Alternating vowel rises. Roots with alternation. All the rules. Alternation of vowels in the root of a word - classification according to influence factors

The root is the basis of the word, carrying the main lexical load. It is the most stable morpheme in the language: the basic vocabulary of any natural language dates back to ancient times. During the existence of a language, phonetics, syntax, grammar, and writing may change beyond recognition, but the root system is quite conservative. And it is by the root composition that such things as the relationship of languages, foreign influences and much more are established.

In contact with

With all its stability the root of the word also undergoes changes over time, and traces of these changes are present in the language; The Russian language is no exception here. Below we will talk about such a phenomenon as alternating vowels in the root of a word. In science, this phenomenon is called ablaut.

In Russian, ablaut is a historical phenomenon. There are quite a lot of words with him. And if we are dealing with an unstressed alternating vowel of the root, then we cannot use the school rule, according to which the vowel must be stressed in order to find out which one to write. It is even more difficult for people learning Russian as a foreign language, because in many cases that are obvious to a native speaker (that is, there is no unstressed vowel at the root, there is an accent), a foreigner has to remember a non-standard model of word formation or inflection.

Origin of alternating vowels in the root of a word

Where the roots with ablaut come from in the Russian language is a vast topic and deserves a separate article. The reasons for this phenomenon will be summarized below. But I would like to note that the process continues: it currently exists in phonetics, despite the fact that the spelling norms of the Russian language have long been fixed.

So, where does the Russian language have alternating vowels at the root of words?

Sometimes several factors worked together, for example in words X reap, reap, reaper, P pressing t Such diversity is fundamentally a consequence of both the disappearance of nasal sounds and the decline of reduced ones.

Spelling roots with alternating vowels

Be that as it may, in the Russian language there are about thirty words with ablaut, where native speakers themselves make mistakes. Those people who read a lot have the least problems in spelling: the graphic image of a word is not separated from the word itself, and therefore they do not need to know the rules. For the rest, we will try to create a summary table, where we will try to classify the types of alternation at the root and their spelling. The table is also useful because it will help in spelling precisely unstressed vowels at the root.

selection criterion	rule and examples	exceptions	notes and special cases
suffix behind the root	e/i. If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, then we write and at the root. In other cases - e. take - take away, die - die, wash - erase, anneal - burn, unlock - unlock cover - lay wash - rub shine - shine, read - read	combine, couple, rub badass	take away, lock
	a(i)/im, a(i)/in. If after the root there is a suffix -a-, in the root we write -im-, -in-. In other cases we write a. squeeze - compress, reap; understand - understand	bunnies, bunnies(folklore terms relating to harvest) pulp, squeeze	sometimes alternate with zero sound: reaper
	-kas-, -kos-, -lag-, -lozh-. If the root is followed by the suffix -a-, we write a, otherwise - o. touch - touch, believe put	canopy, prologue
emphasis	-gar, -gor-, tvar-, -tvor-, plav-, plov-, -clan-, -clone-. -a- under stress, o without stress. bow - dodge, tan - burn, swim - swimmer, create - creature.-zar-, -zor-. Accented o, unaccented a dawn - dawn	utensils, swimmer, as well as words where the emphasis is on: bow, shutter glow, glow	in the root -plav-, -pilaf- can be alternating with s: swim, quicksand.
letter after vowel	-growth-, -ras-, -growth-. Before -st- and -sh- it is written a, before -s- o grow, grown, grown-jump-, -jump-. and before -k-, o before -h- jump - jump out	sprout, growth, moneylender, teenager, industry, grove jump, jump, jump, jump
lexical meaning	-mac-, -mok-. We write a in the meaning of “immerse in liquid”, o in the meaning of “pass liquid through” dunk - get wet-equal-, -equal-. We write a in the meaning of “identical”, o in the meaning of “straight” equality, even, equation, trim -speckled-, -crop-. We write about in the meaning of “to sprinkle”, and in the meaning of “to cover with small spots” to sprinkle - speckled	plain, equal!, equally, level, equal, peer
verb suffix	o/a. in some imperfective verbs with the suffix of repetition of action -ыва-, -iva- the root o changes to a talk - persuade ask - beg soak - soak trample - trample		you should not check an unstressed vowel on a verb with the suffixes -yva-, -iva-

Spelling roots with alternating vowels

In order to remember the rules for choosing letters in roots with alternating vowels, you need to divide these roots into two groups: the first group combines roots with alternating vowels I and E, the second group consists of roots with alternating vowels A and O.

