Petrovsky doctor. History of medicine. Petrovsky Scientific School

Hero of Socialist Labor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Honorary Director of the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

He was born on June 27, 1908 in Essentuki, but considers his homeland to be the village of Blagodarnoye, Stavropol Territory (now Blagodarny), where Boris Vasilyevich’s father, Vasily Ivanovich Petrovsky (born 1880), a zemstvo doctor, worked at that time. His name was widely known among the population of Stavropol. In 1980, a memorial plaque was installed on one of the buildings of the former Blagodarny Zemstvo Hospital, and one of the city streets was named after V.I. Petrovsky. In recent years, the People's Memorial Museum of V.I. Petrovsky has been created and opened in Blagodarny. Mother - Petrovskaya (nee Shevchenko) Lydia Petrovna (born 1880). Wife - Petrovskaya (Timofeeva) Ekaterina Mikhailovna. Daughter - Petrovskaya Marina Borisovna (born 1936).

In 1916-1924. Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky studied at the II level school in Kislovodsk. Family traditions formed his desire to follow in his father’s footsteps. After graduating from school, he immediately went to work as a disinfectant at the disinfection station of Kislovodsk. Here he completed courses in accounting, shorthand, and sanitary courses and began working as a delivery boy in the branch of the Medsantrud trade union. At the same time, I was intensively preparing to enter university.

It was the medical faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University that attracted him, where Boris Petrovsky dreamed of enrolling since childhood.

Already in Moscow, Boris Vasilyevich was advised to get an appointment with Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, Deputy People's Commissar of Education. Two days of waiting at the People's Commissariat for Education and the meeting with N.K. Krupskaya were not in vain: B.V. Petrovsky received the blessing to pass the exams at Moscow State University. Having passed the test, to his great joy, B.V. Petrovsky was admitted to the medical faculty.

According to B.V. Petrovsky, his years of study at the university strengthened his interest in surgery and showed the need for versatile and in-depth training, first of all as a doctor, and then as a “narrow” specialist. Understanding well that one can become a surgeon only by being a versatile and fundamentally trained physician, B.V. Petrovsky thoroughly studied clinical disciplines, physiology, spent many hours in the anatomical theater, mastered and improved surgical technique, did a lot of duty in the clinic and attended rounds of senior colleagues , performed the first independent operations.

Among the professors and teachers of B.V. Petrovsky were the greatest scientists: wonderful surgeons A.V. Martynov, N.N. Burdenko, P.A. Herzen, anatomist P.A. Karuzin, chemists V.S. Gulevich and A.V. Stepanov, histologist B.I. Lavrentiev, physiologist M.N. Shaternikov, pathologist A.I. Abrikosov, therapists - D.M. Rossiysky, D.D. Pletnev, Burmin, M.I. Konchalovsky, E.E. Fromgold, urologist R.M.Fronshtein, obstetrician-gynecologist M.S.Malinovsky, pediatrician V.I.Molchanov, psychiatrist P.B.Gannushkin, neuropathologist G.I.Rossolimo, pathophysiologist S.I.Chechulin, hygienist and health care organizer N.A. Semashko.

A wonderful school for the future surgeon was participation in operations together with A.V. Martynov, and later with P.A. Herzen, night shifts at the Yauza hospital, and work in a scientific student circle. Boris Vasilyevich often visited the laboratories of S.I. Chechulin and S.S. Bryukhonenko, in which the world’s first artificial blood circulation apparatus, the “autojector,” was created.

During his studies, B.V. Petrovsky was active in social work, was the chairman of the trade union committee of the institute, and was fond of playing chess and hiking. One of the brightest impressions was meeting the great physiologist I.P. Pavlov, meeting at the chessboard with the future multiple world champion Mikhail Botvinnik.

Transfer to senior courses - to Pirogovka, where the clinics and laboratories of the 1st Moscow State University were located, the legendary Devichye Pole, where the Russian medical intelligentsia studied, was a new stage in life for Boris Vasilyevich, accompanied by a restructuring of thinking. From inanimate objects and inanimate matter, students moved on to people, the sick, and had to learn to understand their suffering - in a word, to prepare themselves for the profession of a doctor.

The wonderful student years passed unnoticed - 1928, 1929, 1930. Boris Vasilyevich's passion for surgery grew more and more intense. He did not miss a single meeting of the surgical circle, which was led by assistants Boris Vladimirovich Milonov and Joseph Moiseevich Chaikov. Together with other students, he participated in duty at P.A. Herzen’s clinic and even assisted him, usually at night, in operations. Boris Vasilyevich forever remembered the words of his teacher, Pyotr Aleksandrovich Herzen, spoken by him after one of the most difficult operations: “It’s not the surgeon who is afraid of blood, but the blood should be afraid of the surgeon.”

After graduating, B.V. Petrovsky worked for about a year and a half as a resident in the surgical department at the Podolsk regional hospital and as the head of the health center of the Podolsk State Shveymashina plant (1931-1932). In 1932, he served as a junior doctor in a tank brigade regiment and a hospital doctor in Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Region.

A passionate desire to devote his life to surgery and master it from his mentor Pyotr Aleksandrovich Herzen led B.V. Petrovsky to Moscow, to the Oncological Institute (P.A. Herzen Clinic), where he turned to his teacher. Pyotr Alexandrovich remembered his former student and directed him to senior assistant Alexander Ivanovich Savitsky. He received B.V. Petrovsky along with doctors Buivolov, Anfilogov, Shmelev, who also returned after military service. All of them were in military tunics and trousers, boots, soldiers' greatcoats, and Budenovkas.

Since 1932, he has been engaged in scientific activities - as a researcher at the Moscow Oncology Institute (the first ten-year stage under the leadership of P.A. Herzen). The abilities of a researcher and the talent of a surgeon found fertile ground - over several years of hard work, Boris Vasilyevich completed research on important issues in oncology (treatment of breast cancer), transfusiology (method of long-term massive transfusions and drip blood transfusions), and shock.

The first scientific article by B.V. Petrovsky, “On the assessment of long-term results of surgical treatment of breast cancer,” was published in 1937 in the journal “Surgery.”

In the cycle of his first scientific works, the principles of his creative activity can be traced - special attention to current problems of surgery, in close connection with physiology and other fundamental sciences, the search for something new, a heightened understanding of the current challenges of the time.

In the 20-30s, blood transfusion, as a problem in surgery, was in its youth and required the solution of many scientific, practical and organizational issues. Of course, the problem was also of interest to B.V. Petrovsky. In 1937, Boris Vasilyevich defended his PhD thesis on the topic: “Drip transfusion of blood and blood-substituting fluids in oncological practice.” In a revised form, it was published as a monograph in 1948. B.V. Petrovsky retained his interest in blood transfusion in subsequent years, in particular, in the methods of introducing blood into the body and the effect of transfusions on body functions.

At the Institute of Oncology, B.V. Petrovsky met a researcher at the experimental laboratory, a student of Academician A.A. Bogomolets, Ekaterina Mikhailovna Timofeeva. In 1933 they got married.

In 1938, B.V. Petrovsky was awarded the title of senior researcher (associate professor). However, peacetime was ending. In 1939-1940, Boris Vasilyevich participated as a leading surgeon and deputy head of a field hospital in the army in military events on the Karelian Isthmus.

In 1940-1941 B.V. Petrovsky worked as a senior researcher at the Moscow Oncology Institute. The Great Patriotic War found him at the Department of General Surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after N.I. Pirogov as an associate professor. From the operating table of the clinic, he went into the active army.

From the first days of the war, B.V. Petrovsky was a leading surgeon at front-line army hospitals on the Western, Bryansk and 2nd Baltic fronts. Thousands of soldiers and officers owe their lives to his skill as a surgeon. The military work of B.V. Petrovsky was marked by military awards - the Order of the Red Star (1942), two Orders of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree (1943, 1985), and medals.

During the difficult years of the war, he not only acquires enormous practical experience, but also subjects it to analytical analysis, i.e. actively engaged in scientific activities (military field surgery, surgery of wounds of the heart, lungs, pericardium, blood vessels, transfusiology, etc.). The works of B.V. Petrovsky “Pericarditis after gunshot injuries of the chest” (1943, 1945), “Gunshot wounds of blood vessels” (1944), “Subphrenic abscesses after gunshot wounds” (1945) and others, reflecting the surgeon’s extensive experience in the treatment of gunshot wounds of blood vessels and their consequences.

Based on military experience, Boris Vasilyevich also wrote works on injuries to the pelvic bones, subdiaphragmatic space, published his original method of hip disarticulation surgery, etc.

This large cycle of research, intensively continued in the post-war years, was formalized in 1947 into a doctoral dissertation “Surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of blood vessels in a front-line area.” In 1949, it was published in the form of a monograph “Surgical treatment of vascular wounds” (M., Publishing House of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, 1949).

The rich experience of military field surgery in the treatment of vascular injuries is also summarized in the 19th volume of the unique publication, which has no analogues in the world, “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.” The author of the sections and editor of the 19th volume was B.V. Petrovsky. These works of the scientist influenced the development of the doctrine of gunshot wounds of blood vessels; Boris Vasilyevich developed in detail the operations of intra-sac elimination of aneurysms and pulsating hematomas, transvenous suture and lateral suture of arteries; performed operations unique for his time for gunshot arteriovenous aneurysms, in particular, for aneurysms of the aortic arch, cava, and innominate vein. He developed approaches for the most complex and inaccessible gunshot wounds and aneurysms of the innominate, carotid and subclavian vessels.

27.06.1908 - 04.05.2004

Military doctor 2nd rank Boris VasilievichPetrovsky- leading surgeon of Evacuation Hospital No. 2068, an outstanding Soviet Russian surgeon, healthcare organizer, Minister of Health of the USSR, director of the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor. Member of the CPSU(b) since 1942. Russian.

Born on June 14 (27), 1908 in the city of Essentuki, now Stavropol Territory, in the family of a zemstvo doctor. In 1916-1924 he studied at a 2nd level school in the city of Kislovodsk. After graduating from school, he went to work as a disinfectant at the disinfection station of Kislovodsk. Here he completed courses in accounting, shorthand, and sanitary courses and began working as a delivery boy in the branch of the Medsantrud trade union, while at the same time intensively preparing to enter the university.

In 1930 he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University (MSU) named after M.V. Lomonosov. After graduating from the university, he worked as a surgeon for about a year and a half in the district hospital of the city of Podolsk, Moscow region.

Since 1932, scientific activity began - as a researcher at the Moscow Oncology Institute (under the leadership of Professor P.A. Herzen) and the General Surgery Clinic at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University. In 1937, Petrovsky defended his dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences on the topic “Drip transfusion of blood and blood-substituting fluids in oncological practice.” In 1938 he was awarded the title of senior researcher (associate professor). In 1939-1940, he participated as a leading surgeon and deputy head of field mobile hospital No. 500 of the active army, in military events on the Karelian Isthmus (Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940).

Since 1941, Petrovsky Associate Professor of the Department of General Surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after P.I. Pirogov.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the leading surgeon of evacuation hospital No. 2068 in the active army.

By nature, strong-willed and decisive, B.V. During the Great Patriotic War, Petrovsky proved himself to be a highly qualified surgeon and an excellent organizer of medical affairs in combat conditions. At the first stage of the war, the medical staff of the surgical department of the hospital under his leadership, successfully applying the latest achievements of military field surgery in practice, saved the lives of hundreds of seriously wounded soldiers and commanders. We had to work hard, as the flow of wounded did not subside. They were received, diagnosed, operated on, treated, and evacuated deep into the country. Doctors, paramedics, and nurses worked in shifts, but if necessary, they took full rest for several days in a row.

Often, military doctors, in order to save the wounded and successfully complete the operation, immediately donated their blood. Head of the hospital, military doctor 1st rank L.A. Vyazmensky wrote: “...On August 20, 1941, in the Volokolamsk region, when it was necessary to immediately transfuse blood to a wounded man, but there was no blood in the hospital, Comrade. Petrovsky ordered the use of his personal blood for transfusion, which was done and saved the wounded man.”.

From November 1941 to January 1942, when particularly fierce battles with the Nazis took place in the Moscow direction, evacuation hospital No. 2068 was stationed in Turkestan.

On February 20, 1942, evacuation hospital No. 2068 was deployed in the city of Tula as part of the PEP-21 field evacuation point. A building was allocated for the hospital, hastily renovated and did not meet sanitary standards, which created great difficulties in the work of surgeons. B.V. Petrovsky set about organizing a full-fledged surgical unit with great energy. And he succeeded. Soldiers with penetrating wounds to the chest and abdominal cavity were sent to the hospital from the front line. Those wounded in the jaw were brought here by air ambulance. The wounded who were admitted to the hospital, thanks to the attentive attitude towards them and competent operational measures, were brought out of their serious condition and began to recover.

Surgeon B.V. Petrovsky did not get lost even in almost hopeless cases, he quickly made the right decisions. In April 1942, he was presented with the first military order. From the award list: “...On March 9, 1942, the wounded Red Army soldier of the 1283rd Infantry Regiment Litvin, whose right upper limb was removed due to gas phlegmon, developed enormous bleeding from the surgical stump. During the phenomena of imaginary death, the patient was quickly infused with blood under pressure into the heart through the common carotid artery, and, who seemed dead, was revived. Currently, the sick Litvin is recovering. The same event saved the life of the Red Army soldier of the 146th Tank Brigade, Comrade. Tarygin with a wound to the lower jaw, who developed severe bleeding from the oral cavity on March 20, 1942.”

By order to the troops of the Western Front of May 26, 1942, B.V. Petrovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his dedicated work during the Patriotic War.

By April 1943, on B.V.’s personal account. Petrovsky 238 successfully performed operations for injuries of large blood vessels, including: with injury to the subclavian artery - 23 cases, the carotid artery - 11, the spinal artery - 2. The wounded Ivanov, Ilyash, Zavolokin and Karabanov were successfully operated on for purulent pericarditis and recovered from a difficult situation. 20 operations for subdiaphragmatic abscesses made it possible to evacuate to the rear the wounded with this serious complication in good condition.

B.V. Petrovsky perfectly mastered the method of blood transfusion, successfully using the air counter he proposed. During the deployment of the hospital in Tula, 1,264 blood transfusions were performed, which amounted to 17 percent of the number of soldiers treated.

In order to save dressing material and to quickly remove pathological fluids during abdominal operations, B.V. Petrovsky developed and used a simplified pump. He modified and rationalized the technique of using an electric knife during operations on aneurysms of the subclavian arteries, developing his own practice of cutting tissue, facilitating access to large arteries. On his initiative, the hospital widely used a radio probe to remove foreign metal bodies, especially from hard-to-reach cavities and organs.

And in wartime B.V. Petrovsky was engaged in scientific activities. He wrote a paper on drip blood transfusion and prepared 9 reports for presentations at interhospital scientific conferences in the city of Tula. Having an excellent command of surgical technique and being a highly erudite specialist in surgical matters, he shared his knowledge and experience with his comrades, and tirelessly and persistently taught young people. His students soon began independent surgical work.

On April 14, 1943, the head of EG-2068, Lieutenant Colonel L.A. Vyazmensky noted that “...military doctor Petrovsky organized training among young doctors and nurses, achieving great positive results. Trained 3 doctors, two of whom were appointed to the positions of heads of surgical departments of field hospitals.”.

On April 29, 1943, the Commander of the Bryansk Front, Colonel General Reimer, and Member of the Military Council of the Front, Major General Shabalin, signed an order awarding the leading surgeon of evacuation hospital No. 2068, military doctor 2nd rank B.V. Petrovsky Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree.

In 1944-1945, senior lecturer at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (Leningrad).

Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky did not have the opportunity to be on the front line, he did not rise from the trenches to attack, but his work during the war years in nursing thousands of wounded soldiers and commanders on the Western, Bryansk, 2nd Baltic and Leningrad fronts was highly appreciated by the party and the state. He was awarded the Second Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree, in 1985 on the 40th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany.

Having ended the war as an independent surgeon and researcher, Petrovsky began work in 1945 as deputy director for science at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) of the USSR.

A large cycle of research, intensively continued in the post-war years, was formulated by Petrovsky into a doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 1947 (the topic “Surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of blood vessels in front-line conditions”).

In 1948-1949, professor of the department of general surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after N.I. Pirogov, in 1949-1951, director of the department of hospital surgery and head of the 3rd surgical clinic of the University of Budapest, in 1951-1956, head of the department of faculty surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after N.I. Pirogov. In 1953-1965, chief surgeon of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health.

In 1956, he was awarded the honorary titles “Honored Worker of Science of the RSFSR” and “Honored Worker of Science of the Azerbaijan SSR.” In 1957 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (from 1991 - RAMS), in 1966 - the Academy of Sciences (AS) of the USSR (from 1991 - RAS).

