The Earth, together with the planets, revolves around the sun and almost all people on Earth know this. The fact that the Sun revolves around the center of our Milky Way galaxy is already known to a much smaller number of inhabitants of the planet. But that's not all. Our galaxy revolves around the center of the universe. Let's find out about it and watch interesting video footage.

It turns out that the entire solar system moves along with the Sun through the local interstellar cloud (the unchanging plane remains parallel to itself) at a speed of 25 km/s. This movement is directed almost perpendicular to the unchanging plane.

Perhaps here we need to look for explanations for the noticed differences in the structure of the northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun, the stripes and spots of both hemispheres of Jupiter. In any case, this movement determines possible encounters between the solar system and matter scattered in one form or another in interstellar space. The actual motion of the planets in space occurs along elongated helical lines (for example, the “stroke” of the screw of Jupiter’s orbit is 12 times greater than its diameter).

In 226 million years (galactic year), the solar system makes a complete revolution around the center of the galaxy, moving along an almost circular trajectory at a speed of 220 km/s.

Our Sun is part of a huge star system called the Galaxy (also called the Milky Way). Our Galaxy has the shape of a disk, similar to two plates folded at the edges. In its center is the rounded core of the Galaxy.

Our Galaxy - side view

If you look at our Galaxy from above, it looks like a spiral in which stellar matter is concentrated mainly in its branches, called galactic arms. The arms are located in the plane of the Galaxy's disk.

Our Galaxy - view from above

Our Galaxy contains more than 100 billion stars. The diameter of the Galaxy's disk is about 30 thousand parsecs (100,000 light years), and its thickness is about 1000 light years.

The stars within the disk move in circular paths around the center of the Galaxy, just as the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun. The rotation of the Galaxy occurs clockwise when looking at the Galaxy from its north pole (located in the constellation Coma Berenices). The speed of rotation of the disk is not the same at different distances from the center: it decreases as it moves away from it.

The closer to the center of the Galaxy, the higher the density of stars. If we lived on a planet near a star located near the core of the Galaxy, then dozens of stars would be visible in the sky, comparable in brightness to the Moon.

However, the Sun is very far from the center of the Galaxy, one might say - on its outskirts, at a distance of about 26 thousand light years (8.5 thousand parsecs), near the plane of the galaxy. It is located in the Orion Arm, connected to two larger arms - the inner Sagittarius Arm and the outer Perseus Arm.

The Sun moves at a speed of about 220-250 kilometers per second around the center of the Galaxy and makes a complete revolution around its center, according to various estimates, in 220-250 million years. During its existence, the period of revolution of the Sun together with surrounding stars near the center of our star system is called the galactic year. But you need to understand that there is no common period for the Galaxy, since it does not rotate like a rigid body. During its existence, the Sun circled the Galaxy approximately 30 times.

The Sun's revolution around the center of the Galaxy is oscillatory: every 33 million years it crosses the galactic equator, then rises above its plane to a height of 230 light years and descends again to the equator.

Interestingly, the Sun makes a complete revolution around the center of the Galaxy in exactly the same time as the spiral arms. As a result, the Sun does not cross regions of active star formation, in which supernovae often erupt - sources of radiation destructive to life. That is, it is located in the sector of the Galaxy that is most favorable for the origin and maintenance of life.

The solar system is moving through the interstellar medium of our Galaxy much more slowly than previously thought, and no shock wave is forming at its leading edge. This was established by astronomers who analyzed the data collected by the IBEX probe, reports RIA Novosti.

“We can say almost certainly that there is no shock wave in front of the heliosphere (the bubble that limits the Solar System from the interstellar medium), and that its interaction with the interstellar medium is much weaker and more dependent on magnetic fields than previously thought,” the scientists write in the article. published in the journal Science.
NASA's IBEX (Interstellar Boundary Explorer), launched in June 2008, is designed to explore the boundary of the solar system and interstellar space - the heliosphere, located at a distance of approximately 16 billion kilometers from the Sun.

At this distance, the flow of charged particles from the solar wind and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field weaken so much that they can no longer overcome the pressure of the discharged interstellar matter and ionized gas. As a result, a heliosphere “bubble” is formed, filled with solar wind inside and surrounded by interstellar gas outside.