I. In the roots BIR/BER, DIR/DER, MIR/MER, PIR/PER, TIR/TER, BLEST/BLIST, ZHEG/ZHIG and others, the letter I is written only if the suffix -A- follows the root. For example: SHINE - SHINE, DIE - DIE, WIPE - WIPE. The exceptions to the rule are the words COMBINE AND COMBINATION.

II. The spelling of roots with alternating vowels A and O may depend on the place of stress in the word, on the meaning of the word and on those letters that follow the alternating vowel.

1. The spelling of the roots GOR/GAR, CLONE/CLAN, CREATIVE/TVAR, PLOV/PLAV, ZOR/ZAR depends on the place of stress in the word. Under the stress in these roots, what is heard is written, it is impossible to make a mistake there, but vowels written in an unstressed position should be learned by heart: GOR, CLONE, CREATURE, PLAV, ZAR. Exceptions: FOGES, COMBUS, SMOKE, SWIMMER, SWIMMER.

2. The choice of letter in the roots MAK/MOK and EQUAL/ROVN depends on the meaning of the word. The word with the meaning “immerse in liquid” is written with the letter A (DIP THE BRUSH INTO THE PAINT), but if its meaning is “gradually soak”, then it should be written O (SHOES WET WET). A word meaning “smooth, horizontal, straight” should be written with the letter O (LEEVELEN THE GROUND IN A FLOWER BED), and a word meaning “identical” should be written with the letter A (EQUALITY IN HEIGHT, BALANCED PERSON). Exceptions: PLAIN, PEER, EQUAL, LEVEL.

3. The spelling of the roots LAG/LOG, RAST/RASH/ROS, KAS/KOSN, SKAK/SKOCH depends on the letters following the alternating vowels. Consider the examples: OFFER - OFFER, PLANT - GROW - GROWN, TOUCH - TOUCH, JUMP - JUMP. Exceptions: INDUSTRY, ROSTOK, USURER, ROSTOV, ROSTISLAV and JUMP, JUMP.

Exercise

1. A small noble house in the Moscow style, in which Avdotya Nikitishna Kukshina lived, was located in one of the newly built streets of the city. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

2. Wait, I was frank with you, somehow involuntarily I told you everything at once, but if anything gets to him, I’ll just say that you lied. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

3. Ernest slammed the empty mug onto the counter, grabbed a bottle from the refrigerator, uncorked it and tilted it over the mug. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

4. All my attention was drawn to the mileposts, which I noticed from afar, and to the clouds, previously scattered across the sky, which, having taken on ominous, black shadows, now gathered into one large, gloomy cloud. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

5. In broad daylight... they killed none other than the commander-in-chief of the German army in Ukraine, Field Marshal Eichhorn, an invincible and proud general... (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)

6. Let conscience... torment old moneylenders on their deathbed! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

7. I bow respectfully and, leaning on my saber, say: “I am happy, great sovereign, that I could shed blood for my fatherland, and would like to die for it; but if you are so merciful that you allow me to ask you, I ask for one thing - let me destroy my enemy, the foreigner St. Jerome "a." (Leo Tolstoy. Adolescence.)

8. I involuntarily want to quickly run through the desert of adolescence and reach that happy time when again a truly tender, noble feeling of friendship with a bright light illuminated the end of this age and marked the beginning of a new, full of charm and poetry, time of youth. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

9. The teacher unfolded the notebook and, carefully clasping the pen, wrote Volodya five in the column of success and behavior in beautiful handwriting. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

10. Grabbing her left hand with her right hand, on which there was a ring, she looked around in amazement, looking at the sea and the green thickets; but no one moved, no one hid in the bushes, and in the blue, far-off sea there was no sign, and Assol was covered in blush, and the voices of the heart said a prophetic “yes.” (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

11. On one side of the road there is a vast winter field, cut here and there by shallow ravines, glittering with wet earth and greenery and spreading out like a shady carpet to the very horizon; on the other hand, an aspen grove, overgrown with walnut and bird cherry undergrowth, stands as if in an abundance of happiness, does not move and slowly drops light drops of rain from its washed branches onto last year’s dry leaves. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

12. Dead, Longren bent down and saw an eight-month-old creature intently looking at his long beard, then he sat down, looked down and began to twirl his mustache. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

13. From all these conversations, some kind of sediment was accumulating in my soul, it’s not clear what. And it did not dissolve over time, but, on the contrary, kept accumulating and accumulating. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

14. Levin began to attack, ran from above as much as he could and went down, holding his balance with his hands in an unusual movement. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)

15. I spent the night in the closet, and no one came to me; only the next day, that is, Sunday, they moved me to a small room next to the classroom, and locked me up again. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

16. She had a smile that illuminated everything around. (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina.)

17. Everyone skating seemed to be completely indifferently overtaking, catching up with her, even talking to her and having fun completely independently of her, taking advantage of the excellent ice and good weather. (Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina.)