Since 1956, head of the department of hospital surgery of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov and at the same time (since 1963) director of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery.

Organizer (1963) and director (1963-1988) of the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1989, Honorary Director of this Center.

In 1964, he performed the first successful operation of mitral valve replacement with mechanical (sutureless) fixation, and in 1965, for the first time in the USSR, he successfully performed a human kidney transplant.

By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 26, 1968, for great services in the development of Soviet medical science and healthcare, training of scientific personnel and in connection with the sixtieth anniversary of his birth, Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the gold medal “Sickle and Hammer".

Delegate to the 22-24th Congress of the CPSU; At the 23rd and 24th congresses he was elected as a candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1962-1984).

Lived in the hero city of Moscow. He died on May 4, 2004, at the age of 96. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow (section 10).

Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1960, for work on heart and vascular surgery), the USSR State Prize (1971, for work on kidney transplantation), the N.N. Burdenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1953, for a monograph on the treatment of esophageal cancer), the Leon Bernard International Prize of the World Health Organization (1975, for the development of public health).

He was awarded orders and medals of foreign countries, including the Order of Merit (1951) and the Red Banner of Labor (1970, Hungary), the Order of Friendship (1979, Czechoslovakia), and the badge of the Commander of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (1985).

Member of 34 international societies, associations, academies and colleges of the GDR, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, France, China, Italy, Mongolia, Estonia. Honorary member of 14 foreign surgical societies in France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, USA, Scotland.

B.V. Petrovsky published over 500 scientific works, including about 40 monographs. He created one of the largest scientific surgical schools (more than 150 doctors of science, of which more than 70 are heads of clinics and large hospitals).

In the history of Russian surgery of the XIX-XX centuries. there are many famous names - I. F. Bush, N. I. Pirogov, V. A. Basov, F. I. Inozemtsev, N. V. Ekk, N. V. Sklifosovsky, N. A. Velyaminov, A. A Bobrov, P. I. Dyakonov, S. P. Fedorov, A. V. Martynov, I. I. Grekov, N. N. Petrov, P. A. Herzen, N. N. Burdenko, S. I. Spasokukotsky , A. V. Vishnevsky, S. S. Yudin, N. N. Elansky, A. N. Bakulev, P. A. Kupriyanov, A. A. Vishnevsky, V. I. Burakovsky, V. I. Shumakov and others . Among them, a special place is rightfully occupied by the Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, academician Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky (2008-2004) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, academician Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky (1908-2004).

Rice. 2. Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor Pyotr Aleksandrovich Herzen (1871-1947).

In 1939-1940 3rd rank military doctor B.V. Petrovsky participated in the fighting on the Karelian Isthmus as a surgeon and deputy head of a field hospital, and from the first days of the Great Patriotic War until 1944 he fought in the army as the leading surgeon of army and front-line hospitals in the West , Bryansk and 2nd Baltic fronts (Fig. 3). It was here, in the most difficult conditions of front-line surgical work, that his interest manifested itself. to vascular surgery

Rice. 3. Military doctor 3rd rank B.V. Petrovsky (sitting 2nd from the right).

Back in the fall of 1941, during the defense of Moscow, in a hospital in Volokolamsk, over the course of four months, he successfully operated on 28 soldiers with injuries to large vessels of the neck and limbs. Of course, most operations consisted of ligation of arteries and veins of the same name according to V. A. Oppel. But the main thing then was saving soldiers’ lives and preserving their arms and legs direct intervention on the great vessels, which not many surgeons performed. It was much easier to amputate the damaged limb. In addition, B.V. Petrovsky had experience in blood transfusions and blood-substituting solutions, which was important in the successful outcomes of operations for vascular injuries. As a result, the idea arose of creating a specialized department for the treatment of wounded with vascular injuries.

The initiative of the young military doctor was supported by the chief surgeon of the Western Front, Professor S.I. Banaitis. In April 1942, the first in the Red Army was opened in the mobile field hospital 2068 vascular department for 50 beds, the head of which was appointed Major of the Medical Service B.V. Petrovsky. By the end of the year, 239 soldiers and commanders had entered the department, most of whom were successfully operated on. In the fall of 1942 and spring of 1943. During the fighting in the area of ​​Belyov and in the Oryol-Kursk direction, another 417 wounded with pulsating hematomas and traumatic aneurysms passed through the department, and at the end of 1942, B.V. Petrovsky performed the first operation in his life to suture a heart wound.

Having heard about the successful vascular operations of a then little-known surgeon, the chief surgeon of the Red Army, Academician N. N. Burdenko, visited his department. Along with others, B.V. Petrovsky showed him a wounded man who had been operated on for an aortocaval aneurysm, and no wounding object was found at the site of the injury. The vessels were disconnected and blood flow through them was restored. And the projectile fragment that caused the femoral artery embolism was removed from the incision in the ilioinguinal region. N. N. Burdenko praised his colleague, said that “such observations have not been described anywhere,” and advised him to prepare material for publication.

In 1943-1944. The department was attached to the hospital 1001 of the Bryansk Military Sanitary Directorate, and then to the 2nd Baltic Front. In this period offensive battles In the vascular department of B.V. Petrovsky, another 197 wounded were treated. And again, his successful surgical work attracted the attention of the chief surgeon of these fronts, Professor M. N. Akhutin, with whom Boris Vasilyevich developed strong friendly relations.

By the end of 1944, B.V. Petrovsky’s personal experience amounted to a huge figure for those times - 881 interventions on the vessels of various pools with a mortality rate of only 6.9%. And although the number of vascular suture operations, according to wartime surgical guidelines, was relatively small - only a few dozen, in the doctoral dissertation defended by B.V. Petrovsky in 1947, one of the main conclusions was the following: “The vascular suture is indicated for all wounds arteries, the ligature of which leads to severe circulatory disorders. We have identified significant advantages of arterial suture over ligature, which is especially noticeable in the group of operations on the main arteries.” These studies, in our opinion, laid the foundations of restorative, reconstructive vascular surgery, which B.V. Petrovsky began to develop. Another conclusion predetermined the creation of specialized vascular surgery departments in peacetime: “Our experience in the treatment of vascular injuries in a specialized department of a front hospital base indicates the feasibility of organizing such departments in large hospital bases.”

The results of his work in those years were: the development of surgical approaches to large arteries for wounds and traumatic aneurysms, methods for eliminating these aneurysms, including those rarely used in those years intrabag the method of R. Matas - N. S. Korotkov, performing unique operations of disconnecting arteriovenous aneurysms of large vessels, applying a lateral and circular suture of arteries and veins, which was rare not only in wartime, but also in peacetime.

Did other military and civilian surgeons operate on blood vessels in those years? Yes, we had surgery. Wartime vascular surgery devoted to the works of N. A. Bogoraz (1935), M. N. Akhutin (1942), A. I. Arutyunov (1944, 1949), V. L. Khenkin (1947), P. A. Kupriyanov and I. S. Kolesnikov (1948-1955), A. A. Polyantsev (1948), S. A. Rusanov (1954), G. L. Ratner (1959) and other eminent surgeons. But their experience was much less than that of B.V. Petrovsky and was limited mainly to vascular ligations.

It is no coincidence that in 1949 his dissertation was published as a monograph, and in 1946-1954. It was B.V. Petrovsky who was the editor of the multi-volume publication “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945,” which has no equal in world literature. instructed to edit the 14th section of its surgical part, dedicated to gunshot wounds and vascular injuries, included in the 19th volume. In addition to the general edition of the section, B.V. Petrovsky presented a historical review and classification of vascular injuries, the principles of their treatment, described operations for aneurysms and pulsating hematomas of the aorta and large arteries, access to the innominate, carotid and subclavian arteries in case of their injuries, a transvenous method for eliminating arteriovenous anastomosis in traumatic aneurysms and the unique operation he performed to disconnect the arteriovenous anastomosis between the aortic arch and the vena cava, which N.N. Burdenko advised him to describe in 1943.

Surgeon career

In 1945, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences M. N. Akhutin headed the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (now the A. V. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery) and invited B. V. Petrovsky to the position of his deputy for scientific work. At the same time, 37-year-old Candidate of Medical Sciences B.V. Petrovsky began to head the thoracic department of the institute on the basis of the 4th City (Pavlovsk) Hospital, where he became interested in surgery of the lungs and esophagus. In 1947, as we have already said, he defended his doctoral dissertation, in 1948 he was elected professor of the department of general surgery of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute. I.V. Stalin (now the Russian State Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov), and in 1949 he was sent to Hungary, where for 2 years he headed the department of hospital surgery and the 3rd surgical clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Budapest. His name is associated with the post-war formation and development of Hungarian surgery, especially thoracic surgery, as well as traumatology, oncology, blood transfusion services and, of course, vascular surgery. It is curious that in those years the future major American surgeon of Hungarian origin, Professor F. Robiscek from North Carolina State University (Charlotte, North Carolina, USA), studied at B.V. Petrovsky’s department.

Returning to Moscow in 1951, Boris Vasilievich was elected head of the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Pediatric Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute on the basis of the 2nd City Hospital, which was headed by N.A. Bogoraz before him. In this position, B.V. Petrovsky’s talent as a high-class surgeon was fully demonstrated. For the first time in the country, he introduced into the practice of thoracic surgery operations on the mediastinal organs using diaphragm flaps on a pedicle, operations on the esophagus under local anesthesia and on the lungs under endotracheal anesthesia, injection of blood into the thoracic aorta under pressure during severe transthoracic operations, accompanied by a threatening drop in arterial blood pressure. pressure and many others.

During these years, the authority of B.V. Petrovsky grew and strengthened as a major organizer of surgical science. In 1952-1953 he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Surgery” and Chief Surgeon of the IV Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health, and members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences elected him a corresponding member of the academy.

In 1954, on the basis of the clinic of his department, he created a specialized department cardiovascular surgery, where he began to perform operations on the heart and great vessels. To care for patients after complex reconstructive operations, the department also opened a specialized anesthesiology department, where prolonged artificial ventilation, therapeutic anesthesia with nitrous oxide, closed and open cardiac massage, defibrillation and other methods of resuscitation and intensive care were introduced.

In 1956, B.V. Petrovsky was elected head of the Department of Hospital Surgery named after. A. V. Martynov with the clinic of the 1st MOLMI named after. I.M. Sechenov (now the 1st Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov), located in one of the buildings of the Institute’s Clinical Campus on Devichye Pole, where he continued to develop the problem of vascular surgery. In the same year, a graduate student of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the 1st MOLMI G. M. Soloviev (Fig. 4) defended his thesis on the topic “Circular vascular suture and switching of arteries in the experiment,” in which he experimentally substantiated the bypass operations of the main arteries in their occlusions, after which he was accepted as an employee in the academic group of B.V. Petrovsky. At this time, B.V. Petrovsky himself, as well as A.A. Keshisheva, N.N. Malinovsky, O.B., were engaged in vascular surgery in the hospital surgery clinic. Milonov, G. A. Natsvlishvili and V. S. Krylov, who came from Sverdlovsk. The logical result of the team’s research was the creation in 1959 of the department of vascular surgery at the department, which was headed by V. S. Krylov.

Rice. 4. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, professor Gleb Mikhailovich Solovyov (1928-2004).

On April 19, 1957, B.V. Petrovsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and on April 22, 1960, “for the development of new methods of surgical treatment of the heart and major blood vessels” together with P.A. Kupriyanov, A.A. Vishnevsky and E. N. Meshalkin awarded him the title of Lenin Prize laureate. Moreover, if the first three laureates contributed primarily to cardiac surgery, then in the post-war years B.V. Petrovsky was the country's largest specialist in the field reconstructive surgery of the great vessels. We calculated that by the time he received the award, his experience in vascular surgery amounted to about 1,500 operations.

On May 8, 1963, by order of the Minister of Health of the RSFSR, on the basis of the department, the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR - NIIKiEH (now - Russian Scientific Center for Surgery named after Academician B.V. Petrovsky RAMS) was created, for which a special building was built in the Clinical Town. The director of the new institute, created, in fact, on the basis of the department and clinic of hospital surgery of the 1st MOLMI, was its head B.V. Petrovsky. And the vascular department of the clinic organically became part of the institute.

In 1960-1968 B.V. Petrovsky acted as the executive editor of the fundamental “Manual of Surgery” in 12 volumes, while being the editor of two books in volume VI (“Surgery of the heart and great vessels” and “Surgery of the neck, esophagus, mediastinum and diaphragm”), XII volume (“Surgery of peripheral nerves and vessels”) and the author (co-author) of numerous articles in this manual.

In 1965, B.V. Petrovsky was appointed Minister of Health of the USSR (Fig. 5), a year later he was elected academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and two years later, in the year of his 60th birthday, he became a Hero of Socialist Labor. All these high positions and titles allowed Boris Vasilyevich to realize another of his missions - to become the largest organizer of healthcare and medical science in Russia as a whole. After all, as a Union minister, for example, he worked longer than any minister of health in the history of the country - as much as 15 years! But let’s continue our study of the fate of B.V. Petrovsky as vascular surgeon .

B.V. Petrovsky as a vascular surgeon

As we showed above, B.V. Petrovsky began to engage in vascular surgery back in 1941-1942, when, together with S.I. Banaitis, he created the first specialized vascular department in the system of the surgical service of the GVSU of the Red Army for the treatment of wounded with damage to the main arteries. This was followed by a doctoral dissertation (1947) and a monograph (1949) on the treatment of combat vascular trauma, as well as participation in the writing and editing of the 19th volume of “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945,” dedicated to vascular injuries (1946 -1954).

At the end of 1954, at a meeting of the N. I. Pirogov Surgical Society in Leningrad, B. V. Petrovsky made a report “Modern problems of vascular surgery,” in which he outlined the basic principles of peripheral vascular surgery. He believed that these were:

"1. Correct pathophysiological assessment of the pathological process in a particular vascular area, for which, in addition to general clinical... it is necessary to use modern physiological techniques - oscillography, plethysmography, capillaroscopy, etc., as well as venography...

2. Wide and at the same time gentle access to blood vessels...

3. Use of the most advanced physiological method of restoring the lumen of blood vessels. Improvement of the vascular suture, the use of atraumatic needles, instruments for soft temporary shutdown of vessels, instruments for fine - anatomical and surgical - mobilization of vessels are important factors contributing to the success of the operation.

4. Transplantation of vascular segments in the form of auto- and homografts, both fresh and preserved, is a new branch of vascular surgery. The development of this problem is an important element in the further development of vascular surgery.

5. Transfusion of blood and blood-substituting solutions, especially intra-arterial, is a necessary element of every major vascular operation... Also an important issue in this section is the so-called “bypass” of blood vessels, which allows blood to be supplied to the distal parts of the body, limbs, when a large vessel is temporarily turned off, for example, aorta.

6. Maximum shutdown of pathological vascular reflexes leading to prolonged spasm and ischemia plays a big role in the success of vascular operations... Hypothermia here for certain indications (prolonged ischemia, operations in an area close to the heart) is a method that promises success.”

As you can see, this message was essentially about the further development of vascular surgery in the country as a whole. But in these years, only a few people were engaged in vascular surgery at the department of B.V. Petrovsky - himself, assistants of the department N.N. Malinovsky, O.B. Milonov and G.A. Natsvlishvili, and who came to the department after defending his dissertation as an employee of the academic group G. M. Soloviev, who gravitated more toward cardiac rather than vascular surgery. N. N. Malinovsky also gravitated toward cardiac surgery, just as O. B. Milonov gravitated toward abdominal surgery. Vascular surgery, the arsenal of which still included the so-called. ligature operations Celsus, Antillus, Philagrius, Brasdor, Wardrop, Hunter, etc., seemed to have little prospects. To create modern, reconstructive vascular surgery, B.V. Petrovsky needed enthusiasts, and the opportunity was not long in coming.

In 1958, a 33-year-old candidate of sciences came to his department from Sverdlovsk, who defended his dissertation on topographic anatomy. And he did not come empty-handed. He brought the monograph by M. DeBakey and co-authors, “Surgery of the Aorta and Large Peripheral Arteries,” translated into Russian by him. It was V.S. Krylov. In 1959, as mentioned above, he headed the vascular department of the department of hospital surgery of the 1st MOLMI, and in 1960, under the leadership of B.V. Petrovsky, defended the first doctoral dissertation in his clinic By reconstructive vascular surgery on the topic “Permanent bypass and prosthetics in vascular surgery” (Fig. 6).

