What moods are there in the Russian language? How to determine the mood of a verb? Imperative verb

Verbs of the Russian language are characterized by a category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by a given part of speech with reality. Thus, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) moods of the verb. Moreover, the first two are contrasted with the third on the basis of the reality/unreality of the action. Each of the moods has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.

Indicative mood of the verb

Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually occurs in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Consequently, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), as well as gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of a verb is personal endings.

Imperative verb

This mood is a linguistic way of expressing an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their own formal indicators and semantic features:

The 2nd person form of both numbers is produced using the suffix -i- / suffixless and using the postfix -te. It denotes an incentive to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;

The 3rd person form is a call to action by third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the 3rd person form of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;

the 1st person form is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's go to the initial form of the imperfective form or to the 1st person form of the future perfective tense) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.

Verbs in the form of this mood denote an unreal action - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would certainly do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood are characterized by changes in gender and number.

Using one mood as another

There are often speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect, one mood of a verb in Russian is used to mean another, for example:

indicative in the role of imperative: You're going to bed now!

imperative in the meaning of conditional: If I were a little more perspicacious...

conditional in the role of imperative: You should listen to the opinion of experts.

Verbs change according to mood. The mood of a verb indicates how the action named by the verb relates to reality, that is, whether it actually occurs or only supposedly occurs. Let's look at three verb forms:

asked, would ask, ask

First form - asked denotes a real action already performed by someone. Second form - I would ask denotes a supposedly possible action that could have happened but did not happen. Third form - ask denotes a supposedly possible action that has not yet occurred. These differences in the meanings of verbs divide them into three declensions: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.

Indicative

Indicative mood of the verb denotes an action that actually happened, is happening or will happen, for example:

puppy gnawed toy

puppy gnawing toy

puppy will gnaw toy

Hence, verbs in the indicative mood change tenses, that is, they can take the form of present, past and future tense:

ran- past tense

I'm running- present tense

I'll run- Future tense

In the past tense, singular verbs change gender, for example:

he was running- masculine

she was running- feminine

it was running- neuter gender

In the indicative mood, verbs change according to persons and numbers, for example:

we are running- 1st person plural. number

you run- 2nd person single. number

she is running- 3rd person unit. number

Conditional (subjunctive) mood

Conditional (subjunctive) mood denotes actions that can occur under a certain condition, that is, possible actions, for example:

I would read it if the book is interesting.

If it's sunny we'd go to the beach.

Verbs in the conditional mood can denote actions that are desired, that is, actions that want to happen, without any conditions:

I'd like to drink some tea.

We would sunbathe.

The conditional mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). As in the past tense, verbs in the conditional mood vary according to number, and in the singular also according to gender.

Particle would (b) written separately from the verb. It can come after the verb, before it, and can also be separated from the verb by other words, for example:

I I'd like to drink tea.

We let's sunbathe .

I would with pleasure went to the cinema.

With two or more conditional verbs there can be one particle would, For example:

We would have a rest And had fun .

Imperative mood

Imperative verb denotes actions to which the speaker encourages his listener or interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood can mean:

• orders:

  sit down, stand up, go

• adviсe:

  Go better in the movies. Better contact to the doctor.

• permission:

  take a seat, come in

• wishes:

  Let's go to the park? Let's eat for ice cream?

Verbs in the imperative mood do not change by tense, but by number. To form the plural form, the ending is added to the singular form -those, For example:

sit down - sit down those

write write those

play - play those

To indicate politeness when addressing one person, plural verbs are used, compare:

pass it on - pass it on those

To soften a request or order, a particle is added to the form of the imperative mood -ka:

sit down - sit down - ka, pass - pass - ka

To express a sharp order, an indefinite form of the verb is used, for example:

Not with your hands touch! Sit silently!

The 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of verbs of the present tense of the imperfect form or from the stem of verbs of the future simple tense of the perfect form:

1. If the stem ends in a vowel, then add th:

   cop Yu(present time) - cop th (behavior tilt)

   digging Yu(weekend time) - digging th (behavior tilt)

2. If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the ending, then add -And:

   watchman y(present time) - watchman And (behavior tilt)

   watchman y(weekend time) - watchman And (behavior tilt)

3. If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then a soft sign is added -ь:

   director at(present time) - director b (behavior tilt)

   rarefaction at(weekend time) - rarefaction b (behavior tilt)

4. If the stem ends in two consonants and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then instead of the soft sign -ь is added -And:

   remember Yu(present time) - remember And (behavior tilt)

   remember Yu(weekend time) - remember And (behavior tilt)

Particles are used to form the 3rd person shape let, let, yes together with 3rd person verbs of the present or future simple tense, for example:

Let him play. Let him read.

