thermal and nuclear power plants, boiler plants. The vital activity of mankind at this stage is impossible without the use of such installations. They supply us with vital resources: heat, electricity, hot water supply. But when burning any kind of fuel, the atmosphere changes.
Household waste. Every year, the purchasing power of people is growing, as a result, the amount of waste generated is also increasing. Their disposal is not given due attention, and some types of garbage are extremely dangerous, have a long decomposition period and emit vapors that have an extremely adverse effect on the atmosphere. Each person pollutes the air every day, but industrial waste is much more dangerous, which is taken to landfills and not disposed of in any way.

What are the most common air pollutants?

There are an incredible number of air pollutants, and environmentalists are constantly discovering new ones, which is associated with the rapid pace of industrial development and the introduction of new production and processing technologies. But the most common compounds found in the atmosphere are:

Carbon monoxide, also called carbon monoxide. It is colorless and odorless and is formed during incomplete combustion of fuel at low oxygen volumes and low temperatures. This compound is dangerous and causes death due to lack of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is found in the atmosphere and has a slightly sour smell.
Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of some sulfur-containing fuels. This compound provokes acid rain and depresses human breathing.
Dioxides and oxides of nitrogen characterize air pollution by industrial enterprises, since they are most often formed during their activities, especially in the production of certain fertilizers, dyes and acids. Also, these substances can be released as a result of fuel combustion or during operation of the machine, especially if it malfunctions.
Hydrocarbons are one of the most common substances and can be found in solvents, detergents, and petroleum products.
Lead is also harmful and is used to make batteries and accumulators, cartridges and ammunition.
Ozone is extremely toxic and is formed during photochemical processes or during the operation of vehicles and factories.

Now you know what substances pollute the air pool most often. But this is only a small part of them, the atmosphere contains a lot of various compounds, and some of them are even unknown to scientists.

Sad consequences

The scale of the impact of atmospheric air pollution on human health and the entire ecosystem as a whole is simply enormous, and many underestimate them. Let's start with ecology.

Firstly, due to polluted air, a greenhouse effect has developed, which gradually, but globally, changes the climate, leads to warming and melting of glaciers, and provokes natural disasters. It can be said that it leads to irreversible consequences in the state of the environment.
Secondly, acid rains are becoming more and more frequent, having a negative impact on all life on Earth. Through their fault, entire populations of fish are dying, unable to live in such an acidic environment. A negative impact is observed when examining historical monuments and architectural monuments.
Thirdly, fauna and flora suffer, as dangerous vapors are inhaled by animals, they also enter plants and gradually destroy them.

Polluted atmosphere has a very negative impact on human health. Emissions enter the lungs and cause malfunctions of the respiratory system, severe allergic reactions. Together with the blood, dangerous compounds are carried throughout the body and wear it out greatly. And some elements are capable of provoking mutation and degeneration of cells.

How to solve the problem and save the environment

The problem of atmospheric air pollution is very relevant, especially considering that the environment has deteriorated greatly over the past few decades. And it needs to be solved comprehensively and in several ways.

Consider several effective measures to prevent air pollution:

To combat air pollution at individual enterprises, it is mandatory to install treatment and filtering facilities and systems. And at especially large industrial plants, it is necessary to begin the introduction of stationary monitoring posts for atmospheric air pollution.
Switching to alternative and less harmful sources of energy, such as solar panels or electricity, should be used to avoid air pollution from vehicles.
The replacement of combustible fuels with more affordable and less dangerous ones, such as water, wind, sunlight and others that do not require combustion, will help protect the atmospheric air from pollution.
The protection of atmospheric air from pollution should be supported at the state level, and there are already laws aimed at protecting it. But it is also necessary to act and exercise control in individual subjects of the Russian Federation.
One of the effective ways, which should include the protection of air from pollution, is to establish a system for the disposal of all waste or their processing.
Plants should be used to solve the problem of air pollution. Widespread landscaping will improve the atmosphere and increase the amount of oxygen in it.

How to protect atmospheric air from pollution? If all of humanity is struggling with it, then there are chances for an improvement in the environment. Knowing the essence of the problem of air pollution, its relevance and the main solutions, we need to work together and comprehensively to combat pollution.

Environmental pollution is a global problem of our time, which is regularly discussed in the news and scientific circles. Many international organizations have been created to combat the deterioration of natural conditions. Scientists have long sounded the alarm about the inevitability of an environmental catastrophe in the very near future.

At the moment, much is known about environmental pollution - a large number of scientific papers and books have been written, numerous studies have been carried out. But in solving the problem, mankind has advanced very little. Pollution of nature still remains an important and urgent issue, the postponement of which can be tragic.

History of biosphere pollution

In connection with the intensive industrialization of society, environmental pollution has become especially aggravated in recent decades. However, despite this fact, natural pollution is one of the most ancient problems in human history. Even in the era of primitive life, people began to barbarously destroy forests, exterminate animals and change the landscape of the earth to expand the territory of residence and obtain valuable resources.

Even then, this led to climate change and other environmental problems. The growth of the planet's population and the progress of civilizations was accompanied by increased mining, drainage of water bodies, as well as chemical pollution of the biosphere. The Industrial Revolution marked not only a new era in society, but also a new wave of pollution.

With the development of science and technology, scientists have received tools that make it possible to accurately and thoroughly analyze the ecological state of the planet. Weather reports, monitoring of the chemical composition of air, water and soil, satellite data, as well as smoking pipes everywhere and oil slicks on the water, indicate that the problem is rapidly aggravating with the expansion of the technosphere. No wonder the appearance of man is called the main ecological catastrophe.

Classification of nature pollution

There are several classifications of environmental pollution based on their source, direction, and other factors.

So, the following types of environmental pollution are distinguished:

Biological - the source of pollution is living organisms, it can occur due to natural causes or as a result of anthropogenic activities.
Physical - leads to a change in the corresponding characteristics of the environment. Physical pollution includes thermal, radiation, noise and others.
Chemical - an increase in the content of substances or their penetration into the environment. Leads to a change in the normal chemical composition of resources.
Mechanical - pollution of the biosphere with garbage.

In fact, one type of pollution may be accompanied by another or several at once.

The gaseous shell of the planet is an integral participant in natural processes, determines the thermal background and climate of the Earth, protects against destructive cosmic radiation, and affects relief formation.

The composition of the atmosphere has changed throughout the historical development of the planet. The current situation is such that part of the volume of the gas envelope is determined by human economic activity. The composition of the air is heterogeneous and differs depending on the geographical location - in industrial areas and large cities, a high level of harmful impurities.

The main sources of chemical pollution of the atmosphere:

chemical plants;
enterprises of the fuel and energy complex;
transport.

These pollutants cause heavy metals such as lead, mercury, chromium, and copper to be present in the atmosphere. They are permanent components of the air in industrial areas.

Modern power plants emit hundreds of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every day, as well as soot, dust and ash.

The increase in the number of cars in settlements has led to an increase in the concentration of a number of harmful gases in the air, which are part of the engine exhaust. Anti-knock additives added to vehicle fuels release large amounts of lead. Cars produce dust and ash, which pollute not only the air, but also the soil, settling on the ground.

The atmosphere is also polluted by very toxic gases emitted by the chemical industry. Wastes from chemical plants, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, are the cause of acid rain and are capable of reacting with biosphere components to form other hazardous derivatives.

As a result of human activities, forest fires regularly occur, during which huge amounts of carbon dioxide are released.

Soil is a thin layer of the lithosphere, formed as a result of natural factors, in which most of the exchange processes between living and non-living systems take place.

Due to the extraction of natural resources, mining, the construction of buildings, roads and airfields, large-scale areas of soil are being destroyed.

Irrational human economic activity has caused the degradation of the fertile layer of the earth. Its natural chemical composition changes, mechanical pollution occurs. The intensive development of agriculture leads to significant losses of land. Frequent plowing makes them vulnerable to flooding, salinization and winds, which cause soil erosion.

The abundant use of fertilizers, insecticides, and chemical poisons to kill pests and clear weeds leads to the ingress of toxic compounds that are unnatural for it into the soil. As a result of anthropogenic activity, chemical pollution of lands by heavy metals and their derivatives occurs. The main harmful element is lead, as well as its compounds. When processing lead ores, about 30 kilograms of metal is thrown out from each ton. Automobile exhaust containing a large amount of this metal settles in the soil, poisoning the organisms living in it. Drains of liquid waste from mines contaminate the earth with zinc, copper and other metals.

