The history of skiing. The history of skis Ski sports history of creation

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TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY

NAMED AFTER G.R. DERZHAVINA

CHAIR

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

SUMMARY ON THE TOPIC:

« THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

SKIING»

DONE

STUDENT OF THE I COURSE OF THE II GROUP

MOISEEV ALEXEY

1. The development of skiing as a sport ....................................................... .............................. one

2. Place and importance of skiing

in the system of physical education …………………………………….. 9

3. Skiing in the program of the Olympic Games ...…………………………15

4. From the history of the development of skiing in Tambov ............................................... 19

5. List of references .............................................................. ............... 25

1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKIING AS A SPORT

Skis as a means of increasing the area of support and facilitating movement in deep snow appeared in ancient times. The use of skis in ancient times can be judged by the rock carvings of figures of skiers. Such images were found on the territory of our country on the coast of the White Sea. Archaeologists attribute these drawings to approximately the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. From them you can judge the shape of the skis - they are rather narrow and long, with curved toes. Figures of skiers are depicted with one stick in the form of a spear. Obviously, it was used for hunting and for convenience in movement. Similar images are also found in Scandinavia.

The latest research suggests that skis were invented about 15-20 thousand years ago. Most likely, the first type of skis used by the northern peoples were walking skis of various shapes - round, oval and rocket-shaped. Later, skis began to spread, lined from below with the skin of an elk, deer or seal with a pile back, which made it possible to avoid slipping when climbing uphill.

Among the northern peoples of our country, skis were first used in everyday life and hunting. They allowed long pursuit of animals falling into deep snow. Later in Russia, skis began to be widely used at holidays and in winter fun, where strength, agility, endurance were demonstrated in cross-country skiing and downhill skiing.

In addition, skis were also used in military affairs. Russian ski detachments fought against the Mongol-Tatars, against the Poles on the western borders, Napoleon's troops, and were used in the development of the expanses of Siberia and the Far East by the Russians.

The first information about the use of skis for sports purposes in the Scandinavian countries dates back to the Middle Ages. Skiing there began to develop primarily in military units. In the XVI century. by order of the Norwegian Minister of War, ski units were formed. Cross-country skiing and other exercises were used to prepare soldiers for combat. In 1767, in Christiania (Oslo), a program of skiing competitions for soldiers was developed, which included high-speed short-distance competitions with full ammunition and weapons, shooting at a target while descending from a slope, descending a slope among the bushes and from a steep slope . Everyone could take part in the competitions, and not just soldiers.

The impetus for the development of skiing among the population and for attracting spectators to the competitions was the exhibition of ski equipment in Trondheim in 1862. As early as 1877, the Christiania ski club was organized, skiing competitions began to be held. A significant contribution to the popularization of skiing was made by the polar explorer F. Nansen, who in 1890 published a book about his skiing trip to the North Pole.

In Sweden, the first ski club was founded in 1895. Ski runs of 220 and 460 km, organized by the polar explorer A. Nordenskiöld in 1883-1884, contributed to the popularization of skiing.

Other Western European countries began to cultivate skiing later. At the end of the XIX century. ski clubs were established in Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, and others. First of all, mountain views developed in these countries.

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo, where the International Ski Federation was organized. International competitions began to be held regularly.

Since the first Winter Olympic Games (1924) skiing has been included in their program. Until 1936, the program of the I-IV Winter Olympics included only cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined for men. Since 1936, ski types for men and women began to be included. Cross-country skiing for women began to be held from the VI Winter Olympics in 1952. Relay races for men (4 x 10 km) were introduced in 1936, for women (3 x 5 km) - in 1956.

World championships in cross-country skiing have been held since 1925, but only since 1937 have they become officially called world championships. However, the winners of these competitions until 1937 are considered world champions. Women's world championships have been held since 1954. Alpine skiing world championships have been held since 1931.

Before Soviet skiers entered the international arena, skiers from the Scandinavian countries, and above all Norway, became winners and prize-winners of the Olympics and world championships. In some years, skiers from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland and the USA have achieved success - mainly in ski jumping and Nordic combined. Representatives of the Alpine states (Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy) and, to a lesser extent, Scandinavia, excelled in skiing.

In addition to the Olympic Games and world championships, traditional international competitions are regularly held in Holmenkollen (Norway), which were first organized in 1888, Falun (Sweden), Lahti (Finland) and other cities that bring together the strongest skiers in the world. Since 1922, the extremely popular Vasa-loppet international race has been held annually in Sweden, gathering several thousand athletes. In 1977, the Soviet skier I. Garanin won this race.

Skiing began to develop in Russia at the end of the 19th century. Since access to sports circles and clubs was closed to the general population, skiing was mainly entertaining. Ski lovers, whose circle was small, limited themselves to ski trips.

The first skiing competitions were held in our country on February 13, 1894 by the St. Petersburg circle of sports enthusiasts. The winner at a distance of ¼ verst (266.5 meters) was A. Derevitsky with a result of 1 minute. 35 sec. The next year, P. Moskvin (1 min. 13 sec.) won at the same distance, and T. Yuryeva (1 min. 57.5 sec.) won in women. In Moscow in the winter of 1895, skiing enthusiasts held competitions at distances of 1 and 3 km, in which 9 people took part.

The tsarist government, in order to divert the working people from the revolutionary struggle, allowed the organization of sports clubs and societies. On March 3, 1895, the charter of the first Moscow ski club in Russia was approved. In its first year, it had only 36 members. The club, promoting skiing, organized competitions, established prizes for victories and for the largest number of miles skied in a season. On January 28, 1896, the first official competition for the title of the best skier took place at a distance of 3 versts (3 km 200 m). Two years later, a similar club, called the "Polar Star", was organized in St. Petersburg.