These works are the works and speeches of B.V. Petrovsky in 1946-1954, the dissertation of G.M. Solovyov, who became an employee of his clinic (1956), the first operations on the aorta, main and peripheral arteries carried out in the clinic and in its vascular department, the book M. DeBakey (1959) and the dissertation of V. S. Krylov (1960) became, in our opinion, the starting points for the formation and development reconstructive surgery of the aorta and great vessels both in the 1st MOLMI and in the country as a whole. After all, if until the end of the 1950s. in the vast majority of surgical clinics in the country, including capital ones, the main interventions for vascular injuries and traumatic aneurysms, both in war and peacetime, were still ligation operations, then, starting from the 1960s, the share of operations with preservation and restoration the patency of the arteries gradually began to increase. And this is a great merit of both B.V. Petrovsky and his first doctoral student V.S. Krylov.

A major achievement of the Soviet medical industry was the product manufactured in the mid-1960s. “Special surgical cardiovascular set NSS-64”, serial production of which, on the initiative of B.V. Petrovsky, was launched by NPO Rotor in the second half of this decade. One of the first sets (38) of these unique instruments made of titanium with diamond coating on the working parts of the needle holders is stored in the memorial Cabinet-Museum of B.V. Petrovsky at the Russian Scientific Center for Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Another set 189, released in 1982 and belonging to the rector of the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute, Professor N.P. Bychikhin, is presented in the exhibition of the Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery named after. A. N. Bakuleva RAMS (Fig. 7). Another set under 316 (1980), which belonged to G. M. Solovyov, was donated to the Museum by S. P. Naumov, who worked for many years at the Moscow City Clinical Hospital 7 as a perfusionist.

Rice. 8. Signs of the XXIV Congress of the International Society of Surgeons (a) and the X International Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases (b). From the collection of the Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery named after. A. N. Bakuleva RAMS.

The XXIV Congress of the International Society of Surgeons, held in Moscow in 1971, of which B.V. Petrovsky was elected president, also played an important role in the development of vascular surgery in Russia. Indeed, simultaneously with the congress, on August 26-28, 1971, the X International Congress on Cardiovascular Diseases took place (Fig. 8), at which a large number of reports were made by Soviet heart and vascular surgeons Let us consider the contribution of B.V. Petrovsky and his school to particular issues of vascular surgery.

Peripheral Vascular Surgery

The most important problem of vascular surgery post-war period, to which B.V. Petrovsky paid special attention, was the development of methods for diagnosis and surgical treatment of traumatic arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms as long-term consequences of gunshot wounds of large blood vessels. Over the 20 post-war years, he and the staff of the department of vascular surgery of his institute operated on more than 150 patients with aneurysms of peripheral vessels. Moreover, if during 1951-1957. ratio ligation of arteries to operations reconstruction of damaged vessels was 3:5, then in the period from 1958 to 1965. this attitude has changed doubling restorative interventions (3:10) .

In 1964, in the X volume of the “Manual of Surgery”, dedicated to the surgery of peripheral vessels, almost half of the 12 chapters were written by B.V. Petrovsky and his students - V.S. Krylov and O.B. Milonov. And although the main chapter entitled “General principles of operations on blood vessels”, which belonged to B.V. Petrovsky, also described “ligature” operations on blood vessels, it began with the section “Operations that restore vascular patency.”

Thus, we believe that from this time, i.e., from the first half of the 1960s, there was a gradual transition in peacetime domestic vascular surgery from operations of ligation of great vessels to reconstructive surgery towards the development of operations that preserve (vascular suture) or restoring (bypass surgery and prosthetics) blood flow through the main vessels.

Rice. 9. Professor Oleg Borisovich Milonov (1921-1989).

In 1966, Associate Professor of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the 1st MMI O. B. Milonov (Fig. 9) defended his second doctoral dissertation prepared within the walls of B. V. Petrovsky’s clinic on the problem of vascular surgery, dedicated to surgery of traumatic and congenital aneurysms of peripheral vessels, and in 1970 a joint monograph between teacher and student was published, in which the surgery of peripheral vascular aneurysms was described in detail and exhaustively, including the history of the issue, classification of aneurysms, methods of diagnosis and treatment and its results. A year later, his doctoral dissertation on the surgery of occlusive lesions of the branches of the aortic arch was defended by I. A. Belichenko (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Professor Igor Andreevich Belichenko (1930-1988).

The department of vascular surgery, created at NIIKIeh in 1963, was headed by V. S. Krylov, who became a professor. Then for some time it was led by Candidate of Medical Sciences I. A. Belichenko, and in 1968-1984. - Professor M.D. Knyazev (Fig. 11). After his tragic death in 1984, the department was headed by A. A. Martynov, and in 1989 it was headed by the 35-year-old doctor of medical sciences Yu. V. Belov (Fig. 12).

Rice. 11. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, Professor Marat Dmitrievich Knyazev (1935-1984).

Rice. 12. Laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Yuri Vladimirovich Belov.

It must be said that until 1996, when the department of vascular surgery was divided into two - vascular surgery and surgery of the aorta and its branches, all operations on the aorta, as will be discussed in the next section, were performed within its walls. It is no coincidence that in 1975, the head of the department and leader of vascular surgeons at the institute at that time, M.D. Knyazev, “for the development of operations on the aorta and its branches” was awarded the title of laureate of the USSR State Prize. In the late 1980s - early 1990s, under the leadership of Yu. V. Belov, the department began to perform combined operations on several vascular beds for multifocal atherosclerosis, operations on the brachiocephalic arteries, on all parts of the aorta and its branches, coronary arteries, including minimally invasive ones, etc. A dissertation devoted to finding ways to expand indications for reconstructive operations for chronic occlusive lesions of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the lower extremities was defended in 1983 by A. Z. Troshin.

Rice. 13. Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Alexander Vasilyevich Gavrilenko.

From 1996 to the present, the staff of the Department of Vascular Surgery, under the guidance of one of the youngest students of B.V. Petrovsky, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Gavrilenko (Fig. 13), has been performing the entire range of operations on extracranial arteries of the brain, on arteries and veins of the extremities, including complex reconstructive interventions for critical ischemia of the lower extremities (autovenous femoropopliteal and femoro-tibial bypass using the in situ technique, arterialization of the veins of the foot, etc.), including the use of angioscopy, as well as operations on the valve apparatus of the peripheral and deep veins in chronic venous insufficiency. In 1995, the department was the first to create and use a prosthetic valve of the circulatory system, and in 1999, A. V. Gavrilenko developed and for the first time in the world performed the operation of multiple bypass venovenous shunting of the deep vein of the femur in case of dysfunction of its valve apparatus with valve-containing segments of autovenous veins . The department also performs reconstructive surgeries for vasorenal hypertension, chronic abdominal ischemia syndrome and diabetic angiopathy, and ocular ischemic syndrome.

Surgery of the aorta and its branches

Since the early 1960s. in many countries of the world, including the USSR, methods of surgical treatment have been developed occlusive lesions of the branches of the aortic arch. In 1960, B.V. Petrovsky performed the first in the country bypass surgery from the aortic arch to the right subclavian and common carotid arteries in a 48-year-old patient with atherosclerotic occlusion of the innominate artery. In 1961-1962 He, together with I. A. Belichenko and V. S. Krylov, performed the first operations in the country on patients with Takayasu disease. In 1970, the authors’ experience, one of the largest in the world, was summarized in the monograph “Surgery of the branches of the aortic arch.”

In the first half of the 1960s. B.V. Petrovsky began to develop one of the most difficult problems of vascular surgery - the problem of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta. The severe clinical course of the disease and the futility of conservative treatment made it possible to substantiate clear indications for surgery. At the same time, based on his experience, Boris Vasilyevich already in 1965 concluded that radical intervention on the aorta under artificial circulation, despite the complexity and danger, has undoubted prospects. In 1975, B.V. Petrovsky reported that he performed the first reconstructive operation in the country for dissection of the ascending aorta. In 1979, B. A. Konstantinov (Fig. 14) successfully replaced the aortic root with suturing of coronary arteries into the prosthesis.

Rice. 14. Laureate of State Prizes, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Boris Alekseevich Konstantinov.

In 1965, in the 1st book of volume VI of the “Manual of Surgery”, a chapter written by B.V. Petrovsky together with G.M. Solovyov was published, which summarized the results of research into another complex problem of aortic surgery - her thoracic region. The chapter was called “Anomalies of development and diseases of the thoracic aorta.”

In 1966, N. N. Malinovsky and M. D. Knyazev performed the first operation in the country for a ruptured aneurysm abdominal aorta. In 1971, speaking at the 10th International Congress on Cardiovascular Diseases, B.V. Petrovsky presented the results of 1260 operations on the aorta and great vessels performed in the vascular department of the Research Institute of Clinical Ethics of the USSR Ministry of Health. Approximately half of these patients suffered from aneurysms and diseases of the ascending, arch and thoracic aorta, 520 patients underwent reconstruction of the terminal aorta and iliac arteries, and 140 patients were operated on for renal artery occlusions.

Rice. 15. Professor Georgy Sergeevich Krotovsky.

In 1974, his employee G.S. Krotovsky (Fig. 15) defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Surgery of occlusive lesions of the branches of the abdominal aorta”; in 1976, another of his students, V.L. Lemenev (Fig. 16), generalized the results of the clinic’s research in the field of surgery of aneurysms of various parts of the aorta, having prepared and defended a dissertation entitled “Surgery of aneurysms of the aorta and its branches,” and in 1978 O. S. Belorusov in his dissertation developed issues of reconstructive surgery of occlusions of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries.

Rice. 16. Professor Vladimir Leonovich Lemenev.

Thus, in the 1960s-1970s. B.V. Petrovsky and his school laid the foundations of reconstructive surgery all parts of the aorta - ascending, thoracic and abdominal, aortic arch, as well as its brachiocephalic and abdominal branches and bifurcations. Somewhat later, in the 1980s, under the leadership of B.V. Petrovsky, a group of authors developed approaches to solving surgery complicated aneurysms abdominal aorta.

Based on this strong foundation, the modern department of surgery of the aorta and its branches RNTSKh them. acad. B.V. Petrovsky RAMS, under the leadership of Corresponding Member of the RAMS Yu.V. Belov, continues and develops the established traditions. The department has mastered radical operations for diseases of the aortic root, aneurysms of all parts of the aorta with replantation of its branches into a prosthesis, simultaneous operations on the heart, aorta and its branches, operations of autoarterial myocardial revascularization and left ventricular remodeling for coronary heart disease. Methods for protecting the brain and spinal cord during operations on the arch and thoraco-abdominal aorta, as well as a new access to the aorta, allowing simultaneous replacement of the ascending, thoracic and aortic arch under conditions of artificial circulation, have been developed and implemented. In 1999, the department performed the first “elephant trunk” aortic replacement surgery in Russia, and in 2001, replacement of the entire aorta with the aortic valve up to the bifurcation for megaaorta and aortic insufficiency (Yu. V. Belov). Moreover, until recently, the Russian Scientific Center for Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences was the only institution in the country, where operations on the thoraco-abdominal aorta were performed under conditions of artificial circulation and deep hypothermia (up to +14°C).

In 2000, the department’s clinical material was included in the country’s first “Guide to Vascular Surgery,” and in 2006, a team of authors consisting of B. A. Konstantinov, Yu. V. Belov and F. V. Kuznechevsky in the monograph “Aneurysms of the ascending department and arch of the aorta" presented the experience of surgical treatment of 139 patients with pathology of the initial parts of the aorta.

For several years, the department's specialists have been working on a protocol for ensuring the safety of reconstructive operations in all parts of the aorta for aneurysms of the aortic arch and its thoraco-abdominal section, dissecting aneurysms over a long distance, up to the bifurcation. More than 1,100 patients were treated, 920 of whom were operated on, including using the “dry aorta” technique.

In 2003, for the development of “the basic principles of the problem of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the ascending aorta and aortic arch,” Yu. V. Belov, as part of a group of surgeons from other institutions (V. I. Shumakov, M. L. Semenovsky, V. V. Sokolov, L. A. Bockeria, G. I. Tsukerman, A. I. Malashenkov and A. V. Pokrovsky) was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation for 2002.

Currently, the department's staff successfully operate on all parts of the aorta and its branches, including under conditions of artificial circulation and hypothermia, which B.V. Petrovsky dreamed of 40 years ago.

Renal artery surgery

On April 15, 1965, B.V. Petrovsky and his students (V.S. Krylov, V.I. Shumakov, I.S. Yarmolinsky, V.V. Vorozhishchev) performed the country's first successful kidney transplant to a patient with chronic renal failure from a living related donor. It was during these years that the foundations of renal artery surgery were laid, in the development of which G. M. Solovyov, V. S. Krylov, V. I. Govallo, I. S. Yarmolinsky, O. S. Belorusov and others took an active part.

In the second half of the 1960s. In the Department of Vascular Surgery, the development of methods for surgical treatment of vasorenal hypertension with reconstructive interventions on the renal arteries began. In 1968, the results of these studies were summarized in the monograph by B.V. Petrovsky and V.S. Krylov “Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension,” and in 1969 M.D. Knyazev performed the first operation in the country transaortic endarterectomy from the renal artery. The method of direct reconstruction of a pathologically altered vessel, developed and introduced into practice, made it possible to reduce the volume and risk of surgical intervention and obtain good immediate and long-term results in patients with damage to the renal arteries.

By 2007, the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences already had the experience of 2389 treated patients with renovascular hypertension. At the same time, the range of operations from endarterectomy from one renal artery has expanded to single-stage reconstruction of the renal arteries with bilateral stenoses and with combined lesions of the unpaired visceral branches of the aorta, surgery of the renal arteries in combination with stenoses and aneurysms of the abdominal aorta, with dissecting aneurysms and aortic dissections and other complex reconstructive procedures. interventions

As for kidney transplantation, if until 1969 all operations were performed in the vascular department, then in 1969, on the initiative of B.V. Petrovsky, the first in the country was created in the institute he led. kidney transplant department, which was headed by V.I. Shumakov. In a short time, kidney transplant operations from related donors were “put on stream”, the department quickly became the leading one in the country on this problem, and in 1971 B.V. Petrovsky, G.M. Solovyov, V.I. Shumakov, Yu M. Lopukhin and N. A. Lopatkin “for the development and implementation of kidney transplantation into surgical practice” were awarded the USSR State Prize.

Some time later the department was renamed department of transplantation and artificial organs, but after V.I. Shumakov transferred in 1974, together with a number of employees of the department and its topics, to the Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplantation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the department again began to be called kidney transplant department, which from 1977 for 23 years was headed by Professor O. S. Belorusov (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Professor Oleg Sergeevich Belorusov (1938-2000).

Since the mid-1980s. In the department, with the participation of microsurgeons, microsurgical interventions began to be performed. For the first time in the country, the department performed reconstructive surgery for stenosis of the artery of a transplanted kidney (O. S. Belorusov), and in 1983, in collaboration with x-ray endovascular surgeons, balloon dilatation of the narrowed artery of an allogeneic kidney (I. Kh. Rabkin).

By the end of the twentieth century. The staff of the department had experience in 1325 kidney transplants, including 180 retransplantations. At the same time, the longest period of observation of a patient after a kidney transplant from a living related donor was 24 years, and after a cadaveric kidney transplant - 22 years. For the first time in the world, the department developed and successfully applied a method of long-term kidney preservation (72 hours) under oxygen perfusion conditions, introduced an original method for correcting reperfusion damage to a transplanted kidney, operations using the recipient’s own ureters to drain urine from the transplant, individual immunosuppression regimens / Application of these technologies allowed the department's surgeons to achieve a 96% survival rate of recipients over a 3-year follow-up period.

Thanks to the efforts of B.V. Petrovsky and the staff of the department in the USSR, by the end of the 1980s. There were 24 kidney transplant centers operating. But with the collapse of the USSR, most of the centers, unfortunately, ceased to exist.

Coronary artery surgery

In 1968, after the return of M. D. Knyazev from the USA, where he worked as a doctor at the USSR Mission to the UN, the development of operations began in the vascular department of the NIIKiEH direct myocardial revascularization. Moreover, the emphasis was immediately placed not on the mammary-coronary anastomosis, but on the more progressive and technically simpler autovenous aorto-coronary anastomosis. It should be noted that coronary surgery, as well as other areas of vascular surgery, which have grown into independent areas today, began within the walls of the vascular department of NIIKiEKh.

In the summer of 1970, M. D. Knyazev performed the first autovenous aorto-coronary bypass surgery in the country, and in 1971, one of the students of B. V. Petrovsky and M. D. Knyazev, who also returned from a business trip, received this topic for scientific development in the USA, candidate of medical sciences B.V. Shabalkin. In 1975, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of coronary heart disease,” and in 1978, in collaboration with B.V. Petrovsky and M.D. Knyazev, published a monograph on this topic. In 1976, under the guidance of B.V. Petrovsky, his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Surgical treatment of pre-infarction angina and acute myocardial infarction using the method of coronary artery bypass grafting” was defended by another employee of the vascular department, R. S. Stegailov. Two years later, the dissertation materials were published as a monograph.