Power plants, radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions, research centers for the study of atomic energy cause radioactive isotopes to enter the soil, which then enter the human body with food.

The reserves of metals concentrated in the bowels of the earth are dissipated as a result of human production activity. Then they concentrate in the topsoil. In ancient times, man used 18 elements from the earth's crust, and today - all known.

Today, the water shell of the earth is much more polluted than one can imagine. Oil slicks and bottles floating on the surface are just what you can see. A significant part of the pollutants is in a dissolved state.

Water damage can occur naturally. As a result of mudflows and floods, magnesium is washed out of the mainland soil, which enters water bodies and harms fish. As a result of chemical transformations, aluminum penetrates into fresh water. But natural pollution is negligible compared to anthropogenic pollution. Through the fault of man, the following fall into the water:

surface-active compounds;
pesticides;
phosphates, nitrates and other salts;
medicines;
oil products;
radioactive isotopes.

The sources of these pollutants are farms, fisheries, oil platforms, power plants, chemical industries, and sewage.

Acid rain, which is also the result of human activity, dissolves the soil, washing away heavy metals.

In addition to chemical pollution of water, there is physical, namely thermal. Most of the water is used in the production of electricity. Thermal stations use it to cool turbines, and the heated waste liquid is drained into reservoirs.

Mechanical deterioration of water quality by household waste in settlements leads to a reduction in the habitats of living beings. Some species are dying.

Polluted water is the main cause of most diseases. As a result of liquid poisoning, many living beings die, the ocean ecosystem suffers, and the normal course of natural processes is disturbed. Pollutants eventually enter the human body.

Pollution control

In order to avoid an ecological catastrophe, the fight against physical pollution must be a top priority. The problem must be solved at the international level, because nature has no state borders. To prevent pollution, it is necessary to impose sanctions on enterprises that emit waste into the environment, to impose large fines for placing garbage in the wrong place. Incentives to comply with environmental safety standards can also be implemented through financial methods. This approach has proven effective in some countries.

A promising direction in the fight against pollution is the use of alternative energy sources. The use of solar panels, hydrogen fuel and other energy-saving technologies will reduce the release of toxic compounds into the atmosphere.

Other pollution control methods include:

construction of treatment facilities;
creation of national parks and reserves;
increase in the number of green spaces;
population control in third world countries;
drawing public attention to the problem.

Environmental pollution is a large-scale global problem, which can be solved only with the active participation of everyone who calls the planet Earth their home, otherwise an ecological catastrophe will be inevitable.

Currently, the main global atmospheric problems are the greenhouse effect, ozone holes, acid precipitation and photochemical smog.

The greenhouse effect is an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface due to the heating of the lower atmosphere by the accumulation of greenhouse gases. As a result, the air temperature is higher than it should be, and this leads to such irreversible consequences as climate change and global warming. Several centuries ago, this environmental problem existed, but was not so obvious. With the development of technology, the number of sources that provide the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is increasing every year.

The causes of the greenhouse effect are as follows:

The use of combustible minerals in industry - coal, oil, natural gas, the combustion of which releases a huge amount of carbon dioxide and other harmful compounds into the atmosphere;

Transport - cars and trucks emit exhaust gases, which also pollute the air and increase the greenhouse effect;

Deforestation, which absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, and with the destruction of every tree on the planet, the amount of CO2 in the air increases;

Forest fires are another source of destruction of plants on the planet;

An increase in population affects the increase in demand for food, clothing, housing, and to ensure this, industrial production is growing, which is increasingly polluting the air with greenhouse gases;

Agrochemicals and fertilizers contain varying amounts of compounds that release nitrogen, one of the greenhouse gases, as a result of evaporation;

The decomposition and burning of garbage in landfills contribute to the increase in greenhouse gases.

Considering the results of the greenhouse effect, it can be determined that the main one is climate change. Since the air temperature rises every year, the waters of the seas and oceans evaporate more intensively. Some scientists predict that in 200 years such a phenomenon as the "drying" of the oceans, namely a significant decrease in water levels, will become noticeable. This is one side of the problem. The other is that the increase in temperature leads to the melting of glaciers, which contributes to the rise in the water level of the World Ocean, and leads to the flooding of the coasts of continents and islands. The increase in the number of floods and flooding of coastal areas indicates that the level of ocean waters is increasing every year.

An increase in air temperature leads to the fact that areas that are little moistened by precipitation become arid and unsuitable for life. Here, crops are dying, which leads to a food crisis for the population of the area. Also, there is no food for animals, because plants die out due to lack of water.

Many people have become accustomed to weather and climate conditions throughout their lives. As the air temperature rises due to the greenhouse effect, global warming sets in on the planet. Humans can't stand high temperatures. For example, if earlier the average summer temperature was +22-+27, then an increase to +35-+38 leads to sunny and

heat stroke, dehydration and problems with the cardiovascular system, the risk of stroke is high. Specialists in abnormal heat give people the following recommendations:

Reduce the number of movements on the street;

Reduce physical activity;

Avoid direct sunlight;

Increase the consumption of plain purified water up to 2-3 liters per day;

Cover your head from the sun with a headdress;

If possible, spend time during the day in a cool room.

The impact of the greenhouse effect on human health

The consequences of the greenhouse effect primarily affect the climate and the environment, but its impact on human health is no less detrimental. It's like a time bomb: after many years we can see the consequences, but we can't change anything.

Scientists predict that people with a low and unstable financial situation are most susceptible to diseases. If people are malnourished and do not receive some food due to lack of money, this will lead to malnutrition, hunger and the development of diseases (not just the digestive tract). Since abnormal heat sets in in summer due to the greenhouse effect, the number of people with diseases of the cardiovascular system is increasing every year. This is how people's blood pressure rises or falls, heart attacks and epileptic seizures occur, fainting and heat stroke occur.

An increase in air temperature leads to the development of the following diseases and epidemics:

Ebola;

babesiosis;

bird flu;

tuberculosis;

sleeping sickness;

yellow fever.

These diseases spread geographically very quickly, as the high temperature of the atmosphere facilitates the movement of various infections and disease vectors. These are various animals and insects such as tsetse flies, encephalitis mites, malarial mosquitoes, birds, mice, etc. From warmer latitudes, these carriers migrate to the north, so people living there are exposed to diseases because they do not have immunity to them.

Thus, the greenhouse effect causes global warming, and this leads to many ailments and infectious diseases. As a result of epidemics, thousands of people die in different countries of the world. By fighting the problem of global warming and the greenhouse effect, we will be able to improve the environment and, as a result, the state of human health.

Violation of the ozone layer. Ozone (O 3) - is the third form of the existence of oxygen, is formed in the atmosphere naturally when atmospheric oxygen is exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (which can be designated hν):

O 2 + hν \u003d O + O; O 2 + O \u003d O 3.

The highest concentration of ozone molecules is in the stratosphere at a height of 20 - 22 km (~ 10 times higher than at the Earth's surface) and it extends to about 5 km in height, this layer is called the ozone layer. If all the ozone is concentrated in one layer, then its thickness will be ~ 2.9 mm.

The ozone layer traps the harsh ultraviolet radiation that is harmful to all life on Earth. It can cause greater changes in organisms than gamma radiation, X-rays and lead to

diseases of the immune system, skin cancer, damage to the retina and other diseases.

Currently, the ozone layer is being disturbed, i.e., the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer is decreasing. For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer was discovered in 1985 over Antarctica, when the ozone concentration over it was reduced by 50%. This space is called the "ozone hole". Since then, the results of measurements confirm the widespread violation of the ozone layer throughout the planet (ozone concentration decreases at different times of the year by 10-20%, especially over industrial countries).

Science has not fully established the main causes that violate the ozone layer. Both natural and anthropogenic origin of “ozone holes” is assumed.

According to most scientists, the main destroyers of the ozone layer are chemicals, united by the term "chlorofluorocarbons" (CFCs) - the so-called freons, as well as oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and carbon (CO). Freons began to be used in the 1930s as freons in refrigeration units, then in air conditioning systems, for the production of polymers, deodorants, varnishes, paints, as solvents, sprayers in aerosol packages. They are non-toxic, inert, stable, do not burn, do not dissolve in water, are convenient in production and storage. These destroyers interact with the ozone molecule and destroy it, they are called catalysts, since they destroy ozone only by their presence, for example:

O 3 + NO \u003d O 2 + NO 2; NO 2 + O \u003d NO + O 2;

O 3 + Cl \u003d ClO + O 2; ClO + O \u003d Cl + O 2.