In 1901, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in Moscow. Competitions between clubs began to be held. In 1902, the first competition for the title of the best skier in Moscow was held at an unusually long distance for that time - 25 versts, where M. Remmert won. Three times - in 1907, 1908 and 1909. - A. Lebedev became the champion of Moscow. Since 1903, women began to take part in the competitions.

In subsequent years, several more ski clubs were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tula, Ryazan, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Smolensk and other cities. On February 7, 1910, the first competitions for the Russian championship at a distance of 30 km took place in Moscow, in which skiers from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novgorod participated. Victory with a score of 2 hours 26 minutes. 47 sec. won by P. Bychkov, who became the champion in 1911. On the same day, a race for boys was held for 1 verst (1.066 km).

An important role in the development of skiing in Russia was played by the Moscow League of Skiers (1910), which united 10 clubs. In the winter of 1909-1910. 18 inter-club competitions have already taken place in Moscow. Annual relay races were held around Moscow, and since 1912 - a race of 60 miles along the route Zvenigorod - Moscow.

In 1900-1909. various literature began to appear, which outlined the issues of skiing technique, training and equipment. With the accumulation of experience in subsequent years, training manuals have appeared that are useful for beginners. These works reflected a one-sided focus on the development of endurance.

Competitions in Russia were held only on flat terrain. Skiers used skis up to 3-3.5 m long, poles as tall as a man and above. Bindings and shoes were used soft. There was no mass production of ski equipment; it was imported from Finland and Sweden. Ski ointments began to be used since 1913. Athletes used the “Russian move” (according to modern terminology, alternate two-step). They met with simultaneous moves in 1913 at international competitions in Sweden, where Russian skiers took part, but performed unsuccessfully.

Alpine skiing in Russia began to develop in 1906, when the Polar Star society built the first ski jump near St. Petersburg, from which it was possible to ski jump 8-10 m. springboards with a jump length of up to 20 m were built.

After the revolution, during the years of the Civil War, when organizing general military training (Vsevobuch), special importance was attached to skiing. In 1919, there were more than a hundred sports organizations where skiing was practiced. Squads of skiers participated in combat operations during the civil war. The detachment under the command of T. Antikainen fought through the rear of the enemy for more than 1000 km.

A cadre of coaches and instructors for skiing was trained, and since 1918 various competitions have been regularly held. Since 1920, competitions for the championship of the RSFSR in cross-country skiing among men began to be held, since 1921 - among women.

Skis- one of the most ancient inventions of primitive man. The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow.

Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in a snowy winter. The first skis were walking. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was discovered on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4300 years ago.

The origin and development of foreign skiing

At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of the skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries.

For the first time, Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport. In 1733 Hans Emahusen issued the first instruction on the ski training of troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (in modern terms): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. In 1877 in Norway, the first ski sports society was organized, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America. The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhta Games (since 1922), Sweden - the mass ski race " Vasaloppet"(since 1922).

At the end of the XIX century. skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization in different countries was different. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and biathlon have received great development. In Sweden - racing on rough terrain. In Finland and Russia - racing on flat terrain. In the United States, Scandinavian immigrants contributed to the development of skiing. In Japan, skiing, under the influence of Austrian coaches, received a ski direction.

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

At the I Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

At 16 subsequent games, repeat and even surpass the record of the first in the world " The king of skis Not a single Olympian could. Haug was awarded 10 King's Cups for his victories on the track. As a token of extraordinary sporting merit, the harsh and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland.

The origin and development of Russian skiing

In addition to the Moscow Skiers' Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiers was established, and in 1910, the Sokolniki Skiers' Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. ski club created polar Star" In Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports.

In 1910 the Moscow ski clubs merged into the Moscow Ski League. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. in Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

In February 1910, the championship of Russia was held in the race at a distance of 30 miles. It was attended by 14 people. P. Bychkov became the first champion. In total, before the Great October Revolution, five national championships took place in Russia.

In 1912, Moscow skiers A. Elizarov, M. Gostev, I. Zakharov and A. Nemukhin made the first crossing from Moscow to St. Petersburg. They traveled a distance of 680 versts in 12 days 6 hours 22 minutes.

In 1913, Russian skiers for the first time took part in the international competitions "Northern Games", held in Sweden. However, they did not perform well (did not finish the race).

Skiing competitions in pre-revolutionary Russia were held only on flat terrain. Ski equipment was then imported mainly from Finland and Sweden. The technical arsenal of skiers was also poor: they moved only by the so-called Russian course (the prototype of the modern alternating two-step course).

The tsarist government did not show any concern for the development of sports. Under the conditions of the political and economic oppression of the autocracy, the mass development of skiing was out of the question.

The history of the development of skiing in the USSR

In the first period of the development of Soviet skiing, the level of sportsmanship of Soviet skiers was lower than in the northern European countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland. Until 1948, Soviet skiers did not have sports meetings in skiing with the strongest skiers of foreign national teams.

In meetings with representatives of the Finnish Workers' Sports Union at the championships of the USSR in 1926 and 1927. Finnish skiers were the winners. Only in the 60 km race in 1926 was D. Vasiliev the first. In 1927, the strongest skiers of the USSR for the first time took part in cross-country skiing competitions in Finland at a working sports festival near Helsingfors.

None of our skiers at distances of 30, 50 and 15 km entered the first " twenty”, and the women in the 3 km run did not take any of the first 10 places. In 1928, Soviet skiers won the Moscow championship with the participation of Finnish skiers of the working sports union: among men - Dmitry Vasiliev, and among women - Galina Chistyakova, Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova and Anna Gerasimova, who took the first 3 places.

