Biochemistry of muscles. List of used literature Biochemistry of muscle activity

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A few words about this article:
Firstly, as I said in the public, this article was translated from another language (albeit, in principle, close to Russian, but still translation is quite a difficult job). The funny thing is that after I translated everything, I found on the Internet a small part of this article, already translated into Russian. Sorry for the wasted time. Anyway..
Secondly, this is an article about biochemistry! From here we must conclude that it will be difficult to understand, and no matter how hard you try to simplify it, it is still impossible to explain everything in simple terms, so I did not explain the vast majority of the described mechanisms in simple language, so as not to confuse the readers even more. If you read carefully and thoughtfully, you will be able to figure everything out. And thirdly, the article contains a sufficient number of terms (some are briefly explained in parentheses, some are not, because they cannot be explained in two or three words, and if you start describing them, the article may become too long and completely incomprehensible ). Therefore, I would advise using Internet search engines for those words whose meaning you do not know.
A question like: “Why post such complex articles if it’s difficult to understand them?” Such articles are needed in order to understand what processes occur in the body in a given period of time. I believe that only after knowing this kind of material can you begin to create methodological training systems for yourself. If you don’t know this, then many of the ways to change the body will probably be of the “pointing your finger at the sky” category, i.e. It’s clear what they’re based on. This is just my opinion.
And one more request: if there is something in the article that, in your opinion, is incorrect, or some inaccuracy, then please write about it in the comments (or PM me).
Go..

The human body, and even more so an athlete, never works in a “linear” (unchanging) mode. Very often the training process can force him to go to the maximum “speed” possible for him. In order to withstand the load, the body begins to optimize its work under this type of stress. If we consider strength training specifically (bodybuilding, powerlifting, weightlifting, etc.), then the first one to send a signal in the human body about the necessary temporary changes (adaptation) are our muscles.
Muscular activity causes changes not only in the working fiber, but also leads to biochemical changes throughout the body. An increase in muscle energy metabolism is preceded by a significant increase in the activity of the nervous and humoral systems.
In the pre-launch state, the action of the pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and pancreas is activated. The combined action of adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system leads to: an increase in heart rate, an increase in the volume of circulating blood, the formation in the muscles and penetration into the blood of energy metabolism metabolites (CO2, CH3-CH (OH)-COOH, AMP). A redistribution of potassium ions occurs, which leads to dilation of muscle blood vessels and constriction of blood vessels in internal organs. The above factors lead to a redistribution of the general blood flow of the body, improving the delivery of oxygen to working muscles.
Since the intracellular reserves of macroergs are sufficient for a short time, the body’s energy resources are mobilized in the pre-launch state. Under the influence of adrenaline (adrenal hormone) and glucagon (pancreatic hormone), the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose increases, which is transported by the bloodstream to working muscles. Intramuscular and hepatic glycogen is a substrate for ATP resynthesis in creatine phosphate and glycolytic processes.

With an increase in work duration (stage of aerobic ATP resynthesis), fat breakdown products (fatty acids and ketone bodies) begin to play a major role in the energy supply of muscle contraction. Lipolysis (the process of fat breakdown) is activated by adrenaline and somatotropin (also known as “growth hormone”). At the same time, hepatic “uptake” and oxidation of blood lipids increases. As a result, the liver releases significant amounts of ketone bodies into the bloodstream, which are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in working muscles. The processes of oxidation of lipids and carbohydrates occur in parallel, and the functional activity of the brain and heart depends on the amount of the latter. Therefore, during the period of aerobic resynthesis of ATP, the processes of gluconeogenesis occur - the synthesis of carbohydrates from substances of hydrocarbon nature. This process is regulated by the adrenal hormone cortisol. The main substrate of gluconeogenesis is amino acids. In small quantities, glycogen formation also occurs from fatty acids (liver).
Moving from a state of rest to active muscular work, the need for oxygen increases significantly, since the latter is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen protons of the mitochondrial respiratory chain system in cells, providing the processes of aerobic resynthesis of ATP.
The quality of oxygen supply to working muscles is affected by the “acidification” of the blood by metabolites of biological oxidation processes (lactic acid, carbon dioxide). The latter affect the chemoreceptors of the walls of blood vessels, which transmit signals to the central nervous system, increasing the activity of the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata (the transition area between the brain and the spinal cord).
Oxygen from the air spreads into the blood through the walls of the pulmonary alveoli (see figure) and blood capillaries due to the difference in its partial pressures:

1) Partial pressure in alveolar air is 100-105 mm. rt. st
2) Partial pressure in the blood at rest is 70-80 mm. rt. st
3) Partial pressure in the blood during active work is 40-50 mm. rt. st
Only a small percentage of the oxygen entering the blood dissolves in the plasma (0.3 ml per 100 ml of blood). The main part is bound in erythrocytes by hemoglobin:
Hb + O2 -> HbO2
Hemoglobin- a protein multimolecule consisting of four completely independent subunits. Each subunit is associated with heme (heme is an iron-containing prosthetic group).
The addition of oxygen to the iron-containing group of hemoglobin is explained by the concept of kinship. The affinity for oxygen in different proteins is different and depends on the structure of the protein molecule.
A hemoglobin molecule can attach 4 oxygen molecules. The ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen is influenced by the following factors: blood temperature (the lower it is, the better it binds oxygen, and its increase promotes the breakdown of oxy-hemoglobin); alkaline blood reaction.

After the attachment of the first oxygen molecules, the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin increases as a result of conformational changes in the polypeptide chains of globin.
Blood enriched with oxygen in the lungs enters the systemic circulation (the heart at rest pumps 5-6 liters of blood every minute, while transporting 250 - 300 ml of O2). During intensive work, in one minute the pumping speed increases to 30-40 liters, and the amount of oxygen carried by the blood is 5-6 liters.
Once in the working muscles (due to the presence of high concentrations of CO2 and elevated temperature), an accelerated breakdown of oxyhemoglobin occurs:
H-Hb-O2 -> H-Hb + O2
Since the pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissue is greater than in the blood, hemoglobin freed from oxygen reversibly binds CO2, forming carbaminohemoglobin:
H-Hb + CO2 -> H-Hb-CO2

which breaks down in the lungs to carbon dioxide and hydrogen protons:
H-Hb-CO2 -> H + + Hb-+ CO2

Hydrogen protons are neutralized by negatively charged hemoglobin molecules, and carbon dioxide is released into the environment:
H + + Hb -> H-Hb