In accordance with international agreements (the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer - 1985, as well as the Protocols to this convention), which Ukraine has joined, all countries participating in this Convention must stop the production and use of almost all

ozone depleting substances.

Acid rain.

Acid rain is called any atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow, hail) containing any amount of acids. The presence of acids leads to a decrease in the pH level. Hydrogen index (pH) - a value that reflects the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions. The lower the pH level, the more hydrogen ions in the solution, the more acidic the medium is.

For rainwater, the average pH value is 5.6. In the case when the pH of precipitation is less than 5.6, they speak of acid rain. The compounds that lower the pH level of sediments are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Causes of acid rain

According to the nature of their origin, acid rains are of two types: natural (arise as a result of the activities of nature itself) and anthropogenic (caused by human activities).

natural acid rain

There are few natural causes of acid rain:

activity of microorganisms. A number of microorganisms in the course of their life activity causes the destruction of organic substances, which leads to the formation of gaseous sulfur compounds, which naturally enter the atmosphere. The amount of sulfur oxides formed in this way is estimated at about 30-40 million tons per year, which is approximately 1/3 of the total;

volcanic activity delivers another 2 million tons of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere. Together with volcanic gases, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, various sulfates and elemental sulfur enter the troposphere;

decomposition of nitrogen-containing natural compounds. Since all protein compounds are based on nitrogen, many processes lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides. For example, the breakdown of urine. Doesn't sound very nice, but that's life;

lightning discharges produce about 8 million tons of nitrogen compounds per year;

combustion of wood and other biomass.

Anthropogenic acid rain

Since we are talking about the anthropogenic impact, you do not need to have a great mind to guess that we are talking about the destructive influence of mankind on the state of the planet. A person is used to living in comfort, providing himself with everything necessary, but he is not used to “cleaning up” after himself. Either he hasn’t grown out of the sliders yet, or he hasn’t matured with his mind.

The main cause of acid rain is air pollution. If about thirty years ago, industrial enterprises and thermal power plants were named as global causes that cause the appearance of compounds in the atmosphere that “oxidize” rain, today this list has been supplemented by road transport.

Thermal power plants and metallurgical enterprises "give" nature about 255 million tons of sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

Solid-propellant rockets have also made and are making a significant contribution: the launch of one Shuttle complex results in the release of more than 200 tons of hydrogen chloride and about 90 tons of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic sources of sulfur oxides are enterprises that produce sulfuric acid and refine oil.

Exhaust gases of road transport - 40% of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere.

The main source of VOCs in the atmosphere, of course, are chemical industries, oil storage facilities, gas stations and gas stations, as well as various solvents used both in industry and in everyday life.

The final result is as follows: human activity delivers more than 60% of sulfur compounds, about 40-50% of nitrogen compounds and 100% of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere.

From the point of view of chemistry, the fact that acid rain is formed is nothing

complicated and incomprehensible. Oxides, getting into the atmosphere, react with water molecules, forming acids. Sulfur oxides, getting into the air, form sulfuric acid, nitrogen oxides form nitric acid. One should also take into account the fact that the atmosphere above large cities always contains particles of iron and manganese, which act as catalysts for reactions. Since there is a water cycle in nature, water in the form of precipitation sooner or later falls on the ground. Along with water, acid also enters.

The effects of acid rain

The term "sour rain" first appeared in the second half of the 19th century and was coined by British chemists dealing with the pollution of Manchester. He noticed that significant changes in the composition of rainwater are caused by vapors and smoke released into the atmosphere as a result of the activities of enterprises. As a result of the research, it was found that acid rain causes discoloration of fabrics, metal corrosion, destruction of building materials and leads to the death of vegetation.

It took about a hundred years before scientists around the world sounded the alarm, talking about the harmful effects of acid rain. This problem was first raised in 1972 at a UN conference on the environment.

Oxidation of water resources. The most sensitive are rivers and lakes. Fish are dying. While some fish species can tolerate slight water acidification, they also die due to the loss of food resources. In those lakes where the pH level is less than 5.1, not a single fish was caught. This is explained not only by the fact that adult specimens of fish die - at a pH of 5.0, the majority cannot hatch fry from eggs, as a result, there is a decrease in the number and species composition of fish populations.

Harmful effect on vegetation. Acid rain affects vegetation directly and indirectly. The direct effect is in

high-mountainous regions, where tree crowns are literally immersed in acid clouds. Excessively acidic water destroys leaves and weakens plants. Indirect impact occurs due to a decrease in the level of nutrients in the soil and, as a result, an increase in the proportion of toxic substances.

Destruction of human creations. Facades of buildings, monuments of culture and architecture, pipelines, cars - everything is exposed to acid rain. Many studies have been done, and they all point to one thing: over the past three decades, the process of exposure to acid rain has increased significantly. As a result, not only marble sculptures, stained glass windows of ancient buildings, but also leather and paper products of historical value are under threat.

Human health. By themselves, acid rain does not have a direct impact on human health - falling under such rain or swimming in a reservoir with acidified water, a person does not risk anything. Health hazards are compounds that are formed in the atmosphere due to the ingress of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into it. The resulting sulfates are carried by air currents over considerable distances, are inhaled by many people, and, as studies show, provoke the development of bronchitis and asthma. Another point is that a person eats the gifts of nature, not all suppliers can guarantee the normal composition of food products.

photochemical smog.

The term "smog" was first introduced by Dr. Henry Antoine de Vaux in 1905 in "Fog and Smoke" written for the Public Health Congress. 26 July In 1905, London's Daily Graphic newspaper quoted him: "He said that there is no need for science to understand that this smoke fog - smog - is a product of the city, which is not found in the countryside." The next day the newspaper wrote that de Vaux had done a great

service to the public by introducing a new term to describe London fog.

Smog is an aerosol consisting of smoke, fog and dust. The English word "smog" is derived from "smoke" - smoke and "fog" - fog.

The occurrence of smog is facilitated by such weather conditions when a stagnant state of air is created, in which the streets and squares of the city are practically not ventilated.

The distribution of pollutants in the air to a large extent depends on weather and climatic phenomena. Winds increase the rate of dispersion and mixing, and air currents directed from the ground carry pollution into the upper atmosphere. However, conditions can arise in which the atmospheric layers become very stable. This, in particular, happens during anticyclones (areas with high atmospheric pressure), during calm weather in general and when the lowest layer of air cools down, when in the upper layers at a certain height the air turns out to be warmer than in the lower ones (that is, temperature inversion is observed). Then pollution, instead of moving to the upper layers of the atmosphere, remains near the surface of the earth. This leads to the fact that colder air is located below warmer air, and cannot rise up and dissipate in the atmosphere. Under the “roof” of warm air, pollution accumulates in such large quantities that it becomes dangerous to health.

Cities located in lowlands are characterized by a high frequency of temperature inversions, and, therefore, with a high level of industrial air pollution, they are prone to smog formation.

TYPES OF SMOG

There are three types of smog:

ice smog (Alaskan type);

wet smog (London type);

dry, or photochemical smog (Los Angeles type).

CONSEQUENCES OF SMOG

People, plants, buildings, and various materials suffer from photochemical smog. Domestic animals are dying, mainly dogs and birds.

High concentrations of oxidants - ozone, PAN, nitrogen oxides contained in photochemical smog, give it extremely unpleasant properties. People exposed to smog experience severe irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract due to the presence of PAN-like substances in it. They cause lacrimation at concentrations of 0.1 ppm. If the content of such oxidants exceeds 0.25 ppm, asthma attacks, coughing, discomfort in the chest, and headache are observed. Ozone concentrations achieved in photochemical smog are also very harmful to health. So, already 0.1 ppm of ozone in the air causes dryness in the throat, irritation of the respiratory tract, and a decrease in resistance to bacteria. Ozone concentrations of 0.3 ppm cause respiratory failure, chest spasm, and dizziness. Prolonged contact with such air leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to smog.

Photochemical smog negatively affects vegetation. Photochemical smog is particularly bad for beans, beets, cereals, grapes, and ornamental plants. A sign that the plant has been harmed by photochemical fog is leaf swelling, which then progresses to spots and white bloom on the upper leaves, and on the lower leads to the appearance of a bronze or silver tint. Then the plant begins to wither quickly.

