What sports are represented at the Olympics? Summer sports of the Olympic Games. Hockey

The Summer Olympic Games are the largest international competitions in summer and all-season sports, held once every 4 years under the auspices of the International Olympic Committee. The games began to be held in 1896. The revival of the Olympic movement in modern times is associated with the name of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

Sports included in the Summer Olympic program

Rowing

Badminton

Basketball

Cycling

Water polo

Volleyball

Kayaking and canoeing

Gymnastics

Gymnastics

Horseback Riding

Athletics

Table tennis

Sailing

Swimming

Diving

Synchronized swimming

Modern pentathlon

Shooting

Archery

Triathlon

Taekwondo

Weightlifting

Fencing

Field hockey

Sports excluded from the Olympic program

Golf (1900, 1904)

Boat Racing (1908)

Jeu de paume (French: jeu de paume) (1908)

Cricket (1900)

Croquet (1900)

Lacrosse (1904, 1908)

Basque pelota (1900)

Tug of War (1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920)

Polo (game) or Chovgan (national game) (1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, 1936)

Rackets (1908)

Rugby (1900, 1908, 1920, 1924)

Rock (sport) (1904)

Roller Hockey (1992)

Candidates for inclusion in the Olympic program

Roller sports

Speed ​​skiing (skiing at speed)

Hockey with a ball

Orientation

Women's participation in the Olympic Games and the Olympic program

Since 1990, the program for women's participation in the Olympic Games has been developing. Particular efforts in this regard have been made by the IOC, the Organizing Committees (to organize more competitions for women) and the ISF. Women's Olympic Solidarity programs such as sports administration courses, talent identification programs and grant programs have helped improve women's performance.

At the 2004 Athens Olympics, the percentage of women competing exceeded all previous figures. Of the 10,864 athletes, 4,412 (40.6% percent) were women. The number of participants at the Athens Olympics has doubled since the 1976 Montreal Summer Games and tripled since the 1964 Tokyo Games. Also evident is a steady increase from Barcelona 1992, when women's participation was 28.8%, Atlanta 1996, which was 34.2%, and Sydney 2000, which was 38%. 2%.

The IOC, together with the organizing committees and International Sports Federations, carried out real work to expand the programs of the Olympic Games to include more women's sports, disciplines and sports competitions.

Thanks to this collaboration, the 2004 Athens Olympics set a record for the number of events in which women competed: 135, or 45% of all events, compared to 132 (44%) in Sydney, 108 (40%) in Atlanta and 98 (28%) in Barcelona. In Athens, all sports, with the exception of baseball - which has a women's version, softball - and boxing, were open to women. Wrestling contributed to the expansion of the program: women participated in various freestyle wrestling competitions for the first time.

Table 1 - New sports - competitions included in the Olympic program

Table 2 - Number of women participating in the Olympic Games -% of competitions

Notes: * including mixed sports

** including mixed sports from 1924 to 1998.

They would become even more popular if they included several new disciplines.

Today, there are several very popular winter sports that, for various reasons, are not Olympic.

And, nevertheless, these sports can compete with many Olympic disciplines in terms of entertainment.

1. Skijoring (dog racing)

This sport is quite young. In the USSR there was a discipline called skier towing, later renamed skijoring in Russia.

The skier is pulled forward by a horse, dog or deer (less commonly), which is controlled by the rider or the skier himself - it all depends on the type of skijoring.

It is also worth noting that driving with a snowmobile or SUV as a tow can also be called skijoring. In Russia, this winter sport is associated with dogs, and in the USA with horses.

2. Speed ​​competition (alpine skiing)

In this sport, skiers compete for speed while descending from a specially prepared slope. It is worth noting that this is the fastest non-motor sport, not counting parachute jumping.

Typically, in a speed competition, participants can reach speeds in excess of 200 km/h. On a segment of 1 km, the speed of the skier is determined. The winner is the one who reaches the highest speed.

