What tests are given for thyroid hormones. What does a blood test for thyroid hormones show? What metrics do you pay attention to?

Left unattended, thyroid diseases lead to serious illness, especially for women. Infertility, miscarriage, children with abnormalities - this is a small list of problems that can be caused by dysfunction of the endocrine gland.

An analysis of hormones will help to recognize a violation of the synthesis of necessary substances. For the test, laboratory technicians draw blood from a vein, which is a quick and painless procedure.

What women need to know about endocrine symptoms

A minimum of knowledge about how hormones affect the body, and what symptoms indicate a violation of their synthesis, is necessary for every woman.

What symptoms of endocrine thyroid problems can bother women:

• Problems with the menstrual cycle, soreness, irregularity, severe PMS.
• Sleep disturbances, insomnia, weakness.
• Constant headaches.
• Unwanted hair.
• Infertility, lack of libido, constant pregnancy failures.

What hormones are especially significant for women's health, read below.

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH is produced by the pituitary gland. With the flow of blood, the substance enters the tissues of the thyroid gland. At the same time, iron begins to synthesize T3 and T4. In the list of necessary tests for the diagnosis of the thyroid gland, TSH is always present.

T3 and T4 synthesized by the thyroid gland carry out energy metabolism. Thyroxine T4 is the main hormone of metabolic processes; four iodine atoms are included in its molecule. Practically all the iodine received by the thyroid gland is sent to the production of this hormone.

The hormone T3 or triiodonin is the same thyroxine without one iodine molecule, in the process of T4 synthesis it loses one molecule and transforms into T3, the normal level of its concentration in the blood is very important for proper protein metabolism.

The norm of hormones in the blood serum:

• the level of TSH should not exceed 4.0 mU per liter;
• T3 up to 5.5 pmol per liter;
• T4 up to 21 pmol per liter.

In addition, patients may be given an antibody test.

Preparation and delivery of analyzes

As a rule, a standard study includes four blood tests for thyroid hormones. Such an analysis is justified if the patient is suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism and the following symptoms are present:

• fever or cold intolerance;
• sweating;
• enlargement of the thyroid gland;
• being overweight or losing weight;
• tremor of hands and feet;
• ophthalmopathy.

What tests are taken after diagnosing nodes? When thyroid nodules are detected, patients are sent to take the following tests:

• test for antibodies to thyroperoxidase;
• Calcitonin;

You need to prepare in advance for the delivery of basic tests. The day before blood sampling in the laboratory, it is necessary to exclude sports, visiting saunas and baths, cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Tests should be taken on an empty stomach, since it is at this time that the analysis for the functionality of the thyroid gland is most informative.

When taking drug therapy and preparations with iodine, it is necessary to consult an endocrinologist about their temporary cancellation.

What medications should be canceled before donating blood for thyroid hormones:

Before taking a blood test for thyroid hormones, women need to calculate their menstrual cycle, since the concentration of hormones in the blood depends on the day of the cycle.

A blood test for thyroid hormones is not given for any acute conditions, viral and infectious diseases.

How and what tests are needed for pregnant women

Not all women are offered to take an analysis for thyroid hormones, manipulation is prescribed for those patients who have symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, as well as those who suffered from thyroid diseases before pregnancy.

During the period of bearing a child, women most often have hypothyroidism, increased thyroid function is rare. Hypothyroidism can cause miscarriage, high blood pressure, edema, protein in the urine, and fetal malformations.

To determine the degree of danger, patients must pass the following tests:

• Blood for TSH, the norm for pregnant women is up to 2 mU / l.
• Free thyroxine, its norm during the period of bearing a child is up to 21 pmol / l.
• The substance triiodothyronine, its concentration in the blood should not exceed 5.5 pmol / l.

In some diseases of the thyroid gland, endocrinologists suggest taking an analysis for antibodies to the thyroperoxidase protein.

The body of a pregnant woman produces lactogen, a hormone of the placenta, the concentration of which increases as the fetus develops, up to 34 weeks. A low level of lactogen indicates a possible miscarriage or fetal death. Normally, lactogen is up to 12 mg in the last weeks of pregnancy.

An analysis for lactogen is suggested to be taken by women who have previously had miscarriages.

Multiple pregnancy, diabetes and Rh factor conflict provoke an excessively high level of placental substance.

One of the main pregnancy hormones is progesterone, which is synthesized by the ovaries. The content of the hormone gradually increases and reaches its peak at 38 weeks. A blood test for progesterone must be taken when registering in a antenatal clinic.

Conditions associated with changes in progesterone levels:

• diseases of the placenta;
• the threat of fetal loss;
• overbearing a child;
• anomalies and malformations in the development of newborns.

Elevated levels of progesterone in women indicate the onset of pregnancy. An excess of progesterone in non-pregnant women leads to a thyroid condition called hyperthyroidism, a lack of synthesis of the necessary substances leads to the development of goiter and hypothyroidism. Such conditions require adequate drug therapy.

Endocrinology pays special attention to diseases of the thyroid gland (TG). This is due to the fact that the “thyroid gland” affects the entire body through the hormones it produces. Violation of their synthesis leads to the appearance of a number of rather specific symptoms, but in order to figure out which disease led to this effect, tests for thyroid hormones are needed.

What hormones are associated with the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland itself produces iodine-containing substances, united by the common name "iodothyronines". These include:

• triiodothyronine (T3) is the main active form of the hormone;
• thyroxine (T4) is a precursor of triodthyronine, which is converted into an active form in tissues.

Both of these hormones exist in a free and bound form, therefore, the analysis is carried out in such a way as to reveal the level of both free hormones and their total amount. Calcitonin is a hormone that regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Its level is also determined in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases. The work of the thyroid gland is influenced by thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), produced by the pituitary gland (a small gland located in the cranial cavity). They also check the concentration of some proteins associated with the work of the thyroid gland:

• thyroglobulin, the level of which increases with the body;
• thyroxin-binding globulin, which provides information about the functional state of the thyroid gland;
• antibodies to thyroglobulin;
• antibodies to teroid peroxidase.

All these analyzes are designed to give the endocrinologist the full amount of information necessary for the diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of thyroid diseases.

Thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin, TSH)

This substance is produced by the pituitary gland and regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by concentration fluctuations depending on the time of day: maximum - at 2-4 am, minimum - at 17-18 hours. It also increases during pregnancy and in old age (slightly). How to take 12 hours before blood sampling, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking are excluded. TSH norms

An increase in the level of TSH is noted with:

• pituitary tumors;
• hemodialysis;
• contact with lead;
• decreased adrenal function;
• thyroiditis;
• decreased thyroid function;
• severe gestosis;
• taking certain drugs (valproic acid, phenytoin, beta-blockers, antipsychotics, antiemetics, furosemide, some antiarrhythmics, etc.).

A decrease in the level is noted when:

• pregnant women;
• postpartum necrosis of the pituitary gland;
• pituitary injuries;
• fasting;
• thyrotoxic adenoma;
• taking a number of drugs - anabolics, corticosteroid hormones, cytostatics, beta-agonists, nifedipine, etc., as well as replacement therapy for hypothyroidism.