18. And here the green grass grows for your sheep, and here the flowers grow red, from which you can weave a wreath for your hat." (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)

19. Having found the keys in the indicated place, I was about to unlock the box, when I was stopped by the desire to find out what item was unlocked by the tiny key hanging on the same bunch. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

20. In the opposite corner, a lamp burned in front of a large dark image of Nicholas the Wonderworker. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.)

21. ...That valet who forgot to give Napoleon waterproof boots on the 24th was the savior of Russia. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

22. At dawn, two new batteries, set up in the night, on the river valley occupied by the Prince of Ekmul, will open fire on two opposing enemy batteries. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

23. The crowd broke up again, and the sexton led Petya, pale and not breathing, to the Tsar Cannon. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

24. Pierre noticed how after each cannonball that landed, after each loss, the general revival grew more and more intense. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

25. Maria, who almost slid down the wing, screamed in fear, but the plane quickly righted itself. (V. Pelevin. Chapaev and emptiness.)

26. And if someone sniffs tobacco, with what courtesy he treats it to him and with what cordiality he offers it to the right and left! (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

27. Then the close circle of merchant women parted; but when the young man jumped out of it, the old woman screamed after him... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: A Tale from Modern Times.)

28. Near our house there was a ditch... and we... used to try to jump over it. (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

29. Your sister made the same decision: she intends to go to a monastery, grace came to us at the same time. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

30. And for quite a long time all these people silently looked at the distant flames of a new fire. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

31. Lisa returned to her hut in a completely different state than in which she left it. (N.M. Karamzin. Poor Liza.)

32. And is it possible to expect perfection at such a tender age? (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

33. A ship rose from the dawn; he surfaced and stopped in the very middle of the morning. (Alexander Green. Scarlet Sails.)

34. They shot at him for two hours, but they couldn’t hit him. For two hours he pretended to be dead. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

35. He did not even allow the possibility of a comparison between his wife and Fenechka, but he regretted that she decided to look for him. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

36. The brilliance of their deeds, which illuminates us too, imposes on us the obligation to give them the same honor... (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan or the Stone Guest.)

37. I was already studying in vain, when he finished his work, it was a letter to Irina. (I. Turgenev. Fathers and sons.)

38. For a long time I looked at Masha, who, lying on the chest, wiped away tears with her scarf, and, trying in every possible way to change my view of Vasily, I wanted to find the point of view from which he could seem so attractive to her. (Leo Tolstoy. Boyhood.)

39. ...I understand perfectly well that this world that we see could not grow like a mushroom overnight. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

40. So, as said, the student Anselm fell ... into a dreamy apathy, which made him insensitive to all external touches of ordinary life. (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)

41. Spiegelberg, who had been sitting in the corner throughout the conversation, ... quickly jumps up ... (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

42. The large abandoned wooden city had to be burned. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

43. Her trust in old Liza grew worse every day... (E. T. A. Hoffman. The Golden Pot: a fairy tale from modern times.)

44. Sitting down at the table, I pulled a stack of papers towards me, dipped the pen into the inkwell and wrote in large letters at the top of the sheet: “Caution, the doors are closing! Next station "Dynamo"! (V. Pelevin. Omon Ra.)

45. You should have looked at him here, how he ran up to the carriage with two pistols in his hands! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

46. ​​... In this regard, I have the ambition of a conqueror who always flies from victory to victory and is unable to set a limit to his lusts. (Jean-Baptiste Moliere. Don Juan, or the Stone Guest.)

47. What else will happen when the magnificent shoots reach full maturity! (Friedrich Schiller. The Robbers.)

48. Black kid gloves touched the worn-out cheviot, and the eyes of the one being pushed were completely glassy. (Mikhail Bulgakov. The White Guard.)

49. Now run there and say that I will take his head off so that everything will be done in a week. (Leo Tolstoy. War and Peace.)