3. Sports ballet on ice

In the USA and Australia, ice ballet is known as TOI (Theatre on Ice). This winter sport is a mixture of singles and pairs skating, as well as ice dancing.

Synchronized figure skating in ice ballet is staged with the goal of telling a complete story. The emphasis is on aesthetics rather than technique. Ballet on skis first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century in Austria. Despite the fact that the discipline itself is quite new, it is gaining popularity very quickly.

4. Winter sports: military patrol competitions (patrol race)

The patrol race is the predecessor of modern biathlon. This sport was known in the first half of the 20th century.

The military patrol competition includes several stages: men's and women's cross-country skiing at a distance of 25 km and 15 km, respectively, a mountain route (ski mountaineering) and rifle shooting at pre-prepared targets.

Before it was replaced by biathlon, patrol racing was a Winter Olympic sport at the very first games in 1924.

5. Bandy (bandy)

Two teams of 10 field players play, using skates to move around. Despite. That in Russia this sport is officially called “bandy”, in international practice its name is “bandy”.

The International Olympic Committee recognizes bandy as a winter sport, but has not yet included it in the official program of the Winter Olympic Games. According to the President of the Russian Bandy Federation and the International Bandy Federation, this sport will be featured at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

6. Snowkiting

Being a type of kitesurfing, the main element of this winter sport is a kite, which pulls the athlete along with it. The participant can ski or snowboard.

In Russia, snoekiting is developing very quickly, unlike kitesurfing. For example, in Togliatti you can watch the international snowsurfing competition “Zhiguli Sea”.

Snowkiting (video)

7. Non-Olympic Sports: Sailing Sled

Sailing sleds have another name - ice boats. The main structure is the sail, which is attached to the hull, which already has three short steel skates. The rear skate plays the role of the sleigh's steering wheel.

Ice boats are capable of reaching high speeds, but it all depends on the ice and wind strength. There are places where sledding is a very popular sport, such as Poland, where in the north-eastern part there are about 2,000 lakes and a huge number of rivers.

8. Non-Olympic sport: ice climbing (ice-climbing)

Simply put, this is climbing up icy steep slopes. Here you need to have a high level of concentration. Ice is quite fragile, which means one careless movement can lead to a crack.

Ice climbers who engage in ice climbing climb the same peaks as rock climbers in the warm season. However, ice climbers have one more obstacle that rock climbers do not have - a frozen waterfall.

It is worth noting that Russian fans of this sport can be found in the Caucasus. Also many ice platforms can be found in Crimea. In addition to natural ones, there are also artificial ice structures for training.

9. Winter equestrian polo

Despite the fact that winter equestrian polo is not an Olympic sport, major competitions are held in it. Competitions in this sport have been held in Moscow since 2004.

The most famous winter equestrian polo tournament is called the Cartier Polo World Cup, and it takes place every year in Switzerland, namely on the ice of Lake St. Moritz. The rules of this sport are the same as those of regular equestrian polo. The only difference is that the ball is painted in a brighter color and has a larger diameter.

Since climatic conditions in Russia allow this sport to develop, the International Federation of Modern Pentathlon has become seriously interested in the prospects for this development. It is worth noting that the head of this federation is Prince Albert of Monaco, who is very fond of this sport.

10. Figure skiing

This sport was part of freestyle skiing from the early 60s until 2000. Within 90 seconds, participants had to perform various acrobatic elements while skiing down a small slope while listening to music.

In the 80s, there were pair competitions in which, in addition to jumps and turns, participants had to perform lifts and demonstrate synchronization. The performance was evaluated by the judges.

The first Olympic Games are believed by historians to have taken place in 776 BC. The name of these worldwide competitions actually has no connection with the famous Olympus, where the ancient Greek gods lived. The small town of Olympia, located on the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece, gave its name to a truly epoch-making phenomenon that is still alive today - the Olympic Games.