Among other things, photochemical fog leads to accelerated corrosion of building materials and elements, cracking of paints, rubber and synthetic products, and even damage to clothing.

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Ural State Pedagogical University"

Ecological problems of atmospheric air pollution. The specifics of the air environment. transfer processes. Primary and Secondary Effects

Faculty of Life Safety

Head: Mikshevich N.V.

Is done by a student

4 course correspondence department

Group BJ - 41z

Nikiforov D.A.

Yekaterinburg 2016

Introduction

2. Air pollution

Conclusion

Introduction

Environmental problems associated with human economic activity do not lose their relevance today.

There is an inexorable deterioration of the state of the environment on a global scale. Carbon dioxide is rising in the atmosphere, the Earth's ozone layer is being destroyed, acid rain is damaging all life, species loss is accelerating, fishing is languishing, declining land fertility is undermining efforts to feed the hungry, water is poisoned, and the forest cover of the Earth is getting smaller.

This work will be devoted to consideration of these basic problems of ecology in the modern world.

atmosphere pollution wind ecological

1. The specifics of the air environment. Atmospheric air and problems associated with its pollution

Atmosphere (from the Greek atmos - steam and sphaira - ball), the gaseous shell of the earth or any other body. It is impossible to indicate the exact upper boundary of the earth's atmosphere, since the air density continuously decreases with height. Approaching the density of matter that fills the interplanetary space. There are traces of the atmosphere at altitudes of the order of the radius of the earth (about 6350 kilometers). The composition of the atmosphere changes little with height. The atmosphere has a clearly expressed layered structure. The main layers of the atmosphere:

1) Troposphere - up to a height of 8 - 17 km. (depending on latitude); all water vapor and 4/5 of the mass of the atmosphere are concentrated in it, and all weather phenomena develop. In the troposphere, a surface layer with a thickness of 30–50 m is distinguished, which is under the direct influence of the earth's surface.

2) Stratosphere - a layer above the troposphere up to a height of about 40 km. It is characterized by almost complete invariability of temperature in height. It is separated from the troposphere by a transitional layer - the tropopause, about 1 km thick. In the upper part of the stratosphere, the maximum concentration of ozone is observed, which absorbs a large amount of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and protects the living nature of the Earth from its harmful effects.

3) Mesosphere - a layer between 40 and 80 km; in its lower half, the temperature rises from +20 to +30 degrees, in the upper half it drops to almost -100 degrees.

4) Thermosphere (ionosphere) - a layer between 80 and 800 - 1000 km, which has an increased ionization of gas molecules (under the influence of freely penetrating cosmic radiation). Changes in the state of the ionosphere affect terrestrial magnetism, give rise to the phenomena of magnetic storms, affect the reflection and absorption of radio waves; it produces polar lights. In the ionosphere, several layers (regions) with maximum ionization are distinguished.

5) Exosphere (scattering sphere) - a layer above 800 - 1000 km, from which gas molecules are scattered into outer space.

The atmosphere transmits 3/4 of the solar radiation and delays the long-wave radiation of the earth's surface, thereby increasing the total amount of heat used to develop natural processes on Earth.

Atmospheric air is a natural mixture of gases of the surface layer of the atmosphere outside residential, industrial and other premises, which has developed during the evolution of the Earth.

The atmosphere reliably protects humanity from numerous dangers that threaten it from outer space: it does not let meteorites through, protects the earth from overheating, measuring out solar energy in the required amount, levels out the difference in daily temperatures, which could be about 200 K, which is unacceptable for the survival of all earthly creatures. An avalanche of cosmic rays hits the upper boundary of the atmosphere every second. If they reached the earth's surface, everything living on Earth would instantly disappear.

The gas envelope saves everything living on Earth from the destructive ultraviolet, X-ray and cosmic rays. The importance of the atmosphere is also great in the distribution of light. The air of the atmosphere breaks the sun's rays into a million small rays, scatters them and creates that uniform illumination that we are used to. In addition, the atmosphere is the medium where sounds propagate. Without air, silence would reign on Earth, human speech would be impossible.

However, a significant amount of gaseous production waste is emitted into the atmosphere.

Pollutant - an impurity in the atmospheric air that, at certain concentrations, has an adverse effect on human health, flora and fauna and other components of the natural environment or damages material values.

The main sources of air pollution are industry and vehicles. At the same time, in our country, thermal power plants account for 27% of pollution, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - 24 and 10%, petrochemistry - 16%, building materials - 8.1%. Moreover, the power industry accounts for more than 40% of total dust emissions, 70% of sulfur oxides and more than 50% of nitrogen oxides. Of the total amount of pollutants released into the air, motor transport accounts for 13.3%, but in large cities of Russia this figure reaches 60-80%.

In recent years, the content in the atmospheric air of Russian cities and industrial centers of such harmful impurities as suspended solids, sulfur dioxide. Significantly decreased, since with a significant decline in production, the number of industrial emissions also decreased, and the concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide increased due to the growth of the car fleet.

Animals and plants suffer from air pollution.

The impact of sulfur dioxide and its derivatives on humans and animals is manifested primarily in the defeat of the upper respiratory tract, under the influence of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, chlorophyll in the leaves of plants is destroyed, which worsens photosynthesis and respiration, slows down growth, reduces the quality of tree plantations and productivity of agricultural crops, and at higher and longer doses of exposure, vegetation dies.

Polluted atmosphere causes an increase in the number of respiratory diseases. The state of the atmosphere affects the incidence rates even in different areas of industrial cities.

2. Air pollution

The role of the atmosphere in the Earth's biosphere is enormous, since, with its physicochemical properties, it provides the most important life processes for plants and animals.

Atmospheric air pollution should be understood as any change in its composition and properties that has a negative impact on human and animal health, the condition of plants and ecosystems.

Atmospheric pollution can be natural (natural) and anthropogenic (technogenic).

Natural air pollution is caused by natural processes. These include volcanic activity, weathering of rocks, wind erosion, mass flowering of plants, smoke from forest and steppe fires, etc. Anthropogenic pollution is associated with the release of various pollutants during human activities. In terms of its scale, it significantly exceeds natural air pollution.

Depending on the scale of distribution, various types of atmospheric pollution are distinguished: local, regional and global. Local pollution is characterized by an increased content of pollutants in small areas (city, industrial area, agricultural zone, etc.). With regional pollution, significant areas are involved in the sphere of negative impact, but not the entire planet. Global pollution is associated with changes in the state of the atmosphere as a whole.

According to the state of aggregation, emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are classified into:

1) gaseous (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc.);

2) liquid (acids, alkalis, salt solutions, etc.);

3) solid (carcinogenic substances, lead and its compounds, organic and inorganic dust, soot, tarry substances, etc.).

The main pollutants (pollutants) of atmospheric air, formed in the process of industrial and other human activities, are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter. They account for about 98% of the total emissions of harmful substances. In addition to the main pollutants, more than 70 types of harmful substances are observed in the atmosphere of cities and towns, including formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, lead compounds, ammonia, phenol, benzene, carbon disulfide, etc.

In addition to these main pollutants, many other very dangerous toxic substances enter the atmosphere: lead, mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals (emission sources: cars, smelters, etc.); hydrocarbons (CnHm), among them the most dangerous is benz (a) pyrene, which has a carcinogenic effect (exhaust gases, boiler furnaces, etc.), aldehydes, and primarily formaldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, toxic volatile solvents (gasolines, alcohols, ethers) and etc.

The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere is radioactive. At present, it is mainly due to globally distributed long-lived radioactive isotopes - the products of nuclear weapons tests conducted in the atmosphere and underground. The surface layer of the atmosphere is also polluted by emissions of radioactive substances into the atmosphere from operating nuclear power plants during their normal operation and other sources.

A special place is occupied by the release of radioactive substances from the fourth unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April - May 1986. If the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima (Japan) released 740 g of radionuclides into the atmosphere, then as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the total release radioactive substances into the atmosphere amounted to 77 kg.

Another form of atmospheric pollution is local excess heat input from anthropogenic sources. A sign of thermal (thermal) pollution of the atmosphere is the so-called thermal zones, for example, the “heat island” in cities, the warming of water bodies, etc.

In general, judging by official data for 2006, the level of air pollution in our country, especially in Russian cities, remains high, despite a significant decline in production, which is primarily associated with an increase in the number of cars.

