When to donate blood for cholesterol. How to donate blood for cholesterol: preparation and decoding. Submission of material for examination

For many of us, the substance cholesterol is almost the number one enemy. We try to limit its intake with food, believing that it brings tremendous harm to our body. However, we need this substance, like all other compounds. Cholesterol is involved in many processes inside our body and its deficiency is just as dangerous as its excess. In order for doctors to be able to accurately determine the content of this compound in the blood, you need to know how to take a cholesterol test according to the rules.

Why do we need this fat

Cholesterol in the human body performs several functions at once. It is wrong to think that we do not need cholesterol.

He is responsible for:

• Formation of a protective membrane of cells.
• The production of hormones.
• Bile production.
• The production of vitamin D.
• Breakdown of vitamins that dissolve in fats.
• Formation of a protective capsule of nerve fibers.

The norm of cholesterol in the blood of an adult should not exceed 5.2 mmol / l. It should be noted that the norms of this substance differ depending on gender and age. Today, experts say that even generally accepted tables are only averages, since each person has his own cholesterol norm. Cholesterol levels are assessed using a biochemical blood test. If you want to get an accurate test result, it is important to know how to properly take a blood test for cholesterol.

Who needs to be tested

A blood test for cholesterol should be done for each person at least once a year. A blood test for cholesterol is necessary for the following indications:

• Determining the risk level of atherosclerosis.
• Endocrine pathologies.
• Pathologies of the liver of various origins.
• Congenital and acquired pathologies of the kidneys.
• Control of drug therapy.

In addition, blood for cholesterol is examined in patients preparing for hospitalization, during planned medical examinations and when patients contact the clinic for certain complaints. In children, the first analysis is taken at birth. How to donate blood for cholesterol should be explained to you by your doctor. You must prepare for blood donation in advance so that the results are not distorted and are as accurate as possible.

How to take an analysis

So, how to properly donate blood for cholesterol, and what does a violation of the rules for preparing for blood sampling lead to? How to prepare for the analysis? Donating blood for cholesterol should be taken with full responsibility, otherwise the results may inform the doctor about a pathology that does not exist in you, and as a result, you will be prescribed the wrong treatment. To properly prepare, there are general rules for the delivery of biomaterial. It is very important to take an analysis on an empty stomach. They take blood for research from the cubital vein, early in the morning.

Further, the material enters the laboratory, where the assessment of cholesterol in the plasma takes place. In the laboratory, a study is carried out on total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins, as well as triglycerides. Usually cholesterol is measured in mmol / l, but in some institutions it can be measured in other quantities, which is very important to consider when deciphering the result.

Preparation for the delivery of the analysis should begin long before plasma sampling. Alcohol should not be taken a week before sampling, and eating is not recommended for at least 10 hours. Many patients ask how to take the test correctly so that the result is accurate? The answer is simple, the most important thing is to donate blood for research on an empty stomach. When you pass the test, you can have a snack in the cafeteria of the clinic.

This rule must be strictly observed. Can I drink before the test? It is not recommended to drink tea and coffee. Also, you can not drink juices and any other drinks. It is only allowed to drink pure non-carbonated water. It is better to drink plain boiled water. What not to do before donating blood. If you are preparing to donate blood, you should not smoke, drink alcohol and be nervous before taking the biomaterial.

Today, for people at risk, there is a great solution to control cholesterol at home. There are special express strips that determine blood cholesterol. However, the results of such tests cannot be called accurate, rather average, because they determine total cholesterol. Where is blood taken for express analysis? For this test, blood is taken from a finger, but you also need to follow the rules for preparing for the study.

Why can't you eat

All food that enters our stomach breaks down under the action of enzymes into separate elements. These substances are absorbed by the intestinal walls and enter the bloodstream, which carries them to organs and tissues. It is for this reason that you need to take a blood test only on an empty stomach.

If you do not figure out how to prepare for donating blood, and violate the ban, substances from the outside will enter the blood, those that you just ate. And doctors need to assess what's in your blood regardless of what you eat.

For this reason, in order to get accurate cholesterol test results, you should not eat food before taking blood. Moreover, doctors recommend limiting yourself to fatty foods 7 days before the analysis. Then the results will be more accurate, and you can reduce the risk of misdiagnosis. Also on the accuracy of the results is the choice of laboratory. If you have already taken the test, you need to take it again in the same place.

This is due to the possible use of different reagents in honey. institutions, which may skew the results.

It is worth noting that strict diets and certain diseases can lower blood cholesterol to critical levels. Therefore, low cholesterol is also a deviation.

What to do if the indicators are increased

Do not panic if your blood cholesterol is slightly higher than normal. Most often this happens from malnutrition. To reduce blood cholesterol in this case, you only need to exclude dangerous foods from the diet and further control their use. You can quickly lower cholesterol by refusing:

• Fried food.
• Fatty dairy products.
• Confectionery.
• Palm oil.

How to quickly reduce performance? It is allowed to replace fried foods in the diet with stewed or baked ones, but palm oil is not so easy to refuse. The fact is that this component is found in a huge number of products today. It is very harmful, but at the same time very beneficial for producers. For this reason, if you have a tendency to increase cholesterol, in order to reduce it, you need to read the composition of all products and exclude everything that contains palm oil. With elevated levels, cholesterol is lowered with medicines.

To study the metabolism of fats (lipids), an analysis is carried out for the content of cholesterol. The material for the study is blood from a vein. This method is used to diagnose diseases of arterial vessels, kidneys, it reflects the functioning of the liver and endocrine organs. Normal values ​​are in the range from 2.9 to 7.8 mmol / l, depending on the gender of the patients and their age category.

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Why do you need to take a blood test for cholesterol

Cholesterol is an alcohol that enters the cell membranes. The largest amount of it is found in the membranes of neurons, including the brain, fatty tissues and bile. With food comes only a fifth of the total amount in the body. It is absorbed through the intestinal wall and deposited in the liver cells. The remaining 4/5 are formed in the liver, kidneys, intestines, adrenal and gonads.