In 1928, Soviet skiers took part in the competitions of the 1st Winter Workers' Spartakiad in Oslo (Norway). In the men's 30 km race, D. Vasiliev took 2nd place, 5th and 6th places, respectively, Mikhail Borisov (Moscow) and Leonid Bessonov (Tula). Among women at a distance of 8 km, the winner was Varvara Guseva (Vorobeva, Leningrad), and Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova, Anna Gerasimova (Moscow) and Elizaveta Tsareva (Tula) took 4-6th places, respectively.

These were the first successes of Soviet skiers. Unfortunately, in the next 6 years, Soviet skiers did not have sports meetings with skiers from other countries, and at the USSR championship in 1935 near Moscow, in the area of st. Pervomaiskaya (now Glidernaya), Finnish skiers of the working sports union, men and women who took part out of the competition, again turned out to be the strongest, demonstrating the peculiar features of the alternate skiing technique.

After that, all sports organizations worked hard to master and improve the technique, which, along with the use of new domestic methods of training with increased loads, gave positive results. In February 1936, the strongest Soviet skiers took part in two international cross-country skiing competitions of workers' sports unions in Norway and Sweden.

In the first competition, in the town of Helsos (Norway), our skiers, both men and women, did not manage to adapt to the heavily crossed ski slopes and performed poorly. However, in the second competition, in Malmberget (Sweden), they already showed good results: among women in the 10 km race, Muscovites Irina Kulman and Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova took the first two places, respectively, and among men in the 30 km race Dmitry Vasilyev - 4 -th place.

Two years later, at the 1938 USSR Championship in Sverdlovsk, with the participation of the strongest skiers of the Norwegian Workers' Sports Union out of competition, Soviet ski racers won (both men and women). The Great Patriotic War, unleashed by Nazi Germany, disrupted the peaceful, creative life of our country. The Soviet people stood up to defend their homeland.

An important role in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our people was played by ski detachments of fighters and scouts, who made bold raids behind enemy lines. Many of them died heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the war with the White Finns in 1939-1940.

Among the strongest cross-country skiers, Leningrader Vladimir Myagkov died a heroic death - champion and prize-winner of the USSR championship in 1939 (posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union); Fedor Ivachev from Novosibirsk - winner of the USSR championship in 1939 (posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin, and one of the streets of Novosibirsk was named after him); Muscovite Lyubov Kulakova - three-time champion and six-time winner of the national championships 1937-1941. (posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 11th degree), etc.

In 1948, Soviet ski racers (men) took part in the traditional Holmenkollen Games in Norway, where they met for the first time with the strongest skiers in the world and achieved good results. In the 50 km race, Mikhail Protasov (Moscow, " Spartacus") took 4th, and Ivan Rogozhin (Moscow, " Dynamo"") - 8th place.

In 1951, Soviet student athletes for the first time took part in the competitions of the IX World Winter Student Games in Poiana (Romania) and were winners at all distances of cross-country skiing. In the first international competition in the USSR (January 1954) in Sverdlovsk with the participation of the strongest skiers in Finland (among them was the Olympic champion Veikko Hakulinen), Czechoslovakia and Poland, Soviet skiers showed considerable success.

Leningrader Vladimir Kuzin was the winner in the 30 km race and took 2nd place in the 15 km race. The USSR team won the 4 X 10 km relay (Fyodor Terentiev, Pavel Kolchin, Vladimir Olyashev and Vladimir Kuzin). And after participating in the 1954 World Championship and the 1956 OWG, our skiers began to be considered among the strongest in the world.

Soviet skiers participated in almost all major international competitions. In 1977, Ivan Garanin won the traditional 85.5 km ultra-marathon ski race, which has been held in Sweden since 1922. In 1974, I. Garanin was second in this race, and in 1972 he took 2nd place V. Vedenin.

Skiing in modern Russia

Speaking about the types of skiing in modern Russia, there are six main ones: alpine skiing, freestyle, snowboarding, Nordic combined, ski jumping, cross-country skiing. It is these six species that are included in the list of developing sports in the Association of Ski Sports of Russia.

Russian athletes are considered one of the best in the world in skiing.

Currently, athletes of the Russian Federation actively participate in the Olympic Games, World Championships and European Championships. Proof of this is a large number of gold, silver and bronze medals in various disciplines. Since 2000, the development of skiing in Russia has moved to a new, even more advanced level.

Increased government attention and increased sponsorship are indicators of the importance of skiing in the country. And all this does not remain ineffective: Russian athletes continue to replenish piggy bank» team with all three prize medals.

Olympic champions and ski medalists are presented in more detail in Annex 2.

History of the development of skiing

Cross-country skiing, as you might guess from the name, is a race on skis at different distances, taking place on an uneven track with ups and downs. It is this sport that is the basis for many other ski disciplines, ranging from biathlon to freestyle.

The history of cross-country skiing, as well as skiing in general, began thousands of years ago, when people thought of using pieces of wood of a certain shape to quickly move through the snow. The remains of skis were found in the Norwegian mountains and Swedish swamps, and their age is more than 7 thousand years. So here, too, the Scandinavians can take credit for inventing this discipline.

Of course, it is difficult to call those ancient tools skis, and running from saber-toothed tigers - sports competitions (although, probably, it was quite spectacular). As a means of transportation, skis were actively used by the Vikings. But the next important stage in the development of skiing history is associated with the Scandinavian army. In the Middle Ages, these savvy military men realized that skis could be perfectly used in the harsh northern conditions to gain an advantage over the enemy in speed, and began to equip their armies with skis. The first such use of skis was recorded in 1564, when Swedish soldiers on skis captured the city of Dronthein, arriving in time much earlier than their Norwegian opponents, who stomped in the snow in ordinary shoes.