The Sun's magnetic field deflects the trajectory of charged interstellar particles, but has no effect on the neutral atoms of hydrogen, oxygen and helium, which freely penetrate into the central regions of the Solar System. The detectors of the IBEX satellite “catch” such neutral atoms. Their study allows astronomers to draw conclusions about the features of the solar system's border zone.

A group of scientists from the USA, Germany, Poland and Russia presented a new analysis of data from the IBEX satellite, according to which the speed of the solar system was lower than previously thought. At the same time, as new data indicate, a shock wave does not arise in the front part of the heliosphere.

“The sonic boom that occurs when a jet plane breaks the sound barrier can serve as an terrestrial example for a shock wave. When a plane reaches supersonic speed, the air in front of it can't get out of its way fast enough, resulting in a shock wave,” said study lead author David McComas, according to a Southwest Research Institute press release ( USA).

For about a quarter of a century, scientists believed that the heliosphere was moving through interstellar space at a speed high enough for such a shock wave to form in front of it. However, new IBEX data showed that the solar system is actually moving through a local cloud of interstellar gas at a speed of 23.25 kilometers per second, which is 3.13 kilometers per second slower than previously thought. And this speed is below the limit at which a shock wave occurs.

"Although a shock wave exists in front of the bubbles surrounding many other stars, we found that our Sun's interaction with its environment does not reach the threshold at which a shock wave forms," ​​McComas said.

Previously, the IBEX probe was engaged in mapping the boundary of the heliosphere and discovered a mysterious strip on the heliosphere with increased fluxes of energetic particles, which surrounded the “bubble” of the heliosphere. Also, with the help of IBEX, it was established that the speed of movement of the Solar system over the past 15 years, for inexplicable reasons, has decreased by more than 10%.

The universe is spinning like a spinning top. Astronomers have discovered traces of the rotation of the universe.

Until now, most researchers were inclined to believe that our universe is static. Or if it moves, it’s only a little. Imagine the surprise of a team of scientists from the University of Michigan (USA), led by Professor Michael Longo, when they discovered clear traces of the rotation of our universe in space. It turns out that from the very beginning, even during the Big Bang, when the Universe was just born, it was already rotating. It was as if someone had launched it like a spinning top. And she is still spinning and spinning.

The research was carried out as part of the international project “Sloan Digital Sky Survey”. And scientists discovered this phenomenon by cataloging the direction of rotation of about 16,000 spiral galaxies from the north pole of the Milky Way. At first, scientists tried to find evidence that the Universe has the properties of mirror symmetry. In this case, they reasoned, the number of galaxies that rotate clockwise and those that “spin” in the opposite direction would be the same, pravda.ru reports.

But it turned out that towards the north pole of the Milky Way, among spiral galaxies, counterclockwise rotation predominates, that is, they are oriented to the right. This trend is visible even at a distance of more than 600 million light years.

The symmetry violation is small, only about seven percent, but the probability that this is such a cosmic accident is somewhere around one in a million,” commented Professor Longo. “Our results are very important because they seem to contradict the almost universal belief that if you take a large enough scale, the Universe will be isotropic, that is, it will not have a clear direction.

According to experts, a symmetrical and isotropic Universe should have arisen from a spherically symmetrical explosion, which should have been shaped like a basketball. However, if at birth the Universe rotated around its axis in a certain direction, then the galaxies would maintain this direction of rotation. But, since they rotate in different directions, it follows that the Big Bang had a diversified direction. However, the Universe is most likely still spinning.

In general, astrophysicists had previously guessed about the violation of symmetry and isotropy. Their guesses were based on observations of other giant anomalies. These include traces of cosmic strings - incredibly extended defects of space-time of zero thickness, hypothetically born in the first moments after the Big Bang. The appearance of “bruises” on the body of the Universe - the so-called imprints from its past collisions with other universes. And also the movement of the “Dark Stream” - a huge stream of galactic clusters rushing at enormous speed in one direction.

February 12, 2018 at 06:59

How does the solar system move?

• Popular Science,
• Astronomy

Surely, many of you have seen a gif or watched a video showing the movement of the solar system.

Video clip, released in 2012, went viral and created a lot of buzz. I came across it shortly after its appearance, when I knew much less about space than I do now. And what confused me most of all was the perpendicularity of the plane of the planets’ orbits to the direction of motion. Not that it is impossible, but the solar system can move at any angle to the galactic plane. You may ask, why remember long-forgotten stories? The fact is that right now, if desired and there is good weather, everyone can see in the sky the real angle between the planes of the ecliptic and the Galaxy.