50. He saw all this, took everything into account, and as soon as the crooked Arthur deviated even one step from the direction, Redrick’s mouth opened by itself and a hoarse warning cry flew out of his throat. (Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Picnic on the side of the road.)

The exercise was prepared by I. Kamenev, R. Lozovsky and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

Alternation of vowels in the roots of words.

There are relatively few roots with alternating and difficult-to-write vowels in the Russian language. In order to avoid making mistakes in the spelling of unstressed vowels when writing in these cases, you need to know the rules.

Alternation, i - e

In the roots of beer-ber-, pir-per-, world-mer-, steel-steel-,

dar-der- and the like, where and alternates with e, is written only when the root is followed by a suffix -A-: collect - I will collect, lock - lock, die - die, lay - lay, tear apart - tear apart.

The spelling of roots is based on the same rule, in which -and I-) alternates with - them- or - in-, for example: squeeze - squeeze, crush - crush, start - start, remove - remove; -im- or -in- are written in these roots when they are followed by the suffix -a-.

You need to remember the spelling of words combine, combination.

check yourself

Exercise 1. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Orally indicate the type of verbs. Underline alternating vowels with one line, suffix - A- two.

I'll clean the room - I'll clean the room, unlock the lock - unlock the lock, freeze with delight - freeze with delight, grind the sugar in a mortar - melt... .to eat sugar in a mortar, to... run away without looking back - to... run away without looking back, to kindle... a fire - to kindle... a fire, to subtract one number from another - subtract... there is one number from another, shake hands - shake hands, curse someone - curse someone, take a position - take a position.

Alternation a - o.

1 .In the roots lag- - false- And kas- - kos- letter A written if for

the root should be the suffix -a-: believe - put (exception: canopy), touch - touch.

2 .Fundamentally floating - pilaf- letter A written in all cases except

words swimmer, swimmer, for example: fin, floating. The word quicksand is written with the letter s.

3 .Root poppy- written when talking about immersing something in liquid: dip (bread in milk); dip (pen in ink); root mok- written in words with the meaning “to let liquid through”, “to become wet”: boots get wet, waterproof raincoat, blotting paper.

check yourself

Exercise 2. Rewrite the words and phrases by inserting the missing letters. Explain the spelling. Make sentences using the highlighted words (orally).

To expound, to expound, to assume, to assume, to touch, to touch, to assume, supposed, contiguous. ..to sit, to lay...to, to...set, adjective, decomposition, to decompose; swimmers, float...wok, melt...float, float...float, float...float, float...float; the shoes get wet, soak the brush in the paint, a good rinse, a waterproof coat, wash it out in the rain.

4 . In the roots clan- -clone-, creature- -creation- may be under stress

and a, and o, without emphasis - only o, for example: bow, bow, inclination; creature, creativity, creation. Exception: utensils.

Fundamentally gar-gor- in an unstressed position it also usually happens about

(emphasis - A), for example: tan - sunbathing, tanned, tan. Exception: fumes.

5 . In contrast to the roots discussed in paragraph 4, at the root zar

zor- in an unstressed position it is written a (under stress there is both a and o), for example: dawn, lightning, illuminated, but dawn, glow.

6 . It is necessary to remember the spelling of words with roots jump-(jump-) - jump-, for example: jump, jump, jump, jump, jump, upstart, jump.

7 . The root equal- is predominantly written in words that are related in meaning to “equal” (“same”), for example uniform, equivalent, compare, anyway, as well as in the words equal, equal, equal, equal, plain; the root roen is mainly written in words related in meaning to “even” (“smooth”, “straight”), for example: level, (paths), level (pit), level (flower beds), level, level.

8 . Fundamentally grow- -grew- vowel a without stress is written only before

consonants st and sh; before s without a subsequent t it is written about, for example: age, growth, but grew.

Exception: industry, rostok, usurer, Rostov, Rostislav, as well as derivatives from them, for example: industry, rostok, usurious, Rostov, etc.

check yourself

Exercise 3. Rewrite, inserting the missing letters, and explain their spelling.

Keep level in the rows, make a uniform movement, clear out the beds, compare two numbers, incomparable values, trim the lilac bushes, increase the level of production , look up to the leaders, solve an equation, a successful comparison, earn a ditch, a magnificent plain; lush...spruce, grows...in breadth and depth, improper fusion of bones, over...becomes grass, swamp...frozen with moss, a new branch of industry, people... .stealer of strength, disgusting loan shark.