In 1979, during the reorganization of NIIKiEH into the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery of the USSR Ministry of Health, the vascular department was separated department of surgery of coronary heart disease, which was headed and then successfully supervised by Professor B.V. Shabalkin for almost 25 years (Fig. 18). The main directions of scientific research of the department in these years concerned various issues of surgery for acute and chronic coronary circulatory disorders, the development of methods for bypassing one, two, three or more coronary arteries and their branches using from 1 to 6 shunts simultaneously, the introduction of the most effective methods of intraoperative myocardial protection and the patient’s body from surgical trauma.

Rice. 18. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, Professor Boris Vladimirovich Shabalkin.

In 1988, “for the development and implementation into surgical practice of methods of surgical treatment of coronary heart disease,” resuscitator, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences R. N. Lebedeva, surgeon, professor B. V. Shabalkin and anesthesiologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A. A. Bunyatyan were awarded the titles laureates of the USSR State Prize.

Rice. 19. Professor Igor Viktorovich Zhbanov.

Nowadays, the department of surgery for coronary heart disease is headed by B.V. Shabalkin’s student, the “scientific grandson” of B.V. Petrovsky, professor I.V. Zhbanov (Fig. 19). The staff of the department performs all currently known operations on the coronary arteries, including multiple autoarterial bypass grafting, coronary artery bypass grafting on a beating heart, repeated operations, intracoronary stenting, combined operations on the coronary arteries and other vascular beds, on the coronary arteries and heart valves, operations endoventriculoplasty, correction of post-mortem complications, etc.

Emergency vascular surgery

In the early 1960s. One of the first in the country, B.V. Petrovsky and his colleagues began to engage in the diagnosis and development of methods for surgical treatment of acute thrombosis and embolism of the great vessels. The development of this problem was entrusted to Professor N. N. Malinovsky. Angiographic diagnostics were established in the X-ray department, which was headed by Professor I. Kh. Rabkin.

Rice. 20. Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of State Prizes of the USSR, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Nikolai Nikodimovich Malinovsky.

In the first half of the 1960s. N. N. Malinovsky (Fig. 20) conducted a series of studies on the problem of diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism, and in 1966, together with D. A. Natradze, performed the first operation in the country for this serious disease. In 1976, N. N. Malinovsky, in collaboration with V. A. Kozlov, published a monograph entitled “Anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy in surgery,” in which the authors summarized the institute’s many years of experience in the treatment of acute thrombosis and embolism.

In 1970, in his dissertation on the topic “Acute arterial obstruction of the aortic bifurcation and arteries of the extremities,” M. D. Knyazev presented the results of treatment of 195 patients with thromboembolism of the aortic bifurcation, acute thrombosis of the arteries of the extremities, which developed against the background of atherosclerotic or inflammatory lesions, after reconstructive operations on vessels and in the long term after reconstruction. At the same time, a good result was obtained in 118 patients (60.5%), rethrombosis occurred in 57 (29.2%), and 20 patients died (10.3%). An indispensable condition for improving results, according to the author, should be the speed and timeliness of surgical intervention, the correct choice of its technique, determined by the etiology of acute blockage and the need for complete reconstruction of the arteries in the affected area.

In 1975, in the article “Our Experience in Emergency Vascular Surgery,” B.V. Petrovsky wrote: “It should be noted that acute diseases and injuries of blood vessels with their severity, complexity and tragic consequences are of particular importance in modern surgery... Currently, the department Vascular surgery and the All-Union Center for Emergency Vascular Surgery, created on its basis, have the most significant experience in providing emergency surgical care for acute vascular pathology. Over the last 10 years alone, the department’s staff have conducted more than 1,500 consultations... About 800 emergency surgical interventions have been performed for various emergency vascular pathologies.”

In 1978, a dissertation on the topic “Reconstructive surgery for occlusions of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries” was defended by O. S. Belorusov, and a year earlier a monograph by M. D. Knyazev and O. S. Belorusov was published entitled “Acute thrombosis and embolism of the aortic bifurcation and arteries of the extremities”, in which the authors analyzed their experience and presented the basics of organizing emergency care for patients with acute vascular pathology.

The vast surgical experience and results achieved by B.V. Petrovsky and his students in emergency vascular surgery turned out to be in demand at the world level. In 1980, edited by B.V. Petrovsky and M. DeBakey, a collective work of leading Soviet and American surgeons was published entitled “Emergency Surgery of the Heart and Vessels,” which covered in detail the organizational issues of providing emergency care to patients with vascular injuries and presented their occurrence , clinic, diagnosis, approaches, treatment tactics, stages and methods of operations, general and specific issues of surgery for wounds and vascular damage.

In the same year, another monograph was published, summarizing the many years of experience of NIIKiEH in emergency vascular surgery.

In October 1988, an All-Union scientific conference entitled “Emergency Vascular Reconstructive Surgery” was held in Yerevan on the basis of the Yerevan branch of the All-Union Scientific Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Its participants discussed surgical tactics for acute thrombosis and embolism of the main arteries, diagnosis and treatment of “on syndrome” in vascular reconstructive surgery and a number of other modern issues in vascular surgery. The director of the All-Russian Research Center of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, academician B.V. Petrovsky, was elected chairman of the conference.

This was one of the last scientific forums devoted to this problem. Already in 1990, at the 1st All-Union Congress of Cardiovascular Surgeons, issues of emergency surgery of thrombosis and embolism were considered among other issues of vascular surgery, and on December 17, 1996, at the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Cardiovascular Surgeons, Academician V.S. Savelyev gave a lecture “Emergency endovasal surgery,” in which he presented the experience of 171 endovascular interventions for acute diseases of the arteries and veins, including pulmonary embolism.

The era of direct interventions for emergency vascular pathology, begun 40 years ago by the pioneers of vascular surgery, was ending. An era was beginning emergency endovascular x-ray surgery .

X-ray endovascular surgery

Immediately after the creation of the NIIKEKH of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, an X-ray department was created at the institute, headed by I. Kh. Rabkin (Fig. 21). The first scientific studies of the department's employees in the field of cardiovascular diseases concerned the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart defects. The doctoral dissertation of I. Kh. Rabkin, defended in 1964, was devoted to this topic. Then the fundamentals of electron-optical amplification in radiology, X-ray television and X-ray cinematography were developed, which made it possible to significantly improve the quality of the resulting X-ray images and increase the efficiency of X-ray diagnostics.

Rice. 21. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Joseph Khaimovich Rabkin.

The development and application of angiography techniques in the diagnosis of diseases of the aorta and great arteries was the subject of G. A. Natsvlishvili’s doctoral dissertation, defended in 1966.

In the second half of the 1960s. Department staff, together with surgeons, began developing intravascular therapeutic procedures. The essence of the search was to combine angiographic diagnostic studies and treatment procedures aimed at restoring or reducing blood flow through the vessels using catheters in various vascular areas under the control of an X-ray machine. In 1966, N. N. Malinovsky and D. A. Natradze performed the first X-ray endovascular operations for pulmonary embolism. In the 1970s I. Kh. Rabkin and his collaborators studied the possibility of using x-ray radioisotope methods in the study of microcirculatory disorders.

At the end of the 1960s. Professor I. Kh. Rabkin and his students were among the first in the country to develop techniques for reconstructive X-ray endovascular interventions on the branches of the aorta, including the renal, coronary and brachiocephalic vessels, main and peripheral arteries. For the first time in the country, within the walls of the All-Russian Research Center of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, I. Kh. Rabkin performed dilation operations of the renal (1982), coronary (1982), brachiocephalic arteries, celiac trunk, inferior vena cava and pulmonary artery. In 1983, he was the first in the world to perform successful angioplasty of a stenotic artery that fed a renal allograft.

In 1984-1986 At the All-Russian Scientific Center of Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, experimental studies were carried out on the effects of radiation from domestic copper vapor lasers of various wavelengths on atherosclerotic tissue and unaffected vascular walls, and a method of transluminal laser angioplasty was developed. The country's first successful transluminal laser angioplasty operations for atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels of the pelvis and lower extremities were performed in October 1986 by I. Kh. Rabkin's student I. V. Maksimovich.

In October 1983, the department began experiments on the use of nitinol spirals with a “shape memory” effect for endovascular vascular prosthetics. For their introduction into the lumen of blood vessels, a special delivery device was developed (Fig. 22). Implantation of 85 nitinol endoprostheses in 53 dogs showed that the prostheses in the vessels did not undergo changes, were not dislocated, exerted controlled pressure on the intima and served as a framework for endothelialization of blood vessels at the site of implantation.

Rice. 22. Nitinol Rabkin coils (left) for endovascular prosthetics and a delivery device (right). From the collection of the Museum of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery named after. A. N. Bakuleva RAMS. Gift of I. Kh. Rabkin.

Positive results of experimental studies made it possible for I. X. Rabkin and his colleagues (V. A. Zaimovsky, I. Yu. Khmelevskaya, etc.) on March 27, 1984, for the first time in the world, to perform the operation of balloon dilatation and endoprosthetics of the left external iliac artery with a spiral from nitinol in a 56-year-old patient suffering from ischemia of the lower limb, with good effect. Examination of the patient after 7 months showed good patency of the vessel at the site of its endoprosthetics. The prosthesis was named “Rabkin's Nitinol Endoprosthesis,” and in 1986 its author performed the world's first endoprosthetics of the popliteal and subclavian arteries, and in 1989 - the brachiocephalic trunk and renal arteries.

The logical conclusion of all these successful undertakings was the creation at the Russian Research Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1986 of the Department of Cardiovascular X-ray Surgery, which was headed by Professor I. Kh. Rabkin.

In 1988-1989 The department performed several successful rotary angioplasty procedures on large-scale occluded main arteries of the lower extremities, including one patient with an occluded area 60 cm long! In 1991, for the first time in the world, I. Kh. Rabkin performed endoprosthesis replacement of the femoral artery after laser and rotary angioplasty.

By 1991, the staff of the Department of Cardiovascular X-ray Surgery of the All-Russian Research Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, headed by I. Kh. Rabkin, had the world's greatest experience in peripheral artery replacement (295 prostheses for 278 patients with a positive long-term 5-year effect in 98.5% of patients).

Speaking in 1992 in Moscow at the X All-Union Symposium on X-ray Surgery, B.V. Petrovsky emphasized the main advantage of endovascular X-ray surgery, which, in his opinion, lies in low-traumatic, bloodless and painless intervention on blood vessels, which meets the basic principle of the ideology preached by him and his school reconstructive surgery - organ-preserving, cost-saving treatment.

Rice. 23. Professor Sergei Alexandrovich Abugov.

Since 1993, the Department of X-ray diagnostics of the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery named after. acad. B.V. Petrovsky RAMS was headed by Professor V.I. Ovchinnikov, and since 1995, the head of the newly created laboratory of angiography and x-ray surgery was a student of I.H. Rabkin, Professor S.A. Abugov (Fig. 23). Laboratory staff perform not only angiographic studies of the coronary arteries, the aorta, its branches and vessels of the extremities, but also the entire range of X-ray endovascular interventions, including angioplasty and stenting of the coronary arteries, aortic branches, embolization of septal branches in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, vascular malformations of various locations, creation of porta- caval anastomosis for portal hypertension of various etiologies, endovascular closure of patent ductus arteriosus, septal defects.

Vascular microsurgery

For the first time about vascular surgery as a new direction in vascular surgery, B.V. Petrovsky mentioned in his report “Principles and prospects of vascular reconstructive surgery” at the 2nd Scientific Conference on Vascular Surgery in Ryazan in 1966: “The technique of vascular surgery itself - especially “microsurgery” vessels, i.e. operations performed under a microscope using special instruments, open up completely new horizons for surgery. It becomes possible to operate on vessels with a caliber of 1.5 millimeters, and this is the caliber of the coronary arteries!” .

A few years later, this problem began to develop. In 1973, Professor V. S. Krylov headed the 51st group of emergency microsurgical care created on the initiative of B. V. Petrovsky in the structure of VNIIKiEH on the basis of the Moscow City Hospital. G. A. Stepanov, T. Ya. Peradze, I. E. Kuzanov, N. O. Milanov, R. S. Akchurin and A. M. Borovikov began working with him. After equipping the department and testing microsurgical techniques on the vessels of animals, including monkeys, the department performed the first in the country replantation operations of the 1st finger of the hand (V.S. Krylov, G.A. Stepanov, 1976), one (T. Ya. Peradze) and two (R. S. Akchurin) amputated hands, legs (R. Datiashvili), microsurgical operation in a patient with femoropopliteal occlusion (V. S. Krylov, G. A. Stepanov).

Rice. 24. Laureate of the USSR State Prize, Professor Georgy Agasievich Stepanov.

In 1976, the country's first manual on microsurgery, written by B.V. Petrovsky and V.S. Krylov, was published, and in 1978 G.A. Stepanov (Fig. 24) defended the country's first doctoral dissertation on replantation of fingers and hands using microsurgical techniques.

In 1980, after another demonstration of successful finger replantation, B.V. Petrovsky decided to open a microsurgery department on the basis of his institute, which by that time had become known as the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery. V. S. Krylov, N. O. Milanov, T. Ya. Peradze, A. M. Borovikov and a number of other employees moved to the Center building on Bolshaya Pirogovka, and G. A. Stepanov, R. S. Akchurin and others several surgeons remained at City Clinical Hospital No. 51.

Soon the department moved from the 51st hospital to the 71st, on Mozhaisk Highway, and the department, after R.S. Akchurin transferred to the RKNPK in 1984, was headed by M.M. Sokolshchik. The department continues to operate successfully to this day, replanting fingers and limb segments, the number of which has long exceeded 1000.

And in 1980-1981. At the All-Russian Scientific Center of Surgery, first a department arose, then a department of microsurgery, which until 1989 was headed by Professor V. S. Krylov. In 1988, the department of microsurgery was reorganized into the department of reconstructive microsurgery, and in 1997 - into Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, which since 1989 has been headed by Professor N. O. Milanov (Fig. 25), who in 1984 defended his doctoral dissertation under the guidance of B. V. Petrovsky on the topic “Postmastectomy syndrome and its surgical treatment.”

Rice. 25. Laureate of State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR, Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor Nikolai Olegovich Milanov.

In 1981, a special set of microsurgical instruments was created, and in 1982, “for the development and implementation into clinical practice of experimental microsurgical operations for replantation of fingers and hands” V. S. Krylov, G. A. Stepanov, N. O. Milanov , R. S. Akchurin, G. A. Natsvlishvili and I. E. Kuzanov were awarded the titles of USSR State Prize laureates. It is noteworthy that two years later their young colleagues - A. M. Borovikov, Yu. A. Abramov, N. E. Vantsyan, S. P. Kozlov and E. R. Khusainov for their work “Reconstructive microsurgery in the treatment of injuries, diseases and consequences of injuries to the limbs" also received high awards - the title of laureate of the Lenin Komsomol Prize.

In the 1980s-1990s. microsurgeons of the All-Russian Research Center of Surgery, departments and the Department of Central Clinical Hospital, created in 1985, developed operations for creating direct lymphovenous anastomoses for secondary lymphedema of the extremities, genitals (K. G. Abalmasov) and postmastectomy syndrome (N. O. Milanov), developed methods for free transplantation of combined skin -muscle, muscular and other full-thickness flaps on a vascular pedicle for the closure of extensive soft tissue wounds, chest wall defects, treatment of defects and ununited bone fractures (Ya. B. Brandt), issues of microsurgical autotransplantation in the treatment of injuries of the upper limb and surgery for infertility and aspermia (A. M. Borovikov), as well as methods of plastic surgery of incompetent venous valves for varicose veins and postthrombophlebitic syndrome, reconstruction of venous outflow from the testicle with restoration of spermatogenesis, urethral pathology, surgical treatment of transsexualism (N. O. Milanov, R. G. Adamyan ) and so on.

For this, it was necessary to develop and put into practice methods of direct lymphography and lymphophlebography, digital selective angiography of distal small-caliber arteries, monitoring the blood supply to transplanted flaps on a vascular pedicle, etc.

In general, at the present stage of development of various highly specialized and high-tech areas of surgery, microsurgery has ceased to be a separate surgical discipline, which is owned by selected surgeons, but has become part of the surgical arsenal of surgeons of many specialties - from plastic and reconstructive surgeons, traumatologists and orthopedists to transplantologists and cardiovascular surgeons increasingly using precision, computer, robotic and telecommunication technologies in their operations.