Checking the scientists

Astronomy says that the angle between the planes of the ecliptic and the Galaxy is 63°.

But the figure itself is boring, and even now, when flat Earth adherents are on the fringes of science, I want to have a simple and clear illustration. Let's think about how we can see the planes of the Galaxy and the ecliptic in the sky, preferably with the naked eye and without moving too far from the city? The plane of the Galaxy is the Milky Way, but now, with the abundance of light pollution, it is not so easy to see. Is there some line approximately close to the plane of the Galaxy? Yes - this is the constellation Cygnus. It is clearly visible even in the city, and it is easy to find it based on the bright stars: Deneb (alpha Cygnus), Vega (alpha Lyrae) and Altair (alpha Eagle). The “torso” of Cygnus roughly coincides with the galactic plane.

Okay, we have one plane. But how to get a visual ecliptic line? Let's think about what the ecliptic actually is? According to the modern strict definition, the ecliptic is a section of the celestial sphere by the plane of the orbit of the Earth-Moon barycenter (center of mass). On average, the Sun moves along the ecliptic, but we do not have two Suns along which it is convenient to draw a line, and the constellation Cygnus will not be visible in sunlight. But if we remember that the planets of the solar system also move in approximately the same plane, then it turns out that the parade of planets will approximately show us the plane of the ecliptic. And now in the morning sky you can just see Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

As a result, in the coming weeks in the morning before sunrise it will be possible to very clearly see the following picture:

Which, surprisingly, agrees perfectly with astronomy textbooks.

It’s more correct to draw a gif like this:

Source: astronomer Rhys Taylor website rhysy.net

The question may be about the relative position of the planes. Are we flying?<-/ или же <-\ (если смотреть с внешней стороны Галактики, северный полюс вверху)? Астрономия говорит, что Солнечная система движется относительно ближайших звезд в направлении созвездия Геркулеса, в точку, расположенную недалеко от Веги и Альбирео (бета Лебедя), то есть правильное положение <-/.

But this fact, alas, cannot be verified by hand, because even though they did it two hundred and thirty-five years ago, they used the results of many years of astronomical observations and mathematics.

Scattering stars

How can one even determine where the solar system is moving relative to nearby stars? If we can record the movement of a star across the celestial sphere for decades, then the direction of movement of several stars will tell us where we are moving relative to them. Let's call the point to which we are moving the apex. Stars that are close to it, as well as from the opposite point (antiapex), will move weakly because they are flying towards us or away from us. And the farther the star is from the apex and antiapex, the greater its own motion will be. Imagine that you are driving along the road. Traffic lights at intersections ahead and behind will not move too much to the sides. But the lampposts along the road will still flicker (have a lot of their own movement) outside the window.

The gif shows the movement of Barnard's star, which has the largest proper motion. Already in the 18th century, astronomers had records of the positions of stars over an interval of 40-50 years, which made it possible to determine the direction of movement of slower stars. Then the English astronomer William Herschel took star catalogs and, without going to the telescope, began to calculate. Already the first calculations using the Mayer catalog showed that the stars do not move chaotically, and the apex can be determined.

Source: Hoskin, M. Herschel's Determination of the Solar Apex, Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 11, P. 153, 1980

And with the data from the Lalande catalogue, the area was significantly reduced.

From there

Next came the normal scientific work - clarification of data, calculations, disputes, but Herschel used the correct principle and was mistaken by only ten degrees. Information is still being collected, for example, just thirty years ago the speed of movement was reduced from 20 to 13 km/s. Important: this speed should not be confused with the speed of the solar system and other nearby stars relative to the center of the Galaxy, which is approximately 220 km/s.

Even further

Well, since we mentioned the speed of movement relative to the center of the Galaxy, we need to figure it out here too. The galactic north pole was chosen in the same way as the earth's - arbitrarily by convention. It is located near the star Arcturus (alpha Boötes), approximately up the wing of the constellation Cygnus. In general, the projection of constellations on the Galaxy map looks like this:

Those. The solar system moves relative to the center of the Galaxy in the direction of the constellation Cygnus, and relative to local stars in the direction of the constellation Hercules, at an angle of 63° to the galactic plane,<-/, если смотреть с внешней стороны Галактики, северный полюс сверху.