The rule for checking unstressed vowels with stress does not apply to roots with alternating vowels. Writing alternating vowels in word roots (e- And; O- A; and I- im, in) is governed by special rules.

I. Roots with alternation e- And.

In roots with alternating vowels e- and the letter And It is written when the root is followed by the suffix -a-.

For example:

will collect- collect

freeze- freeze

unlock- unlock

spread- lay down

shine- shine

burn out- burn out

The spelling of roots is based on the same rule, in which -and I-) alternate with -im-, -in-. Combinations -im-, -in- are written when they are followed by the suffix -a-.

For example:

shake– shake

hush up - hush up

begin– start off

II. Roots with alternation O - A.

1. In the roots false- lag-, kos- - kas- letter is written A, if the root is followed by a suffix -A-.

For example:

put– believe

touch– touch

2. In the roots clan-- clone-, creature- - creative under stress may be A, And O.

For example:

bow - bow

creature- creation,

in an unstressed position - only O.

For example:

declination

tilt

creator

shut

Exception: utensil

Letter O written in the unaccented position and in the root gar- - mountains

For example:

tan, sunbathe, tanned

under stress - a: burning, tan

Exception: residues (“remnants of the burnt”)

3. Fundamentally star- - zar- a letter is written in an unstressed position A.

For example:

dawn- dawn, illuminate, illumination

Exception: Zoryanka(bird)

4. Fundamentally float- - pilaf- letter is written A.

For example:

float, floating, float

Exceptions are words swimmer, female swimmer, and quicksand(“water-saturated soil”)

5. At the root grow-, grow- - grew- unstressed letter A written only before consonants st And sch, in other cases it is written O.

For example:

age(But: grew up, grew up)

build-up (but: built up), build-up

Exceptions: industry, Rostok, moneylender, Rostov, Rostislav and words derived from them, for example: industry, Rostov

6. At the root with how- - skoch- unstressed letter A usually written before To, and the letter O- before hour

For example:

jump– jump

jump up- jump up, upstart

Exceptions: jump, jump(I l. unit), download(imperative mood)

7. Writing a and o in roots poppy and mok- And equal- And

exactly based on distinguishing the meaning of words.

Root poppy- written in words that have meaning. "immerse, lower into liquid"

For example:

dunk(bread into milk)

dip(pen to inkwell)

Root mok- written in words meaning “to let liquid through.”

For example:

boots get wet

waterproof raincoat

blotting paper

Root equal- It is mainly written in words related in meaning to “equal, identical, similar.”

For example:

equilateral(triangle), equivalent(values), compare, anyway and also in words alignment, equal(in formation) level up, level up, plain

Root exactly It is mainly written in words related in meaning to “even” (“smooth, straight”).

For example:

level(tracks), trim(flower beds), as well as in words level, equal, peer, equally.

Spelling of voiced and unvoiced

Consonants

Voiced consonants b, c, d, e, g, h before voiceless consonants and at the end of words they are deafened .

For example:

hawk

hawks

auger

gimlet

enemy

stock

garage

freezing

cutting etc.

On the contrary, voiceless consonants l, f, k, t, w, s they are called before the voiced ones.

For example:

mowing

threshing

As a rule, deafening and voicing of consonants is not reflected in writing.

In order not to make a mistake in writing deaf and voiced consonants at the root, you need to change the word or select a related word so that after these sounds there is a vowel (or l, m, n, p),

For example:

hawk- hawks

freezing- frost, frosty

mowing- mow

could- could, mok- got wet

Word wedding written with d(Although matchmaker), word ladder- with a letter With(Although climb).

For some consonants it is impossible to select a test word; such words must be memorized.

For example:

backpack

railway station

joke

jug

kaftan

Unpronounceable consonants

When pronouncing some words with combinations of consonants, sounds may be lost. Consonants that drop out during pronunciation are called unpronounceable (regional, inclement).

To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants (usually combinations stn, stl, zdn, lnts, rdc), it is necessary to select a related word in which this consonant is pronounced.

For example:

regional- region

happy– happiness

holiday- idle

Sun- solar

heart- heartfelt

You cannot insert extra letters that are not in the test word.

For example:

delicious(taste)

verbal(words)

Remember the spelling of words: feeling, shine(Although shine), eyelashes, peer, peer(from the old word brutality- same age) viands(ku- Shanya, from ancient verb to eat, former(from the Old Russian word before- earlier).