Ski poles for classical technique are shorter than for freestyle, they reach approximately the level of the armpits, while the latter can reach the chin or mouth. In addition, the poles used in skating are more rigid.

Shoes for classic cross-country skiing are similar to the shoes of runners. But there are differences here too - freestyle boots are more rigid and stiff, so the ankle was more comfortable.

Suits for skiers are made of a special stretch fabric that tightly fits the body of an athlete to reduce air resistance.

And, of course, we should not forget about another important element of ski equipment - wax for lubricating skis, because the success of a skier often depends on his choice. There are two types of wax - for sliding and for increasing friction (so that the skis do not move apart). The choice of the athlete is based on snow quality, weather conditions, humidity and other details.

Basic Rules

The main disciplines of cross-country skiing are: sprint, individual race, pursuit race, mass start (marathon), team sprint and relay race.

The sprint takes place at a distance of 1.5 km for both men and women, and it uses a skating step, and not a classic one. It starts with a qualifying run, according to the results of which 16 winners of the best time are determined, who go to the next stage of the competition, that is, to the quarterfinals. Here, athletes race in fours, with the top two from each heat advancing to the semi-finals, which is also a two-four race format. It is clear that two winners from each four go to the final, and it is they who will fight for the medals.

The individual start, which uses the classic style, is 15 km for skiers and 10 km for female skiers. In this race, athletes start with a difference of 15 to 30 seconds, and the owner of the best personal time wins.

The pursuit race takes place at a distance of 15 km classic + 15 km freestyle for men and 7.5 km + 7.5 km for women with the same nuances. This takes into account the time shown in the individual race. The pursuit race begins with a general start and the athletes must prove that they are equally good at both types of equipment. When halfway through the race, the skiers stop for a special pit stop, during which they exchange their classic equipment for freestyle equipment. The winner is the one who has the best total time in the individual race and the pursuit race.

In the mass start, only freestyle is used and this type of race takes place at a distance of 50 km for men and 30 km for women. In the mass start, all participants start at the same time and the winner is the one who crosses the finish line first.

In the team sprint, which takes place using the classical style, two athletes take part. They run in turn, changing with each other at regular intervals, a total of 6 times. That is, if you designate the skiers with the letters A and B, it turns out that they run according to the following scheme: A, B, A, B, A, B. The team sprint consists of a semi-final and a final, in which the five best teams go. The fastest team wins, of course.

And finally, the relay. The team consists of 4 athletes, each of which runs 10 km for men and 5 km for women. Here, too, athletes are required to use both types of technique in turn. And the relay begins with a general start.

Judging Rules

Referees in cross-country skiing are located at the start and at the distance. The first ones launch athletes at the start either after a certain time interval (individual race), or all together. If any athlete makes a false start in cross-country skiing, then the judges of the skiers are not returned to the start. In the starting town, before the start of the competition, the judges carefully check the skis of the athletes. The time of athletes at the finish line stops the computer, but there are situations when two or three athletes almost simultaneously cross the finish line. In such situations, a photo finish comes into play, with the help of which the judges determine who was the first.

Organization of competitions

Now artificial snow is used at world competitions, but at competitions of a lower level, ski runs are laid in the winter, spring period on real natural snow. A big problem in world competitions is that the athletes who start in the last numbers run on the track broken by the athletes who started first. Because of this, they show results that do not reach the podium. Therefore, the layer of snow on which the athletes run should be as dense as possible.

Competitions may be rescheduled due to low temperatures, heavy snow and fog. If the competition has started, but the conditions do not allow them to continue, then they can be canceled or rescheduled with the consent of the leaders or their representatives.

Skiing and health

Now many children suffer from all kinds of allergic diseases, a huge number of children have asthma, and this disease is not congenital, but acquired. Also, a large number of teenagers have earned themselves a curvature of the spine. All this is due to the fact that they sit at the computer, spend a lot of time watching TV and almost never go outside. For these children, skiing is the ideal medicine. Firstly, it is fresh air - excellent conditions for allergy sufferers. Secondly, these are synchronous movements that have to be performed when skiing, which are good for the spine. Now it’s worth moving on to the global problems of adolescents: drinking alcohol and, of course, drug addiction. These teenagers may not find themselves in life, they are lost, they have no interests. Sports can be the main "weapon" against these global problems. Particularly skiing. They just need something interesting to do, help them open up, see their talents. Therefore, it is necessary to create free sports sections, as well as creative circles, etc.

Ski and me

I started skiing hard at the age of 14. This is very late. And at that time, I still wanted to ride downhill more than run a few kilometers. My training took place mainly in physical education classes. At the weekend, I was hardly dragged out on a ski trip. And the walk basically consisted of going down the hill. Although the conditions were good: the track was well rolled for a long time, snow rarely fell, the hard crust made it possible to run in skating.

But the result was the same. In February, our school, as always, went to the regional cross-country skiing competitions. The team took second place, losing to the team of the Dubrovitskaya school, I personally took sixth place. The five best had to go to the regional competitions, and since two of them were not suitable for their age, they took me to Yaroslavl. There I failed to show high results, and the team took a rather low place. Of course, ski lubrication and equipment also affect the result, but still physically I was poorly prepared.

The following year, I could well set myself the task of getting into the top three winners in regional cross-country skiing competitions. I had a desire to carefully prepare, but the winter was not entirely successful. December was quite warm. Little snow fell, and it also melted, so after running a few laps along the track, the ground appeared. January was extremely cold. The temperature dropped below -300. But this did not really interfere, the main thing is that the skis did not glide well on the snow in such weather. February was the most favorable. The only thing is that it snowed very often, and the ski track had to be rolled again.