Space tail

But the comparison of the solar system with a comet in the video is completely correct. NASA's IBEX apparatus was specially created to determine the interaction between the boundary of the solar system and interstellar space. And according to him

Where are you flying - Red Sun , where are you taking us with you? — It seems like a very simple question that even a high school student can answer. However, if you look at this problem from the standpoint of the cosmological views of the Sacred Teachings of the East, then the answer to this seemingly easy question for a modern educated person will most likely turn out to be far from being so simple and obvious. The reader has probably already guessed that the topic of this essay will be devoted to the galactic orbit of our Solar System. Following our tradition, we will try to consider this issue, both from a scientific point of view and from the positions of the Theosophical Doctrine and the Teachings of Agni Yogi.

I would like to say the following in advance. Today, there is very little cosmological information on these issues, both scientific and especially esoteric in nature. Therefore, the main result of our consideration can only be a statement of coincidences or divergences of views on a number of fundamental aspects of this topic.

Let us remind our readers that if within the Solar System the main unit of measurement of the distances of celestial bodies from each other was the astronomical unit ( a.e.), equal to the average distance of the Earth from the Sun (approximately 150 million km), then in the stellar and galactic expanses other units of distance measurement are used. The most commonly used units are the light year (the distance traveled by light in one Earth year) equal to 9.46 trillion km, and parsec (pc) – 3,262 light year. It should also be noted that determining the external dimensions of a galaxy while being inside it is a very difficult matter. Therefore, the values ​​of the parameters of our galaxy given below are only indicative.

Before considering where and how the Solar System flies in galactic space, we will very briefly talk about our native galaxy called - Milky Way .

Milky Way is a typical medium-sized spiral galaxy with a pronounced central bar. The diameter of the galaxy's disk is about 100 000 light years (light years). The Sun is located almost in the plane of the disk at an average distance of 26 000 +/- 1400 sv.g. from the center of the galactic core. It is generally accepted that the thickness of the galactic disk in the solar region is about 1000 St. d. However, some researchers believe that this parameter can reach 2000 — 3000 sv.g. The number of stars that make up the Milky Way, according to various estimates, ranges from 200 before 400 billion Young stars and star clusters, whose age does not exceed several billion years, are concentrated near the plane of the disk. They form the so-called flat component. There are a lot of bright and hot stars among them. The gas in the Galaxy's disk is also concentrated mainly near its plane.

All four main spiral arms of the galaxy (arms Perseus, Sagittarius, Centauri And Swan) are located in the plane of the galactic disk. The solar system is located inside a small sleeve Orion, having a length of about 11000 St. g. and diameter of the order 3500 St. g. Sometimes this arm is also called the Local Arm or Orion's Spur. The Orion Arm owes its name to the nearby stars of the Orion Constellation. It is located between the Sagittarius arm and the Perseus arm. In the Orion Arm, the solar system is located near its inner edge.

Interestingly, the spiral arms of the galaxy rotate as a single unit, with the same angular velocity. At a certain distance from the center of the galaxy, the speed of rotation of the arms practically coincides with the speed of rotation of the matter of the galactic disk. The zone in which the coincidence of angular velocities is observed is a narrow ring, or rather a torus with a radius of about 250 parsec. This ring-shaped region around the center of the galaxy is called corotation zones(co-rotation).

According to scientists, it is in this corotation zone that our Solar system is currently located. Why is this zone interesting for us? Without going into unnecessary details, let's just say that the presence of the Sun in this narrow zone gives it very calm and comfortable conditions for stellar evolution. And this, in turn, as some scientists believe, provides favorable opportunities for the development of biological life forms on planets. This special arrangement of star systems in this zone gives more chances for the development of life. Therefore, the corotation zone is sometimes called the galactic belt of life. It is assumed that similar corotation zones should be present in other spiral galaxies.

Currently, the Sun, together with our planetary system, is located on the outskirts of the Orion Arm between the main spiral arms of Perseus and Sagittarius and is slowly moving towards the Perseus Arm. According to calculations, the Sun will be able to reach the Perseus arm in several billion years.

What does science say about the trajectory of the Sun in the Milky Way galaxy?