Total triiodothyronine (T3)

It is the main thyroid hormone. Its level is characterized by seasonal fluctuations with a maximum in September-February and a minimum in the summer. How to take One month before the analysis, you should stop taking thyroid hormones (except when it is prohibited by your doctor). 2-3 days before the study interrupt the intake of iodine-containing drugs. On the eve of physical activity, stress should be abandoned. Blood is taken on an empty stomach. Increases with:

• hemodialysis;
• some types of myeloma;
• rapid weight gain;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• thyroiditis;
• toxic goiter;
• postpartum thyroid dysfunction;
• chronic liver diseases;
• taking certain medications.

Decreases when:

• lack of protein in the diet;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• recovery after serious illnesses;
• taking anabolics, cytostatics, beta-blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, etc.

Free triiodothyronine (T3f)

It stimulates the absorption of oxygen by tissues and the production of heat, and also shifts the direction of metabolism towards catabolism (decay). How to take Preparation for the analysis proceeds similarly to taking blood for total triiodothyronine. Changes in concentration are noted in the same cases in which the level of total triiodothyronine also changes. Norms T3 and T3sv

Thyroxine total (T4)

This hormone increases the basal metabolic rate, causing the tissues of the body (except the brain, spleen and testicles) to intensively consume oxygen and produce heat. The maximum of its concentration falls on the time of 8-12 o'clock in the morning, the minimum - at midnight. Seasonal fluctuations in the level of total thyroxin were also noted, with a maximum in September-February and a minimum in the summer months. How to take Preparation for the analysis proceeds similarly to taking blood for total triiodothyronine. In addition, analysis should be carried out before the use of radiopaque agents. The concentration of the hormone increases with:

• HIV infection;
• myeloma;
• nephrosis;
• obesity
• porphyria;
• thyroiditis and toxic goiter;
• taking certain medications.

The concentration of total thyroxine falls with a decrease in thyroid function of any origin, as well as when taking a number of drugs.

Free thyroxine (T4f)

It is an important thyroid hormone. Its main function is to stimulate protein synthesis. Features of concentration fluctuations are the same as those of total thyroxine. How to take Preparation for blood donation is carried out according to the same rules as in the case of total thyroxin. Norms T4, T4sv

Reasons for the increase:

• thyrotoxicosis and other conditions in which thyroid function increases;
• treatment with thyroxine-containing drugs and other drugs (amiodarone, aspirin, valproic acid, tamoxifen, etc.).

Reasons for the downgrade:

• low protein diet;
• shortage in the diet;
• contact with lead;
• surgical intervention;
• rapid weight loss in obese women;
• heroin addiction;
• decreased thyroid function;
• taking certain medications.

thyroglobulin (TG)

This protein is a marker of tumor processes occurring in the thyroid gland. TG norms

How to take The analysis should be performed before a biopsy or thyroid scan is done. If the determination of thyroglobulin concentration is necessary to control treatment, then the study should be carried out 6 weeks after surgery or discontinuation of drugs containing radioisotopes of iodine. An increase in the concentration of thyroglobulin is noted in the presence of functionally active tumors of the thyroid gland. Its level decreases with thyroiditis, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, benign adenoma of the organ.

thyroxine-binding globulin

A protein necessary to bind thyroxin and transport it. Increases with hepatitis, acute intermittent porphyria, in some cases, thyroid hypofunction, pregnancy. It decreases in any situations that are stressful for the body (serious illnesses and operations, lack of protein in the diet), as well as in nephrotic syndrome, acromegaly, ovarian hypofunction.

Antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase

They are protein molecules that destroy thyroglobulin. They appear in the body in the presence of autoimmune processes that attack the thyroid gland (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease) and in differentiated carcinoma. Norms in the blood test for thyroid hormones

Calcitonin

In a healthy person, this hormone is involved in the humoral regulation of calcium and, to a lesser extent, phosphorus metabolism. The calcitonin test is a highly specific test for the detection of a malignant thyroid tumor, K-cell carcinoma. How to take Blood is taken on an empty stomach. One month before the study, you must stop taking oral contraceptives. On the eve of physical activity and alcohol consumption are excluded. Smoking is prohibited 3 hours before blood sampling. Tests for thyroid hormones are a fundamental method for diagnosing its pathology. They are also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. It should be noted that the decoding of most of these analyzes is carried out on the basis of reference (relative) values. For an accurate diagnosis, the doctor must take into account not only the numbers obtained in the laboratory, but also the clinical picture of the disease and the features of its course. Bozbey Gennady Andreevich, emergency doctor

Thyroid hormones are highly active biosubstances produced by the thyroid and pituitary glands. Even small malfunctions in their work can cause serious health consequences. To study the thyroid gland, first of all, you need to look at its hormones.

Research on thyroid hormones

Blood tests for hormones are necessary for diagnosis and subsequent treatment. To get an appointment for tests, you need to, which will determine what studies you need. If an initial analysis is given, the following hormones are examined:

• Free T4.
• Free T3.
• Antibodies to thyroperoxidase.

If the analysis is given to determine the disease of thyrotoxicosis, in addition to the study of the listed hormones, antibodies to TSH receptors are studied.

If treatment of hypothyroidism with thyroxine is prescribed, the study includes two tests - for TSH and free T4.

In the presence of nodes in the thyroid gland, the following are examined:

• thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH;
• free tetraiodothyroxine T4;
• free triiodothyroxine T3;
• TPO (AT to thyroperoxidase);
• The tumor marker calcitonin.

The latter indicator is an indicator of oncological disease in the early stages for the nodular form of goiter.

Tests during pregnancy include TSH, T4 St., T3 St. and antibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPO).

More about thyroid hormones to be tested

Thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
.

• Thyroxine (tetraiodothyroxine or T4) is a thyroid hormone that accounts for up to 90% of the compounds synthesized by the thyroid gland.
• Triiodothyroxine (T3) is the second thyroid hormone, the activity of which is 100% higher than that of T4. It contains three iodine atoms, due to which its chemical activity increases several times. It is widely believed that it is triiodothyroxine that is the main thyroid hormone, and T4 is only a “raw material” for its production. T3 is formed by synthesis from T4 when the 4-atom hormone is exposed to enzymes containing selenium.

T3 and T4 are specific thyroid hormones. Their synthesis ensures the normal functioning of the nervous and autonomic systems, as well as the basic metabolism necessary for the functioning of energy-consuming autonomous processes: the transmission of nerve signals, contraction of the heart muscle, etc.

Specific hormones exist in a free or bound state. In the results of the analyzes, free hormones T3 and T4 are released. The main part of thyroid substances is associated with protein compounds. When hormones are released into the blood, they combine with the TSH protein and are transported to systems and organs. After the transport is completed, the thyroid hormones become free again. Free hormone is active, its study is the most informative for evaluating the functioning of the thyroid gland.

The subject of the study are also TSH and TPO substances:

• TSH is a non-specific hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland in the brain. The pituitary gland performs the function of regulating the work of the endocrine system. TSH is a thyroid-stimulating, "signal" hormone of the pituitary gland, the effect of which affects the intensity of the thyroid gland.
• TPO - a substance that is not a hormone, is an antibody. Acts as a destroyer of iodine-containing substances.