Despite a certain activation of biochemical processes and functional systems in the pre-start state, during the transition from a resting state to intensive work, a certain imbalance is observed between the need for oxygen and its delivery. The amount of oxygen that is necessary to satisfy the body when performing muscular work is called the oxygen demand of the body. However, the increased need for oxygen cannot be satisfied for some time, so it takes some time to strengthen the activity of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Therefore, the beginning of any intensive work occurs in conditions of insufficient oxygen - oxygen deficiency.
If work is carried out at maximum power in a short period of time, then the demand for oxygen is so great that it cannot be satisfied even by the maximum possible absorption of oxygen. For example, when running 100 m, the body is supplied with oxygen by 5-10%, and 90-95% of oxygen arrives after the finish. The excess oxygen consumed after work is done is called oxygen debt.
The first part of the oxygen, which goes to the resynthesis of creatine phosphate (disintegrated during work), is called alactic oxygen debt; the second part of the oxygen, which goes to eliminate lactic acid and resynthesis of glycogen, is called lactate oxygen debt.
Drawing. Oxygen influx, oxygen deficiency and oxygen debt during long-term operation at different powers. A - for light work, B - for heavy work, and C - for exhausting work; I - run-in period; II - stable (A, B) and false stable (C) state during operation; III - recovery period after performing the exercise; 1 - alactic, 2 - glycolytic components of oxygen debt (according to Volkov N.I., 1986).
Alactate oxygen debt compensates relatively quickly (30 sec. - 1 min.). Characterizes the contribution of creatine phosphate to the energy supply of muscle activity.
Lactate oxygen debt fully compensated within 1.5-2 hours upon completion of work. Indicates the share of glycolytic processes in energy supply. During prolonged intensive work, a significant proportion of other processes are present in the formation of lactate oxygen debt.
Performing intense muscular work is impossible without intensifying metabolic processes in the nervous tissue and tissues of the heart muscle. The best energy supply to the heart muscle is determined by a number of biochemical and anatomical and physiological features:
1. The heart muscle is penetrated by an extremely large number of blood capillaries through which blood flows with a high concentration of oxygen.
2. The most active enzymes are aerobic oxidation.
3. At rest, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and glucose are used as energy substrates. During intense muscular work, the main energy substrate is lactic acid.
The intensification of metabolic processes in nervous tissue is expressed in the following:
1. The consumption of glucose and oxygen in the blood increases.
2. The rate of restoration of glycogen and phospholipids increases.
3. The breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia increases.
4. The total amount of high-energy phosphate reserves decreases.

Since biochemical changes occur in living tissues, it is quite problematic to directly observe and study them. Therefore, knowing the basic patterns of metabolic processes, the main conclusions about their course are made based on the results of blood, urine, and exhaled air tests. For example, the contribution of the creatine phosphate reaction to the energy supply of muscles is assessed by the concentration of breakdown products (creatine and creatinine) in the blood. The most accurate indicator of the intensity and capacity of aerobic energy supply mechanisms is the amount of oxygen consumed. The level of development of glycolytic processes is assessed by the content of lactic acid in the blood both during work and in the first minutes of rest. Changes in acid balance indicators allow us to draw a conclusion about the body’s ability to resist acidic metabolites of anaerobic metabolism.
Changes in the rate of metabolic processes during muscle activity depend on:
- The total number of muscles that are involved in the work;
- Mode of muscle work (static or dynamic);
- Intensity and duration of work;
- Number of repetitions and rest breaks between exercises.
Depending on the number of muscles involved in the work, the latter is divided into local (less than 1/4 of all muscles are involved in the performance), regional and global (more than 3/4 of the muscles are involved).
Local work(chess, shooting) - causes changes in the working muscle without causing biochemical changes in the body as a whole.
Global work(walking, running, swimming, cross-country skiing, hockey, etc.) - causes large biochemical changes in all organs and tissues of the body, most strongly activates the activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The percentage of aerobic reactions in the energy supply of working muscles is extremely high.
Static mode muscle contraction leads to pinching of the capillaries, which means a worse supply of oxygen and energy substrates to the working muscles. Anaerobic processes act as energy supply for activity. Rest after performing static work should be dynamic low-intensity work.
Dynamic mode work provides oxygen to the working muscles much better, so alternating muscle contraction acts as a kind of pump, pushing blood through the capillaries.
The dependence of biochemical processes on the power of the work performed and its duration is expressed as follows:
- The higher the power (high rate of ATP decay), the higher the proportion of anaerobic ATP resynthesis;
- The power (intensity) at which the highest degree of glycolytic energy supply processes is achieved is called depletion power.
The maximum possible power is defined as the maximum anaerobic power. The power of work is inversely related to the duration of work: the higher the power, the faster the biochemical changes occur, leading to fatigue.
From all that has been said, several simple conclusions can be drawn:
1) During the training process, there is an intensive consumption of various resources (oxygen, fatty acids, ketones, proteins, hormones and much more). That is why the athlete’s body constantly needs to provide itself with useful substances (nutrition, vitamins, nutritional supplements). Without such support, there is a high probability of harm to health.
2) When switching to “combat” mode, the human body needs some time to adapt to the load. This is why you shouldn’t put too much stress on yourself from the first minute of training - your body is simply not ready for this.
3) At the end of the workout, you also need to remember that, again, it takes time for the body to move from an excited state to a calm one. A good option to solve this issue is a cool-down (reducing training intensity).
4) The human body has its own limits (heart rate, pressure, amount of nutrients in the blood, rate of synthesis of substances). Based on this, you need to select the optimal training for yourself in terms of intensity and duration, i.e. find the middle at which you can get the maximum positive and the minimum negative.
5) Both static and dynamic must be used!
6) Not everything is as complicated as it first seems..
Let's finish here.

P.S. Regarding fatigue, there is another article (which I also wrote about yesterday in a public post - “Biochemical changes during fatigue and during rest.” It is half as long and 3 times simpler than this one, but I don’t know if it’s worth posting here. Just the gist its point is that it summarizes the article posted here about supercompensation and “fatigue toxins". For the sake of the collection (the completeness of the whole picture), I can also present it. Write in the comments whether it is necessary or not.

Muscular activity - contraction and relaxation occur with the obligatory use of energy, which is released during the hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H 2 0 ADP + H 3 P0 4 + energy at rest, the concentration of ATP in muscles is about 5 mmol/l and, accordingly, 1 mmol of ATP corresponds to physiological conditions approximately 12 cal or 50 J (1 cal = 4.18 J)

Muscle mass in an adult is about 40% of body weight. In athletes building muscle, muscle mass can reach 60% or more of body weight. The muscles of an adult at rest consume about 10% of the total oxygen entering the body. During intense work, muscle oxygen consumption can increase to 90% of the total oxygen consumed.