The role of cholesterol in the body is manifested in the following actions:

• it synthesizes adrenal hormones, estrogens and progesterone, the male sex hormone - testosterone;
• serves as a basis for vitamin D and bile acids;
• protects red blood cells from destruction.

With an increase in the level of total cholesterol in the blood and the ratio between its fractions, crystals of this substance are deposited on the wall of the arteries, forming.

Using this indicator, one can also judge liver damage, a decrease in its function, and stagnation of bile. In kidney diseases, it is needed to establish the origin of edema, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment of nephrotic syndrome.

Who is shown the analysis

• high blood pressure ();
• pain in the heart (myocardial ischemia);
• intermittent claudication ();
• the appearance of edema, decreased urine output, high blood pressure, lower back pain (kidney disease);
• drowsiness, difficulty losing weight, dry skin, puffiness (low thyroid function);
• yellow spots on the lower eyelids and shins (xanthomatosis);
• increased pressure, obesity, impaired carbohydrate metabolism (metabolic syndrome);
• dry mouth, copious urine output, thirst (diabetes mellitus).

Preparation for delivery

A biochemical blood test is performed only on an empty stomach. This means that before taking blood from a vein, you can not eat for 10-12 hours. It is forbidden to drink coffee, any juices, tea, even herbal. In the morning before the visit to the laboratory, plain water is allowed in moderation.

The day before the analysis, alcohol, fatty and fried foods are excluded. If there was a plentiful feast the day before, then the result may be distorted. Smoking is not recommended for an hour, and physical activity on the day of the examination is also undesirable.

Drug therapy is canceled in agreement with the doctor, any hormonal drugs, diuretics and some antibiotics give false results.

How to get to the lab

In order for the study to be reliable, you need to prepare for it, including with the help of the right attitude. The blood sampling itself can only cause psychological discomfort, this procedure is safe and almost painless. To avoid anxiety, you need to come to the laboratory early, do not waste time and energy waiting. After passing the analysis, it is better to immediately go outside and walk a little. This will make you feel better.

In most cases, results are obtained the next day or 2 days later. The received form is not recommended to be evaluated without relevant knowledge. It should also be borne in mind that different laboratories may have different methods, respectively, the indicators will vary. Even if an elevated cholesterol level is detected, it is quite possible that the doctor will advise you to repeat the study. No indicator in the body can not be unchanged.

Watch the video about taking a blood test for cholesterol and possible results:

Designations in biochemical and detailed analysis

Cholesterol molecules synthesized in the body or obtained from food cannot dissolve in water, which means they cannot move independently along the bloodstream.

To solve this problem, its compounds with carrier proteins are formed in the body. They are called lipoproteins, and it is they that can be seen in the expanded. The most important of these are high and low density complexes - HDL (transport cholesterol to the liver) and LDL (transport it to the tissues).

Currently, concentrations are measured in mmol/l, but if there is a designation in mg/% or mg per 100 ml (dl), then they can be converted to mmol by multiplying the figure by 0.026.

Bad and good cholesterol

Cholesterol cannot be good or bad, but in order for anyone to understand what fat metabolism disorders indicate, these definitions were introduced.

HDL (good)

There are 4 proteins per molecule of cholesterol. These lipid complexes are used for the formation and reconstruction of cell membranes, the formation of hormones and vitamin D, bile for the absorption of fat from food. HDL inhibit the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of arteries, reduce its total content in the blood. Their biological role is to prevent atherosclerosis.

LDL and VLDL (bad)

LDL have a fat to protein ratio of 1:1. Such cholesterol enters with food, it is found in the vessels. If such a compound is embedded in the cell membrane, then they lose their ability to respond to biologically active substances, nerve impulses, and the flow of ions through the membrane is disrupted. But it is LDL that neutralizes toxic substances and provides adequate immune responses.

The very low density means that there are 4 parts of cholesterol for one part of the protein of the VLDL complex. They are considered the most dangerous fraction of lipids, they are completely deposited in the arteries, their function is limited to the transport of triglycerides.

In order to determine the total cholesterol in the blood, you need to add HDL, LDL and triglycerides (VLDL).

Norm in men and women

Cholesterol is found in the blood of absolutely all people. Even if you completely exclude it from food, it will be formed in the liver or other organs. In children, its content is lower, since it is spent more on building cell membranes.

After adolescence and up to 50 years, there are differences between normal indicators in men and women. This is due to the fact that the female hormones estrogen reduce its level. After the onset of menopause, this ratio becomes reversed (in older women, cholesterol is higher). In autumn and winter, the rate of metabolic reactions decreases, leading to a slight increase in the concentration of lipids in the blood.

For comparison: after 65 years in men, the norm of cholesterol is 4 - 7.10, in women 4.4 - 7.85 mmol / l.

Level increase (hypercholesterolemia)

It occurs with insufficient physical activity and its consequences - a low rate of metabolic processes and congestion in tissues. In addition, this violation leads to:

• hereditary pathologies;
• atherosclerosis;
• diseases of the liver, biliary tract (hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice);
• kidney damage (nephritis, failure);
• pancreatitis;
• malabsorption in the intestine;
• diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism;
• pregnancy;
• obesity;
• gout;
• long-term use of beta-blockers, oral contraceptives, hormones, Kordaron.

Low blood cholesterol

A decrease in indicators is observed with a decrease in the formation of cholesterol by liver cells, which is a sign of liver destruction in severe diseases. Also, the cause of hypocholesterolemia can be:

• malignant tumors
• bowel disease,
• pancreatic necrosis,
• internal trauma,
• common burns,
• severe infections, sepsis.

Values ​​in pregnant women

Due to the increased formation of fats required by the fetus, pregnant women may have a slight increase in blood cholesterol. It is considered physiological if the deviation to the greater side does not exceed 15 percent. In such cases, monitoring and retesting at least once a month is recommended.

At high values, you need to balance the diet and refuse margarine, fatty meat foods, sweets and products made from white flour, sauces such as mayonnaise. In the diet every day should be low-fat dairy products, chicken or turkey meat, boiled fish, seafood. Every meal should include fresh vegetables or fruits. Recommended daily moderate physical activity (gymnastics, walks) for about 30 minutes.