In ancient times, Olympia was a small town, typical for its time. Its main attractions, in addition to the sanctuaries dedicated to the gods, were the stadium, hippodrome and gymnasium - a special place for training and gymnastic exercises. Only citizens of Olympia itself and residents of neighboring cities could participate in the first sports games.

This tradition then spread throughout Ancient Greece. At that time, it consisted of many small city-states endlessly warring with each other. During another threat, Olympia asked for protection from Sparta, pledging in return to hold an annual sports celebration in her city. As a result, this city became neutral territory, which should never have its own army or participate in any conflicts. This peaceful tradition extended to the Olympic Games themselves as they gained widespread popularity. During the sports festival, as legend says, peace was established throughout Ancient Greece.

Ancient Greek games lasted for a thousand years.

Modern Olympic Games

At the end of the nineteenth century The tradition of peaceful and democratic sports competitions attracted the attention of many lovers of gymnastics and a healthy lifestyle. Several attempts have been made to recreate the Olympic Games in Greece and Scandinavia. However, this wonderful idea was embodied by the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin.

He was extremely persistent in implementing his idea and initially created a committee to promote physical education in his own country. Then he established contacts with other organizations of physical education supporters in other countries. He proposed a wonderful idea to organize sports competitions in the image of ancient games. The idea was received with great enthusiasm, and in 1894, at the Sorbonne, delegates from France, England, Greece, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Hungary and Russia founded the International Olympic Committee.

The basis of the current Olympic Games are ancient sports disciplines. Then, little by little, Olympic sports expanded their list. At first, there were no winter scenes in the games, because snow never fell in Ancient Greece.

By the way, the Winter Olympics were born in the 20th century. The first time international winter sports competitions were held in France was in 1924. Athletes from different countries competed in the following disciplines:

• ski race,
• biathlon,
• ski jumping,
• figure skating,
• ice-skating race,
• bobsled.

The enthusiasm of the participants and the admiration of the audience was incredible. Therefore, the IOC decided to hold the Winter Olympic Games on a permanent basis.

Olympic disciplines

In total, the Summer Olympic sports include approximately forty disciplines. Then By decision of the IOC, twelve of them were excluded:

• baseball,
• water sports,
• same de pam,
• cricket,
• croquet,
• lacrosse,
• pelota Basque,
• polo, rackets,
• rocky,
• tug of war.

The last one, already in 2008, was excluded from the list of disciplines: softball.

The problem is that these types were not very popular among sports fans, and therefore have not spread widely in different countries of the world.

The selection criteria for inclusion in the list of Olympic disciplines are very serious. For summer men's sports, the discipline can acquire the corresponding status when it becomes widespread in at least seventy-five countries on four continents of the planet. The female summer look must have followers in forty countries on three continents of the world. For winter species, a “quota” is established in twenty-five countries and three continents.

At the same time, a sport applying for the title of Olympic must be a regular participant in cup, national, regional and world championships. Organizers and athletes are obliged to comply with the charter and comply with all prescribed conditions of the World Anti-Doping Code.

How different sports are introduced into the Olympic Games program

The IOC has consistently fought against excessive expansion of the Olympic program. Therefore, all sorts of requirements for the Olympic classification of sports are being tightened. Nowadays, entertainment, reach of a television audience, recognition among young people, commercial return and many other criteria have become important.

The IOC session can exclude and introduce different sports types into the Olympic program, and individual disciplines can be excluded by the IOC Executive Committee.

Today the Olympic program is presented twenty-eight summer and seven winter species. The majority of them belong to the International Sports Federations of the relevant disciplines.

However, a number of sports are included in only one International Sports Federation. These are aquatic sports, in particular swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo. Gymnastics, which is represented by artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining. Speed ​​skating, which includes sports such as speed skating, figure skating and short track speed skating. And finally, skiing includes racing, biathlon, alpine skiing, ski jumping, snowboarding, freestyle and other types.