Surgery for portal hypertension

An example of the “penetration” of vascular and microvascular surgery into related areas is the problem of surgical treatment of portal hypertension, in which B.V. Petrovsky and his school occupied and continue to occupy leading positions. A pioneer in the study of the problem was a student of B.V. Petrovsky, M.D. Patsiora (Fig. 26), who in 1959 defended her dissertation on the topic “Portal hypertension syndrome and its surgical treatment”, and in 1965, on the initiative of her boss, organized and headed the country’s first department of portal hypertension surgery, created at the Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR on the basis of City Hospital 20.

Rice. 26. Professor Maria Demyanovna Patsiora (1912-1994).

The initial period of the department’s work was distinguished by the development and widespread introduction of porto-caval anastomoses into surgical practice, however, high mortality and a large percentage of postoperative encephalopathies reduced the quality of surgeons’ work. The subsequent period of palliative operations (splenectomy, ligation of the splenic artery, etc.) also showed their low effectiveness as measures to prevent bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus and stomach. There were many patients who underwent several operations for recurrent gastroesophageal bleeding. This complex surgical problem was studied by K. N. Tsatsanidi, and possible solutions to it were presented in 1971 in his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Repeated and reconstructive operations for recurrent gastroesophageal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension.”

In 1974, the long-term work of the department and its results were summarized in the monograph by M. D. Patsiora, and in 1979, on the basis of the department, the All-Union Center for Portal Hypertension Surgery was opened, to which the specialized portal surgery departments created in a number of large hospitals in the country were methodologically subordinated hypertension, equipped with modern equipment for a comprehensive study of the liver, stomach, and portal system. From that time on, the third period of development of this direction began - combined vascular and hepatosurgery.

Rice. 27. Laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR, Professor Alexander Konstantinovich Yeramishantsev.

And 5 years later, in 1983, a student of B.V. Petrovsky and M.D. Patsiora, Professor A.K. Eramishantsev (Fig. 27), defended his doctoral dissertation entitled “Primary extrahepatic hypertension and its surgical treatment” . Since 1994 (after the death of K.N. Tsatsanidi) he headed the department of emergency surgery and portal hypertension of the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery named after. B.V. Petrovsky RAMS on the basis of Moscow City Hospital No. 20, whose main activity is the prevention and treatment of bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus and stomach. The department has developed and implemented modern endoscopic technologies for sclerotherapy and ligation of the veins of the esophagus and stomach; various types of selective and partial porto-caval shunting are used while maintaining the perfusion of portal blood through the liver, allowing to achieve 100% rehabilitation of patients.

Now the department is headed by Professor A.G. Scherzinger.

B.V. Petrovsky and the development of vascular surgery in Russia

Immediately after the opening in 1963 of the NIIKiEKH of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR and the creation of a vascular department in its structure, on its basis, on the initiative of B.V. Petrovsky, a specialized Center was created to provide emergency care to patients with acute vascular pathology republican significance .

From this moment on, a round-the-clock duty of vascular surgeons was established for advisory and emergency care for vascular patients, both at the institute itself and in other institutions of the capital and the republic using ambulance services and air ambulances. Informative letters were sent to hospitals in Moscow, the Moscow region and large regional cities of Russia. As a result, if in 1963 only 11 emergency calls were handled, by 1975 the center’s staff had consulted more than 2,000 patients and performed about 1,000 emergency vascular operations in Moscow, 26 cities of the Moscow region and 38 cities of the country, including such remote areas as Far North and Far East.

In September 1965, B.V. Petrovsky became the Minister of Health of the USSR. At the beginning of 1966, NIIKiEH was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Health, and in 1972 it received All-Union status (VNIIKiEH).

By this time, there were about 90 surgical institutions in the country providing cardiac and angiosurgical care to the population of the country. However, of this number, only 18 had full-fledged specialized departments with 50 or more beds, equipped with equipment and instruments, and staffed. Over 60% of the beds were located either in low-power departments with 25-30 beds, or in the form of separate 10-15 beds in general surgical, thoracic and other departments of regional and city hospitals, the surgical activity of which was extremely low. From 50 to 70% of hospitalized patients were discharged without surgery, and the bed-day before the operation ranged from 17 to 25 days. All this led, on the one hand, to an unjustified “dissipation” of public funds, and on the other hand, did not meet the interests of patients.

All this was stated in order 994 of the USSR Minister of Health B.V. Petrovsky dated December 8, 1972 “On measures to further improve cardiac surgical care for the population of the country.” The same order identified 35 medical institutions in which officially Full-fledged departments of cardiovascular surgery were created. Including 20 - union and 15 (RSFSR) - republican subordination: 1 - in the Azerbaijan SSR (Baku, Prof. N. M. B. Rzaev, Prof. F. I.-O. Zargarli); 1 - in the Armenian SSR (Yerevan, Prof. A. L. Mikaelyan); 1 - in the Byelorussian SSR (Minsk, Prof. A.V. Shott, Prof. A.N. Savchenko); 2 - in the Georgian SSR (Tbilisi, Prof. V.I. Fufin and Prof. G.D. Ioseliani, Prof. V.I. Pipia); 2 - in the Kazakh SSR (Alma-Ata, Prof. M.A. Aliev, and Karaganda, Prof. V.I. Kovalenko?); 1 - in the Kirghiz SSR (Frunze, A. N. Maralov?); 1 - in the Latvian SSR (Riga, prof. Y. V. Volkolakov); 2 - in the Lithuanian SSR (Vilnius, prof. A. M. Martsinkevichus; Kaunas, prof. J. J. Bredikis); 1 - in the Moldavian SSR (Chisinau, Prof. B.F. Golya?); 15 - in the RSFSR; 1 - in the Tajik SSR (Dushanbe, Prof. K.T. Tadzhiev?); 1 - in the Turkmen SSR (Ashgabat), 1 - in the Uzbek SSR (Tashkent, Prof. V.V. Vakhidov); 4 - in the Ukrainian SSR (Kyiv, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences N. M. Amosov and academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences A. A. Shalimov; Kharkov, Lvov) and 1 - in the Estonian SSR (Tallinn).

In pursuance of this order, on February 23, 1973, the Minister of Health of the RSFSR V.V. Trofimov signed order 77 “On further improvement of specialized cardiac surgical care for the population of the Russian Federation,” which created Interregional Cardiac Surgery Centers in Russia - MKCC (Centers for Cardiac and Vascular Surgery).

The first 15 such Centers were created in Voronezh (Prof. V.I. Bulynin), Gorky (Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences B.A. Korolev), Irkutsk (Prof. V.I. Astafiev), Kazan (Prof. N.P. Medvedev), Kalinin (Prof. L. S. Zhuravsky), Krasnoyarsk (Yu. I. Blau), Kuibyshev (Prof. V. P. Polyakov), 2 - in Moscow (Prof. V. I. Frantsev and Academician V. S. Savelyev), Pyatigorsk (D.N. Bogoev), Saratov (Prof. G.N. Zakharova), Sverdlovsk (Prof. M.S. Savichevsky), Tyumen, Khabarovsk (Prof. A.G. Roslyakov) and Chelyabinsk (Prof. Yu. I. Malyshev).

In addition to those mentioned above, in 1974 the Bashkir (Prof. N.G. Gataullin), Ivanovsky (OKB), Kemerovo (Prof. T.I. Shrayer) were opened, in 1978 - the Kaliningrad (OKB) and Rostov MKCC (candidate of medical sciences A. A. Dyuzhikov). In the late 1970s - early 1980s. MKCC arose in Blagoveshchensk-on-Amur (Prof. Ya. P. Kulik), Izhevsk, Krasnodar (Prof. V. A. Prelatov), ​​Leningrad (Prof. A. B. Zorin), Murmansk, Omsk (V. A. Samoilov), Orenburg, Tomsk (Prof. V.V. Pekarsky) and Yaroslavl. The leading research institute on the problem republican significance“Surgery of the heart and blood vessels” was defined by the Novosibirsk Research Institute of Circulatory Pathology of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR (Dir. - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences E. N. Meshalkin).

As a rule, ICCCs were opened on the basis of large republican, regional, regional or city multidisciplinary hospitals, at research institutes of surgical or cardiological profiles, departments of surgery of GIDUVs or surgical clinics of medical institutes, and were equipped with modern equipment, including artificial blood circulation machines, sets of instruments for cardiovascular surgery, diagnostic equipment and medicines. They were led by prominent surgeons, professors, heads of departments and those with experience in vascular surgery. Despite their name - “cardiac surgery”, these centers provided a full range of angiosurgical care. Moreover, mainly angiosurgical, while cardiac surgery was limited to extracardiac and simple intracardiac procedures, and on-pump cardiac surgery at many of these centers was limited to a few procedures per year.

To coordinate scientific and practical activities republican centers By order of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, VNIIKiEH of the USSR Ministry of Health received the status head institution of the Scientific Council for Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences on problems of thoracic surgery, emergency vascular surgery, hyperbaric oxygenation and anesthesiology-reanimatology, and within its structure the All-Union Coordination and Methodological Centers were created on the problems of “Pulmonary Embolism” (Prof. N. N. Malinovsky), “Microsurgery” (Prof. V. S. Krylov), “ Portal hypertension" (Prof. M. D. Patsiora), "Emergency vascular surgery" (Prof. M. D. Knyazev), "X-ray contrast and intracardiac research methods" (Prof. I. Kh. Rabkin), "Hyperbaric oxygenation" ( Prof. S. N. Efuni), “Anesthesiology and Reanimatology” (Prof. A. A. Bunyatyan).

In the 1970s conditions have arisen for the creation in a number of regions of the country branches of VNIIKiEH. In December 1973, in Tashkent, on the basis of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Medical Faculty of the Tashken Medical Institute, the Tashkent branch of VNIIKiEH (director - Prof. V.V. Vakhidov) was opened - the first specialized surgical research institute in Central Asia. In November 1974, on the basis of the sector of cardiovascular surgery and organ transplantation of the Institute of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of the Armenian SSR, the Yerevan branch of VNIIKiEH (director - Prof. A. L. Mikaelyan) was created. And in May 1981, on the basis of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Irkutsk Medical Institute - the Siberian Branch of VNIIKiEH (Dir. - Prof. V.I. Astafiev).

Independent Scientific Research Institutes of Clinical and Experimental Surgery, similar to the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Ecology and Chemistry of the USSR Ministry of Health, were created in Azerbaijan (NIIKEKh named after M. A. Topchibashev of the Ministry of Health of the AzSSR, director - Prof. N. M. B. Rzaev, then - Prof. A. K. Izmukhanov), Georgia (NIIKiEKh named after K. D. Eristavi, Ministry of Health of the GrSSR, director - Prof. V. I. Fufin, then - corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences G. D. Ioseliani); Kazakhstan (NIIKiEKh named after A. N. Syzganov, Ministry of Health of the Kazakh SSR, director - Prof. M. A. Aliev); Ukraine (Kiev Scientific Research Institute of Ecology and Ethics of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR, director - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences A. A. Shalimov).

All these Republican and Interregional centers, branches and research institutes, created during the period of B.V. Petrovsky’s work as Minister of Health of the USSR, and the vascular surgeons who worked in them played a large role in the formation and development of vascular surgery in the USSR and in Russia. Moreover, if the Republican centers provided assistance only to the population of their republic, then the MKCC, as a rule, served the population not only of their region, but also of the adjacent autonomous republics, territories, and regions. For example, created in 1973 on the basis of the City Clinical Hospital 23, and from 1977 to 1999, operating on the basis of the Regional Clinical Hospital 1, the Sverdlovsk Medical Clinical Clinical Center provided specialized cardiac and angiosurgical care to the population of the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Perm, Kirov regions and the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with population of 12 million people!

Unfortunately, after some time, a number of centers were closed as they did not live up to the hopes placed on them. The reasons for this were different: a lack of equipment, instruments and medications, a lack of trained personnel of cardiovascular surgeons, a lack of understanding by hospital administrations of the need to provide highly qualified surgical care to the population, or even simply a lack of desire to do this.

Thus, the Interregional Cardiac Surgery Center, created in 1973 on the basis of the OKB at the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Kalinin State Medical Institute, which in different years was headed by Professors L. S. Zhuravsky and L. N. Sidarenko, ceased to exist in 1978 by order of the Minister of Health of the RSFSR. And although vascular operations are performed in Tver (b. Kalinin), there is still no cardiac surgery in the region, and patients are forced to go to other medical institutions. Over the years, MKCCs were closed in Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Orenburg, and Yaroslavl.

In total, by July 1988, there were 25 cardiovascular surgery departments in Russia, performing the functions of the International Clinical Clinical Hospital, with a total capacity of 2963 beds. By Order of the Minister of Health 218 of July 26, 1988, the staff positions of doctors - cardiovascular surgeons, anesthesiologists-resuscitators, specialists in functional diagnostics were streamlined, staffing of laboratories (groups) of hypothermic protection and artificial circulation was introduced, the list of necessary equipment and instruments was legalized and medicines. Attached to the order was a scheme for providing staged specialized care to patients with cardiovascular diseases in need of surgical treatment, the procedure for assigning administrative territories of the Russian Federation to centers, etc.

Simultaneously with the ICCC, an angiographic service was created in large cities of the country on the initiative of the USSR Ministry of Health. In total, by 1983, 120 regional centers for radiocontrast and intracardiac research methods had been created.

To train vascular surgeons in 1981, TsOLIUv opened Department of Vascular Surgery, which was headed by Professor M.D. Knyazev. The base of the department was the vascular department of the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, created in 1980 on the basis of the All-Union Scientific Center for Surgery. In a short time, the department’s staff trained dozens of vascular surgeons for the country’s Cardiovascular Surgery Centers. After the death of M.D. Knyazev in 1984, the department was headed and is still headed today by the head of the department of vascular surgery of the Institute of Surgery named after. A.V. Vishnevsky, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Pokrovsky. During these years, departments and courses of vascular surgery were opened in a number of cities of the country at State Institutes of Education. Thus, in 1982, the Irkutsk Regional Center for Vascular Surgery was opened, headed by Professor A.V. Serkina, who at the same time headed the course of the same name at the Irkutsk State Medical University.

Thanks to the work carried out in the 2nd half of the 1970s. The enormous organizational work of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and VNIIKiEH, headed by B.V. Petrovsky, VKMC "Emergency Vascular Surgery" and the Department of Vascular Surgery TsOLIUv, along with cardiac surgery, 55 departments were created in large cities of Russia planned and emergency vascular surgery 60 beds each, as a result of which care for patients with vascular pathology has increased both quantitatively and qualitatively.

On June 26, 1978, by order of the USSR Minister of Health B.V. Petrovsky 610 “On the development of microsurgery in the country,” 14 departments were added to the above-mentioned vascular surgery departments, whose employees began to use microsurgical techniques. But it was also necessary to train personnel for these departments. For this purpose, in 1985 it was decided to create in TsOLIUv Department of Microsurgery. Professor V.S. Krylov became its head. For some time, the base of the department was the All-Russian Research Center of Chemistry, then it settled in city hospital No. 56, and then in the Uzkoye hospital, where it is located to this day. Over the past years, the staff of the department, which since 1992 has been headed by a student of V. S. Krylov and the scientific “grandson” of B. V. Petrovsky, Professor K. G. Abalmasov (Fig. 28), trained hundreds of surgeons, orthopedists, and traumatologists in microsurgery techniques , urologists, neurosurgeons, gynecologists and pediatric surgeons. At the end of the 1980s. courses on improvement microsurgeons were opened at the All-Russian Scientific Research and Production Complex of the USSR Ministry of Health on the basis of the department of cardiovascular surgery, which is headed by Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences R. S. Akchurin.

Rice. 28. Professor Konstantin Georgievich Abalmasov.

The increase in the number of microsurgeons allowed the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the All-Russian Research Center of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, as the leader in the country on the problem of microsurgery, to create more than 50 microsurgical departments in large republican, regional and regional hospitals in the 1980s.

The further development of vascular surgery urgently required the allocation of angiosurgical service in independent branch of surgery. In July 1989, a meeting of the Board of the USSR Ministry of Health was held dedicated to this issue. In its decision, the Board noted that “the situation with the treatment of patients with vascular diseases remains difficult”, that there is a lack of a sufficient number of specialized beds, X-ray equipment, ultrasound diagnostic devices, instruments, atraumatic suture material, contrast agents, vascular prostheses, etc.

To correct the current situation in a number of cities across the country, it was decided to repurpose general surgery departments and open new regional and interdistrict departments of vascular surgery. In 1990, certification for the qualification category of doctors was introduced in vascular surgery, the postgraduate training program for vascular surgeons was revised and approved. In 1989-1991 it was decided to create interregional specialized teams to provide emergency care to patients with diseases and vascular injuries, angiology rooms in clinics, and rehabilitation departments for patients with diseases of the circulatory system.