Energy sources for aerobic resynthesis of ATP are carbohydrates, fats and amino acids, the breakdown of which is completed by the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is the final stage of catabolism, during which acetyl coenzyme A is oxidized to CO2 and H20. During this process, 4 pairs of hydrogen atoms are removed from acids (isocitric, α-ketoglutaric, succinic and malic acid) and therefore 12 ATP molecules are formed from the oxidation of one molecule of acetyl coenzyme A.

ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS OF ATP RESINTHESIS Anaerobic pathways of ATP resynthesis (Creatine phosphate, glycolytic) are additional methods of ATP formation in cases where the main pathway for ATP production - aerobic - cannot provide muscle activity with the necessary amount of energy. This happens in the first minutes of any work, when tissue respiration has not yet fully developed, as well as when performing high-power physical activity.

Glycolytic pathway of ATP resynthesis This resynthesis pathway, like Creatine phosphate, belongs to the anaerobic methods of ATP formation. The source of energy necessary for ATP resynthesis in this case is muscle glycogen, the concentration of which in the sarcoplasm ranges from 0.2-3%. During the anaerobic breakdown of glycogen, the terminal glucose residues in the form of glucose-1-phosphate are alternately cleaved from its molecule under the influence of the enzyme phosphorylase. Next, glucose-1-phosphate molecules through a series of successive stages (there are 10 in total) are converted into lactic acid (lactate)

Adenylate kinase (myokinase) reaction Adenylate kinase (or myokinase) reaction occurs in muscle cells under conditions of significant accumulation of ADP in them, which is usually observed with the onset of fatigue. The adenylate kinase reaction is accelerated by the enzyme adenylate kinase (myokinase), which is located in the sarcoplasm of myocytes. During this reaction, one ADP molecule transfers its phosphate group to another ADP, resulting in the formation of ATP and AMP: ADP + ADP ATP + AMP

Work in the maximum power zone Continue for s. The main source of ATP under these conditions is creatine phosphate. Only at the end of the work is the creatine phosphate reaction replaced by glycolysis. Examples of physical exercises performed in the maximum power zone include sprinting, long and high jumps, some gymnastic exercises, and lifting weights.

Work in the submaximal power zone Duration up to 5 minutes. The leading mechanism of ATP resynthesis is glycolytic. At the beginning of work, until glycolysis has reached its maximum speed, the formation of ATP occurs due to creatine phosphate, and at the end of work, glycolysis begins to be replaced by tissue respiration. Work in the submaximal power zone is characterized by the highest oxygen debt - up to 20 liters. Examples of exercise in this power zone include middle distance running, sprint swimming, track cycling, and sprint speed skating.

Work in a high power zone Duration up to 30 minutes. Work in this zone is characterized by approximately equal contributions from glycolysis and tissue respiration. The creatine phosphate pathway for ATP resynthesis functions only at the very beginning of work, and therefore its share in the total energy supply of this work is small. Examples of exercises in this power zone include the 5,000 m race, distance skating, cross-country skiing, and middle- and long-distance swimming.

Operation in a moderate power zone Continues for more than 30 minutes. Energy supply to muscle activity occurs predominantly aerobically. An example of such power is marathon running, track and field cross-country, race walking, road cycling, and long-distance cross-country skiing.

Useful Information In the International System of Units (SI), the basic unit of energy is the joule (J) and the unit of power is the watt (W). 1 joule (J) = 0.24 calories (cal). 1 kilojoule (kJ) = 1000 J. 1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J. 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 cal = 4184 J. 1 watt (W) = 1 J-s"1 = 0.24 cal-s -1. 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 W. 1 kg-m-s"1 = 9.8 W. 1 horsepower (hp) = 735 watts. To express the power of ATP resynthesis pathways in J/min-kg, it is necessary to multiply the value of this criterion in cal/min-kg by 4.18, and to obtain the power value in W/kg, multiply by 0.07.

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Introduction

1. Skeletal muscles, muscle proteins and biochemical processes in muscles

2. Biochemical changes in the body of martial arts athletes

4. The problem of recovery in sports

5. Features of metabolic states in humans during muscle activity

6. Biochemical control in martial arts

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The role of biochemistry in modern sports practice is increasingly increasing. Without knowledge of the biochemistry of muscle activity and the mechanisms of metabolic regulation during physical exercise, it is impossible to effectively manage the training process and its further rationalization. Knowledge of biochemistry is necessary to assess the level of fitness of an athlete, identify overloads and overexertion, and for the correct organization of a diet. One of the most important tasks of biochemistry is to find effective ways to control metabolism, based on deep knowledge of chemical transformations, since the state of metabolism determines normality and pathology. The growth and development of a living organism, its ability to withstand external influences and actively adapt to new conditions of existence depend on the nature and speed of metabolic processes.

The study of adaptive changes in metabolism allows us to better understand the characteristics of the body’s adaptation to physical activity and find effective means and methods for increasing physical performance.

In combat sports, the problem of physical fitness has always been considered one of the most important, determining the level of sports achievements.

The usual approach for determining training methods is based on empirical laws that formally describe the phenomena of sports training.

However, physical qualities themselves cannot exist on their own. They appear as a result of the central nervous system controlling muscles that contract and waste metabolic energy.

The theoretical approach requires constructing a model of the athlete’s body, taking into account the achievements of world sports biology. To control adaptation processes in certain cells of the organs of the human body, it is necessary to know how the organ is structured, the mechanisms of its functioning, and the factors that ensure the target direction of adaptation processes.

1. Skeletal muscles, muscle proteins and biochemical processes in muscles

Skeletal muscles contain a large amount of non-protein substances that easily pass from crushed muscles into an aqueous solution after protein precipitation. ATP is a direct source of energy not only for various physiological functions (muscle contractions, nervous activity, transmission of nervous excitation, secretion processes, etc.), but also for plastic processes occurring in the body (construction and renewal of tissue proteins, biological syntheses). There is constant competition between these two aspects of life - the energy supply of physiological functions and the energy supply of plastic processes. It is extremely difficult to give certain standard norms for the biochemical changes that occur in an athlete’s body when practicing one or another sport. Even when performing individual exercises in their pure form (athletics running, skating, skiing), the course of metabolic processes can differ significantly among different athletes depending on the type of their nervous activity, environmental influences, etc. Skeletal muscle contains 75-80 % water and 20-25% dry matter. 85% of the dry residue is proteins; the remaining 15% is made up of various nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-free extractives, phosphorus compounds, lipoids and mineral salts. Muscle proteins. Sarcoplasmic proteins make up up to 30% of all muscle proteins.