2.1 Main sources of air pollution

At present, the “main contribution” to atmospheric air pollution in Russia is made by the following industries: thermal power engineering (thermal and nuclear power plants, industrial and municipal boiler houses, etc.), then enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, oil production and petrochemistry, transport, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and production building materials.

The role of various sectors of the economy in air pollution in the developed industrial countries of the West is somewhat different. So, for example, the main amount of emissions of harmful substances in the USA, Great Britain and Germany is accounted for by motor vehicles (50--60%), while the share of heat power is much less, only 16--20%.

Thermal and nuclear power plants. Boiler installations. In the process of burning solid or liquid fuels, smoke is released into the atmosphere, containing products of complete (carbon dioxide and water vapor) and incomplete (oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.) combustion. The volume of energy emissions is very high. Thus, a modern thermal power plant with a capacity of 2.4 million kW consumes up to 20 thousand tons of coal per day and emits into the atmosphere during this time 680 tons of SO2 and SO3, 120-140 tons of solid particles (ash, dust, soot), 200 tons of oxides nitrogen.

The conversion of installations to liquid fuel (fuel oil) reduces ash emissions, but practically does not reduce emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. The most environmentally friendly gas fuel, which pollutes the atmosphere three times less than fuel oil, and five times less than coal. Sources of air pollution with toxic substances at nuclear power plants (NPPs) are radioactive iodine, radioactive inert gases and aerosols. A large source of energy pollution of the atmosphere - the heating system of dwellings (boiler plants) produces little nitrogen oxides, but many products of incomplete combustion. Due to the low height of the chimneys, toxic substances in high concentrations are dispersed near the boiler plants. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. When smelting one ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxides and up to 0.05 tons of carbon monoxide are emitted into the atmosphere, as well as in small quantities such hazardous pollutants as manganese, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, and mercury vapours. and others. In the process of steelmaking, vapor-gas mixtures consisting of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances are emitted into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is also significantly polluted at sinter plants, at blast furnace and ferroalloy production.

Significant emissions of waste gases and dust containing toxic substances are observed at non-ferrous metallurgy plants during the processing of lead-zinc, copper, sulfide ores, in the production of aluminum, etc.

Chemical production. Emissions from this industry, although small in volume (about 2% of all industrial emissions), nevertheless, due to their very high toxicity, significant diversity and concentration, pose a significant threat to humans and the entire biota. In a variety of chemical industries, atmospheric air is polluted by sulfur oxides, fluorine compounds, ammonia, nitrous gases (a mixture of nitrogen oxides), chloride compounds, hydrogen sulfide, inorganic dust, etc.).

Vehicle emissions. There are several hundred million cars in the world that burn a huge amount of oil products, significantly polluting the air, especially in large cities. Thus, in Moscow, motor transport accounts for 80% of the total amount of emissions into the atmosphere. The exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (especially carburetor ones) contain a huge amount of toxic compounds - benzo (a) pyrene, aldehydes, nitrogen and carbon oxides, and especially dangerous lead compounds (in the case of leaded gasoline).

Intensive atmospheric air pollution is also observed during the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials, at oil and gas refineries (Fig. 1), with the release of dust and gases from underground mine workings, with the burning of garbage and burning rocks in the coverage (heaps), etc. In rural areas, the sources of atmospheric air pollution are livestock and poultry farms, industrial complexes for the production of meat, spraying pesticides, etc.

Rice. 1. Routes of distribution of emissions of sulfur compounds in the area of the Astrakhan gas processing plant (APTZ)

3. Ways of transfer of atmospheric pollution

The movement of air masses above the Earth's surface is determined by many reasons, including the rotation of the planet, the uneven heating of its surface by the Sun, the formation of zones of low (cyclones) and high (anticyclones) pressure, flat or mountainous terrain, and much more. In addition, at different heights, the speed, stability and direction of air flows are very different. Therefore, the transfer of pollutants entering different layers of the atmosphere proceeds at different rates and sometimes in other directions than in the surface layer. With very strong emissions associated with high energies, pollution falling into high, up to 10-20 km, layers of the atmosphere can move thousands of kilometers within a few days or even hours. Thus, the volcanic ash thrown out by the explosion of the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia in 1883 was observed in the form of peculiar clouds over Europe. Radioactive fallout of varying intensity after testing especially powerful hydrogen bombs fell on almost the entire surface of the Earth.

3.1 Windward transport of pollutants

The bulk of air pollution, both natural and man-made origin, enters the surface layers and is spread by winds blowing over the earth's surface. These winds blow in different directions, but during the year in each region of the earth's surface, these directions naturally change. The distribution of the strength and direction of the winds for a year (or a month), averaged over many years, is reflected in the so-called wind rose, which is graphically represented by an irregular polygon (usually an octagon). Most of the territories of our country, which lies in the middle latitudes, are characterized by the predominance of westerly winds. Therefore, the transfer of pollution in the surface layer occurs mainly in the direction from west to east.

Airborne pollution has caused significant international problems in recent years. The transfer of pollution to the territory of other countries, or transboundary transfer, is not provided for by the traditional norms of international law. However, he can no longer be ignored.

But the bulk of pollution, especially transport pollution, which are not emitted, like industrial ones, by chimneys to any noticeable height, form maximum concentrations in the zones of their formation. Therefore, the air is most polluted in large industrial cities and in countries where high population density is combined with a high level of industrial production and a concentration of vehicles. This is also related to the uneven distribution of pollution in the air basin of different countries and regions.

In general, due to transboundary transport, there are practically no places left on Earth where the air would not contain at least insignificant amounts of impurities of anthropogenic origin.

4. Ecological consequences of global atmospheric pollution

The most important environmental consequences of global air pollution include:

1.possible climate warming ("greenhouse effect");

2.breaking the ozone layer;

3.acid rainfall.

Most scientists in the world consider them as the biggest environmental problems of our time.

Possible warming of the climate (“Greenhouse effect”). The currently observed climate change, which is expressed in a gradual increase in the average annual temperature since the second half of the last century, most scientists associate with the accumulation in the atmosphere of the so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbons (fresh ), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides, etc.

Greenhouse gases, and primarily CO2, prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the Earth's surface. An atmosphere rich in greenhouse gases acts like the roof of a greenhouse. On the one hand, it passes inside most of the solar radiation, on the other hand, it almost does not let the heat reradiated by the Earth out.

In connection with the burning by man of an increasing amount of fossil fuels: oil, gas, coal, etc. (annually more than 9 billion tons of equivalent fuel), the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is constantly increasing. Due to emissions into the atmosphere during industrial production and in everyday life, the content of freons (chlorofluorocarbons) is growing. The content of methane increases by 1–1.5% per year (emissions from underground mine workings, biomass combustion, emissions from cattle, etc.). To a lesser extent, the content of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere also grows (by 0.3% annually).

A consequence of the increase in the concentrations of these gases, which create a "greenhouse effect", is an increase in the average global air temperature near the earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the warmest years have been 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2006 and 1988. In 1988, the average annual temperature was 0.4 °C higher than in 1950-1980. Calculations by some scientists show that in 2009 it will increase by 1.5 °C compared to 1950-1980. The scale of warming in this relatively short period will be comparable to the warming that occurred on Earth after the Ice Age, which means that the environmental consequences can be catastrophic. First of all, this is due to the expected rise in the level of the World Ocean due to the melting of polar ice, the reduction in the areas of mountain glaciation, etc. Modeling the environmental consequences of an increase in ocean level by only 0.5–2.0 m by the end of the XXI century, scientists found that this would inevitably lead to disruption of the climatic balance, flooding of coastal plains in more than 30 countries, degradation of permafrost, swamping of vast areas, and other adverse consequences.

However, a number of scientists see positive environmental consequences in the alleged global warming.

An increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and the associated increase in photosynthesis, as well as an increase in climate humidification, can, in their opinion, lead to an increase in the productivity of both natural phytocenoses (forests, meadows, savannas, etc.) and agrocenoses (cultivated plants, gardens, vineyards, etc.).

Destruction of the ozone layer. The ozone layer (ozonosphere) covers the entire globe and is located at altitudes from 10 to 50 km with a maximum ozone concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. The saturation of the atmosphere with ozone is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching a maximum in the spring in the subpolar region.

For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer attracted the attention of the general public in 1985, when an area with a low (up to 50%) ozone content, called the "ozone hole", was discovered over Antarctica. Since then, measurements have confirmed the widespread depletion of the ozone layer on almost the entire planet. So, for example, in Russia over the past 10 years, the concentration of the ozone layer has decreased by 4--6% in winter and by 3% in summer.