The leading research institute on the problem Union significance“Vascular surgery” was defined by the Institute of Surgery named after. A. N. Bakuleva of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (dir. - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences V. I. Burakovsky, head of the department of vascular surgery, Prof. A. A. Spiridonov), functions of the All-Union Center for emergency arterial pathology were entrusted to the All-Union Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (dir. - Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences B. A. Konstantinov, head of the department, Doctor of Medical Sciences Yu. V. Belov), the functions of the All-Union Scientific and Methodological Center on arterial pathology- at the Institute of Surgery named after. A.V. Vishnevsky of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (director - academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences V.D. Fedorov, head of the department - corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Pokrovsky), and the functions of the All-Union Scientific and Methodological Center in phlebology- to the Department of Faculty Surgery named after S.I. Spasokukotsky, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute named after. N. I. Pirogova (head - academician V. S. Savelyev).

By the same decision of the board of the USSR Ministry of Health, all union republics for their supervision of vascular surgery were divided between the Institute of Surgery named after. A. N. Bakuleva (Georgia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, RSFSR, except for the areas indicated below, as well as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), Institute of Surgery named after. A.V. Vishnevsky (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Leningrad region, Karelia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East) and VNTsH (Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Western Siberia and Armenia). It is clear that after the collapse of the USSR, this division of the country into “spheres of influence” in the field of vascular surgery lost its significance and today represents only historical interest .

In Russia, by the beginning of 1990, 5103 vascular beds were deployed, 70% of which were located in independent specialized departments of vascular surgery. Reconstructive and plastic surgeries on blood vessels and endovascular interventions were introduced into the practice of vascular surgery. On the basis of the Moscow City Clinical Hospital 57, where the Department of Surgical Diseases of the Pediatric Faculty of the 2nd Moscow Regional State Medical Institute was located (headed by Prof. I. I. Zatevakhin), a department of vascular surgery was opened with the organization on its basis of the Republican Scientific and Methodological Center for Chronic Arterial Pathology and surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the aorta and its branches. A vascular surgery department with 60 beds was opened at the Central Republican Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, at the Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky (head - Prof. V.L. Lemenev), as well as on the basis of a number of republican, regional and regional hospitals through the repurposing of beds, equipping them with personnel, modern equipment and instruments. Subsequently, regional and interdistrict vascular departments began to be created.

In order to improve the quality of training of vascular surgeons in 1989-1990. at the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute named after. N.I. Pirogov, the Department of Surgical Angiology of the Faculty of Internal Medicine was created (headed by Prof. I.I. Zatevakhin). Clinical angiology courses for FUV appeared at the Moscow Medical Institute named after. N. A. Semashko (head - Prof. M. M. Dibirov), at the surgical departments of Kemerovo, Kalinin (head - Prof. Yu. I. Kazakov), Omsk, Rostov, Ryazan (head - Prof. P. G. Schwalb), Sverdlovsk and other medical institutes. On the basis of the clinics of these departments, Regional Centers for Vascular Surgery were created, which were headed by the heads of the departments of the corresponding universities. Among the best centers, the experience of which the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR introduced into the practical activities of other institutions, was the Ryazan Regional Center for Vascular Surgery (headed by Prof. P. G. Schwalb).

The Republican Children's Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR opened pediatric vascular department, and at the bases of the 2nd MOLGMI named after. N. I. Pirogov and the Leningrad Pediatric Institute - cycles of advanced training pediatric surgeons in vascular surgery for interregional centers of pediatric surgery in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. As part of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute, a Research Problem Laboratory for the surgical treatment of occlusive lesions of the aorta and its branches was created.

Finally, in 1992, the Russian Society of Angiologists and Vascular Surgeons was founded (president - Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Pokrovsky), and in 1996 - the international journal “Angiology and Vascular Surgery” (ed. - Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A. V. Pokrovsky), which indicated the creation in Russia of a new surgical specialty and clinical discipline - vascular surgery and its isolation from cardiology and cardiovascular surgery.

Thus, several stages can be distinguished in the development of vascular surgery in Russia: First stage(first half of the twentieth century) is characterized by the performance of reconstructive operations on blood vessels (suture, prosthetics) by individual surgeons in the country (Yu. Yu. Dzhanelidze, N. A. Bogoraz, M. N. Akhutin, B. V. Petrovsky, A. I. Arutyunov and others); Most of the operations performed by other surgeons involved ligation of arteries .

At the second stage(1950s-1960s) the provision of angiosurgical care was carried out in departments general surgical profile(Moscow Research Institute of Surgery named after N.V. Sklifosovsky) and in single specialized departments of vascular surgery, opened in large scientific research institutes of surgical profile (Institute of Surgery named after A.V. Vishnevsky, Research Institute of Chemical Ethics of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR, Institute of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, etc.); gradual transition from vascular ligation operations to operations maintaining and restoring blood flow .

Third stage(1970s-1980s) was marked by the creation of Republican and Interregional Cardiac Surgery Centers in the capitals of the Union Republics and large regional and regional centers of Russia, on the basis of which surgical care was provided to patients with both heart disease and vascular diseases. At this stage, the following are being created in the country: an angiographic service, a network of departments for planned and emergency vascular surgery and microsurgery, departments and courses of vascular surgery and microsurgery at the Central Clinical Hospital and Medical Institute. The separation of vascular surgery into a separate surgical specialty begins. The restorative approach prevails in operations.

Fourth stage(1990s to the present) began with the opening of specialized departments of vascular surgery in the surgical research institutes, Republican, Regional and Regional hospitals, the creation of regional and inter-district Centers for vascular surgery, departments and courses of vascular surgery not only at State Medical University, but also at medical institutes, academies and universities. At the beginning of this stage, the Russian Society of Angiologists and Vascular Surgeons was founded in Russia (1992, president - Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Pokrovsky), and a few years later - the international journal “Angiology and Vascular Surgery” (1996; editor - Academician. RAMS A.V. Pokrovsky). At this stage of development, vascular surgery is slowly but surely leaning towards more and more vascular operations using endovascular technologies. It's obvious that fifth stage its development will begin when the vast majority of vascular interventions are performed using the endovasal method.

All this enormous organizational work, carried out for many years across the country by many institutions with the direct participation of B.V. Petrovsky as a major surgeon and health care organizer, has borne fruit. Today, vascular surgeons work in almost all major cities of Russia, providing the population of the country with highly qualified and specialized care in full in specialized departments. But only 65 years ago, military doctor of the 3rd rank B.V. Petrovsky created the first such department on the Western Front of the Great Patriotic War!

B.V. Petrovsky and his school of vascular surgery

By the end of the twentieth century, in the departments of the Surgery Center headed by B.V. Petrovsky, dealing with surgery of the aorta, its branches, coronary, main and microvessels, more than 14,000 vascular operations were performed, including more than 2,000 coronary artery bypass grafting and resections of post-infarction aneurysms, more than 1,000 interventions for aortic aneurysms, more than 3,000 reconstructions of the branches of the aortic arch and its abdominal section, more than 3,000 operations for occlusive lesions of the aorto-iliac-femoral zone and more than 3,000 operations for occlusive diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities, more than 2,000 plastic and reconstructive microsurgical operations, interventions on the veins ( including the portal system) and lymphatic vessels, not counting X-ray surgical endovascular operations.

When briefly analyzing the contribution of B.V. Petrovsky and the school he created to the development of domestic vascular surgery, one is struck not only by the volume and depth, but also by the extraordinary breadth of the scientist’s scientific interests. It seems that there is no area of ​​vascular surgery in which Boris Vasilyevich himself or his students would not leave a noticeable mark. Even a simple list of these areas presents a certain complexity due to the abundance of famous names, coverage of almost all vascular areas and the fear of not naming someone or something. Nevertheless, we will try to do this.

To the academic scientific-practical school vascular surgery B.V. Petrovsky certainly belongs to: Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences G.M. Soloviev (vascular suture, surgery of the thoracic aorta and peripheral arteries, kidney transplantation), Professor G.A. Natsvlishvili (surgery of aortic coarctation, angiography), Professor V. S. Krylov (vascular reconstructive surgery, kidney transplant, surgery of vasorenal hypertension, microsurgery), Professor M. D. Knyazev (emergency and planned vascular and coronary surgery, aortic surgery), Professor O. B. Milonov (surgery of arterial aneurysms) , Professor I. A. Belichenko (surgery of the branches of the aortic arch), Professor O. S. Belorusov (surgery of acute thrombosis and embolism of the aorta and arteries of the extremities, surgery of the aorto-iliac segment, kidney transplant), Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences N. N. Malinovsky (emergency vascular surgery, pulmonary embolism, endovascular surgery, surgery of aortic aneurysms), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences I. Kh. Rabkin (angiographic X-ray diagnostics of vascular diseases, X-ray endovascular surgery), Professor I. A. Belichenko (surgery of the branches of the aortic arch), Professor G. S. Krotovsky (surgery of the branches of the abdominal aorta and vasorenal hypertension), Professors B.V. Shabalkin and R.A. Stegailov (coronary surgery), Professor V.L. Lemenev (surgery of aortic aneurysms and its branches), Professor A. Z. Troshin (surgery of the abdominal aorta and lower extremities), Professor V. I. Inyushin (surgery of complicated abdominal aortic aneurysms), Professors M. D. Patsiora, K. N. Tsatsanidi and A. K. Eramishantsev (surgery of portal hypertension) , Academicians of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences N. O. Milanov and R. S. Akchurin, Professors G. A. Stepanov and K. G. Abalmasov (microsurgery), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Yu. V. Belov (coronary surgery, surgery of all parts of the aorta, including aortic valve, and all its branches), corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.V. Gavrilenko (surgery of the main and peripheral arteries and veins, abdominal ischemia, critical ischemia and chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities) and other surgeons who continued and are continuing the work of the teacher.

From 1959 to 1993 B.V. Petrovsky and his students performed more than 14,000 vascular operations, defended more than 20 doctoral dissertations on vascular surgery, published more than 20 monographs and manuals, received the Lenin Prize, 5 State Prizes and the Lenin Komsomol Prize.

In general, the development of vascular surgery by B.V. Petrovsky and his school, as well as the contribution of the scientist and his students to the problem, can be represented by the following brief chronological table:

1941 - the first 28 operations on large vessels, performed by B.V. Petrovsky at the front during the battle of Moscow; mainly - ligation;

1942-1943 - creation of the first specialized departments of vascular surgery in the Red Army (S. I. Banaitis, M. N. Akhutin, B. V. Petrovsky);

1947 - doctoral dissertation B.V. Petrovsky, dedicated to combat vascular trauma; the experience of 881 vascular injuries was summarized; including 26 vascular suture operations;

1954 - creation of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Pediatric Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State Medical Institute (B.V. Petrovsky); start of development reconstructive vascular operations ;

1956 - PhD thesis, dedicated to the technique of vascular suture (G. M. Soloviev);

1957-1958 - the first reconstructive operations for coarctation of the aorta (B.V. Petrovsky);

1959 - creation of a vascular department at the Department of Hospital Surgery of the 1st MMI (V. S. Krylov); the beginning of production in the country of vascular surgical instruments (NIIEKhAI);

1960 - Lenin Prize “for the development of new methods of surgical treatment of diseases of the heart and great vessels” (B.V. Petrovsky); doctoral dissertation, dedicated to reconstructive surgery of the great vessels (V. S. Krylov); the first reconstructive operations on the branches of the aortic arch (B.V. Petrovsky);

1961 - the country's first operation for Takayasu disease (B.V. Petrovsky);

1963 - creation of the NIIKiEH of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR (B.V. Petrovsky), the creation of a vascular surgery department at the NIIKiEH (V.S. Krylov) and the Center for Emergency Vascular Surgery (N.N. Malinovsky);

1964 - start of production of instrument sets for cardiovascular surgery “NSS-64” (NPO Rotor, B.V. Petrovsky);

1965 - the first kidney transplant in the country (B.V. Petrovsky); the first operation in the country for a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (N. N. Malinovsky and M. D. Knyazev); the first endovascular removal of an embolus from the pulmonary artery in the country (N. N. Malinovsky, D. A. Natradze); doctoral dissertation dedicated to the surgery of peripheral artery aneurysms (O. B. Milonov);

1967 - doctoral dissertation on the surgery of occlusive lesions of the branches of the aortic arch (I. A. Belichenko);

1968 - monograph dedicated to the surgery of vasorenal hypertension (B.V. Petrovsky. V.S. Krylov);

The future surgeon and scientist Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky was born on June 27, 1908 in Essentuki. His father was a doctor - a medical career was a family tradition. Shortly before the revolution, the Petrovskys moved to Kislovodsk. Boris graduated from school there, after which he began working as a disinfectant at a local disinfection station. In addition, he completed courses in stenography, accounting and sanitary affairs.

Education

Finally, after lengthy preparation, Petrovsky B.V. entered Moscow State University, choosing the Faculty of Medicine. He received a diploma from Moscow State University in 1930. While studying at the university, the student chose surgery as a specialization, which is why he regularly attended to improve his technique and also studied physiology. MSU offered a variety of ways to express oneself. Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky took advantage of many of them in his youth. The achievements, in short, were not limited to advances in medicine. The student was an active participant in public life, being the chairman of the trade union committee of the institute. In addition, he spent a lot of time at the chessboard. Petrovsky played with the future world champion and grandmaster. Tourist trips and all kinds of Komsomol events were regular.

With the start of his senior year, the future surgeon was transferred to Pirogovka. The best Soviet medical intelligentsia studied there. Petrovsky began a new stage of life. It was accompanied by a transition from theory to practice. Long-winded theories are a thing of the past - it's time to gain experience on real patients. Now the student was required not only to regularly cram, but also to develop the skill of communicating with the people he was to treat.

At the same time, the famous Nikolai Burdenko became one of the main teachers of the future academician. Petrovsky's lectures were given by People's Commissar of Health and Professor Nikolai Semashko. He gave students the most important and necessary knowledge, and the students themselves loved him for his masterly mastery of the material and his kind-hearted disposition. Semashko used examples from his own life to talk about the fight against terrible epidemics and their prevention. He also shared stories about his Bolshevik life in exile and Lenin, who once saved him from arrest. At the final stage of his stay at the university, Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky performed his first independent operation.

Beginning of a scientific career

After graduation, the aspiring doctor worked as a surgeon at the Podolsk regional hospital for a year and a half. The young specialist found himself at a crossroads. He could have taken up the organization of health care and industrial sanitation, but he finally linked his future with surgery.

In 1932, Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky began his scientific career, receiving a position as a research assistant at the Moscow Oncology Institute. Its leader was Professor Peter Herzen. Petrovsky B.V. showed outstanding research abilities. He studied oncological phenomena and theories of treatment of breast cancer. The surgeon also devoted a lot of time to issues of transfusiology. He published his first scientific article in 1937. It appeared in the magazine “Surgeon” and was dedicated to the prospects of surgical methods for treating cancer.

At the same time, Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky defended his dissertation on the topic of blood transfusion and became a candidate of medical sciences. In 1948, this work was published in a revised form as a monograph. But even after this, the doctor remained interested in the topic of blood transfusion. He studied transfusion techniques as well as its effects on the human body.

Family

Back at the Institute of Oncology, a meeting took place, after which Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky determined his family future. The scientist’s personal life turned out to be connected with Ekaterina Timofeeva, an employee of one of the experimental laboratories. In 1933, the couple got married, and in 1936 their daughter Marina was born. At that time, the mother was finishing her graduate studies, so the family lived with a hired nanny for some time. Petrovsky and his wife had so little free time that they could see each other only late in the evening, when they came home to sleep.

Marina was a cheerful and lively child. For summer vacations, the family went south to Kislovodsk, where Boris Vasilyevich’s small homeland was. His daughter and wife also went on vacation to Vyazma, where Catherine’s parents lived. In 1937, at the age of 49, Petrovsky’s mother, Lidia Petrovna, died.

At the front

Petrovsky Boris Vasilyevich, whose biography was full of dramatic moments, soon after receiving the title of associate professor began working in field hospitals of the Red Army during the Winter War with Finland. Remaining on the Karelian Isthmus, he operated on many wounded and mutilated people. This experience was extremely important in the context of the approaching conflict with Nazi Germany.

The advent of the Great Patriotic War forced Petrovsky to work literally around the clock for several years. The outstanding doctor became the leading surgeon of evacuation hospitals in the active army. The medic performed hundreds of operations and supervised the work of a huge number of subordinates. In 1944, he was appointed senior lecturer at the Department of Faculty Surgery at the Leningrad Military Medical Academy. During the war, the blood transfusion technique proposed by B.V. Petrovsky was improved. This man’s contribution to medicine is great, if only for this reason. Thanks to him, the method of introducing blood into the thoracic aorta, as well as the carotid artery, was tested.