Medicines with a lipid-lowering effect are contraindicated for pregnant women. It should be noted that a lack of cholesterol is no less harmful during this period, as it can provoke a miscarriage.

An analysis for the content of cholesterol in the blood is prescribed during preventive examinations, as well as in the case of diagnosing atherosclerosis, liver or kidney diseases, endocrine disorders. Before it is carried out, special preparation is needed.

The doctor should evaluate the results taking into account clinical signs. Total cholesterol includes several fractions, HDL protects against atherosclerosis, and all the rest contribute to it. Normal values ​​are determined according to the table, which takes into account the sex and age of the patient. Both an increase and a liquefaction of the level are dangerous for the body.

Read also

When a lipidogram is performed, the norm will show the state of the vessels, the presence of cholesterol in them. Deciphering the indicators in adults, as well as the size of triglycerides, HDL will help you choose a treatment - diet or medication. When is a deployed one needed?

Cholesterol is a fatty alcohol that is normally present in the cell walls of almost all living organisms, including humans. Changes in the content of its individual fractions, represented by high and low density lipoproteins synthesized in the liver (HDL, LDL), can often indicate the presence of a disease in the body. To assess the level of cholesterol, venous blood is taken for analysis or from a finger. But before donating blood for cholesterol, it is important to properly prepare the body for the procedure so that the results of the study are the most informative. Read on to find out how to donate blood for cholesterol testing.

Cholesterol can be "bad" and "good" - as well as diets aimed at lowering its concentration in the blood

In the blood, lipoproteins must be in a certain ratio. HDL has positive properties, which ensures the safety of the cell wall, is involved in the production of hormones (estrogen, cortisol, testosterone) and other functions. Negative aspects in the form of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques creates LDL. Its excessive increase occurs in a number of diseases, malnutrition of the body. Especially quickly LDL begins to be produced with age. Therefore, a systematic examination at least once a year will prevent possible complications in the body, which can sometimes lead to death.

Who is shown the procedure

Cholesterol analysis is prescribed for people with heart disease, diseases of the digestive tract and other pathologies. If there are liver diseases, heart attacks and strokes, cardiac ischemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, then patients should be screened for lipoprotein without fail. Taking a number of medications by the patient is also an indication for taking a cholesterol test.

An additional survey is based on the identification of the following risks:

• Changes in the structure of the cell wall of blood vessels.
• Functional assessment of liver performance.
• Diagnosis of defects in fat metabolism.

Training

Proper preparation for delivery will allow a certain restriction of nutrition and lifestyle. In the presence of somatic diseases and the use of drugs, it is also necessary to inform the doctor about this. In order to properly donate blood for cholesterol as accurately as possible, it is necessary to follow all the doctor's recommendations. The doctor sends for analysis a therapist or a specialist in the field where there is a somatic disease of the body.

If you do not follow the necessary instructions for correcting nutrition, carrying out daily life activities, taking certain groups of drugs, then the final results of cholesterol in the blood may be unreliable and a second examination of cholesterol in the blood will be required in the future.

What can not be from food? For 2-3 days, eating any foods that have a high degree of fat content is prohibited. The study should be carried out on an empty stomach. Therefore, it is allowed to eat for the last time 10-16 hours before blood sampling. If you have symptoms of thirst, you can drink water in the amount of one glass without sugar. You can consume low-fat foods in the form of juice, fruits, coffee, tea and others. The eaten product must be digested in the body at least 6 hours before taking blood for analysis.

If you are going to donate blood for cholesterol, no special preparation is required, except to refrain from eating 6-8 hours before taking blood and reduce the food load on the body on the eve of the test.

As a rule, correction of bad habits should also be carried out. Recommendations are given on whether it is possible to drink alcohol and its surrogates and when, whether it is allowed to smoke. It is allowed to take alcohol and alcohol-containing drinks for the last time one day before the examination. Before the procedure, you can not smoke at least 1 hour before the start of the diagnosis.

Before they start taking blood, the patient must spend at least half an hour in a sitting or lying position. It is especially important to comply with this prescription when the person moves quickly before the procedure. This applies to accelerated walking, climbing stairs.

How do women prepare for analysis? The fair sex during the period of menstruation should not limit themselves in going to the examination. A temporarily altered hormonal background does not affect the level of lipoproteins in any way. Any type of examination in the form of radiography, rectal examination, functional tests and analyzes should be carried out for both men and women a few days before the cholesterol in the blood is determined, or after the procedure.

Before donating blood, the medications taken by the patient are of particular importance to the results of the examination. Before taking a blood test for cholesterol, the patient must notify the doctor several days in advance. This must be done, because taking certain medications can affect the level of lipoprotein in the blood. This applies to the following groups: corticosteroids, antibiotics, diuretics and antihypertensive drugs, multivitamin complexes, fibrates, statins.

Submission of material for examination

It is possible to examine the level of lipoproteins not only in a specialized medical institution, but also at home.

For home cholesterol control, patients should purchase specially designed test strips (single use or express analyzers).

Appropriate preparation for delivery must be made prior to performing the procedure. The patient must also learn to independently take blood from a finger for analysis. Against the background of the simplicity of the procedure, the speed of obtaining results is also noted.

This method of examination is indicated for patients undergoing lipid-lowering therapy. Using test strips will allow you to monitor blood levels for sugar and cholesterol. This reduces the need for regular visits to the attending physician.

How to take an analysis at a doctor's appointment? Perform blood sampling from a vein in the morning, on an empty stomach in the office, from where the blood is then sent to the laboratory. There are several methods for determining cholesterol levels. Usually the results are ready the next day.

Blood for analysis is taken from a vein, usually the patient comes in the morning on an empty stomach. Results can be ready the next day

Examination methods:

• direct biochemical.
• Indirect biochemical.
• Enzymatic.
• Chromatographic.