All these four substances are considered together, as they form a single mechanism for the functioning of the thyroid gland.

The role of the thyroid gland

The work of a healthy thyroid gland is almost invisible. Failures in its work lead to serious consequences, since the thyroid gland provides the base necessary for the stable functioning of the body. Depending on the type of pathological changes, two options are considered:

• Excess hormones;
• Lack of hormones.

Excess thyroid hormones

It is determined by a blood test, called "hyperthyroidism", and the disease is thyrotoxicosis. The following symptoms are observed:

• Hyperthermia is a persistent or temporary increase in body temperature from 37.1 - 37.7 degrees.
• Increased mental and motor activity, as a result of which a person becomes overly excitable, nervous and shows aggression.
• Decrease in body weight, despite a brutal appetite and consumption of a large amount of food.
• Tremor - trembling of the fingers and hands themselves, sometimes the head.

In the later stages or with a significant increase in hormone levels, the following is disturbed:

• cardiac activity, vascular hypertonicity develops, pressure rises, persistent tachycardia develops even in a calm state.
• the work of the nervous system, intelligence suffers, concentration of attention and memory decrease;
• the functioning of the digestive system, expressed in frequently recurring constipation and diarrhea, indigestion and intestines.

Hyperthyroidism disrupts the entire body.

An indicator of hyperthyroidism is a high level of T3 and T4 and a sharp decrease in the pituitary hormone TSH.

Lack of hormones

A low level of specific substances in the blood is called hypothyroidism. Typical symptoms:

• Hypothermia - body temperature drops to 35.5 degrees. The temperature does not return to normal for a long time.
• Decrease in pressure to 90-85 / 60-50, hypotension.
• Swelling of the face, arms and legs due to a decrease in the rate of fluid excretion, disruption of the excretory system and kidneys.
• Insomnia, lethargy, weakness and weakness, violation of the biological rhythm.
• Decreased metabolic rate, which leads to weight gain and obesity.
• Decreased efficiency of other endocrine glands. It leads to the extinction of libido, sexual dysfunction, violations of the monthly cycle, malfunctions of the digestive system, an increase or decrease in blood sugar levels.
• Deterioration of the skin and nails, dryness and flabbiness of the skin, brittle nails, hair loss.

A critical decrease in the level of hormones leads to a deterioration in cardiac activity. A decrease in the level of thyroid substances, together with an analysis of the main hormones, will help determine the analysis for antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPO).

Thyroid problems are the cause of reproductive dysfunction. Women who have problems with pregnancy, planning pregnancy and motherhood, should be tested for TSH.

Hormonal dysfunction is a serious problem for children and adolescents, threatening mental retardation due to the underdevelopment of the brain, as well as problems with the nervous system.

Hormones are regulators of the main processes occurring in the human body. But if hormones are secreted in deficiency or excess, a person may experience certain health problems, which can also be reflected in appearance. The level of their content in the blood depends on the general condition of the skin, hair, the functioning of organs and systems, the metabolic process, and the like. To diagnose the norm, the endocrinologist prescribes a blood test for hormones. But how to properly prepare for the procedure? What can cause the diagnosis of human hormonal levels? How many hormone tests are done? It is recommended to know the answers to these questions in order to prevent serious changes in the body.

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General information about analyzes

In order for the human body to work without disturbances, the amount and ratio of hormones per certain volume of blood must be within the normal range. The hormonal system, working together with the nervous system, interact as an integral system. The normal hormonal background has certain indicators, but they are adjusted depending on gender, age and may change due to the individual characteristics of the organism, heredity, past diseases. It is on the basis of the results of hormonal tests that a doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe an appropriate effective treatment to restore the correct functioning of one or another endocrine gland. The following changes or violations may be the reason for taking a blood test:

• excess weight gain;
• acne;
• violation of menstruation;
• mastopathy of a cystic fibrous nature;
• disorders in the work of the female genital organs and kidneys;
• infertility;
• increased vegetation on the body in women.

Thyroid

The thyroid gland produces one of the most highly active biological substances in the human body: triiodothyronine, thyroxine and free thyroxine, thyrotropic. It is these hormones that are studied in the blood, their amount is important for the health of the body. It is recommended to consult a doctor if you find such changes in the body:

• the formation of goiter or nodules in the thyroid gland, which the doctor determines upon examination;
• the appearance of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism;
• disorders in the mental development of the child;

• arrhythmia symptoms;
• noticeable unnatural baldness or alopecia;
• failures in the duration and regularity of the menstrual cycle.

Usually, an analysis for thyroid hormones is carried out for the following biosubstances:

• Free T3 - activates metabolic processes, increases the absorption of oxygen;
• Free T4 - supports protein metabolism. With an increased level of this hormone, the metabolic process and the absorption of oxygen are accelerated. Shows the presence of hypothyroidism and toxic goiter and other diseases and pathologies;
• TSH - a hormone responsible for the work of free T3 and T Indicates the presence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism;
• Thyroglobulin antibodies - shows the ratio of protein in the thyroid gland and antibodies.

All these biosubstances are interconnected and are responsible for a specific function in the system of the human body. Being released in a normal amount, hormones ensure the correct course of all biochemical processes in the body, which, in turn, affect the functioning of organs and systems.

Timing of analysis

How long is the analysis done and what is the duration of the study of its results in time? It depends on the location and method of examination. For example, in the laboratory of a public hospital, the procedure will take longer than in a private clinic.

On average, the procedure for taking blood and studying the amount of hormones in it lasts from two days to one week. A blood test for hormones is recommended to be done regularly to monitor your health. For example, it can be taken at the annual preventive examination.

If the level of these hormones in the human body is exceeded, then the metabolism goes into an active stage, hyperthyroidism develops, accompanied by tremors, profuse sweating, heart palpitations and rapid weight loss. If there is a lack of hormones in the human body, the opposite effect occurs:

• weight increases rapidly for no apparent reason;
• hair weakens and falls out strongly;
• nails exfoliate;
• menstruation becomes irregular;
• pressure is broken;
• memory deteriorates.

In addition to blood tests, the doctor may order an ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

female hormones

For the normal functioning of the female body and its reproductive function, which is important, hormones in the blood must be kept normal. Female sex hormones are given at different times of the menstrual cycle. If the tests are taken during the period of using some hormonal drugs, be sure to inform the doctor.

• Luteinizing hormone - activates the synthesis of estrogens, and also regulates progesterone and the formation of the corpus luteum. To prepare before taking tests for this hormone, you need to refrain from physical activity for 3 days, and from smoking 1 hour before the test. Blood is taken on the 7th day of the menstrual cycle, on an empty stomach. The duration is 1 day.
• Progesterone is a biosubstance of the corpus luteum located in the ovaries of a woman. Needed to prepare and maintain pregnancy. Prepares the uterus for implantation and after it saves the fetus from miscarriage. The analysis must be taken on the 23rd day of the menstrual cycle, on an empty stomach, drinking water is not prohibited. The duration is 1 day.
• Prolactin - is involved in the development and growth of the mammary glands, milk production. During pregnancy, it supports the presence of the corpus luteum and the release of progesterone. Preparation for a study on the presence of prolactin requires abstinence from sexual intercourse and thermal exposure (bath, hot bath). Minimize physical activity, even climbing stairs, stressful situations, and the like. Another feature is that blood sampling is carried out no earlier than 3 hours after waking up. The duration is 1 day.