There is no clear opinion on this issue, but most scientists believe that the Sun moves around the center of our galaxy in a slightly elliptical orbit, very slowly but regularly crossing the galactic arms. However, some researchers believe that the orbit of the Sun may be a rather elongated ellipse.

It is also believed that at this epoch the Sun is in the northern part of the galaxy at a distance 20-25 parsec from the plane of the galactic disk. The Sun moves in the direction of the galactic disk and the angle between the plane of the ecliptic of the solar system and the plane of the galactic disk is about 30 hail Below is a schematic diagram of the relative orientation of the ecliptic plane and the galactic disk.

In addition to moving in an ellipse around the galactic core The solar system also performs harmonic wave-like vertical oscillations relative to the galactic plane, crossing it every 30-35 millions of years and ending up in the northern and southern galactic hemispheres. According to the calculations of some researchers, the Sun crosses the galactic disk every 20-25 million years.

The values ​​of the maximum rise of the Sun above the galactic disk in the northern and southern hemispheres of the galaxy can be approximately 50-80 parsec. Scientists cannot yet provide more accurate data on the periodic “diving” of the Sun. It must be said that the laws of celestial mechanics, in principle, do not reject the possibility of the existence of this kind of harmonic motion and even allow one to calculate the trajectory.

However, it is quite possible that such a diving movement may be an ordinary elongated spiral. After all in fact, in space all celestial bodies move in spirals . And thought, the originator of all that exists, also flies in its spiral . We will talk about the spirals of the solar orbit in the second part of our essay, and now we will return to consideration of the orbital movement of the Sun.

The question of measuring the speed of the Sun is inextricably linked with the choice of a reference system. The solar system is in constant motion relative to nearby stars, interstellar gas and the center of the Milky Way. The movement of the Solar System in our galaxy was first noticed by William Herschel.

It has now been established that all stars except general portable traffic around the center of the galaxy have more individual, the so-called peculiar movement. Movement of the Sun towards the boundary of the constellations Hercules And Lyra- There is peculiar movement, and the movement in the direction of the constellation Swan – portable,general with other nearby stars orbiting the galactic core.

It is generally accepted that speed of the peculiar motion of the Sun is about 20 km/s, and this movement is directed towards the so-called apex - the point to which the movement of other nearby stars is also directed. The speed of the portable or general movement around the center of the galaxy in the direction of the constellation Cygnus is much greater and, according to various estimates, is 180 — 255 km/s

Due to such a significant spread in the speed of general movement the duration of one revolution of the Solar system along a wave-like trajectory around the center of the Milky Way (galactic year) can also, according to various sources, be from 180 before 270 million years. Let's remember these values ​​for further consideration.

So, According to available scientific data, our solar system is currently located in the northern hemisphere of the Milky Way and moves at an angle of 30 hail to the galactic disk with an average speed of about 220 km/sec. The elevation from the plane of the galactic disk is approximately 20-25 parsec. It was previously indicated that the thickness of the galactic disk in the region of the Sun’s orbit is approximately equal to 1000 St. G.

Knowing the thickness of the disk, the amount of elevation of the Sun above the disk, the speed and angle of the Sun's entry into the disk, we can determine the time after which we will enter and exit the galactic disk already in the southern hemisphere of the Milky Way. Having made these simple calculations, we find that in approximately 220 000 years, the solar system will enter the plane of the galactic disk and in another 2.7 million. years will come out of it. Thus, in about 3 million years, our Sun and our Earth will already be in the southern hemisphere of the Milky Way. Of course, the thickness of the galactic disk chosen by us for calculation can vary within very wide limits, therefore the calculations are only of an estimation nature.

So, if the scientific data we now have is correct, then the people of the end 6 th Root Race and 7 The th Races of the Earth will already live in the new conditions of the southern hemisphere of the galaxy.

Let us now turn to the cosmological records of E.I. Roerich in 1940-1950.

Brief references to the galactic orbit of the Sun can be found in the essay by Helena Roerich "Conversations with the Teacher", chapter "Sun"(Journal “New Epoch”, No. 1/20, 1999). Although only a few lines are devoted to this topic, the information contained in these entries is of great interest. Speaking about the features of our solar system, the Teacher reports the following.