Muscle fibril proteins make up about 40% of all muscle proteins. The proteins of muscle fibrils include primarily two major proteins - myosin and actin. Myosin is a globulin-type protein with a molecular weight of about 420,000. It contains a lot of glutamic acid, lysine and leucine. In addition, along with other amino acids, it contains cysteine, and therefore has free groups - SH. Myosin is located in muscle fibrils in thick filaments of “disc A”, and not chaotically, but strictly ordered. Myosin molecules have a filamentous (fibrillar) structure. According to Huxley, their length is about 1500 A, thickness is about 20 A. They have a thickening at one end (40 A). These ends of its molecules are directed in both directions from the “M zone” and form club-shaped thickenings of the processes of thick filaments. Myosin is an essential component of the contractile complex and at the same time has enzymatic (adenosine triphosphatase) activity, catalyzing the breakdown of adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) into ADP and orthophosphate. Actin has a much smaller molecular weight than myosin (75,000) and can exist in two forms - globular (G-actin) and fibrillar (F-actin), capable of transforming into each other. The molecules of the first have a round shape; the second molecule, which is a polymer (a combination of several molecules) of G-actin, is filamentous. G-actin has low viscosity, F-actin has high viscosity. The transition of one form of actin to another is facilitated by many ions, in particular K+ and Mg++. During muscle activity, G-actin transforms into F-actin. The latter easily combines with myosin, forming a complex called actomyosin and is a contractile substrate of the muscle, capable of producing mechanical work. In muscle fibrils, actin is located in thin filaments of the “J disk”, extending into the upper and lower thirds of the “A disk”, where actin is connected to myosin through contacts between the processes of thin and thick filaments. In addition to myosin and actin, some other proteins were also found in myofibrils, in particular the water-soluble protein tropomyosin, which is especially abundant in smooth muscles and in the muscles of embryos. The fibrils also contain other water-soluble proteins that have enzymatic activity” (adenylic acid deaminase, etc.). The proteins of mitochondria and ribosomes are mainly enzyme proteins. In particular, mitochondria contain enzymes of aerobic oxidation and respiratory phosphorylation, and ribosomes contain protein-bound rRNA. Proteins of muscle fiber nuclei are nucleoproteins containing deoxyribonucleic acids in their molecules.

Proteins of the muscle fiber stroma, making up about 20% of all muscle proteins. From stromal proteins, named by A.Ya. Danilevsky myostromins, built the sarcolemma and, apparently, “Z disks” connecting thin actin filaments to the sarcolemma. It is possible that myostromins are contained along with actin in thin filaments of “J disks”. ATP is a direct source of energy not only for various physiological functions (muscle contractions, nervous activity, transmission of nervous excitation, secretion processes, etc.), but also for plastic processes occurring in the body (construction and renewal of tissue proteins, biological syntheses). There is constant competition between these two aspects of life - the energy supply of physiological functions and the energy supply of plastic processes. An increase in specific functional activity is always accompanied by an increase in ATP consumption and, consequently, a decrease in the possibility of using it for biological syntheses. As is known, in the tissues of the body, including in the muscles, their proteins are constantly being renewed, but the processes of breakdown and synthesis are strictly balanced and the level of protein content remains constant. During muscle activity, protein renewal is inhibited, and the more, the more the ATP content in the muscles decreases. Consequently, during exercise of maximum and submaximal intensity, when ATP resynthesis occurs predominantly anaerobically and least completely, protein renewal will be inhibited more significantly than during work of average and moderate intensity, when energetically highly efficient processes of respiratory phosphorylation predominate. Inhibition of protein renewal is a consequence of a lack of ATP, which is necessary both for the breakdown process and (in particular) for the process of their synthesis. Therefore, during intense muscle activity, the balance between the breakdown and synthesis of proteins is disrupted, with the former predominant over the latter. The protein content in the muscle decreases slightly, and the content of polypeptides and nitrogen-containing substances of non-protein nature increases. Some of these substances, as well as some low-molecular proteins, leave the muscles into the blood, where the content of protein and non-protein nitrogen increases accordingly. In this case, protein may also appear in the urine. All these changes are especially significant during high-intensity strength exercises. With intense muscular activity, the formation of ammonia also increases as a result of deamination of a portion of adenosine monophosphoric acid that does not have time to be resynthesized into ATP, as well as due to the cleavage of ammonia from glutamine, which is enhanced under the influence of an increased content of inorganic phosphates in the muscles, activating the enzyme glutaminase. The ammonia content in muscles and blood increases. Elimination of the resulting ammonia can occur mainly in two ways: the binding of ammonia with glutamic acid to form glutamine or the formation of urea. However, both of these processes require the participation of ATP and therefore (due to a decrease in its content) experience difficulties during intense muscle activity. During muscular activity of medium and moderate intensity, when ATP resynthesis occurs due to respiratory phosphorylation, the elimination of ammonia is significantly enhanced. Its content in the blood and tissues decreases, and the formation of glutamine and urea increases. Due to the lack of ATP during muscular activity of maximum and submaximal intensity, a number of other biological syntheses are also hampered. In particular, the synthesis of acetylcholine in motor nerve endings, which negatively affects the transmission of nervous excitation to the muscles.

2. Biochemical changes in the body of martial artists

The energy needs of the body (working muscles) are satisfied, as is known, in two main ways - anaerobic and aerobic. The ratio of these two pathways of energy production varies in different exercises. When performing any exercise, all three energy systems practically operate: anaerobic phosphagen (alactate) and lactic acid (glycolytic) and aerobic (oxygen, oxidative) “Zones” of their action partially overlap. Therefore, it is difficult to isolate the “net” contribution of each of the energy systems, especially when operating for a relatively short maximum duration. In this regard, “neighboring” systems in terms of energy power (area of action) are often combined into pairs, phosphagen with lactacid, lactacid with oxygen. The system whose energy contribution is greater is indicated first. According to the relative load on the anaerobic and aerobic energy systems, all exercises can be divided into anaerobic and aerobic. The first - with a predominance of the anaerobic, the second - the aerobic component of energy production. The leading quality when performing anaerobic exercises is power (speed-strength capabilities), when performing aerobic exercises - endurance. The ratio of different energy production systems largely determines the nature and degree of changes in the activity of various physiological systems that ensure the performance of different exercises.