Before visiting the treatment room, try to calm down. Nervous tension has a bad effect on blood circulation, which can complicate the process of blood sampling. It is enough to sit in the waiting room for 10-15 minutes. After passing the relevant tests, they are deciphered - the indicators are normal, increased or, conversely, in short supply. It is pointless to do this on your own, an accurate diagnosis can only be made by a specialist in this industry - an endocrinologist.

Additional Information

Symptoms of improper functioning of the thyroid gland can be found in patients with toxic goiter. Therefore, it is important not to rely on your own superficial knowledge in this matter and trust the doctors. Without an examination by a doctor, taking tests, studying their results by an endocrinologist and making a final diagnosis, it is impossible to accurately determine the disease. Timely medical assistance is able to provide patients with professional effective assistance and protect them from serious complications as much as possible. Important hormones for the normal development of both the male and female body are the sex hormones. They are produced not only by the sex glands, but also by the adrenal glands with the pituitary gland. When problems arise with the health of these organs, it is worth remembering that one of the consequences may be insufficient production of sex hormones. And the lack of sex hormones contributes to the appearance of various pathologies. If you have any diseases, you should immediately seek professional help. Timely treatment of diseases at the initial stage allows you to protect yourself from their development and serious consequences for human health and life.

An analysis of thyroid hormones is a serious study, carried out mainly as directed by an endocrinologist. What are the parameters of the study, what indicators do they include, and what is the norm for a healthy person? Consider what may be an indication for the appointment of such a study and how to take an analysis for thyroid hormones in order to obtain reliable and informative results.

What hormones affect the activity of the thyroid gland

In the direction for testing for thyroid hormones, we often see incomprehensible designations, which (apparently) are the names of hormones. This is true, but are all hormones actually thyroid (produced directly by the thyroid gland)? As it turns out, not all. Then a natural question arises - why are they included in blood donation for thyroid hormones? They are all related to this body and somehow regulate the processes in it. In order to comprehensively assess the condition and identify the pathology to which the thyroid gland is susceptible, a study of all parameters is carried out.

So, blood tests for thyroid hormones include:

Behind each of these abbreviations lies a necessary important enzyme that has its own specific effect on the functioning of the thyroid gland.

TSH is thyroid stimulating hormone. Translated from Latin means "intended for the thyroid gland." Thyrotropin is produced by a special part of the brain - the pituitary gland.

To be precise, the pituitary gland is also an endocrine gland that performs the functions of a "commander in chief" over all the endocrine glands of the human body. Thyrotropin is produced in response to a decrease in the production of T3 and T4. It is transported by the blood stream to the cells of the thyroid gland and interacts with special receptors located on their surface.

As a result of this interaction, the following processes occur:

1. Increases the synthesis of your own thyroid hormones.
2. The growth processes of the organ itself are stimulated, as a result of which it increases in size.

An analysis of thyroid hormones without fail provides for the determination of the level of TSH as a fundamental factor in the functioning of the organ. The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are produced directly by the thyroid gland. They are responsible for the processes of primary, or basic, energy metabolism that occurs in the human body, even in a state of complete rest.

They govern:

• heartbeat;
• transmission of signals along nerve fibers;
• the work of smooth muscles of the intestine;
• respiratory contractions of the lungs, diaphragm, etc.

The work of all organs and systems of the human body occurs precisely in accordance with the "commands" of these substances.

Each of these hormones performs certain functional duties:

1. T4 - thyroxine, tetraiodothyronine. A substance produced by the thyroid gland and making up 90% of the total amount of all its own hormones. It consists of 4 iodine atoms and two - the amino acid thyroxine, which our body receives through the breakdown of protein compounds. All this iodine is used by the gland itself to produce other hormones.
2. T3 - triiodothyronine. The second most produced, but the first most important hormone. Only 10% of its total amount is produced directly by the thyroid gland, the remaining 90% are produced by all organs and tissues of the human body, tritely “pulling out” one atom of iodine from the hormone T. Now triiodothyronine becomes an active participant in all major metabolic processes. Some scientists generally call the T4 hormone a "prohormone", defining its function as a "supply of raw materials" for the formation of T3.

Very often, experts recommend donating blood for thyroid hormones, given the free T3 and T4 levels. These substances are rarely in a state unbound to globulins. Protein provides "taxi driver services" by transporting thyroid hormones to the right place throughout the body. Under certain circumstances, the globulin "unhooks" and releases its "passengers". It is in the free state that they are active and perform their functions. That is why the determination of free T3 and T4 in the blood will be more informative. TPO (to be precise, antibodies to TPO) are antibodies to thyroperoxidase. This is an element that tends to be synthesized as an immune response to excessive enzymatic activity of the thyroid gland, which produces a particular hormone in large quantities.

Three types of these antibodies are classified:

• to thyroperoxidase (AT to TPO);
• to thyroglobulin (AT to TG);
• to the TSH receptor (AT to rTTH).

If the concentration of these substances is exceeded, this is a direct evidence of the course of pathological processes directly in the endocrine organ.

Indications and methods of preparation for the diagnostic procedure

A blood test for thyroid hormones is a very expensive clinical diagnostic. However, if there are clear indications for it, it is better to undergo the procedure.

Donating blood for thyroid hormones is recommended in the following cases:

• with a clear increase in the size of the organ, when the palpation method gives positive results;
• menstrual irregularities and infertility (to determine the exact cause and the possibility of its elimination);
• decreased libido in women and men, sexual dysfunction in men, causing impotence;
• deterioration of the general physical condition for no apparent reason, sleep disorder, accompanied by insomnia or, conversely, excessive drowsiness;
• deterioration of mood, causeless changes, excessive irritability, depressive states;
• deterioration in appearance, manifested in the dryness of the skin (especially the face and hands), dryness, dullness and "split" hair, brittleness and foliation of nails;
• inexplicable weight loss with the usual diet and even against the background of increased appetite, a tendency to constipation;
• weight gain with poor nutrition;
• failures in the work of the heart, characterized by rapid heartbeat and attacks of arrhythmia.

It is also mandatory to prescribe a blood test for the main thyroid hormones to pregnant women in whom the hormonal background changes physiologically and nuances in the functioning of the thyroid gland may occur. They must be corrected in order to avoid harm to the unborn baby.

Before taking tests for thyroid hormones, it is advisable to follow the simple rules for preparing for the collection of biomaterial:

• a day before the procedure, exclude alcohol, even weak, do not smoke;
• minimize physical activity;
• do not be nervous, avoid situations associated with stress;
• immediately before the delivery of the biomaterial, sit quietly, rest, restore breathing.

Even minimal external influences that can negatively affect the functioning of the body will not make it possible to obtain an accurate and reliable result.

Normal thyroid hormone levels

Testing for thyroid hormones is performed in the morning, on an empty stomach and in a state of complete (if possible) rest. How much analysis is done depends on the number of indicators required. Often, thyroid hormones are determined in women, since women have endocrine pathologies many times more often than men.