Currently, the depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. A decrease in ozone concentration weakens the ability of the atmosphere to protect all life on Earth from hard ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, because the energy of even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy the chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is no coincidence that in areas with a low ozone content, sunburns are numerous, there is an increase in the incidence of skin cancer among people, etc.

It has also been established that under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation, plants gradually lose their ability to photosynthesis, and disruption of the vital activity of plankton leads to a break in the trophic chains of the biota of aquatic ecosystems, etc.

Science has not yet fully established what are the main processes that violate the ozone layer. Both natural and anthropogenic origin of "ozone holes" is assumed. The latter, according to most scientists, is more likely and is associated with an increased content of chlorofluorocarbons (freons). Freons are widely used in industrial production and in everyday life (cooling units, solvents, sprayers, aerosol packages, etc.). Rising into the atmosphere, freons decompose with the release of chlorine oxide, which has a detrimental effect on ozone molecules.

According to the international environmental organization Greenpeace, the main suppliers of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) are the USA - 30.85%, Japan - 12.42; Great Britain - 8.62 and Russia - 8.0%. The United States punched a "hole" in the ozone layer with an area of 7 million km2, Japan - 3 million km2, which is seven times larger than the area of Japan itself. Recently, factories have been built in the USA and in a number of Western countries for the production of new types of refrigerants (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) with a low potential for ozone depletion.

Acid rain. One of the most important environmental problems associated with the oxidation of the natural environment is acid rain. They are formed during industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which, when combined with atmospheric moisture, form sulfuric and nitric acids. As a result, rain and snow are acidified (pH value below 5.6).

The water of open reservoirs is acidified. The fish are dying

The total global anthropogenic emissions of the two main air pollutants - the culprits of atmospheric moisture acidification - SO2 and NO2, amount to more than 255 million tons annually. It turned out that natural ecosystems are destroyed even at a lower level of air pollution than that which is dangerous for humans.

The danger is, as a rule, not the acid precipitation itself, but the processes occurring under their influence. Under the action of acid precipitation, not only vital nutrients for plants are leached from the soil, but also toxic heavy and light metals - lead, cadmium, aluminum, etc. Subsequently, they themselves or the resulting toxic compounds are absorbed by plants and other soil organisms, which leads to very negative consequences. For example, an increase in aluminum content in acidified water to only 0.2 mg per liter is lethal for fish. The development of phytoplankton is sharply reduced, since the phosphates that activate this process are combined with aluminum and become less available for absorption. Aluminum also reduces wood growth. The toxicity of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, etc.) is even more pronounced.

The impact of acid rain reduces the resistance of forests to droughts, diseases, natural pollution, which leads to even more pronounced degradation of forests as natural ecosystems.

A striking example of the negative impact of acid precipitation on natural ecosystems is the acidification of lakes. It is especially intense in Canada, Sweden, Norway and southern Finland. This is explained by the fact that a significant part of sulfur emissions in such industrialized countries as the USA, Germany and Great Britain falls on their territory. The lakes are the most vulnerable in these countries, since the bedrocks that make up their bed are usually represented by granite-gneisses and granites, which are not able to neutralize acid precipitation, in contrast, for example, to limestones, which create an alkaline environment and prevent acidification. Strongly acidified and many lakes in the north of the United States.

Acidification of lakes is dangerous not only for the populations of various fish species, but often entails the gradual death of plankton, numerous species of algae and other inhabitants, and lakes become practically lifeless.

In our country, the area of significant acidification from acid precipitation reaches several tens of million hectares. Particular cases of acidification of lakes have also been noted.

Conclusion

The assessment and forecast of the chemical state of the atmosphere associated with the natural processes of its pollution differs significantly from the assessment and forecast of the quality of this natural environment, due to anthropogenic processes. Volcanic and fluid activity of the Earth, other natural phenomena cannot be controlled. We can only talk about minimizing the consequences of the negative impact, which is possible only in the case of a deep understanding of the features of the functioning of natural systems of different hierarchical levels, and, above all, the Earth as a planet.

Anthropogenic processes of air pollution in most cases are manageable. However, the fight against transboundary transfers of pollutants in the atmosphere can be successfully carried out only if there is close international cooperation, which presents certain difficulties for various reasons.

It is very difficult to assess and predict the state of atmospheric air when it is affected by both natural and anthropogenic processes. Features of this interaction are still poorly understood.

Environmental practice in Russia and abroad has shown that its failures are associated with incomplete consideration of negative impacts, the inability to select and evaluate the main factors and consequences, the low efficiency of using the results of field and theoretical environmental studies in decision-making, the insufficient development of methods for quantifying the effects of atmospheric pollution and other life-supporting natural environments.

It is easy to formulate a formula for the quality of life in such a protracted environmental crisis: hygienically clean air, clean water, high-quality agricultural products, recreational security for the needs of the population.

In such a formulation of the question, research and practical measures are needed, which form the basis of the "greening" of social production. A strategy of preventive environmental measures should be provided, which consists in the introduction of the most advanced technologies in the restructuring of the economy, providing energy and resource saving, opening up opportunities for improving and rapidly changing technologies, introducing recycling and minimizing waste. At the same time, the concentration of efforts should be aimed at developing the production of consumer goods and increasing the share of consumption. On the whole, the Russian economy should reduce as much as possible the energy and resource intensity of the gross national product and the consumption of energy and resources per capita.

The time is coming when the world can suffocate if man does not come to the aid of nature. Only a person has an ecological talent - to keep the world around us clean.

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2. MAIN SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

The role of various sectors of the economy in air pollution in the developed industrial countries of the West is somewhat different. So, for example, the main amount of emissions of harmful substances in the USA, Great Britain and Germany falls on motor vehicles (50-60%), while the share of heat power is much less, only 16-20%.

Thermal and nuclear power plants. Boiler installations. In the process of burning solid or liquid fuels, smoke is released into the atmosphere, containing products of complete (carbon dioxide and water vapor) and incomplete (oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.) combustion. The volume of energy emissions is very high. Thus, a modern thermal power plant with a capacity of 2.4 million kW consumes up to 20 thousand tons of coal per day and emits 680 tons of SO 2 and SO 3 into the atmosphere during this time, 120-140 tons of solid particles (ash, dust, soot), 200 tons nitrogen oxides.

Sources of air pollution with toxic substances at nuclear power plants (NPP) - radioactive iodine, radioactive inert gases and aerosols. A large source of energy pollution of the atmosphere - the heating system of dwellings (boiler plants) produces little nitrogen oxides, but many products of incomplete combustion. Due to the low height of the chimneys, toxic substances in high concentrations are dispersed near the boiler plants.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. When smelting one ton of steel, 0.04 tons of solid particles, 0.03 tons of sulfur oxides and up to 0.05 tons of carbon monoxide are emitted into the atmosphere, as well as in small quantities such hazardous pollutants as manganese, lead, phosphorus, arsenic, and mercury vapours. and others. In the process of steelmaking, vapor-gas mixtures consisting of phenol, formaldehyde, benzene, ammonia and other toxic substances are emitted into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is also significantly polluted at sinter plants, at blast furnace and ferroalloy production.

Vehicle emissions. There are several hundred million cars in the world that burn a huge amount of oil products, significantly polluting the air, especially in large cities. Thus, in Moscow, motor transport accounts for 80% of the total amount of emissions into the atmosphere. Exhaust gases of internal combustion engines (especially carburetor ones) contain a huge amount of toxic compounds - benzo (a) pyrene, aldehydes, nitrogen and carbon oxides, and especially dangerous lead compounds (in the case of leaded gasoline).

The largest amount of harmful substances in the composition of exhaust gases is formed when the vehicle's fuel system is not adjusted. Its correct adjustment allows reducing their number by 1.5 times, and special converters reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases by six or more times.

Rice. 1. Routes of distribution of emissions of sulfur compounds in

area of the Astrakhan gas processing plant (APTZ)

Transboundary pollution refers to pollution transferred from the territory of one country to the area of another. In 2004 alone, due to its unfavorable geographical position, 1204 thousand tons of sulfur compounds fell on the European part of Russia from Ukraine, Germany, Poland and other countries. At the same time, in other countries, only 190 thousand tons of sulfur fell out from Russian sources of pollution, i.e., 6.3 times less.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

Air pollution affects human health and the natural environment in various ways - from a direct and immediate threat (smog, etc.) to a slow and gradual destruction of various life support systems of the body. In many cases, air pollution disrupts the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that regulatory processes are unable to return them to their original state, and as a result, the homeostasis mechanism does not work.