The examination is carried out on the basis of whole blood serum using special reagents. The most common method is the direct biochemical method. The blood test is performed by a laboratory assistant.

Estimation of indicators of lipoproteins

In a medical institution, namely in a laboratory, the normal value of several types of lipoproteins is determined:

• Total cholesterol: 2.95-7.25 mmol / l.
• HDL: 0.98-2.38 mmol/l.
• LDL: 1.63-3.90 mmol/l
• Triglycerides (TG): 0.14-1.82 mmol/L.

The total value of all indicators is reflected in the lipidogram data, which most accurately reflects the general situation of the ratio of individual cholesterol fractions. Diseases of the body and age have a certain value on the level of indicators. If the total cholesterol is above the norm, then this may indicate an increase in the atherogenic coefficient (CA). CA evaluates the level of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL. Normally, CA should be no more than 3. The value of the coefficient above the specified norm may indicate a predisposition to the development of atherosclerosis. If the KA is below the norm, then there is no threat to the health of the body.

An increase in TG levels also contributes to the development of atherosclerotic changes in the body. The study of the indicator is especially necessary when the patient uses drugs, especially the antibacterial group.

1. Proper preparation for blood tests
2. Donating blood for analysis
3. Self-conducting a rapid test
4. Types of analysis for cholesterol
5. Deciphering the results of the analysis
6. What is better to eat before donating blood for analysis

To diagnose atherosclerosis and timely identify the risk of strokes and heart attacks, it is necessary to do an analysis for cholesterol. For this, blood is taken from a vein, and this is done on an empty stomach.

Proper preparation for blood tests

Usually, all the preparation before donating blood for cholesterol is to abstain from eating for at least eight hours.

There are approved rules that describe point by point how to prepare for donating blood for cholesterol:

• Meals are taken 12-16 hours before visiting a medical facility. Longer fasting can lead to a weakening of the body, as a result of which the results of a laboratory test will be unreliable.
• At least a day before the study, you should not drink alcohol, and smoking is also not recommended for 1.5-2 hours.
• Before donating blood, you can only drink non-carbonated water without sugar, although this is also undesirable. If possible, limit yourself to a glass of purified water.
• If medications are used, the doctor who gives the referral for the study must be warned about this. In this case, the intake of drugs that affect the cholesterol content (vitamins, diuretics, antibiotics, hormonal drugs, and others) is canceled.
• The level of cholesterol in women of reproductive age is independent of the menstrual cycle, so a specialized study should not be abandoned even during menstruation.

Sometimes, on the contrary, specialists require patients not to prepare specifically for blood donation at all. This is necessary if the average is to be determined.

Donating blood for analysis

Only in specialized laboratories of medical institutions can a cholesterol test be carried out. How to donate blood, the laboratory employee will explain directly on the spot, and the patient himself is only required to properly prepare for the procedure and come to the medical facility in the morning.

With high accuracy, it will not be possible to conduct a blood test for cholesterol on your own, since universal devices for this do not yet exist. Such a process is carried out exclusively in a specialized laboratory according to special schemes using highly sensitive reagents.

Self-conducting a rapid test

Nevertheless, for patients who are indicated for lipid-lowering therapy, there is a special express diagnostic method using an electronic express analyzer with disposable test strips or a rapid test, also disposable.

With their help, you can get an idea of ​​​​the effectiveness of treatment at home without visiting a doctor.

To conduct an express test, it is imperative to carry out all preparatory activities related to limiting food intake, alcohol, etc.

The convenience of the method lies not only in the absence of the need to visit the laboratory, but also in the quick diagnostic results - it is possible to draw a conclusion about the approximate cholesterol content in five minutes, while the conclusion is issued by a medical institution only after 1-3 days.

Devices for rapid tests are used by the type of glucometer:

1. A drop of the patient's blood is placed on a special test strip in the device;
2. After about three minutes, a number will appear on the display, which will be the result of the analysis of the total cholesterol content in the blood.

Such blood tests in healthy people are usually carried out once a year. Patients with an increased risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases should be checked more often, including using the described portable device.

Types of analysis for cholesterol

Always to assess the state of health during medical examinations, medical examinations, etc., a general blood test is carried out, cholesterol in which is determined along with other important indicators.

If its excess is detected (more than 5.2 mmol / l), then this serves as the basis for a more detailed study, called a lipid profile.

Most accurately, the risk of developing atherosclerosis can be judged by conducting the so-called. detailed blood test for cholesterol. It is an extended study (lipidogram), which determines not only the content of total cholesterol, but also its fractions, triglycerides and atherogenic coefficient.

Cholesterol, or rather its fractions, in the results of a detailed analysis are designated as:

• HDL or alpha cholesterol (high density lipoprotein). It is a "useful" type of cholesterol, which is not deposited in the vessels, but is directly transported to the liver. Normal HDL values ​​should exceed 1 mmol/l.
• LDL or beta-cholesterol (low density lipoprotein). This is the so-called. harmful cholesterol, which serves as a building material for atherosclerotic plaques in the vessels. Its content in the blood should be less than 3 mmol / l.

Another important indicator in the research results is the atherogenic index, abbreviated as KA. It is the LDL/HDL ratio.

If the value of the coefficient under consideration is less than three, then the person is healthy, and the risk of vascular damage is minimal. Already existing atherosclerosis will be indicated by a value of KA exceeding 5 units. In this case, there is a high probability of developing ischemic damage to internal organs, including coronary artery disease.

Deciphering the results of the analysis

Once again, we note that the results of the study will largely depend on the nutrition before the study.

Therefore, it is imperative to know how to take the cholesterol test correctly, otherwise, after the usual general analysis, it will be necessary to conduct a detailed one, as well as other studies, since an excess or, on the contrary, an insufficient amount of the organic compound in question usually indicates the development of various pathologies.

Elevated cholesterol occurs in patients with coronary heart disease, as well as diabetes, kidney disease, obesity, pancreatic cancer, and alcoholism.

But a low concentration is also not the norm and may indicate the presence of diseases such as advanced cirrhosis, chronic anemia, as well as diseases of the bone marrow, existing cancers, etc.