Back in the Soviet Union, it was not customary to combine individual sports types into groups; they were considered as independent. Russia and the CIS countries remained committed to precisely this idea. Therefore, according to this version, the Olympic program includes forty-one summer sports disciplines and fifteen winter ones.

A sports discipline that aspires to become an Olympic discipline gains more fans, becomes much more prestigious and gains international popularity. However, it cannot be said that if a sporting discipline is not Olympic, then it is somehow worse. Many types of sports competitions that are not related to the Olympics have a huge number of fans and participants. They are no less prestigious and well funded.

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• Summer Olympic sports. Norms and requirements. Reference and methodological manual, Zaitsev A. A., Poleshchuk N. K., Makarevsky A. B., Borisova I. V., Lutkova N. V.. A team of authors created a reference and methodological manual in the form of a constructive reference book. It reflects systematized ideas about the norms and dimensional requirements for...

The resumption of summer occurred in 1896. During this time, the list included such names of Olympic sports as gymnastics, martial arts, aquatics, equestrianism, all-around, tennis, and team games.

In total, about 40 sports were included in the Summer Olympic sports, but over time, 12 of them were excluded by decree. Thus, we can announce the number 28 - that’s how many Summer Olympic sports are included in the list now.

Badminton

This is, perhaps, one of His homelands - Southeast Asia. For the first time, the Summer Olympics included badminton on its list in 1972. Demonstration performances took place in Munich. This sport officially entered the Olympic program 20 years later in Barcelona. Since 1996, 5 sets of awards have been played out: individual and doubles in men's and women's categories, as well as in mixed categories. Singles is 36 participants, doubles - 32 and mixed - 16. The winner is the one who first scores 30 points (with a score of 29:29) or 22 (with a score of 20:20). There are 3 games in total, the winner must win 2.

Basketball

Summer Olympic sports include men's (since 1936) and women's (since 1976) basketball. Increased attention to the Olympic basketball tournaments was noted when NBA players began to be allowed to participate. There are 12 teams participating in the Olympic tournaments, divided into 2 groups. Four teams advance to the quarterfinals and are eliminated using a knockout system.

Baseball

This team game appeared at the beginning of the 19th century in the USA, but for the first time the Summer Olympics included it in its lists only in 1992. The goal of the teams (and there are two of them) is to score points. The game is played using a ball and a bat. One player throws the ball, and the second returns it. If the batter manages to run around all the bases located in the corners of the field, the team is awarded a point.

Boxing

Men's boxing has been included in the list of Olympic sports since 1904, and since 2012 women's boxing has also received this honor. To date, medals are played out between boxers in 11 weight categories. Over the entire period of the Olympic Games, boxers from the USA (48), Cuba (32) and Russia (20) received the largest number of medals.

Struggle

Greco-Roman wrestling has been one of the sports of the Summer Olympic Games since its revival in 1896. It was not included in the list only in These competitions are held only among men. Athletes are divided into seven weight categories. A feature of wrestling is the prohibition of grabbing below the belt, sweeping and tripping. All actions take place using the arms and torso. Since 1904, the Summer Olympics have included freestyle wrestling, in which trips, sweeps and other techniques are allowed. Since 2004, women have also taken part in these competitions. In total, 11 sets of awards are given for freestyle wrestling: in 4 weight categories for women and 7 for men.

Cycling

The cycling sports of the Summer Olympics are track cycling, road cycling, BMX and mountain biking. The cycling track was first included in the program in 1896, and appeared for the second time only in 1912. Women's competitions were first held in 1988. Track cycling includes individual pursuit, sprint, madison and points racing.

• Olympic sprint - teams of 3 compete in 750 meter races in which only the last 200 meters are timed.
• Pursuit race - men's distance - 4 km, women's - 3 km.
• Points race - men's distance - 40 km, women's - 25 km.
• Madison is an all-men's team (2 person) 60 km event.
• Keirin is a 5 ½ lap race of 250m.