And there is a logical explanation for this:

1. The menstrual cycle, which is a physiological feature of a woman. Within a month, the hormonal background of a woman undergoes changes, the production of sex hormones has a directly proportional effect on thyroid enzymes.
2. Pregnancy, childbirth and lactation is another hormonal surge that affects the functioning of all organs and systems of the body, including the endocrine system.

These are just the main factors that affect the predisposition to this type of pathology. The rate of hormones in women will also depend on the day of the menstrual cycle and on age (with menopause, the indicators change somewhat). Thyroid hormones. norm in women. Table.

Deciphering the results

Checking the thyroid gland for the amount of hormones produced is a well-functioning diagnostic method that helps to determine the diagnosis and the direction of therapeutic measures to influence the pathology that has arisen.

The amount of TSH, fluctuating within the limits above or below the established indicators, indicates a pathology:

• an increase in thyrotropin against the background of a decrease in T3 and T4 indicate the presence of hypothyroidism
• TSH is reduced, and T3 and T4 are increased - thyrotoxicosis;
• TSH is outside the norm, and thyroid hormones are normal - hidden pathologies of the thyroid gland.

In this case, they pass the indicated minimum of other studies, determine the amount of free thyroid hormones, which will be more informative. T3 (triiodothyronine) has a dominant effect, therefore, with a decrease in the level of TSH and suspicion of thyrotoxicosis, testing for the determination of this hormone will be important.

An increase in T3 speaks of:

1. Toxic goiter.
2. nephrotic syndrome.
3. Chronic pathologies of the liver and other diseases.

A decrease in the level is observed during:

• strong emotional experiences;
• fasting;
• severe injuries;
• vegetarianism and veganism.

T4 (thyroxine) - the value of the analysis for the amount of free enzyme is more indicative than the total.

Elevated thyroxine will "act" causing:

1. Hyperthyroidism.
2. Toxic goiter.
3. Thyroiditis.
4. myeloma.
5. Immunodeficiency.
6. Liver and kidney failure and other pathologies of internal organs and systems.

Decreased thyroxine level:

• hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune thyroiditis;
• endemic goiter;
• inflammatory pathologies of the pituitary gland.

With pathologies of the thyroid gland, hormone tests provide another indicator - the level of calcitonin. This is an important indicator for the definition of medullary cancer. But its concentration can be within the reference range during pregnancy, with anemia caused by a lack of vitamin B12, and some chronic diseases.

Rules for donating blood for thyroid hormones

As mentioned earlier, thyroid tests are an expensive pleasure, which, however, is necessary in certain cases. Such tests should be done during pregnancy or to identify the cause of infertility without fail. A valid analysis of hormones makes it possible to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe therapy.

Before performing the procedure, carefully review the indications and consider some tips on when and how to take an analysis:

1. AT to TPO surrenders only once. If the specialist recommends that you repeat the analysis, you can ask him what results he expects and what the information received can change. It has been proven that fluctuations in the concentration of this antibody do not affect the patient's condition.
2. Analyzes for T3 and T4, general and free, are given separately. Moreover, general indicators can be prescribed for various pathologies, and free ones - only under certain conditions.
3. An analysis for the level of thyroglobulin is performed only if papillary cancer is suspected. Biomaterial sampling, as a rule, is carried out only after removal of the tumor to evaluate the operation and determine the continuation of the process.
4. AT to TSH during the initial examination by an experienced specialist are not prescribed, since they make sense only when determining thyrotoxicosis.
5. Detection of the level of calcitonin is carried out once. Another reason for re-passing this analysis may be the appearance of new nodes or an operation to remove medullary cancer.

How to donate blood for thyroid hormones - you already know. Who will prescribe the diagnosis is also clear. General, the most necessary knowledge will help you make the right choice.

A thyroid hormone test is a study of the level of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) and the associated thyroid-stimulating hormone. The examination is prescribed by doctors of various specialties and today is the most popular of all hormone tests.

Why are these tests ordered?

Analysis of thyroid hormones is relevant in practice:

1. endocrinologists;
2. therapists;
3. cardiologists;
4. immunologists;
5. psychiatrists;
6. gynecologists and other specialists.

The function of the thyroid gland affects the functioning of the cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems. Thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism can mimic the clinical picture of other diseases. For example, depression, obesity, chronic constipation, iron deficiency anemia, dementia, infertility, menstrual irregularities, hearing loss, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other conditions are masks for underactive thyroid. Thyrotoxicosis must be excluded if tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, insomnia, panic attacks and some other pathologies are detected. Indications for the analysis of thyroid hormones:

1. the presence of signs of thyrotoxicosis (tachycardia, extrasystole, weight loss, nervousness, tremor, etc.);
2. the presence of signs of hypothyroidism (bradycardia, weight gain, dry skin, slow speech, memory loss, etc.);
3. diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland on palpation and according to ultrasound;
4. nodular formations of the thyroid tissue according to the examination and additional studies;
5. infertility;
6. menstrual irregularities;
7. miscarriage;
8. a sharp change in weight against the background of a normal diet and physical activity;
9. heart rhythm disturbances;
10. dyslipidemia (increased total cholesterol and atherogenic index);
11. anemia;
12. impotence and decreased libido;
13. galactorrhea;
14. delayed mental and physical development of the child;
15. control of conservative treatment for diseases of the thyroid gland;
16. control in the postoperative period (subtotal resection, resection of the lobe, extirpation of the thyroid gland) and after radioisotope treatment.

In addition, the analysis for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is included in neonatal screening, that is, it is mandatory for all newborns in Russia. This study allows you to detect congenital hypothyroidism in time and start the necessary treatment. See also: Proteins in a biochemical blood test in children and adults

How to properly prepare?

Thyroid hormones are influenced by many factors. In order to avoid mistakes in the study, it is important to properly prepare. It is advisable to take all tests for thyroid hormones on an empty stomach. This means that at least 8 and no more than 12 hours should pass from the last meal. At this time, you can not drink sweet drinks, juice, coffee, tea, use chewing gum. On the evening before the study, it is necessary to exclude the intake of alcoholic beverages. Blood must be donated before 10 am. Hormonal pills (L-thyroxine and others) can be taken only after taking blood for thyroid hormones. Smoking must be stopped more than 60 minutes before blood sampling. Before taking blood, the patient should rest (breathe) slightly for 10-15 minutes. In the morning before the analysis, you can not undergo an X-ray examination, ECG, ultrasound or physiotherapy procedures. Studies with X-ray contrast should be carried out no later than 2–4 days before blood sampling for analysis. See also: Deciphering the results of a clinical (general) blood test in children and adults - all the norms in the tables

Deciphering the results of the analysis for thyroid hormones - the norms of the indicators in the table

Different laboratories may use different methods, units of measurement and reagents, and standards often differ accordingly.

The patient's independent trip to the endocrinologist is not a frequent occurrence, since the patient does not associate the thyroid gland with the symptoms of many diseases, however, even during the initial visit, it will be necessary to take tests for thyroid hormones. It is important to understand the need for this procedure and in no case neglect health, since the law “better late than never” does not apply to the thyroid gland.