There are three groups of anaerobic exercises: - maximum anaerobic power (anaerobic power); - near maximum anaerobic power; - submaximal anaerobic power (anaerobic-aerobic power). Exercises of maximum anaerobic power (anaerobic power) are exercises with an almost exclusively anaerobic method of supplying energy to working muscles: the anaerobic component in the total energy production ranges from 90 to 100%. It is provided mainly by the phosphagen energy system (ATP + CP) with some participation of the lactic acid (glycolytic) system. The record maximum anaerobic power developed by outstanding athletes during sprinting reaches 120 kcal/min. The possible maximum duration of such exercises is a few seconds. Strengthening the activity of vegetative systems occurs gradually during work. Due to the short duration of anaerobic exercises, during their execution the functions of blood circulation and respiration do not have time to reach their possible maximum. During a maximal anaerobic exercise, the athlete either does not breathe at all or only manages to complete a few breathing cycles. Accordingly, the “average” pulmonary ventilation does not exceed 20-30% of the maximum. Heart rate increases even before the start (up to 140-150 beats/min) and continues to rise during the exercise, reaching its highest value immediately after the finish - 80-90% of the maximum (160-180 beats/min).

Since the energy basis of these exercises is anaerobic processes, strengthening the activity of the cardio-respiratory (oxygen transport) system has practically no significance for the energy supply of the exercise itself. The concentration of lactate in the blood during work changes very little, although in working muscles it can reach 10 mmol/kg or even more at the end of work. The lactate concentration in the blood continues to increase for several minutes after stopping work and reaches a maximum of 5-8 mmol/l. Before performing anaerobic exercise, the concentration of glucose in the blood increases slightly. Before and as a result of their implementation, the concentration of catecholamines (adrenaline and norepinephrine) and growth hormone in the blood increases very significantly, but the concentration of insulin decreases slightly; glucagon and cortisol concentrations do not change noticeably. The leading physiological systems and mechanisms that determine sports results in these exercises are the central nervous regulation of muscle activity (coordination of movements with the manifestation of great muscle power), the functional properties of the neuromuscular system (speed-strength), the capacity and power of the phosphagen energy system of working muscles.

Exercises near maximum anaerobic power (mixed anaerobic power) are exercises with predominantly anaerobic energy supply to working muscles. The anaerobic component in the total energy production is 75-85% - partly due to the phosphagen and, to a greater extent, due to the lactic acid (glycolytic) energy systems. The possible maximum duration of such exercises for outstanding athletes ranges from 20 to 50 seconds. To provide energy for these exercises, a significant increase in the activity of the oxygen transport system already plays a certain energetic role, and the greater the longer the exercise.

During the exercise, pulmonary ventilation rapidly increases, so that by the end of the exercise, which lasts about 1 minute, it can reach 50-60% of the maximum working ventilation for a given athlete (60-80 l/min). The concentration of lactate in the blood after exercise is very high - up to 15 mmol/l in qualified athletes. The accumulation of lactate in the blood is associated with a very high rate of its formation in working muscles (as a result of intense anaerobic glycolysis). The concentration of glucose in the blood is slightly increased compared to resting conditions (up to 100-120 mg%). Hormonal changes in the blood are similar to those that occur during maximum anaerobic power exercise.

The leading physiological systems and mechanisms that determine athletic performance in exercises near maximum anaerobic power are the same as in the exercises of the previous group, and, in addition, the power of the lactic acid (glycolytic) energy system of the working muscles. Exercises of submaximal anaerobic power (anaerobic-aerobic power) are exercises with a predominance of the anaerobic component of energy supply to working muscles. In the total energy production of the body, it reaches 60-70% and is provided mainly by the lactic acid (glycolytic) energy system. A significant share of the energy supply for these exercises belongs to the oxygen (oxidative, aerobic) energy system. The possible maximum duration of competitive exercises for outstanding athletes is from 1 to 2 minutes. The power and maximum duration of these exercises are such that in the process of their implementation the performance indicators. The oxygen transport system (heart rate, cardiac output, PV, O2 consumption rate) may be close to or even reach the maximum values for a given athlete. The longer the exercise, the higher these indicators are at the finish line and the greater the proportion of aerobic energy production during the exercise. After these exercises, a very high lactate concentration is recorded in the working muscles and blood - up to 20-25 mmol/l. Thus, the training and competitive activity of martial arts athletes takes place at about the maximum load of the athletes’ muscles. At the same time, the energy processes occurring in the body are characterized by the fact that, due to the short duration of anaerobic exercises, during their execution the functions of blood circulation and respiration do not have time to reach the possible maximum. During a maximal anaerobic exercise, the athlete either does not breathe at all or only manages to complete a few breathing cycles. Accordingly, the “average” pulmonary ventilation does not exceed 20-30% of the maximum.

A person performs physical exercise and expends energy using the neuromuscular system. The neuromuscular system is a collection of motor units. Each motor unit includes a motor neuron, an axon, and a set of muscle fibers. The amount of MU remains unchanged in humans. The amount of MV in a muscle is possible and can be changed during training, but no more than 5%. Therefore, this factor in the growth of muscle functionality has no practical significance. Inside the CF, hyperplasia (increase in the number of elements) of many organelles occurs: myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SRR), glycogen globules, myoglobin, ribosomes, DNA, etc. The number of capillaries serving the CF also changes. The myofibril is a specialized organelle of the muscle fiber (cell). It has approximately equal cross-section in all animals. Consists of sarcomeres connected in series, each of which includes actin and myosin filaments. Bridges can form between the actin and myosin filaments, and with the expenditure of energy contained in ATP, the bridges can rotate, i.e. myofibril contraction, muscle fiber contraction, muscle contraction. Bridges are formed in the presence of calcium ions and ATP molecules in the sarcoplasm. An increase in the number of myofibrils in a muscle fiber leads to an increase in its strength, contraction speed and size. Along with the growth of myofibrils, other organelles serving the myofibrils also grow, for example, the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal membranes that forms vesicles, tubules, and cisterns. In the MV, the SPR forms cisterns; calcium ions (Ca) accumulate in these cisterns. It is assumed that glycolytic enzymes are attached to the SPR membranes, therefore, when the access of oxygen is stopped, significant swelling of the channels occurs. This phenomenon is associated with the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H), which cause partial destruction (denaturation) of protein structures and the addition of water to the radicals of protein molecules. For the mechanism of muscle contraction, the rate of pumping out Ca from the sarcoplasm is of fundamental importance, since this ensures the process of muscle relaxation. Sodium, potassium and calcium pumps are built into the SPR membranes, so it can be assumed that an increase in the surface of the SPR membranes in relation to the mass of myofibrils should lead to an increase in the rate of MV relaxation.