“Our Solar System reveals one of the varieties among the groupings of spatial bodies around one body - the Sun. Our solar system is different from other systems. Our System is definitely outlined by planets that clearly orbit our Sun. But this definition is not accurate. The system is determined or outlined not only by the mechanics of the planets around the sun, but also clearly by the solar orbit - this orbit is colossal. But still she is like an atom in the visible Cosmos.

Our Astronomy differs from modern one. The ardent path of the Sun has not yet been calculated by astronomers. It will take at least a billion years to complete a full circle of the ellipse.” .

We draw attention to a very important point. Unlike modern astronomy Astronomy of the Sacred Knowledge determines the boundaries of the Solar system not only by the orbits of distant outer planets revolving around the Sun, but also by the solar orbit itself, which runs around the center of our galaxy. In addition, it is indicated that One revolution around the center of the galaxy takes the Sun no less than a billion (billion) years to complete an ellipse. . Let us recall that according to modern scientific data, the Sun makes its revolution around the galactic core in just 180 – 270 million years. We will talk about the possible reasons for such strong discrepancies in the lengths of the galactic year in the second part of the essay. Further, E.I. Roerich writes:

“The speed of passage of the Sun is fiercely faster than the speed of the Earth along its ellipse. The speed of the Sun is many times greater than the speed of Jupiter. But the speed of the Sun is little noticeable due to the ardent relative speed of the Zodiac." .

These lines allow us to conclude that in the matter of assessing the speed of the general movement of the Sun around the center of the galaxy and the peculiar (proper) movement relative to the nearest stars, between modern science and Sacred Knowledge there is full agreement. Indeed, if the speed of the general orbital motion of the Sun is within the limits 180 – 255 km/sec., then the average speed of the Earth’s movement along the ellipse of its orbit is only 30 km/sec., and Jupiter even less - 13 km/sec. However, the Sun's own (peculiar) speed relative to the bright stars of the zodiacal belt and the nearest stars is only 20 km/sec. Therefore, relative to the Zodiac, the movement of the Sun is little noticeable.

“The Sun will leave the Zodiac belt and appear in a new belt of constellations beyond the Milky Way. The Milky Way is not only a ring, but a new atmosphere. The Sun will acclimate to the new atmosphere as it passes through the ring of the Milky Way. It is not only immeasurably deep, but it seems precisely bottomless to the earthly consciousness. The Zodiac lies at the limit of the Milky Way Ring.

The blazing Sun rushes along its orbit, heading towards the constellation Hercules. On its way, it will cross the ring of the Milky Way and violently protrude beyond its borders.” .

Center of the Milky Way (side view)

It is obvious that the meaning of the last fragment of the records coincides in almost all respects with the data of the astronomical science of our days about the movement of the Sun relative to the galactic disk, which is referred to in the records as « Milky Way Ring «. After all, in essence, it is said that over time, due to its movement, the Sun will leave this galactic hemisphere and, having passed the galactic disk - the Ring of the Milky Way, will settle in the other hemisphere of the galaxy. Naturally, there will already be other stars around the ecliptic, forming a new zodiac belt.

Moreover, indeed "atmosphere" The galactic disk differs significantly in the greater direction in the density of galactic matter, compared with the density of matter in space where we are now. Therefore, both the Sun and our entire planetary system will be forced to adapt to existence in new, probably more severe, cosmic conditions.

The Sun will cross the galactic disk ( "Ring of the Milky Way" ) and rises significantly above its plane ( "will vehemently go beyond it" ). This line of records can probably be considered as some kind of indirect confirmation of the fact that our Solar system moves around the center of the galaxy along a wavy or spiral trajectory, periodically “diving” into one or another galactic hemisphere. Although the records, of course, do not provide unambiguous confirmation of this fact. It is possible that the trajectory of the Sun around the center of the galaxy may not be a wavy, but a smooth ellipse, but inclined at a significant angle to the plane of the galactic disk. Then the number of intersections of the disk plane will be equal to two (ascending and descending nodes of the orbit).

So, we see that in their qualitative terms, the ideas of modern science about the galactic movement of the Sun very closely coincide with the position of Esoteric Astronomy on this issue. However, there are serious discrepancies in estimates of the length of the galactic year and in determining the spatial outlines of the Solar System. Let us recall that, according to various scientific data, the galactic year is equal to 180 – 270 million years, while Cosmological records state that the Sun completes its ellipse in no less than billion years.