The process of production of thyroid hormones consists of five successive stages:

1. Absorption by the thyroid gland of iodides circulating in the blood.
2. Oxidation of iodides with the formation of free iodine molecules.
3. Iodization (saturation with iodine) of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin.
4. Cleavage of thyroglobulin, secretion of the hormones T3 and T4 into the blood.
5. The transformation of T4 into T3 (occurs both in the thyroid gland and in peripheral tissues).

The main place of formation and storage of biologically active substances of the thyroid gland are its functional units, called follicles, which consist of special cells - thyrocytes.

Note. In some literary sources, thyrocytes are called thyroid A-cells, but in fact these two terms mean the same thing.

Thyrocytes synthesize the main hormones - thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Their chemical formulas are almost identical except for the content of iodine atoms. The molecule of the first contains four of them, and the second - three, respectively.

Substances can be contained in the blood in two states:

• free form (FT4 and FT3, from free) - biologically active;
• bound form (in complex with specific transport protein globules).

Important conditions for the formation of hormones is the presence of iodine and tyrosine (amino acid). First, thyroglobulin is formed in the follicles, which is a special protein that is collected and stored inside the follicle.

This substance provides a reserve from which ready-made hormones will be quickly produced when needed. After synthesis, they enter the bloodstream, where special thyroxin-binding transport proteins, albumin and globulin, are attached to them.

Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein, that is, a two-component compound of protein and carbohydrate molecules. Its molecular weight is approximately 600,000 daltons. This is a fairly large compound, so its entry into the blood in this state is impossible, but this can occur in the presence of pathological processes in the organ, for example, with thyroiditis, when the integrity of the follicles is destroyed.

In order for the formation of the main hormones to proceed correctly and in the right quantities, the presence of pure (“elemental”) iodine in the blood is important, which is formed during the oxidation of a substance in the form of iodide coming from food or from the environment. First, one or two iodine atoms can be associated with tyrosine, thus producing monoiodotyrosine and iodotyrosine, which are precursors of functionally active thyroid hormones. Further, these molecules combine and form thyroxine (a complex of two diiodotyrosine molecules) or triiodotyrosine (an association of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine).

Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells or C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is an essential element for the exchange and assimilation of calcium and phosphorus ions, it is extremely important for the normal functioning of the structural units of bone tissue - osteoblasts.

Note. Calcitonin differs significantly in its structure from other thyroid hormones - its molecule is a long chain of 32 amino acids (polypeptide).

What are the hormones responsible for?

So, what are the thyroid-stimulating substances produced by the thyroid gland responsible for:

• growth and development of the fetus (formation of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems);
• increase in intestinal contractility;
• increased myocardial oxygen demand;
• increase in the number of heartbeats;
• increase in cardiac conduction impulses;
• maintaining normal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide;
• ensuring the normal functioning of the respiratory center;
• affect the destruction of bone tissue and bone formation;
• increase the synthesis of structural proteins in the muscles.

Thus, an increase or decrease in synthesis, in a word, a deviation from the norm will cause problems in almost all body systems. But why is it often not enough to know the value of T3 and T4, and doctors prescribe more and more new studies.

Hormone TSH

Although this hormone is not produced directly in the thyroid gland, it is produced exclusively for it. This is a pituitary hormone that is synthesized if there is a decrease in thyroid hormones T4 and T3.

Together with the bloodstream, it enters the thyroid gland on special receptors and acts on them.

When interacting with receptors, the following occurs:

1. The thyroid gland begins to actively synthesize the hormones T3 and T4.
2. Enlargement of the thyroid gland by stimulating the growth of tissues of this organ.

Finding an acceptable TSH level is the first and most important indicator of thyroid health.

Hormone T4

It is the most primary thyroid hormone. It accounts for 90% of all hormones synthesized in the thyroid gland.

Thyroxine consists of four iodine atoms, which is why the number 4 is in its name. Sometimes you can see free T4 or T3 in the direction for analysis. This is a more refined analysis.

Hormone T3

This hormone is the most important in the thyroid hormones. Only 10% of the T3 hormone is synthesized in the thyroid gland. The remaining 90% is formed by separating one iodine atom from the T4 hormone. In this connection, the hormone T4 turns into a much more energy-intensive and active T3.

Triiodothyronine reflects all the main functions of the thyroid gland. T4 and T3 - synthesized in the body to control and manage energy metabolism. The contractions of the heart muscle, the work of the sweat glands, the process of digestion of food and its movement through the gastrointestinal tract are processes that require energy. It is these active processes that are controlled by T3 and T4.

Sometimes in the analysis you can also see different antibodies. This is an antibody test that is prescribed to a patient in case of suspected autoimmune pathologies.

Calcitonin

This hormone is produced in the C-cells of the thyroid gland, located next to the follicles. The origin of these cells is neuroendocrine, they are formed in the pancreas in the fetal period.

In terms of the number of C-cells that secrete calcitonin, they are much inferior to B and C-cells that enter the thyroid follicles. Based on information in various medical literature, calcitonin is considered a substance that blocks the work of parathyroid hormone, but the effect of calcitonin is several times weaker than that of parathyroid hormone. In addition, calcitonin is a tumor marker for thyroid cancer.

The level of calcitonin changes in the case of:

• osteoporosis;
• anemia;
• thyroid cancer;
• cancer of the prostate, breast or respiratory organs.

AT to TPO

An analysis for antibodies in the blood is used as an additional marker in determining malfunctions of the thyroid gland. These antibodies are produced against thyroperoxidase. This enzyme is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

AT to TG

This type of antibody is produced by the lymph nodes.

It is present in the blood test only in patients with the following diseases:

• autoimmune thyroiditis;
• diffuse toxic goiter.

Also, special attention is paid to the increased content of these antibodies in patients diagnosed with papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. It is a significant oncomarker in this disease.

AT to rTTG

These antibodies are produced in the body of a patient with diffuse toxic goiter. and are prescribed only if the disease is suspected. The level of antibodies in the blood test determines the possibility of drug treatment or indications for surgery.

Why is the hypothalamus attracted?

More often, endocrinologists require an analysis for the hormones T3, T4, TSH, but if everything is clear with the first, then TSH belongs to the hypothalamic-pituitary system, and at first glance, “far-fetched”, but this is not so. The thing is that it is TSH that is responsible for the production of T3 and T4, under feedback control (the more triiodothyronine and thyroxine, the lower the TSH level).

However, like any other body system, the production of T3 and T4 can fail, so it is important to know whether an increase or decrease in the level of T3 and T4 is associated with the work of the hypothalamus or not.

And what if you just pass the TSH

Logically, if the hypothalamic-pituitary system fails, then an assessment of the TSH level will be enough. But alas, this is not the case, since in addition to the hypothalamus, the thyroid gland uses an independent system for monitoring the level of release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, so the level of TSH may not change in some types of pathologies.

Search for free T3 and T4

An analysis for thyroid hormones may include the value of T3 and T4 free, in essence they are the same substances. But why are they defined in separate parameters?

The thing is that thyroid-stimulating hormones do not enter the blood in a pure form, but in symbiosis with transport proteins, in the laboratory determination of T3, T4 they are determined, however, 0.04% thyroxine and 4% triiodothyronine are not associated with proteins, free values relate specifically to them.