In addition to the physical, the result is also affected by the psychological preparation of the athlete. I believe that the basis of psychological preparation is competitive practice. If a person participates in competitions not for the first, not the second time, then he does not shudder before the start, he experiences the excitement inherent in all sports. For me, the psychological preparation for the regional youth competitions was participation in the winter polyathlon and participation in cross-country skiing among adults.

This winter, I probably already felt some attachment to skiing. Maybe this was the result of television broadcasts on biathlon and cross-country skiing. Sometimes, I just wanted to get on the track and run. I didn’t think about the need to go in for sports to improve my health, about the need to prepare for competitions, I just wanted to run.

I was second in the area. Lost the first about two minutes. I know it's a huge gap, but to win you need to play sports (not just skiing) all year round, and for this you need a lot of diligence and strong will.

Skiing at school

Skiing for the students of our school, in my opinion, is one of the most favorite sports, at least for the last two years. Skiing is interesting not only for students, but also for teachers of our school. Almost all of them go skiing. The popularity of this sport is growing every year. So for the last two years we have been bringing prizes from regional competitions to the school's piggy bank. The year before last, after numerous fifth-sixth places, we still took second. We lost only to the team of the Dubrovitskaya school. In the past, there was the same second place, but the loss from the same team was only 30 seconds. This suggests that some kids don't mind having a good workout next season.

The proof that skiing is developing very quickly can be the level of regional competitions. Our district took part in these competitions for three years, and the result at the end of the top six is when no more than ten teams compete.

Of course, a lot depends on expensive skis that the school and most parents cannot afford.

My suggestions for the development of skiing at school for the next years

First, you need to start skiing sections in the winter. You don’t need to tune in to the result in some competitions, you just need to attract children to a healthy lifestyle. Secondly, you need to ride a good skating track. Surely, many will want to ride on a dense track where sticks do not fall through and skis do not sink. Thirdly, to hold intra-school competitions more often. And fourthly, buy a pair of three good skis. And the result will eventually come.

Churilov Kirill

Abstract on physical culture "History of the development of skiing"

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Department of Education of the Administration of the City of Zarinsk, Altai Territory

Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school No. 1 of the city of Zarinsk, Altai Territory

ESSAY

On physical culture

on the topic:

History of the development of skiing

Completed:

Churilov Kirill,

9th grade student

Teacher:

Subukhankulova S.B.

Zarinsk

2013

Introduction
Skiing in Russia
Ski competition.
Competition rules.
References

Introduction.

Skiing is one of the most ancient inventions of primitive man. The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow.

Skis appeared everywhere where a person lived in a snowy winter. The first skis were walking. One of the latest finds (A. M. Miklyaev, 1982) was found on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4300 years ago.

The first written documents on the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. in. n. e. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, the Greek historians Jordanes in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of the skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries.

In 1733 Hans Emahusen issued the first instruction on the ski training of troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (in modern terms): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim, in 1862-1863. in 1877 in Norway, the first ski sports society was organized, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries of Europe, Asia and America. The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhta Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet Mass Ski Race (since 1922).

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

The Norwegian skier Tarlif Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and in Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping.

Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of "King of Skis". At 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian could repeat and even surpass the record of the world's first "King of Skis". Haug was awarded 10 King's Cups for his victories on the track. As a token of extraordinary sporting merit, the harsh and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. The history of the Olympic movement 60-70g. Mr. knows only 2 cases when such an honor was awarded to athletes. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics Haug and the hero of the Summer Olympics Finn Paavo Nurmi.

Skiing in Russia

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing, the Moscow Ski Club, took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Skiers' Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiers was established, and in 1910, the Sokolniki Skiers' Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. a ski club "Polar Star" is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 the Moscow ski clubs merged into the Moscow Ski League. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. in Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

In 1912, Moscow skiers A. Elizarov, M. Gostev, I. Zakharov and A. Nemukhin made the first crossing from Moscow to St. Petersburg. They traveled a distance of 680 versts in 12 days 6 hours 22 minutes.

In 1913, Russian skiers for the first time took part in the international competitions "Northern Games", held in Sweden. However, they did not perform well (did not finish the race).

Ski competition.

Racing - cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classical distances: for men - individual races for 10, 15 km (up to 1952 for 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4x10 km relay race; for women - individual races for 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most massive and popular type of ski competition. For the first time, competitions in cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. in many countries there were national ski clubs. In 1924 the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, the FIS consisted of 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at the competitions of junior schoolchildren to 50 km at the championships of countries, the world, at the Olympics and up to "super marathons" of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the elevation difference, that is, the difference in elevation above sea level between the start-finish place and the highest point of the route.

Cross-country skiing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and since 1925 world championships have been held. Initially, these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program has been constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part in the VI Olympic Games in Oslo for the first time. In the late 1990s skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of the program - five each for men and women.

At the 1st Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded World Championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting from 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even "non-Olympic" years), and since 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first ski competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid right along the snowy Neva. In 1910 the first championship of Russia was held, in 1924 the first championship of the USSR.

In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders have repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, for the first time, they took part in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and the relay.

The greatest success in cross-country skiing was achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976)

and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergey Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic relay champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion ( 1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion (1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign riders, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyuranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marya - Liisa Hämäläinen - Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Bjorn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title of "Best skier of the 20th century."

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid 1980s. in connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating”, or “free style”), the way to overcome each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the start order in which is determined by the results of competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which entered the practice of Nordic combined a little earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classical style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are free and vice versa. According to the "Gundersen system" on the first day, skiers run in a classic style (10 km, men, and 5 km, women), the next day - free (15 km, men, and 10 km, women). In relay races, the first two stages are overcome in the classical style, the third and fourth - in the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called ultramarathons. They started in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, a 90-kilometer run "Vaza-loppet", named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this transition at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation against the Danes.