There are roots in which writing letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

1. Roots with letters A And O .

gar - mountainsletter O , although under emphasis - A , eg: burn, scorch, burn out, burn out, tanned, fire victim, combustible; But: soot, tan, soot, fumes. Exceptions ( gar without accent): fumes, dross, scorch, cinder(along with option cinder).

zar – zar.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written A : dawn, lightning, glow, illuminate, illuminate, illumination, robin(bird), lightning; under stress - A And O , cf.: glow, radiant, radiant And dawn(plural words dawn), dawn, dawn, dawn, dawn(military signal, usually in the expression beat or tattoo).

kas - kos.In this root it is written A , if the root is followed by A ; in other cases it is written O : Wed touch, touch, touch, touching, touching, But touch, touch, contact, inviolable(the vowel of the root does not occur under stress).

clan - clone.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written O , eg: bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, bow down, genuflection, inclination; under stress - O And A : Wed bow, incline, stoop, inclined, inflexible And bow, bow, take your leave .

speck - crop.The letter is written without accent O in words meaning ‘to cover with drops, splashes’: sprinkle, sprinkling(from sprinkle), sprinkle, sprinkled, sprinkle; letter A – in words with the meaning ‘to cover with small specks, dots’: marked, marked(from mottle meaning ‘to cover with specks, to apply specks’), inclusion. Only a is stressed: speck, speck, speck, intersperse, interspersed, speck .

lag - log - lie.In place of the unstressed vowel before G is written A , before and – O , eg: state, impose, assume, attach, decompose, urgent, delay, vagina, adjective, term, versifier, But: lay down, lay out, set aside, put, offer, attach, presentation, position, sentence, versification, cover, turn-down. Always stressed O : tax, pledge, forgery, forged, put, put. In a word canopy, where the root is log in modern language it no longer stands out, without emphasis before G is written O .

poppy – mok – moch.In place of an unstressed vowel it is written before To letter A in words meaning ‘to dip, immerse in liquid’: dip, dip, dip; letter O – in words meaning ‘to become wet’: get wet, get wet, get wet, get wet(under rain), in words derived from wet(eg. wet, phlegm, phlegm, wood lice) (under stress - in words wet, get wet, get wet, get wet etc.), and in words with the meaning ‘to drain something. moisture-absorbing’: get wet, get wet, blotter, blotter. Before h – always a letter O , eg: wet, soak, wet, soaked(cf. under emphasis: wets, soaked) about verbs in -ive type wet, soak.

sing - sing(in verb solder and cognates). It is written without accent A : solder, solder, unsolder, soldering iron etc. Under stress – A And O : Wed sealed, sealed, soldered, soldered And solder, sing .

swim - swim.It is written without accent A : floating, fin, float, floater(grass; beetle; water possum), swimmer(bug), phalarope(bird), float, floatable, afloat, floating; But: swimmer And swimmer with a letter O . Under stress - only A : swim, rafting .

In a word quicksand(ground) letter is written s , as in other words derived from the verb float - float: float, float, blur and so on.

equal - equalThe letter a is written in words related in meaning to an adjective equal‘same’, e.g.: equate(who-what-n. with whom-what? n.), dress(something or with someone) equate, equalize, compare (Xia), comparison, compare(in something) level(check), straighten, straighten(eg. lines– ‘make equal in length’), equalize, equation, egalitarianism, equal, equivalent, equal, balance, equinox, on a par, equal.

Letter O written in words related in meaning to the adjective smooth‘smooth, straight, without irregularities’, e.g.: level(bed, road surface), to level, to level, to level, to level(make it even, smooth, straight).

However, in words equally, same age, related in meaning to equal, the letter is written O ; in a word plain, related in value to smooth, – letter A . In words with unclear correlation the following is written: letter A – in a verb dress(in a line, during construction) and words derived from it leveling, leveling up, leveling out(in service); letter O - in combination it's not exactly the hour, in a word level .

different - differentIn numerous compound words with the first part different (heterogeneous, versatile, discordant etc.) the letter is written without accent A , in a word apart– letter O . Under stress - A (different, difference, vary) And O (discord, discord, scattered).

grew(t) – ras(t) – rasch. In place of the unstressed vowel it is written:

a) before With (no follow-up T ) – letter O : grew, grew, grew up, grew up, thicket, shoots, algae, undergrowth; exception - industry and its derivatives ( sectoral, intersectoral, multi-sectoral);

b) before st – letter A , eg: grow, grow, raise, grow up, grow, grow, grow up, grow up, germinate, grow, grow, increase, increase, age, plant, vegetation, wild; exceptions: sprout, growth, usurer, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, outgrowth, sprouting, teenage(along with option teenage);

forward sch Always A , eg: grow, grow, grown, increase, build-up, fusion .