In our assessments and considerations, we, of course, proceed from the premises that modern science is just beginning its path of cognizing the Cosmos, while the Great Cosmic Teachers, who now lead the evolution of stars, planets and humanity, have long passed this initial path of Knowledge. Therefore, it would be simply unwise to dispute Their statements. Then what are the possible reasons for such discrepancies? This is exactly what we are going to talk about.

You sit, stand or lie reading this article and do not feel that the Earth is spinning on its axis at a breakneck speed - approximately 1,700 km/h at the equator. However, the rotation speed does not seem that fast when converted to km/s. The result is 0.5 km/s - a barely noticeable blip on the radar, in comparison with other speeds around us.

Just like other planets in the solar system, the Earth revolves around the Sun. And in order to stay in its orbit, it moves at a speed of 30 km/s. Venus and Mercury, which are closer to the Sun, move faster, Mars, whose orbit passes behind the Earth’s orbit, moves much slower.

But even the Sun does not stand in one place. Our Milky Way galaxy is huge, massive and also mobile! All stars, planets, gas clouds, dust particles, black holes, dark matter - all of this moves relative to a common center of mass.

According to scientists, the Sun is located at a distance of 25,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and moves in an elliptical orbit, making a full revolution every 220–250 million years. It turns out that the speed of the Sun is about 200–220 km/s, which is hundreds of times higher than the speed of the Earth around its axis and tens of times higher than the speed of its movement around the Sun. This is what the movement of our solar system looks like.

Is the galaxy stationary? Not again. Giant space objects have a large mass, and therefore create strong gravitational fields. Give the Universe some time (and we've had it for about 13.8 billion years), and everything will start moving in the direction of greatest gravity. That is why the Universe is not homogeneous, but consists of galaxies and groups of galaxies.

What does this mean for us?

This means that the Milky Way is pulled towards it by other galaxies and groups of galaxies located nearby. This means that massive objects dominate the process. And this means that not only our galaxy, but also everyone around us is influenced by these “tractors”. We are getting closer to understanding what happens to us in outer space, but we still lack facts, for example:

• what were the initial conditions under which the Universe began;
• how the different masses in the galaxy move and change over time;
• how the Milky Way and surrounding galaxies and clusters were formed;
• and how it is happening now.

However, there is a trick that will help us figure it out.

The Universe is filled with relict radiation with a temperature of 2.725 K, which has been preserved since the Big Bang. Here and there there are tiny deviations - about 100 μK, but the overall temperature background is constant.

This is because the Universe was formed by the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and is still expanding and cooling.

380,000 years after the Big Bang, the Universe cooled to such a temperature that the formation of hydrogen atoms became possible. Before this, photons constantly interacted with other plasma particles: they collided with them and exchanged energy. As the Universe cooled, there were fewer charged particles and more space between them. Photons were able to move freely in space. CMB radiation is photons that were emitted by the plasma towards the future location of the Earth, but escaped scattering because recombination had already begun. They reach the Earth through the space of the Universe, which continues to expand.

You can “see” this radiation yourself. The interference that occurs on a blank TV channel if you use a simple antenna that looks like a rabbit's ears is 1% caused by the CMB.

Still, the temperature of the relict background is not the same in all directions. According to the results of research by the Planck mission, the temperature differs slightly in the opposite hemispheres of the celestial sphere: it is slightly higher in parts of the sky south of the ecliptic - about 2.728 K, and lower in the other half - about 2.722 K.

Map of the microwave background made with the Planck telescope.

This difference is almost 100 times larger than other observed temperature variations in the CMB, and is misleading. Why is this happening? The answer is obvious - this difference is not due to fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation, it appears because there is movement!

When you approach a light source or it approaches you, the spectral lines in the source's spectrum shift towards short waves (violet shift), when you move away from it or it moves away from you, the spectral lines shift towards long waves (red shift).

CMB radiation cannot be more or less energetic, which means we are moving through space. The Doppler effect helps determine that our Solar System is moving relative to the CMB at a speed of 368 ± 2 km/s, and the local group of galaxies, including the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, is moving at a speed of 627 ± 22 km/s relative to the CMB. These are the so-called peculiar velocities of galaxies, which amount to several hundred km/s. In addition to them, there are also cosmological velocities due to the expansion of the Universe and calculated according to Hubble’s law.