Ultramarathons are held in many countries of the world (including Russia under the name "Ski Track of Russia" since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent system of competitions "WorldLoppet" ("World Ultramarathon"), created in 1978.

Nordic combined (northern combination) - a type of skiing, including a 15 km racer and a jump from a 90-meter (originally from a 70-meter) springboard. Competitions are held in two days (on the first day - jumps, on the second - the race). Only men participate. Scoring is done according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the springboard is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants start the race from a common start, but with a handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions of combined athletes are also held, which end with a 3 × 10 km relay race. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the sprint biathlon, which is held within one competitive day: after the jump, literally an hour later, the participants go to the start of the race for 7.5 km (also with a handicap).

The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” are included in the program of their competitions. As a sport, skiing originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (In Russia, the first competition took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924 Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this form were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Veling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian athletes-winners of the Olympic Games are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze medal at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .

Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (originally: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is evaluated in terms of technique (on a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, first they began to build bulk earthen springboards, then wooden and metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia, in 1906, near St. Petersburg).

In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, a technical committee for these disciplines was created at the International Ski Federation (FIS), at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and world championships.

It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten left the most notable mark, with great success performing both at race distances and on the springboard. They passed the victory baton to their fellow countryman Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the world championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykanen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one springboard of medium power (70 m) and took place on the same day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s the calculated thickness of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these jumps, there are so-called "flying" jumps, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jump-flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of the FIS, world championships in skiing have been held, and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to really develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest success in this kind of skiing was achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gary Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).

Alpine skiing - downhill skiing on special tracks, marked with gates, with time fixing. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-arounds consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the tracks in the downhill - 2000-3500 m, the number of gates - 15-25; length of tracks in slalom - 450-500 m, number of gates for women - 50-55, for men - 60-75; track length in giant slalom up to 2000 m, number of gates 50-75; track length in the super giant - up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1936, the world championships have been held since 1931.

The beginning of all ski disciplines was laid by slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest success in this sport was achieved by athletes from the Alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is led by the International Ski Federation (FIS, FIS), and in 1931 an Alpine Skiing Technical Committee was established. In the same year, the first world championship was held in Mürren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill was the English skier E. McKinnon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been a "female discrimination". The formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on an equal footing. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were the German skiers Franz Pfnür and ChristelKranz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s giant slalom was included in the Olympic program of alpine skiing competitions, and scoring in triathlon was also introduced, but Olympic medals were not played in this form. According to this formula, skiers competed for about 30 years, then the slalom committee of the federation decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - an alpine combination consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, the fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - the super giant, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into quite distinct groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (descent and super), supporters of the universal approach competed on the combination courses.

The highest results in alpine skiing competitions were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympiad in Cortinad'Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympiad in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, skiing has been dominated by Western European athletes: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Herman Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Toni, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland); Katya Seitzinger (Germany); Kjetil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian skiers, the greatest success was achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympics in Cortinad'Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in the super giant at the XVII Olympics in Lillehammer in 1994).

Freestyle (English freestyle, letters. - free, freestyle), a type of skiing; includes three varieties:

Mogul - downhill skiing on a hilly track with two obligatory "curly" jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains with the performance of various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). The Freestyle Committee (founded in 1978) under the International Ski Federation (FIS) has over 30 countries (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986. In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in mogul, the time for passing the track is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline of slalom techniques. So, one of the strongest moguls of the 1990s, French Olympic champion Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the ski team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly clenched was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle craze that arose in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s swept the entire skiing world in a short time. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, but when their rank rose to the level of national championships and international tournaments, the need arose for unified rules. The freestyle technical committee established within the framework of the FIS has developed a unified competition regulation.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique numbers in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympics in Albertville (1992) one of the types of freestyle - mogul was included in the program of Olympic sports. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet is still outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, at the Olympics in Lillehammer, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergey Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became winners. In addition, Shchupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. The world champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalia Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

snowboarding

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalomist Jay Barton demonstrated downhill skiing on a ski board (snowboard) he invented, which immediately caught the attention of ski manufacturers. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, competitions began to be held with the awarding of world champion titles to the winners. But only in 1995 was established within the framework of the International Ski Federation (FIS) a technical committee on snowboarding. In 1996 the first world championship was held. The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on an ordinary snowy slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a gutter resembling a cylinder cut along. According to this analogy, the competitions are called "half-pipe" (English half-pipe - half-pipe). In the "half-pipe" the athlete rolls down a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, making jumps-coups at its edges. Judges evaluate the complexity and technique of jumping.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included "half-pipe" and giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

Biathlon has emerged as a result of competitions related to skiing and shooting, held for many years in our country and abroad. The first competitions in skiing with shooting were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, during the descent from a slope of medium steepness, will hit a certain target from a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite such an earlier origin, biathlon has not gained popularity in other countries.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20-30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in the Red Army. Athletes covered a distance of 50 km with full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, paramilitary skiing with weapons changed, more and more approaching sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line.