Accounting for cardiovascular risk

The previously given value of the permissible cholesterol level at the level of 5 mmol / l is an average, since this indicator depends on age and is determined in more detail using a special SCORE scale:

• For persons in the low cardiovascular risk group (without poor heredity, young age), the acceptable level lies below 5.5 mmol / l.
• For patients at moderate risk (obese, inactive, middle-aged), 5 mmol/L is acceptable.
• For persons from a high risk group (hypertensive patients, with diabetes mellitus, vascular pathology), the value should be below 4.5 mmol / l.
• For people with a very high cardiovascular risk (stroke, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis), a concentration of less than 4 mmol / l will be considered a normal cholesterol level.

It should also be borne in mind that normal test results differ, for example, in children of different ages and in adults, so only a doctor can accurately determine the need for additional studies and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

If a general analysis revealed an excess of cholesterol in the blood, it is necessary to conduct a detailed study. How to donate blood for cholesterol, has already been noted.

In this case, before conducting a detailed analysis, it is important to follow the recommendations given as carefully as possible, since on its basis, if a pathology is detected, appropriate treatment will be prescribed.

Such an important indicator as the level of "bad" LDL cholesterol determines the possibility of developing vascular pathologies. Therefore, based on its values, taking into account the degree of cardiovascular risk, the doctor prescribes (or, on the contrary, does not prescribe) treatment with statins.

These drugs, despite their effectiveness in the fight against high cholesterol, have a lot of contraindications, which is why it is extremely important to take a high-quality cholesterol test. How to donate blood for a general study was previously described in detail. The procedure for preparing for a detailed analysis is no different.

Extended Study Indicators

Let's take a closer look at the decoding of a detailed blood test. In addition to determining the previously discussed HDL and LDL (“good” HDL-cholesterol and “bad” LDL-cholesterol), the level of triglycerides is also determined.

The latter are derivatives of fatty acids and glycerol, i.e., dissolved fats that enter the blood from food and do not belong to cholesterol compounds.

Below we present in detail the normal, elevated and high values ​​of the concentrations of the considered compounds:

Particular attention should be paid to "good" cholesterol. Its level, unlike the “bad” LDL, is determined by the maximum indicator, that is, the more it is in the body, the more protected your vessels are from various pathologies.

What is better to eat before donating blood for analysis

So, you need to donate blood for cholesterol. How to prepare for this event has already been described. That is, you can’t eat at least 12 hours before delivery, drink alcohol a day before, etc.

However, if there are several days before the test, you can better prepare by choosing a diet that will help prepare your body as much as possible.

To do this, completely exclude from the diet all fatty, smoked, fried foods, pastries, chocolate and any sweets, fatty dairy products. Try to eat as much seafood and vegetables as possible.

Get outdoors more, go for walks, increase your physical activity. In this case, in the absence of serious diseases, your blood cholesterol will always be normal.

Lipid spectrum

Lipid spectrum (lipidogram) - a set of biochemical blood tests that allow you to assess the full state of fat metabolism in the body. The study includes the definition of:

• total cholesterol (OH);
• triglycerides (TG);
• high density lipoproteins (HDL);
• very low density lipoproteins (VLDL);
• low density lipoproteins (LDL);
• coefficient of atherogenicity (KA).

Cholesterol is the general name for fatty molecules that circulate in the blood. Cholesterol has several biological functions in the body. It is a structural component of the cytoplasmic membrane of all body cells; is a precursor of adrenal hormones - corticosteroids, estrogen and testosterone; is part of bile and fat-soluble vitamin D, which is responsible for the growth of bone and cartilage tissue and the immune defense of the body.

Since fat, and accordingly cholesterol, is hydrophobic in nature and cannot move independently in the blood, special transport proteins apoproteins join it. The protein + fat complex is called lipoprotein. According to their chemical and molecular structure, several types of lipoproteins are distinguished that perform their functions in the body.

High-density lipoproteins are a fraction of the lipid spectrum with anti-atherogenic properties. For the ability to bind excess fat in the body, transport it to the liver, where it is utilized and excreted through the digestive tract, HDL is called "good" or "useful" cholesterol.

Low and very low density lipoproteins are the main factor in the formation of atherosclerosis. Their main task is to transport cholesterol to all cells of the human body. In elevated concentrations, LDL and VLDL are able to "linger" in the vascular bed, deposited on the walls of the arteries and form cholesterol plaques.

Triglycerides are neutral fats that circulate in the blood plasma and are also a risk factor for atherosclerosis. These lipids are the main fat reserve of the body, providing the energy needs of cells.

The atherogenic coefficient is the ratio of "useful" and "harmful" fats in the patient's blood, which is calculated by the formula: CA \u003d (OH - HDL) / HDL.

Apoproteins (apolipoproteins) are proteins that carry cholesterol fractions in the bloodstream. Apoprotein A1 is a component of HDL, apoprotein B is HDL.

Deviations from the norm in the lipid spectrum indicate violations of metabolic processes in the body and can lead to serious complications. Regular analysis and monitoring of its results will help prevent the development of diseases.

Indications for a lipid spectrum analysis

The study of the lipid spectrum is carried out for:

• diagnosing and monitoring the dynamics of atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, cardiovascular pathology, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, aggravated heredity, etc.;
• studying the state of fat metabolism in patients with coronary heart disease, after myocardial infarction;
• evaluation of fat metabolism in terms of management of patients with cerebrovascular diseases.

Recently, a blood test for total cholesterol in all patients older than 50 years in most polyclinics is included in the guaranteed screening (preventive) examination. This means that regardless of the reason for visiting a doctor, it should be carried out in the target age categories once a year (or every 2 years). If a deviation from the norm is detected at this stage, the patient may be assigned an extended blood test for the lipid spectrum.