The bicycle highway is a group women's (120 km) or men's (239 km) race that begins with a common start. Team members have the right to help each other in terms of repairs. In an individual race, competitors start 90 seconds apart and cannot assist other athletes. BMX was first included in the Olympic Games in 2008. Participants, using maneuverable bicycles, cross the area, which is covered with bushes.

Water polo

Men's water polo is one of the regular sports. Thus, the first competitions were held at the Olympics in 1900, but women’s teams began to participate only in 2000.

The match involves two teams of seven (including a goalkeeper), and there are six players on the bench. The game consists of four periods of eight minutes.

Volleyball

Volleyball first appeared at the Olympics in 1924 as an entertainment show. But he was included in the program in 1964. Two teams of 6 people play 3 games of 25 points each. In this case, the gap must be at least 2 points, otherwise the game is considered incomplete. The tiebreaker (5th game) is played to 15 points. The game has technical timeouts of 60 seconds and two additional timeouts of 30 seconds.

Beach volleyball is included in the modern Olympic Games. Sports differ in location (the name speaks for itself) and some conditions. For example, a game is considered won if one of the teams has 15 points.

Handball

Handball is a team game, both for men and women. She made her Olympic debut in 1936. The game consists of two matches of 30 minutes each. Break duration - 10 minutes. The team consists of 14 people (7 on the field and 7 on the bench).

Gymnastics

Artistic and rhythmic gymnastics are the sports of the Summer Olympic Games that have appeared on the list since the revival of these competitions. Men's artistic gymnastics made its debut in 1896, and women's gymnastics in 1928. At the moment, medals are being awarded among athletes for team participation and individual all-around competition, as well as for each apparatus separately. Rhythmic gymnasts first took part in competitions in 1984. What did the Olympics please fans with? Rhythmic gymnastics is widely known for its amazing pirouettes.

Rowing

What are the Olympic sports related to rowing? The list included the following:

• swing (when athletes are divided into two teams, each rowing with one oar) and sculling (each participant has two oars). The race takes place on a straight track with a duration of 2000 m.
• Kayaking and canoeing for men and women, at different distances in singles, doubles and fours.
• Rowing slalom - racing along a turbulent stream through a special gate.

Judo

Judo is one of the most popular martial arts. It has been included in the list of Olympic sports since 1964. Competitions among women were first held in 1992. The main goal of the participants is to maintain balance and throw the opponent.

Horseback Riding

This is an “aristocratic” discipline; it has been included in the Olympics since 1900. The types of competitions in this sport are constantly changing, but currently medals are awarded for individual and team participation in show jumping, eventing and riding.

Athletics

Athletics is considered one of the most extensive sports. The Olympics provides for as many as 47 sets of medals. Types of athletics competitions are classified according to location:

• On the athletics track.
• Inside the athletics core.
• Outside the stadium.

Sailing

This sport is one of the most difficult in terms of technique. There are 11 sets of awards for participation in the competition. At the moment, the old classic ships have been replaced by more modern and lightweight ones.

Swimming

Swimming was included in the Olympics in 1912. Competitions in this sport are held in several stages. There are the following varieties: freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, medley, relay.

Diving

This is a type of water sport that involves jumping from a tower or springboard (located at different heights). Single jumps were first introduced at the Olympics in 1904, and synchronized jumps in 2000.

Jumping on a trampoline

Included in Olympic sports since 2000, their essence is to perform three exercises of ten elements. Currently, a set of men's and women's medals are being played out at the Olympics.

Synchronized swimming

Synchronized swimming is rightly called one of the most sophisticated sports. Its basis is performing various figures in water to music. Water ballet (this sport was originally called that) debuted in 1984 in the form of singles and pairs performances. Synchronized swimming is an exclusively women's sport consisting of a technical and long program.