"Military patrol races" were popular abroad as well. They were included in the program as demonstrations at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924. with the awarding of winners and prize-winners with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances of "patrolists" were held at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions due to the combination in one competition of several sports that differ in the nature of motor activity contributed to the transformation of patrol races into a new one.

an independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon. The first official national championship in biathlon, with the participation mainly of ski racers and "patrolists", was held on the Uktus mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first owner of the title of "country champion in biathlon" was Vladimir Marinychev, who won at a distance of 30 km with shooting. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon. Until now, the national championships are held annually. In 1958 biathletes held the first world championship. Biathlon's birthday was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958. at the first world championship in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national championships, the world championships and the Olympic Games included one type - a 20 km ski race with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6; 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots at each of them. At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss by the time rendered in the race, two penalty minutes were charged. In 1965 By decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), the requirements for shooting were increased. Firstly, they increased the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the world championships and since 1968. at the Olympic Games, the program was expanded with the introduction of a 4x7.5 km relay, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In the same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two lines from a prone and standing position. Moreover, in the relay at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by passing an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when military weapons were replaced with a small-caliber rifle (5.6 mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50 m, the 2-minute penalty was canceled, the size of the targets was set - 4 cm when shooting prone and 11 cm when shooting standing (according to diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960. Swedish athlete K. Lestander became the first Olympic champion in biathlon with a low race result (1:33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion that determined the final result of the competition. The bronze medal of A. Privalov became the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

In the Olympic biathlon competitions, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - the CIS - Russia, the GDR - Germany were more successful than others.

Won two gold medals in the Olympic Games at one time: Magnar Solberg

(Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolai Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Rech (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994 d. Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994. and Canadian Mariam Bedar - 1994

Four Olympic gold medals for Alexander Tikhonov for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best “shooting skier” on the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult form of the winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964 (Innsbruck), in a 20 km race. Golden traditions in the relay race, Soviet biathletes held six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of the world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon gained recognition in 1984. at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992 women's biathlon was included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, Anfisa Reztsova became the first Olympic champion at a distance of 7.5 km. Won "gold", despite three misses in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again becomes the Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay race, in Lillehammer (Norway). Galina Kukleva, a biathlete from Tyumen, won the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano. The 7.5 km race, in which she won, turned out to be one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and the silver medalist - Ursula Disl from Germany - were separated by only 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was the Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjorndalen.

In the biathlon relay, Galina Kukleva did the most difficult thing - she played for about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals for Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most medals at the Nagano Olympics. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team standings.

Victor Maigurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

The achievements of the biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

There are two very different skiing techniques. Like swimming, once upon a time in skiing the goal was only speed, not technique. Now it is important to swim faster, for example, crawl or butterfly. Also in skiing. Once upon a time there was only one style of skating - classical. About 30 years ago, a new style of skiing began to develop - skating. Since 1988, this style has become part of the Olympic Games.

Let's fast forward to the 1950s. Since the beginning of the 1850s, when the classic two-pole style of skating was established, the sport has grown rapidly thanks to the performances of famous athletes, gaining popularity faster than any other sport (for example, running or swimming). Skiing improved more and more, and athletes began to study the physiology and methods of preparing for competitions. However, the development of skating technique gave impetus to the development of other techniques.

In the 1960s, special machines appeared that laid the track. Previously, this was done by the military - hundreds of soldiers on skis prepared the tracks for the competition. The track consisted of two recesses, the skiers had to keep the skis parallel, pushing off alternately with the right and left foot. However, around the same time, the Finnish policeman Pauli Siitonen began experimenting with the skating technique, when the athlete in the track holds only one ski and pushes off with the other foot.

Of course, with this technique, the leg quickly got tired, and it had to be changed. This way of skating was called "Siitonen's Step" or "semi-skating". When skiers, especially those who were preparing for a sprint because they had strong legs, began to experiment with new techniques on a track laid by a machine, they found that by alternately pushing off with their right and left legs, they could move 10% faster - This is how the style of skating was born.

In the classic sprint, the skis must be parallel to the direction of travel, and the skier moves in "steps" similar to a normal step, however, with each step there is a slight push and slide. The feeling is as if you were sliding on a smooth floor in socks! This technique is preferable for beginners, as it is easier to learn than the skating technique; it is more natural and requires less physical preparation.

The technique of skating is more like ice skating or roller skating. To move, you must push off the edges of the skis, and then

slide. In this technique, repulsion with sticks and the development of muscles plays a big role.

The new skating technique was not always popular. When it was first introduced in the 1970s, supporters of the traditional technique protested, as they considered the new technique to be unfair, forcing skiers to move on an unprepared track. The organizers of the competition even prevented the use of skating techniques by installing special fences, such as beams or nets, along the edges of the track. However, the popularity of this style continued to grow, and in 1984 the International Ski Federation (IFL) legalized this style, and in 1988 it was included in the program of the Olympic Games. Now the Games were attended by both classical and free (skiers choose their own skiing technique) skiing styles at distances from 1.5 to 50 km.

Although both classic and skating techniques are now fully recognized as Olympic sports, both styles are still controversial. Recently, a new type of competition has been developed that combines both styles. Such competitions are held over two days: on the first day, participants must cover 15 km in classic style, and on the second day, the same distance in skating. This type of competition is called the "pursuit race", here the distance between the skiers on the second day of the competition is determined by the results of the first day. Some believe that the "pursuit" should be included in the program of the Olympic Games. However, due to the busy schedule of the competition, both days of the race are proposed to be combined into one. Athletes, having completed half of the track, will have to quickly change skis and boots - it is believed that this will add a new element to the sport. However, there are opponents of such innovations. They believe that this can lead to confusion for the spectators, and the essence of the competition will be only in who can change equipment faster, and not in the skill of the athletes. Be that as it may, the two techniques: classic and skating definitely continue to bring variety and competitive momentum to a sport that has a traditional past and a modern future.

Competition rules.

The high results of athletes are determined not only by good physical preparation, lubrication and equipment, but also by a well-prepared track. It should not have a lot of steep climbs, also too steep with sharp turns of descents, so the place of preparation of the route must be chosen carefully. Now artificial snow is used at world competitions, but at competitions of a lower level, ski runs are laid in the winter, spring period on real natural snow. A big problem in world competitions is that the athletes who start in the last numbers run on the track broken by the athletes who started first. Because of this, they show results that do not reach the podium.