Generalization of military experience

Military experience made Boris Petrovsky one of the best specialists in his field in the entire country. In October 1945, he became scientific deputy director at the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery, part of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. With the advent of peace, scientific activity resumed, led by Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky. The scientist’s achievements formed the basis of his doctoral dissertation, defended in 1947. It was devoted to surgical treatment of the vascular system.

Since Petrovsky was one of the key domestic experts on this topic, he was appointed executive editor of the 19th volume of “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War.” This colossal work was published on the initiative of the government. Each volume had its own editor - a major epidemiologist or clinician. Of course, Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky could not help but get on this list. The doctor carefully selected a team of authors who eventually wrote the book. The key chapters of the publication went to the surgeon himself.

Work on compiling the volume lasted four years. Part of the material was based on Petrovsky’s personal experience - he included in the publication many photographs taken in hospitals during the war. Together with his team of authors, the researcher reviewed and analyzed about a million unique case histories. They were preserved in the Leningrad Military Medical Museum. While working in the Northern capital on the 19th volume, Petrovsky was forced to be separated from his own family, who had recently returned from evacuation to Moscow. The creation of the book came down to collating a huge amount of data in punched cards and tables. Also, for the first time, methods for carrying out complex operations were formulated and systematized, the author of which was Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky. The surgeon knew what he was writing about - he carried out about 800 of them at the front, and all of them were associated with gunshot wounds.

In Hungary

After the war, the scientist taught a lot at higher educational institutions in Moscow, Leningrad, and Budapest. He went to according to the decision of the Soviet government. At the University of Budapest Petrovsky in 1949 - 1951. headed the surgical clinic at the Faculty of Medicine. The Hungarian authorities asked Moscow for help. The best Soviet surgeons were sent to the new socialist state, who were supposed to train the first generation of professionals in this medical field from scratch in a friendly country.

Then Petrovsky had to leave his homeland for a long time for the first time after the war. Of course, he could not refuse the government’s offer, since he understood the full responsibility of the order and its importance in strengthening relations between Hungary and the Soviet Union. The famous surgeon himself, in his memoirs, compared the voyage to Budapest with another trip to the “front”. Thanks to Petrovsky, Hungary now has its own thoracic surgery, traumatology, blood transfusion and oncology services. The country deservedly appreciated the work of the specialist. The surgeon was awarded the state Order of Merit, and was also elected one of the honorary members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1967, the University of Budapest made Petrovsky its honorary doctor.

One day a member of the Politburo came to Hungary. He was supposed to make a report in Parliament. However, the Soviet functionary became seriously ill. He did not agree with the doctors’ diagnoses and persuaded them to have Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky conduct the examination. Photos of the former People's Commissar were regularly published in Pravda - he was one of the most members of the Communist Party. However, Petrovsky knew him not from newspapers, but personally. Back in the 20s. During his studies at Moscow State University, Voroshilov often met with students. In 1950, in Hungary, Petrovsky diagnosed Kliment Efremovich with intestinal paresis.

Academician

After returning home in 1951, Boris Vasilievich began working at the Pirogov Moscow Medical Institute, where he headed the department of faculty surgery. The teacher remained there for five years. In the same 1951, Boris Petrovsky participated in two international congresses - surgeons and anesthesiologists.

From 1953 to 1965 he served as chief surgeon in the Fourth Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health. In 1957 he became an academician. Petrovsky Boris Vasilievich, whose biography is an example of a doctor who devoted all his time to the work of his whole life, deservedly became director at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery.

The scientist received numerous prizes and awards. Thus, in 1953, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences awarded him the Burdenko Prize for a monograph on surgical methods of treating cancer of the cardia and esophagus. In addition, the scientist persistently spoke about the need for investment in new areas - anesthesiology and resuscitation. Time has shown that he is right - these specialties have become an important part of all medical practice. In 1967, Petrovsky published the monograph “Therapeutic Anesthesia,” in which he summarized his experience in using nitrous oxide.

Minister of Health of the USSR

In 1965, the first successful human kidney transplant was performed in the Soviet Union. This operation was performed by B.V. Petrovsky. The surgeon’s biography was full of achievements, to which one can add the word “for the first time” - for example, he was the first to replace the mitral heart valve with seamless mechanical fixation. In the same 1965, he became the head of the USSR Ministry of Health, holding this position for 15 years - until 1980.

Before taking up his new post, Petrovsky met with Leonid Brezhnev and, based on theses, explained to him the key problems of domestic medicine. Soviet healthcare suffered from the low material resources of clinics and hospitals. A serious drawback was the lack of medicines and equipment, which made it sometimes impossible to operate and prevent complications associated with infectious contamination. It was with all these and many other flaws that the new minister had to fight.

During his 15 years in office, Petrovsky B.V. (surgeon, scientist and simply a good organizer) took part in the creation and implementation of all major projects in this important industry. The minister paid special attention to cooperation with foreign countries. The expansion of professional contacts made it possible to introduce new technologies, give a large number of specialists the opportunity to get acquainted with foreign experience, give impetus to the development of new medical sciences, etc. Under Boris Petrovsky, scientific knowledge was exchanged with Finland, France, the USA, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, Japan , Canada and other countries. Agreements, cooperation programs and other important documents were agreed upon directly through the Ministry of Health and its head.

Thanks to the efforts of Boris Petrovsky, dozens of new multidisciplinary, specialized and research medical institutions were built. The minister initiated the creation of institutes for the study of gastroenterology, influenza, pulmonology, eye diseases, tissue and organ transplantation. New clinics and hospitals opened throughout the country. Modern plans for the design of buildings for these public health institutions have emerged. A special commission was created under the ministry, which considered the layout options. New all-Union projects for regional, district, children's, and psychiatric hospitals, ambulance stations, clinics, and sanitary and epidemiological stations were approved. At the same time, education reform took place. New specialties have appeared in medical universities. Everything was done to ensure that the huge country had a sufficient number of highly qualified personnel.

In 1966, Medical Worker Day was celebrated for the first time in the USSR. The main ceremonial meeting on this occasion was held in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Boris Petrovsky read the keynote speech at this event, in which he briefly summarized the results of the development of Soviet healthcare, as well as prospects and goals. Interestingly, Medical Worker Day has become an example for other specialties. By analogy with it, a professional holiday for teachers, etc. appeared.

Petrovsky Scientific School

In the post-war years, several new theoretical medical schools appeared in the Soviet Union. These were groups of specialists developing a specific area of ​​medical practice. The patriarch of one of these schools was Boris Vasilyevich Petrovsky himself. The Minister of Health of the USSR, while still a young surgeon working at the Oncological Institute, realized how important it was to acquire his own team of like-minded people.

He needed his own school in order to implement a large-scale plan: to create a new medical direction. It was reconstructive surgery. She had a key principle - to amputate and cut out as few organs and tissues as possible. To preserve them, surgeons of this school resorted to the use of artificial implants made of metal and plastic. With their help, tissues were replaced and organs were transplanted. Petrovsky, having become a recognized specialist, defended and defended this idea.

The scientist managed to raise a whole galaxy of professionals and adherents of his theoretical school. Boris Petrovsky made the department of hospital surgery at the Moscow Medical University, which he headed for more than thirty years - since 1956, the main platform for disseminating his ideas. This place has become one of the most famous and authoritative educational institutions of its field in the country.

Theorist and practitioner

In 1960, Boris Petrovsky and three other colleagues were awarded the Lenin Prize. Surgeons were awarded for the development and practical application of new operations on large vessels and the heart. Before the health care of the USSR, Boris Vasilyevich proved by his own example that doctors could discover and apply new methods of treating patients whose ailments previously seemed fatal. Once in the government, the scientist faced a new challenge. Now he was responsible for medicine throughout the country. The fact that the surgeon was invariably elected as a deputy of the Supreme Council of the VI - X convocations clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of his activities.

Back in 1942, the scientist joined the CPSU(b). In 1966, a new candidate for membership in the CPSU Central Committee appeared in the party. This became Petrovsky B.V. The academician retained this status until 1981. In addition, in 1966 - 1981. he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The famous surgeon lived most of his life in Moscow, where he died in 2004 at the age of 96. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Hero of Socialist Labor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Honorary Director of the Russian Scientific Center for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences

He was born on June 27, 1908 in Essentuki, but considers his homeland to be the village of Blagodarnoye, Stavropol Territory (now Blagodarny), where Boris Vasilyevich’s father, Vasily Ivanovich Petrovsky (born 1880), a zemstvo doctor, worked at that time. His name was widely known among the population of Stavropol. In 1980, a memorial plaque was installed on one of the buildings of the former Blagodarny Zemstvo Hospital, and one of the city streets was named after V.I. Petrovsky. In recent years, the People's Memorial Museum of V.I. Petrovsky has been created and opened in Blagodarny. Mother - Petrovskaya (nee Shevchenko) Lydia Petrovna (born 1880). Wife - Petrovskaya (Timofeeva) Ekaterina Mikhailovna. Daughter - Petrovskaya Marina Borisovna (born 1936).

In 1916-1924. Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky studied at the II level school in Kislovodsk. Family traditions formed his desire to follow in his father’s footsteps. After graduating from school, he immediately went to work as a disinfectant at the disinfection station of Kislovodsk. Here he completed courses in accounting, shorthand, and sanitary courses and began working as a delivery boy in the branch of the Medsantrud trade union. At the same time, I was intensively preparing to enter university.

It was the medical faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University that attracted him, where Boris Petrovsky dreamed of enrolling since childhood.

Already in Moscow, Boris Vasilyevich was advised to get an appointment with Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, Deputy People's Commissar of Education. Two days of waiting at the People's Commissariat for Education and the meeting with N.K. Krupskaya were not in vain: B.V. Petrovsky received the blessing to pass the exams at Moscow State University. Having passed the test, to his great joy, B.V. Petrovsky was admitted to the medical faculty.

According to B.V. Petrovsky, his years of study at the university strengthened his interest in surgery and showed the need for versatile and in-depth training, first of all as a doctor, and then as a “narrow” specialist. Understanding well that one can become a surgeon only by being a versatile and fundamentally trained physician, B.V. Petrovsky thoroughly studied clinical disciplines, physiology, spent many hours in the anatomical theater, mastered and improved surgical technique, did a lot of duty in the clinic and attended rounds of senior colleagues , performed the first independent operations.

Among the professors and teachers of B.V. Petrovsky were the greatest scientists: wonderful surgeons A.V. Martynov, N.N. Burdenko, P.A. Herzen, anatomist P.A. Karuzin, chemists V.S. Gulevich and A.V. Stepanov, histologist B.I. Lavrentiev, physiologist M.N. Shaternikov, pathologist A.I. Abrikosov, therapists - D.M. Rossiysky, D.D. Pletnev, Burmin, M.I. Konchalovsky, E.E. Fromgold, urologist R.M.Fronshtein, obstetrician-gynecologist M.S.Malinovsky, pediatrician V.I.Molchanov, psychiatrist P.B.Gannushkin, neuropathologist G.I.Rossolimo, pathophysiologist S.I.Chechulin, hygienist and health care organizer N.A. Semashko.

A wonderful school for the future surgeon was participation in operations together with A.V. Martynov, and later with P.A. Herzen, night shifts at the Yauza hospital, and work in a scientific student circle. Boris Vasilyevich often visited the laboratories of S.I. Chechulin and S.S. Bryukhonenko, in which the world’s first artificial blood circulation apparatus, the “autojector,” was created.

During his studies, B.V. Petrovsky was active in social work, was the chairman of the trade union committee of the institute, and was fond of playing chess and hiking. One of the brightest impressions was meeting the great physiologist I.P. Pavlov, meeting at the chessboard with the future multiple world champion Mikhail Botvinnik.

Transfer to senior courses - to Pirogovka, where the clinics and laboratories of the 1st Moscow State University were located, the legendary Devichye Pole, where the Russian medical intelligentsia studied, was a new stage in life for Boris Vasilyevich, accompanied by a restructuring of thinking. From inanimate objects and inanimate matter, students moved on to people, the sick, and had to learn to understand their suffering - in a word, to prepare themselves for the profession of a doctor.

The wonderful student years passed unnoticed - 1928, 1929, 1930. Boris Vasilyevich's passion for surgery grew more and more intense. He did not miss a single meeting of the surgical circle, which was led by assistants Boris Vladimirovich Milonov and Joseph Moiseevich Chaikov. Together with other students, he participated in duty at P.A. Herzen’s clinic and even assisted him, usually at night, in operations. Boris Vasilyevich forever remembered the words of his teacher, Pyotr Aleksandrovich Herzen, spoken by him after one of the most difficult operations: “It’s not the surgeon who is afraid of blood, but the blood should be afraid of the surgeon.”

After graduating, B.V. Petrovsky worked for about a year and a half as a resident in the surgical department at the Podolsk regional hospital and as the head of the health center of the Podolsk State Shveymashina plant (1931-1932). In 1932, he served as a junior doctor in a tank brigade regiment and a hospital doctor in Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Region.

A passionate desire to devote his life to surgery and master it from his mentor Pyotr Aleksandrovich Herzen led B.V. Petrovsky to Moscow, to the Oncological Institute (P.A. Herzen Clinic), where he turned to his teacher. Pyotr Alexandrovich remembered his former student and directed him to senior assistant Alexander Ivanovich Savitsky. He received B.V. Petrovsky along with doctors Buivolov, Anfilogov, Shmelev, who also returned after military service. All of them were in military tunics and trousers, boots, soldiers' greatcoats, and Budenovkas.

Since 1932, he has been engaged in scientific activities - as a researcher at the Moscow Oncology Institute (the first ten-year stage under the leadership of P.A. Herzen). The abilities of a researcher and the talent of a surgeon found fertile ground - over several years of hard work, Boris Vasilyevich completed research on important issues in oncology (treatment of breast cancer), transfusiology (method of long-term massive transfusions and drip blood transfusions), and shock.

The first scientific article by B.V. Petrovsky, “On the assessment of long-term results of surgical treatment of breast cancer,” was published in 1937 in the journal “Surgery.”

In the cycle of his first scientific works, the principles of his creative activity can be traced - special attention to current problems of surgery, in close connection with physiology and other fundamental sciences, the search for something new, a heightened understanding of the current challenges of the time.

In the 20-30s, blood transfusion, as a problem in surgery, was in its youth and required the solution of many scientific, practical and organizational issues. Of course, the problem was also of interest to B.V. Petrovsky. In 1937, Boris Vasilyevich defended his PhD thesis on the topic: “Drip transfusion of blood and blood-substituting fluids in oncological practice.” In a revised form, it was published as a monograph in 1948. B.V. Petrovsky retained his interest in blood transfusion in subsequent years, in particular, in the methods of introducing blood into the body and the effect of transfusions on body functions.

At the Institute of Oncology, B.V. Petrovsky met a researcher at the experimental laboratory, a student of Academician A.A. Bogomolets, Ekaterina Mikhailovna Timofeeva. In 1933 they got married.

In 1938, B.V. Petrovsky was awarded the title of senior researcher (associate professor). However, peacetime was ending. In 1939-1940, Boris Vasilyevich participated as a leading surgeon and deputy head of a field hospital in the army in military events on the Karelian Isthmus.

In 1940-1941 B.V. Petrovsky worked as a senior researcher at the Moscow Oncology Institute. The Great Patriotic War found him at the Department of General Surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after N.I. Pirogov as an associate professor. From the operating table of the clinic, he went into the active army.

From the first days of the war, B.V. Petrovsky was a leading surgeon at front-line army hospitals on the Western, Bryansk and 2nd Baltic fronts. Thousands of soldiers and officers owe their lives to his skill as a surgeon. The military work of B.V. Petrovsky was marked by military awards - the Order of the Red Star (1942), two Orders of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree (1943, 1985), and medals.

During the difficult years of the war, he not only acquires enormous practical experience, but also subjects it to analytical analysis, i.e. actively engaged in scientific activities (military field surgery, surgery of wounds of the heart, lungs, pericardium, blood vessels, transfusiology, etc.). The works of B.V. Petrovsky “Pericarditis after gunshot injuries of the chest” (1943, 1945), “Gunshot wounds of blood vessels” (1944), “Subphrenic abscesses after gunshot wounds” (1945) and others, reflecting the surgeon’s extensive experience in the treatment of gunshot wounds of blood vessels and their consequences.

Based on military experience, Boris Vasilyevich also wrote works on injuries to the pelvic bones, subdiaphragmatic space, published his original method of hip disarticulation surgery, etc.

This large cycle of research, intensively continued in the post-war years, was formalized in 1947 into a doctoral dissertation “Surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of blood vessels in a front-line area.” In 1949, it was published in the form of a monograph “Surgical treatment of vascular wounds” (M., Publishing House of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, 1949).