Accented before With (followed by T and without it) – only O , eg: growth, growth, outgrowth, teenager, overgrowth; grew up, overgrown, grown up, tall, wild plants .

jump - jump - jump - jump. If the root ends in To , That A , eg: gallop, gallop, gallop, gallop, skipping rope, galloping, galloping, racing, although under emphasis - O , eg: jump, jump, bounce, jump, jump.

If the root ends in h , then they write: letter A in verb forms jump and verbs derived from it (for example: I'm galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping, galloping), as well as in the word leap(the test is the forms of the same verbs - e.g. galloping, let's gallop, and derivatives jump, gallop); letter O - in prefixed verbs download(eg: jump up, jump up, jump up, jump out, jump out, jump out, jump off, jump up) and in the word upstart(check - forms of the same verbs, except jump out: jump up, jump off and so on.).

Wed: I'll skip(one hundred miles), skip it(verb forms gallop, gallop) And I'll pass, I'll pass(verb forms slip through, slip through); I'll jump up, jump up(verb forms jump up, jump up‘approach at a gallop’) and I'll jump up, jump up(verb forms jump, jump‘approach someone with a quick movement. or rise sharply’).

creation - creature.In words create, creation, creator, created, do etc. the letter is written without accent O ; under stress - not only O (creative, creativity), but also A (creature, created). In a word utensil, where is the root -creature- in modern language it is no longer distinguished; it is written without emphasis A .

2. Roots with letters And And e .

shine (k, t) – shine – shine. Letters are written in place of an unstressed vowel And And e : And - before st with subsequent impact A , eg: shine, shine, shining, shine, brilliant, shine; e – in other cases, for example: glitter, shines, brilliant, sparkling, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, sparkle. Under stress - e And e : shine, glitter, shining; sparkle, sparkle, sparkle, glitter .

vis – weight.In place of the unstressed vowel, a letter is written And in the verb hang(hanging, hanging) and its derivatives ( hang down, hang down etc.), as well as in prefixed verbs with a common part -hang: hang, hang, droop etc. (cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang); letter e - in words hang out, signboard, hanging, hinged, suspended(cf. under emphasis: hang, hang, hang).

lip - lep.In words stick, stick etc. a letter is written in an unstressed position And (cf. under emphasis: sticky, stick), and in words to sculpt, to stick, to stick etc. – letter e (cf. under emphasis: sculpts, sticks, modeling).

sid – se(d).In place of an unstressed vowel the following is written: letter And - before a soft consonant d– in a verb sit(sit, sit) and its derivatives ( sit, sit up, nurse, get-togethers and so on.); letter e - before the hard d : rider, saddle(in the latter in plural forms - e : saddles), saddle, seat, sciatic, sit, sit, press, squat, assessor, chairman, and also – before soft d– in derivatives from the word saddle(saddle, saddle holder, saddle holder, saddle). Under stress - And And e , eg: sitting, imprisonment, assiduous; sit down, sit down, sat down, homebody, fidget, hen, squat; in the forms of the verb sit down and prefixes - also A(in writing I ): sit down, sit down, sit down.

In verbs with a common part -take (For example, borrow, pester, embrace, take away, lift, remove, understand, appease), which correspond to perfective verbs in -no (take, accept, raise, understand, appease etc.), written after n in place of an unstressed vowel a letter And ; same in verb take out(owl species take out). In some verbs of this group, the unstressed vowel of the root can be checked by stress And in forms like take away, lift, remove(these are forms of verbs in -no ), rarely – in derivative words: photo, hugging .

Letter And in place of an unstressed vowel it is also written at the root of verbs conjure And curse. In the corresponding perfective verbs and other words with the same root, the letter is written (both in unstressed position and under stress) I : curse, curse, curse, damn, curse, curse and so on.

A number of verb roots have an unstressed fluent vowel, which is conveyed in writing (after soft consonants and sibilants) by the letter and and (in part of these roots) by the letter e . Letter And written (usually in imperfective verbs) if there is a vowel under stress immediately after the root A; in other cases (in the absence of shock A after the root) a letter is written in place of the fluent vowel e .