Therefore, the layer of snow on which the athletes run should be as dense as possible. Competitions may be rescheduled due to low temperatures, heavy snow and fog. If the competition has started, but the conditions do not allow them to continue, then they can be canceled or rescheduled with the consent of the leaders or their representatives.

The direct conduct of the competition is entrusted to the panel of judges. Its composition is determined by the "Rules" taking into account the scale and significance of each competition. The composition of the judging panel is as follows:

The team of judges at the start includes a starter and his secretary.

Before the start of each major competition, a meeting of team representatives is held, the agenda of which includes the following issues:

Presentation of officials, panel of judges, jury members, technical delegate;

Description of the ski stadium - entrance, ski marking, start, finish, relay zone, exit;

Course characteristics - profile, intermediate timing, food points, accessibility, safety issues;

Verification of applications, including the division of participants into groups;

General information from the technical delegate and the organizer of the competition.

References

1. Skiing textbook / T. And Ramenskaya, A. G. Batalov. / Moscow. Publishing house "Flint", publishing house "Nauka".

2. Skiing. A textbook for institutes and technical schools of FC / Evstratova, Chukardin, Sergeev. / St. Petersburg 2003

3. Ski training in educational institutions / A. P. Olyunin, G. B. Chukardin, N. I. Semenov / St. Petersburg, 2003

History of skiing

Skiing has become one of the most popular winter sports around the world. There is no sport more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so useful for a person.

The appearance of skis was due to the need of a person to get food on the hunt in winter and move around the area covered with snow.

The first written documents on the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, the Greek historians Jordanes in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of the skis and their use by the peoples of the North in the hunt for the beast. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to the records of 925. represented by a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as an accessory for training Norwegian court dignitaries.

The first use of the word "ski" in Russia refers to the XII century. Metropolitan Nikifor in a letter to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh uses the word "skis".

The folk epic of the northern countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull.

The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter for food production later became the basis for their wide development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs.

In the Nikon chronicle for 1444. describes the successful campaign of the Moscow ski rati to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde.

Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, fun, games, skiing entertainment, including those with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

For the first time, Norwegians showed interest in skiing as a sport.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lakhta Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet Mass Ski Race (since 1922).

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It created the International Ski Commission, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current stadium of Young Pioneers, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing, the Moscow Ski Club, took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Skiers' Club, in 1901 the Society of Skiers was established, and in 1910, the Sokolniki Skiers' Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. a ski club "Polar Star" is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs in other sports. In 1910 the ski clubs of Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public management of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. in Moscow, a record number of competitions were held - eighteen, in which 100 participants performed.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first personal championship of the country in a 30 km cross-country ski race. The title of the first Russian skier was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first championship of the country among women was played in 1921, Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin first participated in international competitions in 1913. in Sweden at the Nordic Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. They performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons in skiing technique, ski lubrication, and equipment design.

Before the beginning of the First World War, 5 championships of Russia were held.

In 1918 skiing is included in the number of academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories in the national championships 1910-1954. Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion, occupies the highest rating. Among men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title of "Honored Master of Sports".

In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km - has been included in the programs of the national championship. For women, since 1972, the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994 - 50 km.

The record-breaking 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.

The record of the first skiing century in terms of the number of victories in the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. Sports achievements of Galina Kulakova were awarded the Olympic Silver Order by the International Olympic Committee. On the recommendation of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite of skiers. Raisa Smetanina, a participant of five Olympiads and eight world championships, set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympiad she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.

Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.

Olympic skiing has been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.

Non-Olympic events include those exercises on skis that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skiing, sprint skiing, ski jumping, speed skiing, parallel slalom. In these sports, official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration: towing a skier, hang-gliding skiing, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver

The Norwegian skier Tarlif Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and in Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of "King of Skis". At 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian could repeat and even surpass the record of the world's first "King of Skis". Haug was awarded 10 King's Cups for his victories on the track. As a token of extraordinary sporting merit, the harsh and laconic Norwegians for the first time in the world erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic Movement 60-70s. knows only 2 cases when such an honor was awarded to athletes. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics Haug and the hero of the Summer Olympics Finn Paavo Nurmi.

The birth of the Russian "King of Skis" took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver "King's Cup" and was awarded the title "King of Skis".

Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women for 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, and also Lyubov Kozyreva - the first Olympic champions among our skiers.

During the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate an enviable stability of the leader at the highest level.

A phenomenal, unprecedented success in Olympic history was achieved by Russian skiers at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, who won all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay race, as well as a silver and a bronze medal were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. The owner of three gold medals of the Games-98, L. Lazutina, was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star "Hero of Russia". In 1994 the same award was given to the six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Egorova.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova in the 15km distance.

"No victory has been harder for me than this one," said Norway's most decorated Olympian, Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50K race in Nagano.

For a long 34 years, Finland, the great skiing power, has been waiting for this victory of Mika Myllulya in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyuranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to rise to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyurant, Juha Mieto, Marje Matikainen, Marje Lyukkarinen and others.

In 1998 in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, right from the summer heat you find yourself in the realm of cold. Speed, music, incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. Feelings are indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with trainings on artificial "underground" snow.

Even more impressive are the ski stunts. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made from a height of 3000 m by the Austrian Eric Felbermeier. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with an accurate calculation.

Over time, the tricks of single craftsmen begin to be mastered by several athletes who organize the first competitions, some of them, from the start of a trick, reach the Olympic rating. So it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing includes 39 ski disciplines at the Nagano Olympics, 26 competitive ski events awaiting Olympic registration, and more than 20 exercises that are approved in the status of a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the "queen of sports", and the rapidly developing skiing in the retinue of winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested "king of sports".

Prepared by: Makarov A.S.

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