Consequently, an increase in the maximum rate or speed of muscle relaxation (the time interval from the end of the electrical activation of the muscle until the mechanical tension in it drops to zero) should indicate a relative increase in the membranes of the SPR. Maintaining the maximum pace is ensured by reserves in the MV of ATP, KrF, the mass of myofibrillar mitochondria, the mass of sarcoplasmic mitochondria, the mass of glycolytic enzymes and the buffer capacity of the contents of muscle fiber and blood.

All these factors influence the process of energy supply to muscle contraction, however, the ability to maintain maximum tempo should depend primarily on the mitochondria of the SPR. By increasing the amount of oxidative MV or, in other words, the aerobic capacity of the muscle, the duration of the exercise at maximum power increases. This is due to the fact that maintaining the concentration of CrF during glycolysis leads to acidification of the MV, inhibition of ATP consumption processes due to the competition of H ions with Ca ions at the active centers of myosin heads. Therefore, the process of maintaining the concentration of CrF, with the predominance of aerobic processes in the muscle, becomes more and more effective as the exercise is performed. It is also important that mitochondria actively absorb hydrogen ions, therefore, when performing short-term extreme exercise (10-30 s), their role is more limited to buffering cell acidification. Thus, adaptation to muscular work is carried out through the work of each cell of the athlete, based on energy metabolism during the life of the cell. The basis of this process is the consumption of ATP during the interaction of hydrogen and calcium ions.

Increasing the entertainment value of fights involves a significant increase in the activity of the fight with a simultaneous increase in the number of technical actions performed. Taking this into account, a real problem arises related to the fact that with increased intensity of a competitive match against the background of progressive physical fatigue, temporary automation of the athlete’s motor skill will occur.

In sports practice, this usually manifests itself in the second half of a competitive match held with high intensity. In this case (especially if the athlete does not have a very high level of special endurance), significant changes in blood pH are observed (below 7.0 conventional units), which indicates an extremely unfavorable reaction of the athlete to work of such intensity. It is known that, for example, a stable disruption of the rhythmic structure of a wrestler’s motor skill when performing a backbend throw begins with the level of physical fatigue at blood pH values below 7.2 arb. units

In this regard, there are two possible ways to increase the stability of the motor skills of martial artists: a) raise the level of special endurance to such an extent that they can carry out a fight of any intensity without pronounced physical fatigue (the reaction to the load should not lead to acidotic shifts below pH values equal to 7.2 conventional units); b) ensure stable manifestation of motor skills in any extreme situations of extreme physical activity at blood pH values reaching 6.9 conventional values. units Within the framework of the first direction, a fairly large number of special studies have been carried out, which have determined the real ways and prospects for solving the problem of accelerated training of special endurance in martial arts athletes. On the second problem, there are no real, practically significant developments to date.

4. The problem of recovery in sports

One of the most important conditions for intensifying the training process and further increasing sports performance is the widespread and systematic use of restorative means. Rational recovery is of particular importance during extreme and near-maximum physical and mental stress - obligatory satellites of training and competitions in modern sports. Obviously, the use of a system of restorative means makes it necessary to clearly classify the processes of restoration in conditions of sports activity.

The specificity of recovery changes, determined by the nature of sports activity, the volume and intensity of training and competitive loads, and the general regime, determines specific measures aimed at restoring performance. N.I. Volkov identifies the following types of recovery in athletes: current (observation during work), urgent (following the end of the load) and delayed (for many hours after completion of work), as well as after chronic overexertion (the so-called stress recovery). It should be noted that the listed reactions are carried out against the background of periodic recovery due to energy consumption under normal living conditions.

Its character is largely determined by the functional state of the body. A clear understanding of the dynamics of recovery processes in conditions of sports activity is necessary for organizing the rational use of recovery means. Thus, functional changes that develop in the process of ongoing recovery are aimed at providing increased energy requirements of the body, at compensating for the increased consumption of biological energy in the process of muscle activity. Metabolic transformations occupy a central place in the restoration of energy costs.

The ratio of the body's energy expenditure and its restoration during work makes it possible to divide physical activity into 3 ranges: 1) loads at which aerobic support for work is sufficient; 2) loads in which, along with aerobic support of work, anaerobic energy sources are used, but the limit of increasing the supply of oxygen to the working muscles has not yet been exceeded; 3) loads at which energy needs exceed the capabilities of current recovery, which is accompanied by rapidly developing fatigue. In certain sports, to assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures, it is advisable to analyze various indicators of the neuromuscular system and use psychological tests. The use in practice of working with high-class athletes of in-depth examinations using an extensive set of tools and methods allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of previous rehabilitation measures and determine the tactics of subsequent ones. Recovery testing requires staged examinations carried out in weekly or monthly training cycles. The frequency of these examinations and research methods are determined by the doctor and coach depending on the type of sport, the nature of the loads of a given training period, the restorative means used and the individual characteristics of the athlete.

5 . Features of metabolic states in humans during muscular activity

The state of metabolism in the human body is characterized by a large number of variables. In conditions of intense muscular activity, the most important factor on which the metabolic state of the body depends is the application in the field of energy metabolism. To quantify metabolic states in humans during muscular work, it is proposed to use three types of criteria: a) power criteria, reflecting the rate of energy conversion in aerobic and anaerobic processes; b) capacity criteria characterizing the body’s energy reserves or the total volume of metabolic changes that occurred during work; c) efficiency criteria that determine the extent to which the energy of aerobic and anaerobic processes is used when performing muscular work. Changes in exercise power and duration have different effects on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Such indicators of the power and capacity of the aerobic process, such as the size of pulmonary ventilation, the level of oxygen consumption, and oxygen intake during work, systematically increase with the duration of exercise at each selected power value. These indicators increase noticeably with increasing intensity of work in all time intervals of the exercise. Indicators of maximum accumulation of lactic acid in the blood and total oxygen debt, which characterize the capacity of anaerobic energy sources, change little when performing exercises of moderate power, but increase noticeably with increasing duration of work in more intense exercises.

It is interesting to note that at the lowest power of exercise, where the content of lactic acid in the blood remains at a constant level of about 50-60 mg, it is practically impossible to detect the lactate fraction of the oxygen debt; There is no excess release of carbon dioxide associated with the destruction of blood bicarbonates during the accumulation of lactic acid. It can be assumed that the noted level of accumulation of lactic acid in the blood does not yet exceed those threshold values, above which stimulation of oxidative processes associated with the elimination of lactate oxygen debt is observed. Indicators of aerobic metabolism after a short lag period (about 1 minute) associated with training show a systemic increase with increasing exercise time.