First, consider how local (local) atmospheric pollution affects the environment, and then global.

The physiological impact on the human body of the main pollutants (pollutants) is fraught with the most serious consequences. So, sulfur dioxide, combining with moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which destroys the lung tissue of humans and animals. This relationship is especially clearly seen in the analysis of childhood pulmonary pathology and the degree of sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere of large cities. According to studies by American scientists, at a pollution level of 502 to 0.049 mg / m 3, the incidence rate (in person-days) of the population of Nashville (USA) was 8.1%, at 0.150-0.349 mg / m 3 - 12 and in areas with air pollution above 0.350 mg/m3 - 43.8%. Sulfur dioxide is especially dangerous when it is deposited on dust particles and in this form penetrates deep into the respiratory tract.

Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) causes severe lung disease - silicosis. Nitrogen oxides irritate and, in severe cases, corrode mucous membranes, such as the eyes, easily participate in the formation of poisonous mists, etc. They are especially dangerous if they are contained in polluted air together with sulfur dioxide and other toxic compounds. In these cases, even at low concentrations of pollutants, a synergistic effect occurs, i.e., an increase in the toxicity of the entire gaseous mixture.

The effect of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) on the human body is widely known. In acute poisoning, general weakness, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of consciousness appear, and death is possible (even after 3-7 days). However, due to the low concentration of CO in the atmospheric air, as a rule, it does not cause mass poisoning, although it is very dangerous for people suffering from anemia and cardiovascular diseases.

Among the suspended solid particles, the most dangerous particles are less than 5 microns in size, which can penetrate the lymph nodes, linger in the alveoli of the lungs, and clog the mucous membranes.

Very unfavorable consequences that can affect a huge time interval are also associated with such minor emissions as lead, benzo (a) pyrene, phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, etc. They depress the hematopoietic system, cause oncological diseases, reduce the body's resistance to infections, etc. Dust containing lead and mercury compounds has mutagenic properties and causes genetic changes in the cells of the body.

The consequences of exposure to the human body of harmful substances contained in the exhaust gases of cars are very serious and have the widest range of action: from coughing to death (Table 2). Severe consequences in the body of living beings are also caused by a toxic mixture of smoke, fog and dust - smog. There are two types of smog, winter smog (London type) and summer smog (Los Angeles type).

Table 2 Effects of vehicle exhaust gases on human health

Harmful substances	The consequences of exposure to the human body
carbon monoxide	Prevents the blood from absorbing oxygen, which impairs thinking ability, slows reflexes, causes drowsiness and can cause loss of consciousness and death
Lead	Affects the circulatory, nervous and genitourinary systems; probably causes mental decline in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore dangerous for a long time
nitrogen oxides	May increase the body's susceptibility to viral diseases (such as influenza), irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia
Ozone	Irritates the mucous membrane of the respiratory system, causes coughing, disrupts the functioning of the lungs; reduces resistance to colds; can exacerbate chronic heart disease, as well as cause asthma, bronchitis
Toxic emissions (heavy metals)	Cause cancer, reproductive dysfunction, and birth defects

The London type of smog occurs in winter in large industrial cities under adverse weather conditions (lack of wind and temperature inversion). Temperature inversion manifests itself in an increase in air temperature with height in a certain layer of the atmosphere (usually in the range of 300-400 m from the earth's surface) instead of the usual decrease. As a result, atmospheric air circulation is severely disrupted, smoke and pollutants cannot rise up and are not dispersed. Often there are fogs. The concentration of sulfur oxides and suspended dust, carbon monoxide reach levels dangerous for human health, lead to circulatory and respiratory disorders, and often to death. In 1952, more than 4,000 people died from smog in London from December 3 to December 9, and up to 10,000 people became seriously ill. At the end of 1962, in the Ruhr (Germany), 156 people were killed in three days. Only the wind can disperse the smog, and reducing the emissions of pollutants can smooth out the smog-dangerous situation.

Los Angeles type of smog, or photochemical smog, is no less dangerous than London. It occurs in the summer with intense exposure to solar radiation on air saturated, or rather oversaturated with car exhaust gases. In Los Angeles, the exhaust gases of more than four million cars emit only nitrogen oxides in the amount of more than a thousand tons per day. With very weak air movement or calm air in this period, complex reactions occur with the formation of new highly toxic pollutants - photooxide (ozone, organic peroxides, nitrites, etc.), which irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and organs of vision. In only one city (Tokyo), smog poisoned 10,000 people in 1970 and 28,000 in 1971. According to official figures, mortality in Athens on smog days is six times higher than on days of a relatively clean atmosphere. In some of our cities (Kemerovo, Angarsk, Novokuznetsk, Mednogorsk, etc.), especially in those located in the lowlands, due to an increase in the number of cars and an increase in emissions of exhaust gases containing nitrogen oxide, the likelihood of photochemical smog is increasing.

Anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in high concentrations and for a long time cause great harm not only to humans, but also negatively affect animals, the state of plants and ecosystems as a whole.

Ecological literature describes cases of mass poisoning of wild animals, birds, and insects due to emissions of harmful pollutants of high concentration (especially salvos). Thus, for example, it has been established that when certain toxic types of dust settle on melliferous plants, a noticeable increase in the mortality of bees is observed. As for large animals, the poisonous dust in the atmosphere affects them mainly through the respiratory organs, as well as entering the body along with the dusty plants eaten.

Toxic substances enter plants in various ways. It has been established that emissions of harmful substances act both directly on the green parts of plants, getting through the stomata into tissues, destroying chlorophyll and cell structure, and through the soil to the root system. So, for example, soil contamination with dust of toxic metals, especially in combination with sulfuric acid, has a detrimental effect on the root system, and through it on the whole plant.

Gaseous pollutants affect vegetation in different ways. Some only slightly damage leaves, needles, shoots (carbon monoxide, ethylene, etc.), others have a detrimental effect on plants (sulfur dioxide, chlorine, mercury vapor, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, etc.) (Table 13:3). Sulfur dioxide (502) is especially dangerous for plants, under the influence of which many trees die, and primarily conifers - pines, spruces, firs, and cedars.

Table 3 - Toxicity of air pollutants for plants

Harmful substances	Characteristic
sulphur dioxide	The main pollutant, a poison for the assimilation organs of plants, acts at a distance of up to 30 km
Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride	Toxic even in small quantities, prone to aerosol formation, effective at a distance of up to 5 km
Chlorine, hydrogen chloride	Damage mostly at close range
Lead compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides	Infect vegetation in areas of high concentration of industry and transport
hydrogen sulfide	Cellular and enzyme poison
Ammonia	Damages plants at close range

As a result of the impact of highly toxic pollutants on plants, there is a slowdown in their growth, the formation of necrosis at the ends of leaves and needles, failure of assimilation organs, etc. An increase in the surface of damaged leaves can lead to a decrease in moisture consumption from the soil, its general waterlogging, which will inevitably affect in her habitat.

Can vegetation recover after exposure to harmful pollutants is reduced? This will largely depend on the restoring capacity of the remaining green mass and the general condition of natural ecosystems. At the same time, it should be noted that low concentrations of individual pollutants not only do not harm plants, but, like cadmium salt, for example, stimulate seed germination, wood growth, and the growth of some plant organs.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION

The most important environmental consequences of global air pollution include:

possible climate warming (“greenhouse effect”);

violation of the ozone layer;

fallout of acid rain.

Most scientists in the world consider them as the biggest environmental problems of our time.

Possible warming of the climate (“Greenhouse effect”). The currently observed climate change, which is expressed in a gradual increase in the average annual temperature since the second half of the last century, most scientists associate with the accumulation in the atmosphere of the so-called "greenhouse gases" - carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), chlorofluorocarbons ( freovs), ozone (O 3), nitrogen oxides, etc.

Greenhouse gases, and primarily CO 2 , prevent long-wave thermal radiation from the Earth's surface. An atmosphere rich in greenhouse gases acts like the roof of a greenhouse. On the one hand, it passes most of the solar radiation inside, on the other hand, it almost does not let the heat reradiated by the Earth pass outside.