Below in the list of verbs for each root, first are verbs with a fluent vowel conveyed by the letter And , then - forms and words with the letter e (if such forms and words exist), finally - forms and words where the fluent vowel of the root is absent.

List (in alphabetical order of roots, prefixed verbs are given selectively):

select And army, zab And army, razb And army, And fight - b e rub e ri, select e ri, zab e ru – take, choose, pick up ;

vz And mother - I'll take it ;

translation And army, leader And to lie - to lie, to distort, to lie, to lie, to distort, to lie ;

ass And army, section And army, come And fight, fight And army - d e ru, d e ri, ass e ru, section e ru, ud e ru - to tear, to tear apart, to find fault, to run away ;

survive And go away And go, obzh And go away, otzh And let's go, let's go And go - squeeze out e G (past tense), survive e whose – I’ll burn, I’ll burn, I’ll burn;

cool And give, survive And give, burn And give - wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait ;

clamp And mother, prizh And mother - I squeeze, I squeeze, I squeeze ;

press And please And I'll reap, I'll reap, I'll reap ;

pl And army, obzh And fight - eat, devour, gorge, eat, devour, gorge ;

zap And stutter - stutter, stutter ;

vz And army, supervise And army, oz And fight, contempt And army - soz e rattle - ripen (‘look, see’, obsolete), see, see, see, see, see, sight, contempt ;

subm And nah, see And nah, size And nah - I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead, I’ll knead ;

deputy And army, help And army, mind And army - deputy e fight, pom e babble, mind e fuck, deputy e r, mind e r, deputy e first - die, die, die, die; kick - kick, kick ;

zap And army, otp And army, up And fight - zap e howl, zap e r, suddenly e RTI, otp e howl, whoop e fight, p e rila - I’ll lock it, I’ll unlock it, I’ll stop ;

pom And come on, remember And please remember And come on, remember And nat – remember, remember, remember, remember, remember ;

pop And army - trample, trample ;

Rev. And fight - debate, strife ;

simple And army(stretch out (hands); distribute), simple And fight - simple e howl, simple e to struggle - I will stretch out, I will stretch out(obsolete forms);

disp. And damn - I'll crucify ;

pops And give – create ;

ext And bark, freeze And let, part And bark - st e pour, pour e pour, freeze e pour, post e pour, dissolve e to pour - to spread, to cover, to cover, to spread, to spread ;

nat And army, growth And army, zat And army - t e howl, nat e growl, grow e howl, zat e rub - rub, rub, grind, friction ;

beginning And nah, why And nah - I’ll start, I’ll start ;

calc And thief, sch And thief (chalk up), recalculation And thief, miscalculated And then, calculate And thief - vych e t, calc e is, calc e l - subtract, count(I'll count) I'll start and re-read(I will recalculate);

almost And thief(treat with respect) prefer And thief - almost e exist - to honor, honor, honor, mail, prefer, venerable, reverence, respectful, preference;

The letter is being written e in words combine, combination, which are not the same root as any of the given groups of words with a root -cheat- .

Same with the letter And in the root, verbal derivative words are written in which the stressed vowel is retained after the root with a fluent vowel A, For example: waiting, dying, remembrance, creation, rubbing, subtraction, voter, devourer, overseer, initiator, admirer, burner, lighter, incendiary, deceitful, memorial .

Letter And at the root is written in verbs subtract And calculate with impact attachment You- , where the vowel conveyed by the letter A , turns out to be unstressed. Letter And also written in nouns derived from verbs in -at , where is the shock A not saved: roasting, annealing, ignition, squeezing, tearing, begging, rubbing. In a word confusion(cf. you can't tell) the letter is written e .

You should not check the vowel in the roots of verbs -at with a fluent And - lift, burn, squeeze, gorge, die, rest, stretch, spread, rub, count, prefer, read etc., as well as nouns derived from them like roasting, pressing words of the same roots with accent e or O(in writing - e , e or O ) – such as for example: burn, dead, spread, bed, count‘recount’, prefer, read, nail puller, burned(verb), burn(noun), pulp, glutton, dead, rested, prostrated, rubbed, grater, recount, miscalculation, honor, preferred, read, re-read(reread) bookkeeper

In words with the same root remember, remember, remember– in verbs remember, remember, mention, the letter is written in an unstressed position I (same under emphasis: will remember, will remember, mentioned and so on.).