Particle Yes expresses a call or solemn wish, sentences with this particle are usually exclamatory:

Let's go already! May it be eradicated evil!

To form the 1st person plural, the 1st person indicative form is used with a special intonation (call to action), for example:

Let's go to the beach!

The 1st person plural form indicates that the speaker is inviting someone else to perform an action with him. This form can be appended with the ending -those or words come on, come on:

Let's go those to the beach!

Let's let's go to the beach!

Let's let's go to the beach!

There is no 1st person singular form for imperative verbs.

Reflexive verbs in the imperative mood end in -xia or -s, For example:

boast, wash yourself

If the imperative form ends in a consonant, except th, then a soft sign is written at the end of the verb - b, For example:

hide b, director b, stand up b

The soft sign is preserved before -sya (s) And -those:

hide b xia, director b those stand up b those

Note: from verb lie down imperative form - lie down - lie down, lie down - lie down. This verb is an exception and does not have a soft sign at the end in the imperative mood.

In the Russian language, there are three types of verb mood: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification because each form listed helps determine how what is mentioned in the sentence relates to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or order that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some necessary conditions are met.

The first type is indicative, which is also called “indicative”. This form means that the action has happened, is happening, or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I looked for - I look for - I will look for), and for the perfective form there are only two: past and simple future (for example: came up with - I'll come up with done - I'll do it, found it - I'll find it). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the infinitive stem disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).

Second type - conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called “subjunctive”. This form means that the action did not actually happen, but is only desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be realized when some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's thoughts. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of a past tense verb (that is, the base of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-”), as well as the particle “would” or “b”. These particles can be found both before and after the verb, and can also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but they never change by person and, as already stated, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).

Third type - imperative mood, which is also called “imperative”. This form means a request, advice, order, or encouragement to action. Verbs in the imperative mood are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have a zero ending in the singular and a “-te” ending in the plural. They also do not change over time. The imperative mood is formed using a verb stem in the present or simple future tense, to which is added the suffix “-and-” or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do this! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)

It is also possible to use the 1st person plural form. It is used to encourage joint action in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of an imperfective verb or a perfective verb in the future tense, preceded by the following words: come on, let's. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's cook breakfast. Let's try this dish.)

The 3rd person singular and plural forms are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express an impulse to action of people not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)

From time to time, to soften the order, the particle “-ka” is added to imperative verbs (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)

In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.

Thus, a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, disaster would have happened.) or indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly said that she had already seen this man. And he can do it his way!)

A verb in the indicative mood can take on an imperative meaning. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)

A verb in the conditional mood can also take on an imperative meaning. (For example: I would say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need?.)

Everything for studying » Russian language » Verb mood: imperative, indicative, conditional

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The verb is one of the most important parts of speech. It serves to describe an action, to designate a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, just a meaningless name for a phenomenon that cannot manifest itself in any way, having been fixed in a certain state. This nominative part of speech is characterized by such constant morphological features as aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation, while non-constant ones include gender, person, number, tense and mood. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine in Russian what it affects, why it is even necessary? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.

What is inclination? General overview

In principle, some scientists define mood as “attitude to reality.” It’s a rather abstract formulation that doesn’t really explain the meaning of this morphological feature, I must admit. But if you try to figure it out, everything becomes extremely clear.

There are three in total in the Russian language, indicating a real action and used in all three tenses - it is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. Its existence in three tense forms allows you to conjugate verbs in all available ways, which is why you have to remember a huge number of endings, which is not always so easy.

It also occurs quite often in Russian. It means an order, a request, some kind of instruction - any action that a person must perform not according to his own will, but according to the will of his interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood exist in only two forms, which, of course, simplifies working with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native speakers of Russian and cannot intuitively choose the correct ending.

In Russian, it is also called the subjunctive, and shows an unreal action that is possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by gender, to which a particle is added - identifying such an element in the text is not difficult.

Now that we have a basic understanding of what moods are in Russian, examples will help us understand the rule better.

Imperative mood - why, how

So, we continue to consider in Russian. As mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: an order, a request, a polite instruction - the semantic connotation depends only on the intonation, there are no features in the formation of the form depending on the motive that the speaker puts in.

The imperative mood in Russian is a rule that is deposited in our subconscious; we apply it without even thinking. But it is still necessary to understand why it is this way and not otherwise.