In connection with the burning of more and more fossil fuels: oil, gas, coal, etc. (annually more than 9 billion tons of standard fuel), the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere is constantly increasing. Due to emissions into the atmosphere during industrial production and in everyday life, the content of freons (chlorofluorocarbons) is growing. The content of methane increases by 1-1.5% per year (emissions from underground mine workings, biomass combustion, emissions from cattle, etc.). To a lesser extent, the content of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere also grows (by 0.3% annually).

A consequence of the increase in the concentrations of these gases, which create a "greenhouse effect", is an increase in the average global air temperature near the earth's surface. Over the past 100 years, the warmest years have been 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 2006 and 1988. In 1988, the average annual temperature was 0.4 °C higher than in 1950-1980. Calculations by some scientists show that in 2009 it will increase by 1.5 °C compared to 1950-1980. The report, prepared under the auspices of the UN by the international group on climate change, argues that by 2100 the temperature on Earth will be above 2-4 degrees. The scale of warming in this relatively short period will be comparable to the warming that occurred on Earth after the Ice Age, which means that the environmental consequences can be catastrophic. First of all, this is due to the expected rise in the level of the World Ocean due to the melting of polar ice, the reduction in the areas of mountain glaciation, etc. Modeling the environmental consequences of an increase in ocean level by only 0.5-2.0 m by the end of the 21st century, scientists have found that that this will inevitably lead to disruption of the climatic balance, flooding of coastal plains in more than 30 countries, degradation of permafrost, swamping of vast territories and other adverse consequences.

However, a number of scientists see positive environmental consequences in the alleged global warming.

An increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere and the associated increase in photosynthesis, as well as an increase in climate humidification, can, in their opinion, lead to an increase in the productivity of both natural phytocenoses (forests, meadows, savannahs, etc.) and agrocenoses (cultivated plants, gardens , vineyards, etc.).

There is also no unanimity of opinion on the issue of the degree of influence of greenhouse gases on global climate warming. Thus, in the report of the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Climate Change (1992) it is noted that the observed warming of the climate by 0.3-0.6 in the last century could be due mainly to the natural variability of a number of climatic factors.

In connection with these data, Academician K. Ya. Kondratiev (1993) believes that there are no grounds for one-sided enthusiasm for the stereotype of "greenhouse" warming and putting forward the task of reducing greenhouse gas emissions as central to the problem of preventing undesirable changes in the global climate.

In his opinion, the most important factor in the anthropogenic impact on the global climate is the degradation of the biosphere, and therefore, first of all, it is necessary to take care of the preservation of the biosphere as the main factor in global environmental security. Man, using a power of about 10 TW, has destroyed or severely disrupted the normal functioning of natural communities of organisms on 60% of the land. As a result, a significant amount of substances was withdrawn from the biogenic cycle of substances, which was previously spent by biota on stabilizing climatic conditions. Against the background of a constant reduction in areas with undisturbed communities, the degraded biosphere, which has sharply reduced its assimilating capacity, is becoming the most important source of increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

At an international conference in Toronto (Canada) in 1985, the world's energy industry was tasked with reducing industrial carbon emissions by 20% by 2008. At the UN Conference in Kyoto (Japan) in 1997, the governments of 84 countries of the world signed the Kyoto Protocol, according to which countries should emit no more anthropogenic carbon dioxide than they emitted in 1990. But it is obvious that a tangible environmental effect can only be obtained when these measures are combined with the global direction of environmental policy - the maximum possible preservation of communities of organisms, natural ecosystems and the entire biosphere of the Earth.

Ozone depletion. The ozone layer (ozonosphere) covers the entire globe and is located at altitudes from 10 to 50 km with a maximum ozone concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. The saturation of the atmosphere with ozone is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching a maximum in the spring in the subpolar region.

Currently, the depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. A decrease in ozone concentration weakens the ability of the atmosphere to protect all life on Earth from hard ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, because the energy of even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy the chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is no coincidence, therefore, that in areas with a low ozone content, sunburns are numerous, there is an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, etc. 6 million people. In addition to skin diseases, it is possible to develop eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), suppression of the immune system, etc.

According to the protocol of the Montreal Conference (1987), later revised in London (1991) and Copenhagen (1992), it was envisaged to reduce chlorofluorocarbon emissions by 50% by 1998. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" (2002), the protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere from environmentally dangerous changes is ensured by regulating the production and use of substances that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation and its legislation. In the future, the problem of protecting people from UV radiation must continue to be addressed, since many of the chlorofluorocarbons can persist in the atmosphere for hundreds of years. A number of scientists continue to insist on the natural origin of the "ozone hole". Some see the reasons for its occurrence in the natural variability of the ozonosphere, the cyclic activity of the Sun, while others associate these processes with rifting and degassing of the Earth.

acid rain. One of the most important environmental problems associated with the oxidation of the natural environment is acid rain. They are formed during industrial emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which, when combined with atmospheric moisture, form sulfuric and nitric acids. As a result, rain and snow are acidified (pH value below 5.6). In Bavaria (FRG) in August 1981 it rained with the formation of 80,

The water of open reservoirs is acidified. The fish are dying

The total global anthropogenic emissions of the two main air pollutants - the culprits of atmospheric moisture acidification - SO 2 and NO 2 are annually more than 255 million tons (2004). Over a vast territory, the natural environment is acidified, which has a very negative impact on the state of all ecosystems. It turned out that natural ecosystems are destroyed even at a lower level of air pollution than that which is dangerous for humans.

Fifty million hectares of forests in 25 European countries are affected by a complex mixture of pollutants, including acid rain, ozone, toxic metals, and others. For example, coniferous mountain forests in Bavaria are dying. There have been cases of damage to coniferous and deciduous forests in Karelia, Siberia and other regions of our country.

The impact of acid rain reduces the resistance of forests to droughts, diseases, natural pollution, which leads to even more pronounced degradation of forests as natural ecosystems.

A striking example of the negative impact of acid precipitation on natural ecosystems is the acidification of lakes. It occurs especially intensively in Canada, Sweden, Norway, and southern Finland (Table 4). This is explained by the fact that a significant part of sulfur emissions in such industrialized countries as the USA, Germany and Great Britain falls on their territory (Fig. 4). The lakes are the most vulnerable in these countries, since the bedrocks that make up their bed are usually represented by granite-gneisses and granites, which are not able to neutralize acid precipitation, in contrast, for example, to limestones, which create an alkaline environment and prevent acidification. Strongly acidified and many lakes in the north of the United States.

Table 4 - Acidification of lakes in the world

The country	The state of the lakes
Canada	More than 14 thousand lakes are strongly acidified; every seventh lake in the east of the country suffered biological damage
Norway	In water bodies with a total area of 13 thousand km 2, fish were destroyed and another 20 thousand km2 were affected
Sweden	In 14 thousand lakes, the species most sensitive to the level of acidity have been destroyed; 2200 lakes are practically lifeless
Finland	8% of lakes do not have the ability to neutralize acid. The most acidified lakes in the southern part of the country
USA	There are about 1,000 acidified lakes in the country and 3,000 almost acidic lakes (data from the Environmental Protection Fund). EPA studies in 1984 showed that 522 lakes are highly acidic and 964 are on the verge of this.

Acidification of lakes is dangerous not only for the populations of various fish species (including salmon, whitefish, etc.), but often entails the gradual death of plankton, numerous species of algae and other inhabitants, the lakes become practically lifeless.

In our country, the area of significant acidification from acid precipitation reaches several tens of million hectares. Particular cases of acidification of lakes have also been noted (Karelia, etc.). Increased acidity of precipitation is observed along the western border (transboundary transport of sulfur and other pollutants) and on the territory of a number of large industrial regions, as well as fragmentarily on Vorontsov A.P. Rational nature management. Tutorial. -M.: Association of Authors and Publishers "TANDEM". EKMOS Publishing House, 2000. - 498 p. Characteristics of the enterprise as a source of air pollution MAIN TYPES OF ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE THE PROBLEM OF ENERGY SUPPORT FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANITY AND PROSPECTS FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY

2014-06-13

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Substances, million tons	Dioxide sulfur	nitrogen oxides	carbon monoxide	Solid particles	Total
Total world release
Russia (landlines only) sources)					26.2
				11,2
Russia (including all sources), %				12,2	13,2

Ecological problems of atmospheric air pollution. Global problems of mankind. Atmospheric pollution: ways to solve the problem