Control of the treatment of atherosclerosis should also be carried out with the study of the lipid spectrum. A blood test is prescribed 1 time in 3 months during the period of selection of the drug and dose, and 1 time in 6 months in case of positive dynamics. Reducing cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and atherogenic coefficient indicates the correct selection of funds for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

How to prepare for analysis

Like any other biochemical test, lipid spectrum analysis requires a little preliminary preparation and adherence to the rules listed below:

• The study of the lipid spectrum is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach (fasting time should be at least 8 hours, but not more than 14). It is allowed to drink table water without gas. If there is no opportunity to donate blood in the morning, it is allowed to do this in the daytime. The interval between the last meal and blood sampling should be 6-7 hours.
• Dinner the day before should be as usual, without adhering to a special diet: this way the results of the analysis on the lipid spectrum will be more reliable. Moreover, it is not necessary to break the habitual diet for a person within 1-2 weeks before the examination;
• It is recommended to stop smoking half an hour before blood sampling, and from drinking alcohol - a day before;
• The study of the lipid spectrum should be carried out when the patient is calm and does not experience psychological discomfort;
• Before taking blood, you need to sit quietly for 5-10 minutes.

Blood for analysis is taken from a vein. Usually 5-10 ml is sufficient. The laboratory assistant then properly prepares the biological fluid and transports it to the laboratory. Then the blood is sent for decoding: the results of the lipid spectrum test, as a rule, are ready within a day.

Normal and pathological values ​​of the lipid spectrum

The norms of a blood test for the lipid spectrum vary depending on the age of the subject and the equipment of a particular laboratory. Average indicators are presented in the table below

Lipid Spectrum Index

Norm in the blood

As a rule, with violations of fat metabolism, all indicators deviate from the norm. This condition is called dyslipidemia.

What does dyslipidemia mean

A decrease or increase in the lipid spectrum can lead to significant malfunctions in the body. When correcting fat metabolism, first of all, it is necessary to focus on the causes that caused the violations.

Cholesterol

Most often, the first in patients who applied to the clinic, an increase in cholesterol is diagnosed. This indicator in a newborn does not exceed 3 mmol / l, but begins to gradually increase with age. Despite the fact that the average cholesterol rate is in the range of 3.2-5.6 mmol/l, these values ​​in elderly patients can be extended to 7.1-7.2 mmol/l.

Up to 80% of the cholesterol circulating in the blood is formed in the liver (the so-called endogenous cholesterol). The remaining 20% ​​comes from food. Therefore, one of the main risk factors for the deviation of this analysis from the norm is nutritional errors: eating a large amount of food saturated with animal fats (lard, fatty meat, milk and dairy products).

Other risk factors for high cholesterol include:

• hereditary genetic diseases (familial hypercholesterolemia);
• ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction;
• liver diseases (cholelithiasis, primary biliary cirrhosis);
• kidney disease (chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure);
• diabetes;
• thyroid disease (hypothyroidism);
• obesity;
• pregnancy;
• taking medications (diuretics, beta-blockers, combined oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, etc.);
• alcoholism;
• diseases with a violation of mineral metabolism, gout.

Since cholesterol is a collective concept that includes all fractions of fats circulating in the blood, it can most often be increased by increasing atherogenic lipids. An analysis of the lipid spectrum in this case may show an increase in the concentration of LDL and VLDL with normal or reduced values ​​of high density lipoproteins. The coefficient of atherogenicity and the risk of developing atherosclerosis in the subject, respectively, will be increased.

Cholesterol reduction is less common. The causes of these lipid disorders can be:

• starvation, up to complete exhaustion;
• malabsorption syndrome, other gastrointestinal problems that interfere with the absorption and assimilation of food;
• severe diseases, including infectious ones, sepsis;
• chronic pathology of the liver, kidneys, lungs in the terminal stage;
• taking certain medications (statins, fibrates, ketoconazole, thyroxine).

Cholesterol reduction usually occurs at the expense of all fractions of the lipid spectrum. When deciphering the analysis, a picture of hypolipoproteinemia will be observed: a decrease in the concentration of not only total cholesterol, but also HDL, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides and atherogenic coefficient. This condition is fraught with a violation of the construction of cell membranes in the body, which means pathology on the part of all organs and systems, loss of childbearing function by women of childbearing age, depression of the nervous system with the formation of depression and suicidal thoughts. The condition is corrected by eliminating the cause that caused it, by prescribing a diet rich in animal fats.

high density lipoproteins

Most often, when analyzing the lipid spectrum in patients with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular pathology, a decrease in this indicator is determined. HDL is the main anti-atherogenic factor that should be maintained within the target values ​​(> 1.42 mmol / l in women and > 1.68 mmol / l in men). When deciphering the analyzes for the lipid spectrum, it was noted that a critical decrease in HDL is more often observed in men than in women. This is due to the "protective" effect on the vessels of estrogens - female sex hormones. That is why women aged 40-50 years (that is, before the onset of menopause, when the concentration of estrogen in the blood decreases) have a lower risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. In old age, the incidence of cardiovascular pathology becomes approximately the same in both sexes.

A decrease in HDL occurs when:

• atherosclerosis;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• overweight;
• chronic liver diseases accompanied by cholestasis;
• diabetes.

An increase in the indicator in lipid spectrum analyzes is rare.

Low and very low density lipoproteins

This form of lipids is considered a key link in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The lower the density of the protein + fat complex, the easier it settles on the inner surface of the vessels, forming at first a soft and loose lipid spot, and then, gradually strengthening with connective tissue, it turns into a mature cholesterol plaque. An increase in the concentration of LDL and VLDL occurs for the same reasons as an increase in cholesterol. With a significant excess of the norm of LDL and VLDL, the atherogenic coefficient can reach values ​​of 7-8 or more (at the norm<3,5). Такие показатели липидного спектра свидетельствуют об уже сформировавшемся атеросклерозе и высоком риске развития осложнений со стороны сердечно-сосудистой, нервной системы.

Triglycerides

Scientists consider triglycerides as an additional atherogenic factor. In atherosclerosis, in addition to an increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein fractions, triglycerides are also likely to be elevated.