In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, you first need to determine who you need to address. To address a request to a person whom the speaker addresses as “you,” the appropriate singular form is used. To form it, you need to take away the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read..., run-run-run..., be-will-will...) and add one of two vowels ( And or th) or soft sign ( read, run, be). Fortunately, native speakers of Russian usually intuitively know which ending to choose, so placing the verb in the second person singular of the imperative mood usually does not cause difficulties.

If we address a person with “you” or want to address our request to a group of people, then “those” are simply added to the singular form of the imperative mood ( read, run, be) - everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Is it really that easy?

But this is the Russian language - where are there no exceptions? No one has abolished verbs in which, during conjugation, the root vowels and consonants change, or even the root completely. For example " eat-EAT-EAT, go-GO-GO" Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless; either intuition or banal subconscious knowledge of the required form will help - there is no other way.

The imperative mood in Russian is the simplest topic, to master which you need to be able to form the second person singular form of this mood, and, if necessary, simply add a “polite” ending to it.

The use of exception forms is not so frequent as to be a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to understand the imperative mood of the verb.

And a few more features

Firstly, you need to take into account that they are formed only from imperfective verbs - they are the ones who answer the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open), while the perfective form, accordingly, is only from the perfective - with the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open slightly).

Another interesting thing related to the imperfect form of the verb: the presence of the suffix “va” after the roots “zna-”, “da-”, “sta-” (as in the words KNOW, GIVE, ARISE). Usually, to form the imperative mood, the verb is placed in the first person singular, corresponding to the pronoun “I” (I know, yes, I get up), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( knows, you give, you get). But in the imperative mood the suffix returns ( Get to know, come on, get up), we should never forget about this.

What about the subjunctive? Education and Application

Let's move on to the subjunctive conditional mood. Here everything is much simpler than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of the use of this mood is that for its formation a form of the past tense is used, changing in accordance with the gender and number of the object of the statement, that is, in order to talk about an object in the singular, we use the singular forms of the past tense ( I went and drew), and if we are talking about a group of people or someone to whom we respectfully address “you”, the plural of the same past tense is used ( pointed, talked).

The second component of the subjunctive mood is the particles “would” and “b” - their choice depends on the context and is most often determined by the euphony of the phrase.

That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take a verb in the appropriate past tense form and add the necessary particle to it: I would say, I would go, they would laugh.

A little more about the features of use

This form, by the way, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, desires ( I would like, I would dream) and fears, doubts ( wouldn't have happened). It would probably be more correct to say that all these shades are used equally, therefore the name “conditional mood” used in school textbooks is very arbitrary (it makes a funny pun), it is better to use the term “subjunctive mood”.

And now once again and briefly

In principle, the whole theory is presented above according to the simple rule of mood in the Russian language. The table will help consolidate it.

Practice, practice, and practice again!

To finally consolidate the learned material, try putting the following verbs in different moods.

• In the indicative: draw, laugh, take, rustle, answer, hate, go out, refuse, put, be proud, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
• In the imperative: go, renounce, shout, call, get, dream, achieve, switch off, give, bloom, overcook, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
• In the subjunctive: paint, visit, appear, command, destroy, warm up, breathe, freeze, buy, ask, reduce, break off, do, congratulate, think.

Summing up

The indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods are one of those basic rules that do not require much memorization and are applied for the most part automatically, according to the sense of language that each speaker has. But at the same time, in no case can one deny the need to study at least a basic theory: without knowing the rules, you will never be able to understand certain features of a linguistic phenomenon.

In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than dry theory. The huge advantage of this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it won’t be difficult to learn it.

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. Thus, permanent morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, and number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

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What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category is necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods

Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, they use a specific tense, for example, the future or the present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional refers to those actions that would occur if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in its literal meaning, but also in a figurative one. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.

Indicative

The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and the simple form is . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form indicate actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!

Imperative

Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

Imperative verb

Attention! If such a word is preceded by the particle not, then the imperative form will indicate that it is undesirable to perform the action. For example: Don't pick snowdrops!

The formation of this form also has its own characteristics:

1. Often, introductory words are used to express a request, which are separated in writing by commas.
2. If it is necessary to address politely, then the word is put in the plural.
3. The suffix -i is often used.
4. It can be formed from both perfective and imperfective verb stems.
5. Sometimes they use the words let and let.

Verb mood

Conclusion

The various moods are easy to learn, and therefore do not require memorizing the rules; a table of verb forms will help with this. Each verb, depending on the speech situation, can be used in any form. Therefore, this category is always defined only in a sentence.