Modern pentathlon

Includes the following Olympic sports (you can see photos of competing athletes in the article): shooting, fencing, swimming, horse riding, running. The pentathlon was first introduced in 1912, and initially medals were awarded only to men. Since 1996, women have also participated in this type of competition.

Shooting

Firearms and pneumatic weapons are used to hit the target. This sport has been included in the Olympics since 1896. Both men and women compete. Today, shooting is divided into bullet and clay pigeon shooting. The first is made from firearms (distance 25 and 50 meters) and pneumatic (10 meters) weapons. Men take 60 shots, women - 40. There are also different positions: lying down, standing and kneeling. Competitions take place at open shooting ranges. Smooth-bore weapons are used to hit flying targets-plates. Competitions include round, trench and double trap.

Archery

Two types of weapons are used - a compound bow and an Olympic bow. Competitors hit stationary targets from a distance of 70 meters. For the first time, this sport was included in the Olympic Games. Both men and women take part in the competition, and team and individual shooting are also provided.

Tennis

Today, tennis and table tennis are included in the Olympics. The first debuted in 1896, then was excluded, and since 1988, by decision of the IOC, it was again included in the lists of Olympic sports. Table tennis has its roots in the 19th century, but it didn't make it to the Olympics until 1988. Men and women take part in the competition. The one who scores the most points wins the match. The competition consists of seven games, each of which is scored up to 11 points.

Triathlon

This is one of the most difficult types of competitions. It includes swimming, cycling and running. The courses are the same for men and women, and all races take place on the same day. Women start earlier than men: when running - 30 minutes, when cycling - 60 minutes, when swimming - 20 minutes.

Taekwondo

Another young (since 2000), but progressive sport included in the Olympics. During the competition, not only the ability to conduct contact combat is assessed, but also breaking objects with a hand and foot while jumping. Participants' limbs and heads are protected. During sparring, low blows are prohibited. The winner is the participant who scores more points in technical techniques.

Weightlifting

In 1896, weightlifting was added to the list of strength sports. The essence of the competition is lifting weights. The snatch and clean and jerk are the basics of lifting a barbell. Each participant has the right to three attempts. Weightlifting is part of the double event. Since 2000, women have also taken part in the competition. There are 8 weight categories for men and 7 for women.

Fencing

Fencing is exclusively an individual sport. Included in the Olympics since 1924. Women and men compete. The weapon for the competition can be the fight itself is held on a track 2 meters wide and 14 meters long, made of electrically conductive material. Points are scored as follows:

• A saber is a thrust and a blow, since it is not only a piercing weapon, but also a cutting weapon.
• Rapier - injections made to any point of the body except the back of the head.
• A sword is any thrust given.

During epee fencing, simultaneous thrusts are counted. And when using a rapier - only those inflicted during an attack.

Football

What makes men happy about the Olympics? Football is, perhaps, exactly the kind of game that makes millions of the stronger sex gather in front of the screens. Women's football was also added in 1996. At the very beginning of the development of the Olympic Games, professional clubs were prohibited from participating in competitions. At the dawn of the 20th century, the leading football team was the Great Britain national team. It was she who took prizes at several Games in a row. The England amateur team represented Great Britain. Its composition, oddly enough, included professional football players. The year 1932 was marked by the fact that football was excluded from the list of Olympic sports. There were two reasons for this. First of all, it was believed that football was of no interest to residents of the United States (and the 1932 Olympics were planned there). Secondly, the FIFA federation did not want this promising sport to be in the shadow of such a world-famous event as the Olympics.

Football was restored to the list in 1936. Due to the fact that athletes quickly reached a high professional level, FIFA allowed professional players to participate in the Olympics. Only those who did not take part in the world championships were banned. In 1992, age restrictions were introduced: a team should not have more than 3 players whose age exceeds 23 years.

Field hockey

It is a hybrid of football and hockey. The competition involves 2 teams of 16 people. The game consists of two halves of 35 minutes with a break between them of 10 minutes. Until 1980, only men took part in the competition, but now there are also women's teams.