Atherogenic coefficient

The atherogenic coefficient is an integral value that can be used to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its complications in each individual patient. An increase in its value indicates the predominance of lipoproteins of "harmful" fractions over "useful", which means an increasing risk of deposition of cholesterol plaques on the inner surface of the arteries.

Apolipoproteins

Usually, when deciphering the analysis for the lipid spectrum, the concentration of carrier proteins, apolipoproteins, is not calculated. This study will be useful in investigating the causes of the hereditary form of hypercholesterolemia. For example, with a genetically determined increase in apolipoprotein A, the concentration of low density lipoproteins naturally increases. As a rule, such conditions require a lifelong prescription of a therapeutic diet and medications.

Lipidogram target values: what indicators should you strive for

Correction of disturbed fat metabolism is a long process and requires maximum control both on the part of the therapist prescribing the treatment, and on the part of the patient himself. The higher the initial level of cholesterol, the longer should be the therapy of atherosclerosis. The target values ​​of the lipid spectrum, which should be strived for by all patients with cardiovascular pathology and cerebrovascular accidents:

• total cholesterol - less than 5.00 mmol / l;
• KA - less than 3.00 mmol / l;
• low density lipoproteins - below 3.00 mmol / l;
• high density lipoproteins - above 1 mmol / l;
• triglycerides - less than 2 mmol / l.

Upon reaching these values ​​of the lipid spectrum in the blood, the risk of developing myocardial infarction and stroke is reduced by 3.5 times.

Thus, the lipid spectrum is a comprehensive analysis that allows you to give a complete assessment of fat metabolism in the body. The sooner lipid profile disorders are detected, the sooner they can be corrected by changing the diet, lifestyle and prescribing medications.

Everything you need to know about blood tests for rheumatic tests

Rheumoprobe is a complex of biochemical studies aimed at identifying connective tissue pathologies and diseases of the autoimmune system. These tests allow you to determine the presence of inflammation, the place of its localization and the type of irritant.

Rheumatic diseases are a pathology of the human musculoskeletal system: damage to the joints, connective or muscle tissue. In medical practice, more than 100 types of rheumatic pathologies are distinguished. The list below shows the most common (mostly rheumatic tests target the first three diseases):

• Bechterew's disease.
• Rheumatic arthritis.
• Acute rheumatic fever.
• Gout.
• Immune-autoimmune diseases.
• Osteoporosis.
• Osteoarthritis.
• Vasculitis.

Indications for analysis

A study on rheumatic tests is prescribed by a doctor with indicative symptoms of rheumatic diseases, to control treatment and for prevention. Sometimes rheumatic tests are prescribed to patients who have recently had acute tonsillitis to prevent the development of rheumatic diseases. The following are the main symptoms that appear in the early stages of soft tissue disease:

• Edema.
• Body aches of a seasonal nature, meteosensitivity.
• Pain in the lower back.
• body asymmetry.
• An increase in body temperature in the presence of the above symptoms.
• Cracking in the joints when moving.
• Stiffness of ligaments and joints, leading to immobility.

REFERENCE! A blood test for rheumatic tests is carried out by taking blood from a vein.

Preparation for analysis

For reliable results of the analysis, it is necessary to adhere to the following recommendations:

• Do not eat 8-10 hours before the analysis (preferably in the morning, on an empty stomach).
• It is allowed to drink only purified water without additives.
• Avoid physical overload.
• A week before taking the test, give up fatty and fried foods.

Types of rheumatic tests

Analysis for rheumatic tests includes five or more studies, depending on the diagnosis. There are three main studies:

• Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a protein that forms antibodies when viral and bacterial infections appear in the body.

• C-reactive protein (C-RP) is the main indicator of the presence of an acute inflammatory process that causes damage to body tissues. C-RP rises several hours after the onset of inflammation and also decreases rapidly when the disease is eliminated. This marker is used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and monitor the dynamics of pathology.

• Antistreptolysin-O (ASLO) - antibodies to streptococcus, an increase in this marker indicates the presence of streptococcal infection, rheumatism in the body.

In order to complement the overall picture of the disease, the following studies can be carried out:

• Complete blood count + leukocyte formula (ESR) is an additional indicator of inflammation in the body.

• The level of total protein - determines the presence of pathologies in the work of internal organs. If deviations from the norm are detected, additional studies are carried out to identify the disease.
• Uric acid level - allows you to identify gout in the early stages.

Norms

To control your health, periodic monitoring of cholesterol levels is necessary. Improper nutrition, hereditary predisposition, a number of diseases can change the concentration of a substance in the blood.

This indicator is not always a danger. To understand the situation, it is necessary to open the issue in more detail.

Cholesterol - what is it?

Cholesterol (cholesterol) is an organic compound (fat-like substance) that is present in cell membranes. More than 80% is synthesized by the body, the remaining 20% ​​comes from food.

Cholesterol plays a role in the functioning of the body. It is necessary for the production of vitamin D, serotonin, certain hormones, and bile acids. There is a relationship between human health and cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol is in relationship with transporter proteins. Their connection is called lipoproteins.

Depending on this, there are:

1. Low-density lipoproteins are considered bad cholesterol. They are poorly soluble and can form plaques on the walls of blood vessels, which increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
2. High-density lipoproteins are considered good cholesterol. They dissolve, do not form atherosclerotic plaques. Their reduced content, on the contrary, increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. HDL helps lower LDL.
3. Very low density lipoproteins are almost fat. They are similar to LDL.

Factors contributing to an increase in LDL include:

• overweight;
• eating foods high in trans fats and carbohydrates;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• smoking;
• liver disease, incl. stagnation of bile;
• some kidney disease;
• diabetes.

With age, the indicators may increase. When interpreting the results, the gender of the patient is also taken into account. So, during menopause, cholesterol levels can drop, and after it, LDL levels can increase. Not the last role is played by heredity.

Genes may partly determine the level of cholesterol the body produces. In some cases, increased rates are a hereditary factor. With the systematic use of medications, an increase in the concentration of the substance can be observed.

Reasons for lowering cholesterol:

• stressful situations;
• wrong diets;
• violation of the assimilation of food;
• liver disease;
• the presence of anemia;
• lipid metabolism disorder.