During the running-in period, there is a pronounced increase in anaerobic reactions leading to the formation of lactic acid. An increase in exercise power is accompanied by a proportional increase in aerobic processes. An increase in the intensity of aerobic processes with increasing power was established only in exercises whose duration exceeds 0.5 minutes. When performing intense short-term exercises, a decrease in aerobic metabolism is observed. An increase in the size of the total oxygen debt due to the formation of the lactate fraction and the appearance of excess carbon dioxide release is detected only in those exercises, the power and duration of which are sufficient to accumulate lactic acid over 50-60 mg%. When performing exercises of low power, changes in the indicators of aerobic and anaerobic processes show the opposite direction; with increasing power, changes in these processes change to unidirectional.

In the dynamics of indicators of the rate of oxygen consumption and “excess” carbon dioxide release during exercise, a phase shift is detected; during the recovery period after the end of work, synchronization of shifts in these indicators occurs. Changes in oxygen consumption and lactic acid levels in the blood with increasing recovery time after intense exercise clearly show phase differences. The problem of fatigue in the biochemistry of sports is one of the most difficult and still far from being solved. In its most general form, fatigue can be defined as a state of the body that occurs as a result of prolonged or strenuous activity and is characterized by a decrease in performance. Subjectively, it is perceived by a person as a feeling of local fatigue or general fatigue. Long-term studies make it possible to divide the biochemical factors that limit performance into three groups associated with each other.

These are, firstly, biochemical changes in the central nervous system, caused both by the process of motor excitation itself and by proprioceptive impulses from the periphery. Secondly, these are biochemical changes in skeletal muscles and myocardium, caused by their work and trophic changes in the nervous system. Thirdly, these are biochemical changes in the internal environment of the body, depending both on the processes occurring in the muscles and on the influence of the nervous system. Common features of fatigue are an imbalance of phosphate macroergs in the muscles and brain, as well as a decrease in ATPase activity and phosphorylation coefficient in muscles. However, fatigue associated with work of high intensity and long duration also has some specific features. In addition, biochemical changes during fatigue caused by short-term muscular activity are characterized by a significantly greater gradient than during muscular activity of moderate intensity, but the duration is close to the limit. It should be emphasized that a sharp decrease in the body’s carbohydrate reserves, although of great importance, does not play a decisive role in limiting performance. The most important factor limiting performance is the level of ATP both in the muscles themselves and in the central nervous system.

At the same time, one cannot ignore biochemical changes in other organs, in particular in the myocardium. With intense short-term work, the level of glycogen and creatine phosphate in it does not change, but the activity of oxidative enzymes increases. When working for a long time, there may be a decrease in both the level of glycogen and creatine phosphate, as well as enzymatic activity. This is accompanied by ECG changes indicating dystrophic processes, most often in the left ventricle and less often in the atria. Thus, fatigue is characterized by profound biochemical changes both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, primarily in the muscles. Moreover, the degree of biochemical changes in the latter can be changed with increased performance caused by the effect on the central nervous system. I.M. wrote about the central nervous nature of fatigue back in 1903. Sechenov. Since that time, data on the role of central inhibition in the mechanism of fatigue have been growing. The presence of diffuse inhibition during fatigue caused by prolonged muscle activity cannot be doubted. It develops in the central nervous system and develops in it through the interaction of the center and the periphery with the leading role of the former. Fatigue is a consequence of changes caused in the body by intense or prolonged activity, and a protective reaction that prevents the transition across the line of functional and biochemical disorders that are dangerous to the body and threaten its existence.

Disorders of protein and nucleic acid metabolism in the nervous system also play a certain role in the mechanism of fatigue. During prolonged running or swimming with a load, which causes significant fatigue, a decrease in RNA levels is observed in motor neurons, while during prolonged but not tiring work it does not change or increases. Since chemistry and, in particular, the activity of muscle enzymes are regulated by the trophic influences of the nervous system, it can be assumed that changes in the chemical status of nerve cells during the development of protective inhibition caused by fatigue lead to changes in trophic centrifugal impulses, leading to disturbances in the regulation of muscle chemistry.

These trophic influences are apparently carried out through the movement of biologically active substances along the axoplasm of efferent fibers, described by P. Weiss. In particular, a protein substance was isolated from peripheral nerves, which is a specific inhibitor of hexokinase, similar to the inhibitor of this enzyme secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Thus, fatigue develops through the interaction of central and peripheral mechanisms with the leading and integrating importance of the former. It is associated both with changes in nerve cells and with reflex and humoral influences from the periphery. Biochemical changes during fatigue can be generalized, accompanied by general changes in the internal environment of the body and disturbances in the regulation and coordination of various physiological functions (during prolonged physical activity involving significant muscle mass). These changes can also be of a more local nature, not accompanied by significant general changes, but limited only to working muscles and the corresponding groups of nerve cells and centers (during short-term work of maximum intensity or long-term work of a limited number of muscles).

Fatigue (and especially the feeling of tiredness) is a protective reaction that protects the body from excessive degrees of functional exhaustion that are life-threatening. At the same time, it trains physiological and biochemical compensatory mechanisms, creating the prerequisites for recovery processes and further increasing the functionality and performance of the body. During rest after muscular work, normal ratios of biological compounds are restored both in the muscles and in the body as a whole. If during muscular work catabolic processes necessary for energy supply dominate, then during rest anabolic processes predominate. Anabolic processes require energy expenditure in the form of ATP, therefore the most pronounced changes are found in the area of energy metabolism, since during the rest period ATP is constantly being spent, and, therefore, ATP reserves must be restored. Anabolic processes during the rest period are due to catabolic processes that occurred during work. During rest, ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, phospholipids, and muscle proteins are resynthesized, the body's water-electrolyte balance returns to normal, and damaged cellular structures are restored. Depending on the general direction of biochemical changes in the body and the time required for separation processes, two types of recovery processes are distinguished - urgent and abandoned recovery. Urgent recovery lasts from 30 to 90 minutes after work. During the period of urgent recovery, the products of anaerobic decomposition accumulated during work, primarily lactic acid and oxygen debt, are eliminated. After finishing work, oxygen consumption continues to be elevated compared to the resting state. This excess oxygen consumption is called oxygen debt. The oxygen debt is always greater than the oxygen deficit, and the higher the intensity and duration of work, the more significant this difference is.