Note! The rate of protein-bound triiodothyronine and thyroxine may well change if the patient takes certain medications, so the data obtained without determining free T4 and T3 may be unreliable.

Resolved - rent free

Despite the fact that it is by free hormones that the functional work of the thyroid gland is judged, it is not enough to donate blood only for free values. Here we are talking about binding proteins that can be synthesized by the body in larger or smaller quantities.

So, with increased production of one of the binding proteins, the indicators of unbound T3, T4 will be normal, but the overall values ​​will increase, and vice versa. When can this happen?

Production increase:

• pregnancy;
• estrogen treatment;
• acute phase of infectious hepatitis.

Decreased protein synthesis:

• severe somatic diseases;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• the use of glucocorticosteroids or androgenic drugs.

It was my own, it became someone else's

A separate link in the laboratory diagnosis of the thyroid gland is the analysis for hormones at TPO, the norm of which begins with the number zero. Deciphering the abbreviation sounds like: determination of antibodies to thyroperoxidase. If translated into an accessible language, then this is the definition of specific substances that are released when the body considers the thyroid gland to be foreign.

Such antibodies appear only in autoimmune diseases, so they are rarely prescribed. The upper limit of normal reaches 34 IU / ml, it does not depend on the age of the patient, unlike other values.

Resolving complex issues

If, for any reason, the patient decided to take tests on his own, then, frankly, it is not worth doing this. Only a doctor has the right to make a decision on laboratory diagnostics on his own, taking into account the diseases, history and complaints of the patient, otherwise the interpretation may be incorrect, and do-it-yourself treatment will bring a lot of trouble.

Such symptoms may prompt a specialist to force a patient to donate blood for research:

• tachycardia;
• hand trembling;
• weight loss/increase;
• cold intolerance;
• exophthalmos or visual disturbances;
• photophobia;
• dry skin, hair loss;
• constipation, diarrhea;
• lack of menstruation;
• weakness, fatigue, insomnia;
• puffiness.

Oddly enough, patients may not look at all like in the photo, since disorders of the endocrine glands can manifest themselves with the symptoms described above, without any external manifestations.

Patient got together

Without a doubt, the doctor is obliged to tell about the basic rules, and the patient to take into account before going to the laboratory, but if this did not happen, then it is worth clarifying what and how.

1. Choice of laboratory. The simplest thing is to take tests in the very clinic to which the patient is attached, but, as practice shows, this is not always possible. Patients most often choose the most trusted laboratory, or follow the instructions of the doctor, both decisions are rational.
2. Bad habits. Smokers will have to lay off their cigarettes 3 hours before the test. It is better not to drink alcohol the day before, more for moral and ethical reasons than because of data distortion.
3. Nutrition. You will also have to refuse food, if you can’t come to the procedure on an empty stomach, then you need to refrain from eating for at least 2-3 hours. At the same time, the use of pure non-carbonated water is quite acceptable.
4. Overvoltage. Within two days before laboratory diagnosis, it is advisable not to overdo it both physically and emotionally, the advice is relative, but the results may be affected.
5. Taking medications. As mentioned earlier, many drugs affect the results, so first of all it is necessary to decide with a specialist which drugs should be excluded 2 days before the study, and whether this is necessary.

Important! The choice of laboratory is a responsible event, since each re-analysis will need to be taken there. This is due to the difference in diagnostic methods, so even the reference (normal) values ​​may differ.

Blood sampling for analysis

Despite the fact that the production of the studied substances is concentrated in the thyroid gland and hypothalamus, hormones associated with proteins or in free form circulate in the bloodstream. It is for this reason that they do nothing supernatural with the patient, but only take venous blood.

A separate category of patients cannot leave the house, or even the bed, so blood is taken at home for such people. Unfortunately, not all laboratories carry out home visits, but this is possible. In severe cases, it is necessary to more carefully approach the issue of choosing a laboratory or transporting the patient to the place of blood sampling.

The procedure itself is quite primitive and usually does not take more than 5-10 minutes. The instruction, according to which the nurse takes blood samples, has not changed for several years now, so you should not be scared when you see a very young specialist, such manipulation is subject even to a student of a medical university.

Again hand over

If any pathology is detected, the patient will need to re-conduct a laboratory test during or after the prescribed treatment. There is no point in repeating a blood test for and T4 more than once every 2 months.

It will definitely not be possible to see the dynamics earlier than in a week, because during this time the level simply did not have time to change.

And then something went wrong

Undoubtedly, distorted results do occur in practice, and far from all of them can be avoided, patients who genuinely care about their health need to be aware of what can cause deviations from the norm.

1. Hemolysis. Blood in a reliable form simply does not reach the laboratory, this happens extremely rarely. It is simply impossible to carry out diagnostics with such blood, therefore, instead of the result, a message will come up that the blood needs to be retaken.
2. Fat level. If a patient has a pronounced violation of lipid metabolism in a biochemical analysis, then you will have to wait a little.
3. Pregnancy. In the 3rd trimester, the level of TSH can increase and at the same time remain the norm for a particular woman. Regarding T3 and T4, it must be said that they can increase in any trimester of pregnancy.
4. Time. As a laboratory, the time of sampling is also important, during the day the level can change, so it is preferable to donate blood for control at the same daily interval.
5. Medicinal and narcotic preparations. In addition to drugs, the results are affected by narcotic substances, including morphine, heroin, methadone, and others. Regardless of whether the patient uses such substances for medical reasons or without them, the results may be distorted.

What about the rules

As mentioned earlier, the norms may differ depending on the laboratory, most often this difference is insignificant, so it is worth giving approximate criteria for reference values ​​that directly depend on age.

Important! If the patient received an analysis for TSH and T4 hormones, the norm of which differs from the values ​​​​of the table, but coincides with the reference values ​​\u200b\u200b indicated on the laboratory form, then the latter are considered priority. The same applies to other thyroid-stimulating hormones.

Level up

If T3 and T4 begin, for a number of reasons, to be released more intensively than a normally functioning organism needs, a pathological condition called thyrotoxicosis is observed and manifests itself even at the initial stage with the following symptoms:

• tremor;
• sweating;
• nervousness;
• feeling hot;
• irritability.

With further progression of the disease, arrhythmias and heart failure begin to develop. With timely diagnosis and treatment, in most cases, medications are quite enough to stop this condition.

In severe and advanced cases, one cannot do without surgery, followed by possible subsequent therapy with radioactive isotopes of iodine.

Downgrade

The reverse situation, when there is not enough thyroid hormone, is called hypothyroidism. Its manifestations are in many ways the opposite of the previous pathological condition.

Hypothyroidism is characterized by:

1. Lethargy.
2. Weakness.
3. Chilliness.
4. Puffiness.
5. Depression.
6. Drowsiness.
7. Weakening of potency.
8. Decline in performance.
9. Disorder of the menstrual cycle.
10. Decreased chance of conception.

This state can be compared to winter, when everything in nature goes to sleep. In this condition, not only basic tests for thyroid hormones are made, but also for antibodies to thyroperoxidase.

How is the diagnosis made?