Norm of cholesterol in the blood

In the blood serum, cholesterol and three indicators are determined during the analysis - LDL, HDL, VLDL. Total cholesterol is the total number of the listed indicators. Its level is measured in mg / dl or in mol / l.

Indicators of no more than 5.2 mmol / l are considered normal. Further, with data up to 6.5 mmol / l, moderate hypercholesterolemia is diagnosed.

With indicators up to 7.8, the condition is classified as severe hypercholesterolemia. If the level exceeds 7.85 mmol / l - very high hypercholesterolemia.

Norms of indicators:

1. Total cholesterol -< 5.3 ммоль/л.
2. The normal level of HDL is from 1.2 mmol / l.
3. The normal level of LDL is from 2.5 to 4.3 mmol / l.

Note! For people with cardiovascular disease (or at high risk), the numbers may vary slightly.

Elevated cholesterol can be both the cause of various diseases and an autonomous risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular accident. Decreased rates may indicate the presence of an infectious disease, hyperthyroidism, intestinal disorders (absorption problem).

General rules for preparing for testing

Laboratory studies are considered the most reliable method that allows you to determine the condition and, if necessary, start therapy.

To obtain reliable data, the patient must follow the rules for preparing for testing. This will provide an accurate clinical picture. How to prepare for a blood test for cholesterol?

The list of blood test requirements is as follows:

1. Donate blood only on an empty stomach. All indicators during the day tend to change. The morning analysis most accurately reflects the picture. All laboratory norms are established precisely for these indicators.
2. In the morning before delivery, exclude the use of any drinks - juices, tea, coffee. Only water is allowed as it does not affect the results.
3. The time between laboratory testing and food intake is at least 12 hours.
4. Avoid drinking alcohol for a day or two.
5. For a few days, you should not change the usual mode of the day, and physical activity should be abandoned.
6. Do not smoke for two hours before the procedure.
7. Do not take tests during menstruation.
8. All blood tests are carried out before fluorography / radiography and ultrasound diagnostics, for a few days, exclude all physiotherapy, visits to the solarium and cosmetic procedures.
9. When taking medication, the patient informs the laboratory assistant about it.
10. Half an hour before the procedure, you need to sit down and relax, immediately after arriving at the laboratory, you should not immediately take an analysis.

Testing for cholesterol is a significant event for health control. In order to detect pathology in time, it is recommended to conduct blood tests annually. Analysis for cholesterol is carried out two weeks after the withdrawal of drugs that reduce the concentration of lipids. When determining the effectiveness of taking medications, this condition is not taken into account.

During preparation for the analysis for cholesterol, general rules are followed. The study is performed only on an empty stomach. . For several days, foods containing cholesterol, fried and fatty foods are excluded from the diet. These include sausage, scrambled eggs, canned food, rich broths and more.

What to do with elevated rates?

With an increased concentration of LDL, treatment is carried out with medication, folk methods. Depending on the clinical picture and the manifestation of the disease, the doctor may prescribe the following drugs: statins; drugs that stimulate the excretion of bile; niacin; fibrates.

With a previous heart attack / stroke, in the presence of cardiovascular disease or diabetes, the patient is prescribed drugs. Treatment is combined with proper nutrition and exercise.

Proper nutrition and exercise can bring cholesterol back to normal.

The use of the following products can also stabilize the situation:

• sea ​​fish - the composition contains polyunsaturated acids that destroy LDL;
• cereals are rich in fiber, which removes harmful substances;
• fruits and vegetables - also contain fiber, which conducts a good cleansing;
• citrus fruits - strengthen blood vessels and prevent the formation of plaques.

With high cholesterol, you should temporarily limit the consumption of the following products: mayonnaise, margarine, fatty sour cream, butter, cream, ice cream, fried foods, scrambled eggs, convenience foods and canned food, lard, liver, fast food.

You can influence LDL with the help of folk remedies. Often used to solve the problem of licorice root. Decoctions based on it are taken three times a day for three weeks.

Hawthorn tincture is also effective in lowering cholesterol levels. It is used on a spoon three times a day for three weeks.

Powder from linden inflorescences is designed to normalize blood counts. It is used in a teaspoon for three weeks. Nutritionists advise drinking green tea with lemon. The drink has a good effect on blood vessels and reduces LDL.

Video material on ways to lower cholesterol in the blood:

What to do with low cholesterol?

According to statistics, people are more likely to have high cholesterol. But low rates are no less dangerous and need to be adjusted. With minor deviations from the norm, it is necessary to fill the diet with cholesterol-containing foods. These include: eggs, liver, cheeses, butter, milk. Omega-3 rich foods are also being introduced, the consumption of alcohol, muffins and sugar is reduced.

A month after changing the diet, you will need to retake the analysis. With a repeated low rate, you should consult a doctor. It is he who will decide on further treatment based on the diagnosis. Based on the cause, the correct treatment is selected - in each situation it will be completely different. At the initial stage, the low rate is raised with the help of nutrition and moderate physical activity.

Traditional medicine offers its own methods to solve the problem. The most common is the carrot diet. Freshly squeezed juice is consumed several times a day for a month. You can add celery or parsley to the drink.

Beetroot juice is a support for the liver and gallbladder, to normalize their work. It will also help you get out of the cholesterol minus. You need to drink half a glass of juice twice a day. The recommended course is a month. Thistle infusion contributes to the normalization of blood counts. Also, the elixir helps to eliminate toxins and improve liver function.

Where to do research?

You can take a cholesterol test:

• in the laboratory of the polyclinic if there is a referral from the therapist;
• in a private diagnostic center;
• in an independent laboratory;
• use the service "analysis at home".

Important! Before taking the test, the patient must properly prepare. Compliance with all recommendations guarantees the reliability of the results.

Cholesterol is an important substance that is involved in the functioning of the body. Each person needs to maintain the optimal value and periodically monitor the level of LDL. Folk recipes, proper nutrition, medications will help bring the indicators back to normal.