During rest, the consumption of ATP for muscle contractions stops and the ATP content in mitochondria increases in the first seconds, which indicates the transition of mitochondria to an active state. The ATP concentration increases, increasing the pre-working level. The activity of oxidative enzymes also increases. But the activity of glycogen phosphorylase decreases sharply. Lactic acid, as we already know, is the end product of the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic conditions. At the initial moment of rest, when increased oxygen consumption remains, the supply of oxygen to the oxidative systems of the muscles increases. In addition to lactic acid, other metabolites accumulated during work are also subject to oxidation: succinic acid, glucose; and at later stages of recovery, fatty acids. Lag recovery lasts long after the job is finished. First of all, it affects the processes of synthesis of structures used up during muscle work, as well as the restoration of ionic and hormonal balance in the body. During the recovery period, glycogen reserves accumulate in the muscles and liver; these recovery processes occur within 12-48 hours. Lactic acid entering the blood enters the liver cells, where glucose synthesis first occurs, and glucose is the direct building material for glycogen synthetase, which catalyzes glycogen synthesis. The process of glycogen resynthesis is phasic in nature, which is based on the phenomenon of supercompensation. Supercompensation (overrecovery) is the excess of the reserves of energy substances during the rest period to the working level. Supercompensation is a passable phenomenon. The glycogen content, which has decreased after work, increases during rest not only to the initial level, but also to a higher level. Then there is a decrease to the initial (to working) level and even a little lower, and then there is a wave-like return to the original level.

The duration of the supercompensation phase depends on the duration of the work and the depth of the biochemical changes it causes in the body. Powerful short-term work causes a rapid onset and rapid completion of the supercompensation phase: when intramuscular glycogen reserves are restored, the supercompensation phase is detected after 3-4 hours and ends after 12 hours. After prolonged work of moderate power, supercompensation of glycogen occurs after 12 hours and ends between 48 and 72 hours after the end of work. The law of supercompensation is valid for all biological compounds and structures that are, to one degree or another, consumed or disrupted during muscle activity and are resynthesized during rest. These include: creatine phosphate, structural and enzymatic proteins, phospholipids, cellular orgonella (mitochondria, lysosomes). After the resynthesis of the body's energy reserves, the processes of resynthesis of phospholipids and proteins are significantly enhanced, especially after heavy strength work, which is accompanied by their significant breakdown. Restoration of the level of structural and enzymatic proteins occurs within 12-72 hours. When performing work that involves loss of water, reserves of water and mineral salts should be replenished during the recovery period. The main source of mineral salts is food.

6 . Biochemical control in martial arts

During intense muscular activity, large amounts of lactic and pyruvic acids are formed in the muscles, which diffuse into the blood and can cause metabolic acidosis of the body, which leads to muscle fatigue and is accompanied by muscle pain, dizziness, and nausea. Such metabolic changes are associated with the depletion of the body's buffer reserves. Since the state of the body's buffer systems is important in the manifestation of high physical performance, CBS indicators are used in sports diagnostics. The CBS indicators, which are normally relatively constant, include: - blood pH (7.35-7.45); - pCO2 - partial pressure of carbon dioxide (H2CO3 + CO2) in the blood (35 - 45 mm Hg); - 5B - standard blood plasma bicarbonate HSOd, which when the blood is completely saturated with oxygen is 22-26 meq/l; - BB - buffer bases of whole blood or plasma (43 - 53 meq/l) - an indicator of the capacity of the entire buffer system of blood or plasma; - L/86 - normal buffer bases of whole blood at physiological values of pH and CO2 of alveolar air; - BE - excess base, or alkaline reserve (from - 2.4 to +2.3 meq/l) - an indicator of excess or deficiency of buffer. CBS indicators reflect not only changes in the blood buffer systems, but also the state of the respiratory and excretory systems of the body. The state of acid-base balance (ABC) in the body is characterized by a constant blood pH (7.34-7.36).

An inverse correlation has been established between the dynamics of lactate content in the blood and changes in blood pH. By changing the ABS indicators during muscle activity, it is possible to monitor the body’s response to physical activity and the growth of the athlete’s fitness, since with the biochemical control of the ABS, one of these indicators can be determined. The active reaction of urine (pH) is directly dependent on the acid-base state of the body. With metabolic acidosis, urine acidity increases to pH 5, and with metabolic alkalosis it decreases to pH 7. Table. Figure 3 shows the direction of changes in urine pH values in relation to indicators of the acid-base state of plasma. Thus, wrestling as a sport is characterized by high intensity of muscle activity. In this regard, it is important to control the exchange of acids in the athlete’s body. The most informative indicator of ACS is the value of BE - alkaline reserve, which increases with increasing qualifications of athletes, especially those specializing in speed-strength sports.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that the training and competitive activity of martial artists takes place at about the maximum load of the athletes’ muscles. At the same time, the energy processes occurring in the body are characterized by the fact that, due to the short duration of anaerobic exercises, during their execution the functions of blood circulation and respiration do not have time to reach the possible maximum. During a maximal anaerobic exercise, the athlete either does not breathe at all or only manages to complete a few breathing cycles. Accordingly, the “average” pulmonary ventilation does not exceed 20-30% of the maximum. Fatigue in the competitive and training activities of martial arts athletes occurs due to near maximum load on the muscles during the entire period of the fight.

As a result, the pH level in the blood increases, the athlete’s reaction and his resistance to attacks from the enemy worsen. To reduce fatigue, it is recommended to use glycolytic anaerobic loads in the training process. The trace process created by the dominant focus can be quite persistent and inert, which makes it possible to maintain excitation even when the source of irritation is removed.

After the end of muscular work, a recovery, or post-working, period begins. It is characterized by the degree of change in body functions and the time required to restore them to the original level. Studying the recovery period is necessary to assess the severity of a particular job, determine its compliance with the body’s capabilities and determine the duration of the necessary rest. The biochemical basis of the motor skills of martial artists is directly related to the manifestation of strength abilities, which include dynamic, explosive, and isometric strength. Adaptation to muscular work is carried out through the work of each cell of the athlete, based on energy metabolism during the life of the cell. The basis of this process is the consumption of ATP during the interaction of hydrogen and calcium ions. Martial arts, as a sport, are characterized by high intensity muscle activity. In this regard, it is important to control the exchange of acids in the athlete’s body. The most informative indicator of ACS is the value of BE - alkaline reserve, which increases with increasing qualifications of athletes, especially those specializing in speed-strength sports.

Bibliography

1. Volkov N.I. Biochemistry of muscle activity. - M.: Olympic sport, 2001.

2. Volkov N.I., Oleynikov V.I. Bioenergy of sports. - M: Soviet Sport, 2011.

3. Maksimov D.V., Seluyanov V.N., Tabakov S.E. Physical training of martial artists. - M: TVT Division, 2011.

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Biochemistry of muscles. List of used literature Biochemistry of muscle activity

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