The rich experience of military field surgery in the treatment of vascular injuries is also summarized in the 19th volume of the unique publication, which has no analogues in the world, “The Experience of Soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.” The author of the sections and editor of the 19th volume was B.V. Petrovsky. These works of the scientist influenced the development of the doctrine of gunshot wounds of blood vessels; Boris Vasilyevich developed in detail the operations of intra-sac elimination of aneurysms and pulsating hematomas, transvenous suture and lateral suture of arteries; performed operations unique for his time for gunshot arteriovenous aneurysms, in particular, for aneurysms of the aortic arch, cava, and innominate vein. He developed approaches for the most complex and inaccessible gunshot wounds and aneurysms of the innominate, carotid and subclavian vessels.

Personal experience of more than 800 operations for gunshot wounds of blood vessels put B.V. Petrovsky among the largest vascular surgeons and created the basis for the development of the most important issues of restorative and reconstructive vascular surgery in the following decades.

Invariably, the focus of Boris Vasilyevich’s attention in the post-war decades continues to be issues of military surgery, as evidenced by his numerous reports and publications in recent years and the book “Lectures on Military Field and Military City Surgery”, in which the author puts forward, in particular, the concepts of special tactics in providing medical care in modern military operations.

In 1945, B.V. Petrovsky began working as Deputy Director for Science at the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and began to develop problems of thoracic surgery and, especially, the esophagus - new and developing sections for that time.

Having received a new wide field of activity, an energetic scientist at the Institute of Surgery developed and for the first time in the country (in 1946) performed successful operations for cancer of different parts of the esophagus with simultaneous intrathoracic plastic surgery. A milestone in the development of the problem were the articles of B.V. Petrovsky, published in 1947: “Successes in surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus and cardia” and “Intrapleural resection of the esophagus, cardia and total gastrectomy with simultaneous esophagogastro- and esophagojejunostomy for cancer.”

Boris Vasilievich summarized his research and experience in surgery for esophageal cancer in 1950 in the monograph “Surgical Treatment of Cancer of the Esophagus and Cardia,” which was awarded the N.N. Burdenko Prize of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1953.

From the Institute of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, he moved to the Department of General Surgery of the II Moscow Medical Institute, headed by prof. V.P. Voznesensky, where in 1948 he received the title of professor.

In 1949, a new turn in the life of the scientist - B.V. Petrovsky, by decision of the Government, was sent to the Hungarian People's Republic. For two years (until 1951) he was director of the department of hospital surgery and head of the 3rd surgical clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Budapest.

With the name B.V. Petrovsky is associated with the post-war development of Hungarian surgery and, especially, thoracic surgery, as well as blood transfusion services, traumatology and oncology.

Upon returning from a Hungarian business trip to Moscow, in 1951, Boris Vasilyevich was elected head of the department of faculty surgery of the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute named after. N.I. Pirogov, previously headed by the famous surgeon N.A. Bogoraz. B.V. Petrovsky worked at the department until 1956.

In 1951, B.V. Petrovsky for the first time participated in the XIV Congress of the International Society of Surgeons in Paris, at which he made a report on surgery for esophageal cancer. At the same time, he participated in the Congress of Anesthesiologists, where he also made a report on local anesthesia in thoracic surgery. Subsequently, Boris Vasilyevich was an indispensable and active participant in all congresses of the Moscow Organizing Society and other surgical forums.

Since 1953, B.V. Petrovsky, simultaneously with the head of the department, has also been the chief surgeon of the 4th Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health. He worked in this responsible position for 13 years.

Period 1951-1956 is important not only in the creative biography of Boris Vasilyevich, but also for the further progress of surgery in the country. During these years, operations for cardiospasm and other pathologies of the thoracic cavity using a diaphragm flap became developed and became famous not only in the country, but also abroad.

During this period, surgery of acquired and congenital heart defects, begun by B.V. Petrovsky in Hungary, began to take shape as an independent direction. In addition to the development of heart operations themselves, he actively organizes the introduction of endotracheal anesthesia into clinical practice and creates a special postoperative department for thoracic patients - the prototype of a modern intensive care unit. All this made it possible to successfully perform heart operations.

In the post-war years, in connection with the interests of “major surgery,” anesthesiology and resuscitation began to take shape - medical specialties that, as time has confirmed, had an exceptional influence on the development of medicine as a whole.

These years brought B.V. Petrovsky widespread recognition of his surgical skill and scientific achievements. In 1955, he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, and 2 years later, in 1957, a full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. One of the largest surgical schools in Russia began to form - the school of B.V. Petrovsky.

In 1956, B.V. Petrovsky returned to work at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. I.M. Sechenov, was elected head of the department of hospital surgery, which until 1947 was headed by his teacher P.A. Herzen, and director of the hospital surgical clinic of the medical faculty. Boris Vasilyevich headed the department for more than 30 years, he devoted a lot of attention to working with students, repeatedly emphasizing the high responsibility of teachers in the formation of a new generation of doctors. It has become one of the most respected and well-known surgical institutions outside the country. And today, while remaining a professor at the department, B.V. Petrovsky continues to give lectures, participate in classes with students, and supervise the research activities of young scientists.

The main scientific direction in these years for B.V. Petrovsky was reconstructive surgery. The clinic team supported this new direction. It was necessary to conduct serious discussions, prepare conditions for such large operations as removal of the esophagus affected by cancer and the creation of an artificial esophagus, operations on blood vessels, lungs, and heart. It was necessary to organize a resuscitation and anesthesiology department and then a laboratory for artificial circulation, the use of angiography, and the introduction of artificial circulation. New surgeons and representatives of other professions entered the clinic, where such qualified specialists as E.S. Shahbazyan, R.G. Sakayan, N.V. Troyan, V.I. Petrov, I.Z. Kozlov and others worked. - S.I.Babichev, N.N.Malinovsky, G.M.Soloviev, O.B.Milonov, E.N.Vantsyan, A.A.Bunyatyan, R.N. Lebedeva, V.I. Shumakov, S.N. Efuni, V.S. Krylov and others.

By 1960, the department's team, which had proven itself through innovation, became even more popular. It was like an army before an offensive. And this army received the opportunity for a breakthrough - in 1963, on the basis of the clinic and laboratory of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the Scientific Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery (NIIKiEH) of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR was organized. It has become possible to work successfully in large sections of reconstructive reconstructive surgery.

The range of scientific research and the scope of activities of NIIKiEH soon went beyond the scope of surgery itself: major discoveries, inventions, and intensive scientific developments were made at the intersection of surgery with physics, chemistry, and biology. Reconstructive and restorative surgery has become the center of scientific and practical interests, and the great scientific potential has made it possible to carry out scientific developments at the level of world standards and actively introduce them into practical healthcare.

The experience of the first decade has shown that this kind of research institution, combined with the department, ensures significant success in all levels of work. These were already confident, firm steps of the domestic surgical scientific school of B.V. Petrovsky.

The main directions of scientific thought, the most important problems are surgery of the heart and blood vessels, lungs, trachea and bronchi, esophagus and stomach, liver and biliary tract, microsurgery, oxygen barosurgery, X-ray eudovascular surgery, clinical physiology, transplantation and creation of artificial organs, development of new modern methods anesthesia and resuscitation, diagnostic techniques, development and implementation of original samples of new medical equipment, surgical instruments, suture materials. The fundamental scientific works of B.V. Petrovsky are associated with these same problems, also reflecting his practical experience as a doctor, a polyvalent virtuoso surgeon. Suffice it to say that B.V. Petrovsky owns more than 700 works, of which about 40 are monographs.

In 1960, B.V. Petrovsky, A.A. Vishnevsky, E.N. Meshalkin, P.A. Kupriyanov were awarded the Lenin Prize for the development and implementation of new operations on the heart and large vessels. In 1961, Boris Vasilyevich was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In addition to the fame of an outstanding scientist, practitioner and teacher, Boris Vasilyevich gained recognition as an excellent health care organizer.

In September 1965, B.V. Petrovsky was appointed to the post of Minister of Health of the USSR.

For almost 16 years as minister (until 1980), B.V. Petrovsky was directly involved in the development and implementation of all the most important documents aimed at improving public health care. The range of his activities by B.V. Petrovsky was extremely wide, considering the tasks facing the health authorities. This is to ensure high quality medical care, the effectiveness of preventive measures that help improve health and active longevity; providing the population with all types of specialized assistance; creation of large multidisciplinary and specialized treatment and preventive institutions equipped with modern technology and staffed with highly qualified specialists; expanding the functions and rights of sanitary supervision, especially in the field of sanitary protection of environmental objects; bringing together the levels of medical care for urban and rural populations; further improvement of the health of women and children and workers of industrial enterprises.

B.V. Petrovsky participated in the preparation of government decrees on measures to further improve healthcare; he develops and implements the most rational and scientifically based forms of activity of healthcare bodies and institutions. Thus, in particular, extensive measures were taken to combat morbidity and injury, protect the environment, protect motherhood and childhood, expand the number of dispensary services, etc. Measures were taken to improve the sanitary condition of populated areas (all-Union hygienic norms and standards aimed at further improving working conditions at industrial enterprises were developed and implemented).

B.V. Petrovsky made a great contribution to the implementation of the course for the construction of large specialized and multidisciplinary medical and research institutions. With his active participation, new scientific institutes were organized (influenza, gastroenterology, pulmonology, organ and tissue transplantation, eye diseases).

A major contribution to the development of healthcare was the organization and construction of institutions of international importance in Moscow: the All-Union Oncology Center, the All-Union Cardiology Center and the All-Union Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, which was also carried out with the direct participation of B.V. Petrovsky.

On the initiative of Boris Vasilyevich, a lot of work was carried out to organize and reorganize a number of educational institutions, new specialties were introduced; New institutes and faculties for advanced training of doctors were created at some medical institutes, new pediatric and dental faculties.

On the initiative of B.V. Petrovsky, a large scope of work was carried out to create domestic medical equipment and instruments, many types of which are still not inferior to the best foreign models. Of fundamental importance in this regard was the resolution of a special government commission, which obliged industrial ministries to develop the necessary apparatus and instruments for the needs of the Ministry of Health. In accordance with the decree, the ministries were assigned areas of development, which ensured their specialization and coordination of research and development work. This was the first time such coordination at the government level was carried out in the country's healthcare system.

As a minister, Boris Vasilyevich traveled a lot around the country, held activities for healthcare workers, got acquainted with city and regional rural hospitals, health centers, and medical facilities. medical units, medical factories. equipment, etc.

Many facts confirm that Boris Vasilyevich enjoyed authority in government circles of the country. Largely due to this circumstance, his initiatives and proposals were supported, and proposals of a strategic, as already mentioned, scale, taking into account the interests and needs of the country and its people. B.V. Petrovsky carried out many assignments at the state level and with extreme responsibility. This indicated a high appreciation of his activities and trust. Thus, Boris Vasilyevich, heading the State Emergency Commission to Combat Cholera Epidemics, representing the country at the highest levels abroad, etc.

At the suggestion of B.V. Petrovsky, thanks to his persistence, a large number of practical healthcare workers were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the first time in the history of the country for their independent humane work.

Boris Vasilyevich made an exceptional contribution to the development of international relations; this was facilitated to no small extent by the recognition of his personal merits and contribution to surgery, medicine and healthcare by the world medical community.

With his direct participation, intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of medicine and medical technology between the USSR and France were prepared (1969). USSR and USA (1972).

Boris Vasilievich, took an active part in the work of the World Health Organization, headed delegations to the World Health Assemblies, made important proposals and resolutions on behalf of the country's government, in particular, on the basic principles of the development of national health care and the general program of work of WHO, etc.

An important historical event was the signing of the Declaration on the Elimination of Smallpox in the World at the 33rd World Health Assembly. Representatives of the states participating in the Assembly unanimously noted the contribution of our country to the successful resolution of the issue (1980).

B.V. Petrovsky led the work of the XXIV International Congress of Surgeons (1971, Moscow) as president. At the World Alma-Ata Conference on the exchange of experience, the organization of primary health care for urban and rural populations, organized by WHO and UNICEF (1978), at which the well-known program “Health for the World Population by the Year 2000” was adopted. Boris Vasilyevich was also the president and keynote speaker. In the Conference resolution, our country’s healthcare system was given a very high rating, and the ambulance service was recognized as the best in the world.

In 1955, B.V. Petrovsky was elected deputy chairman, and in 1965 - chairman of the All-Union Scientific Society of Surgeons, which he led for many years. Today he is the honorary chairman of the Board of the N.I. Pirogov Association of Surgeons. The contribution of B.V. Petrovsky as chairman of the Pirogov Commission and the Council of Elders under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences is extremely important. He took an active part in the reorganization at the international level of the Museum-Estate of N.I. Pirogov in Vinnitsa (Ukraine), the re-embalming of the body of N.I. Pirogov, the publication of the two-volume book “Proceedings of the Pirogov Readings 1957-1987”, the systematic holding of the Pirogov Readings (the latter took place in 1997). Finally, in 1997, a project of exceptional importance was completed - a facsimile reissue of a monument to domestic and world science and culture, the outstanding work of N.I. Pirogov “Ice Anatomy”.

Wide international recognition of the merits and authority of B.V. Petrovsky was expressed in his election as a member of the Presidium (1966) and an honorary member (since 1979) of the International Society of Surgeons, vice-president of the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgeons (1966), honorary doctor of the Berlin named after W. Humboldt (1979), Bratislava named after J. Komenecki (1979), Charles (Prague) universities (1972), honorary doctor of the Faculty of Medicine of Budapest named after L. Eotvos (1979 .), Krakow (1964), Naples (1977), Ulaanbaatar named after H. Choibalsan (1979), Tartu (1990) universities, honorary doctor and honorary member of the Academic Council of the Russian Military Medical Academy (1998), honorary member of the Academies of Sciences of Bulgaria (1995), Poland (1974), Hungary (1965), China (1993), Serbia (1972), Italy, German Academy naturalists "Leopoldina" (1966), honorary professor of the St. Petersburg Medical University named after I.P. Pavlov (1998), honorary member of the Russian Medical Association (1994), as well as 14 foreign surgical societies, including .h. American College of Surgeons (1974), Royal College of Surgeons of England (1972), Scotland (1975) and Ireland (1963), French Academy of Surgeons (1967), Societies of Surgeons of Bulgaria, Poland (1964 .), Cuba, Italy (1966), Sweden (1973), Germany (1972), etc., honorary chairman of the Hungarian Society of Surgeons, honorary member of the Czechoslovak Purkinje Society (1963), delegate of all, starting from XVI (1955), congresses of the International Society of Surgeons. In 1988, B.V. Petrovsky was unanimously elected Honorary Director of the Scientific Center of Surgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (now the Russian Scientific Center of Surgery of the Russian Academy of Sciences). He is also the chairman of the Specialized Council for the Defense of Doctoral Dissertations at the Russian Scientific Center for Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

B.V. Petrovsky devotes a lot of time and attention to editorial and publishing activities. In 1952, Boris Vasilyevich became editor of the journal “Surgery”. The following important milestones can be noted: editor-in-chief of the "Big Medical Encyclopedia" - 3rd edition, "Small Medical Encyclopedia" in 10 volumes, "Concise Medical Encyclopedia" (3 volumes), several editions of the "Popular Medical Encyclopedia", the first domestic edition " Dictionary of Medical Terms" (3 volumes), "Atlas of Thoracic Surgery" in 2 volumes (1971, 1974), "Manual of Surgery" in 12 volumes (1960-1968), and such many years of work of Boris Vasilyevich as editor-in-chief magazine “Surgery”, etc. Boris Vasilyevich himself published over 500 scientific works, including about 40 monographs.

B.V. Petrovsky - Hero of Socialist Labor (1968), laureate of the Lenin (1960) and State Prize of the USSR (1971), International Leonard Bernard Prize of the World Health Organization (1975), many personal awards of the Academy Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR and the Azerbaijan SSR (1957). He was awarded numerous domestic and foreign orders and medals: the Order of Lenin (1961, 1965, 1968, 1978), the Order of the October Revolution (1971), the Friendship of Peoples (1993), the Polish Commander's Cross with the star of the Order of Merit (1972) and the “Commander’s Order of Merit” (1989), the Hungarian “For Merit” (1951) and the “Red Banner of Labor” (1970), the honorary medal “Excellent teacher of the Institute for Advanced Medical Studies” ( Hungary, 1977), gold medal “For services to science and humanity” of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1971) and many others.

In his youth, Boris Vasilyevich was engaged in tourism and mountaineering. He is interested in cinema and photography. Loves to read fiction.

Lives and works in Moscow. Address: Russia, 119874, Moscow, Abrikosovsky lane, 2, Russian Scientific Center for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.