Thanks to residual radiation from the Big Bang, we can observe that everything in the Universe is constantly moving and changing. And our galaxy is only part of this process.

You sit, stand or lie reading this article and do not feel that the Earth is spinning on its axis at a breakneck speed - approximately 1,700 km/h at the equator. However, the rotation speed does not seem that fast when converted to km/s. The result is 0.5 km/s - a barely noticeable blip on the radar, in comparison with other speeds around us.

Just like other planets in the solar system, the Earth revolves around the Sun. And in order to stay in its orbit, it moves at a speed of 30 km/s. Venus and Mercury, which are closer to the Sun, move faster, Mars, whose orbit passes behind the Earth’s orbit, moves much slower.

But even the Sun does not stand in one place. Our Milky Way galaxy is huge, massive and also mobile! All stars, planets, gas clouds, dust particles, black holes, dark matter - all of this moves relative to a common center of mass.

According to scientists, the Sun is located at a distance of 25,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and moves in an elliptical orbit, making a full revolution every 220–250 million years. It turns out that the speed of the Sun is about 200–220 km/s, which is hundreds of times higher than the speed of the Earth around its axis and tens of times higher than the speed of its movement around the Sun. This is what the movement of our solar system looks like.

Is the galaxy stationary? Not again. Giant space objects have a large mass, and therefore create strong gravitational fields. Give the Universe some time (and we've had it for about 13.8 billion years), and everything will start moving in the direction of greatest gravity. That is why the Universe is not homogeneous, but consists of galaxies and groups of galaxies.

What does this mean for us?

This means that the Milky Way is pulled towards it by other galaxies and groups of galaxies located nearby. This means that massive objects dominate the process. And this means that not only our galaxy, but also everyone around us is influenced by these “tractors”. We are getting closer to understanding what happens to us in outer space, but we still lack facts, for example:

• what were the initial conditions under which the Universe began;
• how the different masses in the galaxy move and change over time;
• how the Milky Way and surrounding galaxies and clusters were formed;
• and how it is happening now.

However, there is a trick that will help us figure it out.

The Universe is filled with relict radiation with a temperature of 2.725 K, which has been preserved since the Big Bang. Here and there there are tiny deviations - about 100 μK, but the overall temperature background is constant.

This is because the Universe was formed by the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and is still expanding and cooling.

380,000 years after the Big Bang, the Universe cooled to such a temperature that the formation of hydrogen atoms became possible. Before this, photons constantly interacted with other plasma particles: they collided with them and exchanged energy. As the Universe cooled, there were fewer charged particles and more space between them. Photons were able to move freely in space. CMB radiation is photons that were emitted by the plasma towards the future location of the Earth, but escaped scattering because recombination had already begun. They reach the Earth through the space of the Universe, which continues to expand.

You can “see” this radiation yourself. The interference that occurs on a blank TV channel if you use a simple antenna that looks like a rabbit's ears is 1% caused by the CMB.

Still, the temperature of the relict background is not the same in all directions. According to the results of research by the Planck mission, the temperature differs slightly in the opposite hemispheres of the celestial sphere: it is slightly higher in parts of the sky south of the ecliptic - about 2.728 K, and lower in the other half - about 2.722 K.

Map of the microwave background made with the Planck telescope.

This difference is almost 100 times larger than other observed temperature variations in the CMB, and is misleading. Why is this happening? The answer is obvious - this difference is not due to fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation, it appears because there is movement!

When you approach a light source or it approaches you, the spectral lines in the source's spectrum shift towards short waves (violet shift), when you move away from it or it moves away from you, the spectral lines shift towards long waves (red shift).

CMB radiation cannot be more or less energetic, which means we are moving through space. The Doppler effect helps determine that our Solar System is moving relative to the CMB at a speed of 368 ± 2 km/s, and the local group of galaxies, including the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, is moving at a speed of 627 ± 22 km/s relative to the CMB. These are the so-called peculiar velocities of galaxies, which amount to several hundred km/s. In addition to them, there are also cosmological velocities due to the expansion of the Universe and calculated according to Hubble’s law.

Thanks to residual radiation from the Big Bang, we can observe that everything in the Universe is constantly moving and changing. And our galaxy is only part of this process.