Even with all the information, without a medical education, it is very difficult to make a diagnosis on your own. For yourself, you can study which hormonal indicators and which diseases are interconnected, but you should not rely on such information.

Although, sometimes it can help to avoid the "doctor's" attempt to "cure" the "illness". So such information, perhaps, will not become superfluous.

So:

1. hyperthyroidism- T3 and T4 are overestimated, TSH AT-TG is underestimated, AT-TPO is the norm. With such a disease, the thyroid gland begins to produce completely different types of hormones, to which, in turn, the pituitary gland begins to respond. Against this background, the concentration of TSH falls.
2. Hypothyroidism primary- T3 and T4 are reduced, AT-TG and TSH are increased, AT-TPO is normal. In this case, the pituitary gland reduces its activity, which causes an increase in TSH, and the concentration of other hormones falls.
3. Hypothyroidism secondary- AT-TG and AT-TPO are normal, and T3, T4, TSH are reduced. Disturbances occur in all functions of the endocrine system, while the pituitary gland becomes less active. Against this background, the hormones T3 and T4 cannot be normally produced and developed.
4. Autoimmune thyroiditis- AT-TG and TA-TPO are elevated, but the rest of the hormones can both remain normal and decrease / increase. The immune system produces antibodies, but the thyroid gland at this time begins to activate or "fall asleep", due to which the concentration of hormones begins to change.

The thyroid gland is waiting for a miracle

During pregnancy, the synthesis of hormones in a woman's body may change, or may remain the same as before. In case of any suspicion of a doctor, it is necessary to react in time.

A pregnant woman must be registered with an endocrinologist, only if deviations from the norm have been identified. Read more about hormonal changes during pregnancy in the video in this article.

Pregnancy is a difficult period in terms of the restructuring of the body. The attentive attitude of doctors to a pregnant woman guarantees the correct development of the fetus, and control of thyroid-stimulating hormones is actually a prerequisite.

Table: Reference values ​​​​of thyroid hormones during pregnancy:

Paid or free medicine

For many patients, a logical question arises as to whether it is worth choosing paid laboratories, or whether free medicine provides services no worse. This is complicated by the fact that the price of studying the level of thyroid-stimulating hormones is quite high, and not everyone can afford it.

In addition to the methods of research and the timing when the results are ready, the laboratories almost do not differ from each other. If a patient has used the services of the laboratory for several years and was quite satisfied with the quality of service, then there is no point in changing it, regardless of whether the clinic is budget or private.

Why getting tested on time is important

The thyroid gland is one of the most important hormone-producing organs, it is it that affects almost all organs and systems, affects the development of the fetus and child, so any deviation from the norm can lead to sad consequences.

A timely analysis of the hormones T3, T4, TSH is a guarantee of timely treatment for many diseases.

We asked - we answer

Can't come to control

I am undergoing treatment with an endocrinologist, while taking L-thyroxine. Tomorrow I need to come to the control of TSH and T4, but I ended up in traumatology with a broken leg. Now there is no way to get to the endocrinologist. How to take L-thyroxine now, because the dose has not yet been fully selected.

Stop Panic

Be sure to inform your attending traumatologist that you are taking L-thyroxine, he will prescribe a consultation with an endocrinologist. The doctor will come to the consultation himself and decide on the spot whether it is necessary to conduct an examination of TSH and T4 or not, and if necessary, he will adjust the dose of the drug.

Tired of giving up

Every month I take tests for TSH, T4, T3, general and free, sometimes all together, sometimes separately, but to no avail. Total T3 and T4 are constantly elevated, and free levels are normal.

I heard that the work of the thyroid gland can also be judged by free T3 and T4, then it turns out that I am quite healthy. Why do they drive me to different laboratories so often, although no treatment is prescribed. I'm just tired of all this, can I just not show up for the next control?

Will have to endure

Such results are possible if the thyroxin-binding globulin does not work properly, but it is impossible to say about this for sure, without the results of examinations on the hands and an adequate examination. Therefore, the only right decision for you will be to turn to another endocrinologist, you may have to take tests again, but you should not completely ignore the problem. Remember that increased levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine will not lead to anything good.

Refused to examine

For a long time (1 year) he was treated for heroin addiction abroad, he returned only a month ago. I recently went to a therapist about insomnia, and the doctor sent me to an endocrinologist with a suspicion of thyroid. He told the endocrinologist everything as if in spirit, and about the withdrawal syndrome and the replacement drugs that he took six months ago, but he waved his hand and said that there was no point in taking tests from drug addicts.

I wrote on the card that everything is fine. I haven't used drugs for a year now, and I haven't taken replacement drugs for half a year, and in general, I haven't taken drugs, except for Kagocel, for two months. When can I get my thyroid checked? Is it really a sentence now, and no one will treat me?

Need to check now

Heroin use does have an effect on research results, just as heroin replacement drugs do, but judging by the timing, they will no longer have any effect at the moment. Feel free to go to the endocrinologist again or take tests in a private clinic, if there are any changes, then they will be reliable.

According to these results, treatment should be (or not be carried out). Problems with insomnia can be associated with other diseases, but if the therapist suspects something, then donating venous blood is simply necessary, and the sooner the better. Probably, the therapist will carry out treatment also, time the endocrinologist refuses to treat you.

Examination of the thyroid gland during pregnancy planning

Kristina, 25 years old: I am planning my first pregnancy, I started to be examined by doctors. I remember that earlier, in adolescence, I had problems with the thyroid gland (it seems to be a goiter), I took Iodomarin for a long time.

Now I have no complaints, I feel good. What tests for the thyroid gland would you recommend me to take?

Hello! If you do not make any complaints, to plan a pregnancy, it is enough to take two tests - for free thyroxine (T4) and TSH. At the same time, remember that the target TSH values ​​​​for women preparing to bear a baby are slightly different from the standard ones and are 1.5-2.5 mU / l. Contact your endocrinologist if your result does not match these values. In addition, you will need to consult a doctor if thyroxine is above or below normal.

subclinical hypothyroidism

Tatyana, 36 years old: Hello! I had my first hormone test two years ago. The results were as follows: T4 - 1.33, TSH - 3.73, anti-TPO - 299.82. Although the last analysis was clearly above the norm, the doctor then did not prescribe anything to me, advising me to simply periodically re-examine.

Recently I started to swell - mostly face (eyes) and fingers. Climbed up the weight. I passed the tests again: T4 - 1.06, TSH - 18.92, anti-TPO-299.82. Now the endocrinologist prescribed me to drink Euthyrox 50 mg and retake the test in a month. Is this true? What should I do about elevated TPO antibodies?

Hello! Based on your tests, you can be diagnosed with hypothyroidism: TSH exceeds physiological values ​​\u200b\u200bat almost three times. Although T4 is still within the normal range, without treatment, it would begin to decline.

Your doctor's prescriptions are absolutely correct: 50 mcg of Euthyrox will make up for the resulting lack of thyroid hormones, and TSH will gradually decrease to normal values. Since the dosage that suits you is only being selected, do not forget to take control tests in a month.

As for elevated ATs to TPO, I would advise you to simply no longer control their level. If antibodies are already present in the body, it is impossible to reduce their concentration by modern means. And they do not affect the tactics of treatment.