What is the TV image enhancement index? What is PQI? Test index of dynamic scenes 200 Samsung

Let's look at what the dynamic scenes index is and how it technically works on a TV. This description is suitable for indexes of dynamic scenes from any manufacturer.

TV manufacturers patent their own index names:

Clear motion rate (CMR), Picture Quality Index (PQI) in TV Samsung

Picture Mastering Index (PMI) in TV LG

Perfect Motion Rate (PMR) at TV Philips

Motionflow XR on TV Sony

Active Motion & Resolution(AMR) at TV Toshiba

Backlight scanning BLS scanning backlight in TV Panasonic

Clear Motion Index (CMI) at TV Thomson

Subfield Motion in plasma Samsung

These technologies evaluate the quality of displaying dynamic scenes; the higher the index, the more natural the picture the TV should show. But the TV can initially show no more than 240 frames per second; they no longer allow specifications screen matrices. And video recording standards stipulate that video recording devices can record video at a maximum frequency of no more than 60 frames per second.

The standard image on most TV models has a refresh rate of 60 times per second. This value can provide a fairly clear, contrasty and bright image of what is happening on the screen. And the latest TVs that support Ultra HD resolution offer even more saturated colors. It is worth adding to this that on a cinema screen the image changes at a speed of 24-25 times per second. Hence the question - then why do we need an even higher frame rate if everything is clearly visible? The answer to this question lies in some facts that will present all the advantages of this parameter.

Let's consider the characteristics of a dynamic, rapidly changing image broadcast on a standard LCD TV screen. You can recall the animal channel, in which a cheetah quickly chases an antelope, or all sorts of experiments from the popular programs of the Discovery Channel. It turns out that for high-quality viewing of all movements occurring in broadcasts, 60 Hz will not be enough, which is standard parameter for most TVs. This can be especially noticeable in sports broadcasts: of course, the goalkeeper hitting the flying puck will be visible on the field, but the puck itself may not be noticeable. And this situation is typical for screens with low frequencies. It is precisely because of the low frame rate that dynamic objects appear blurry, lose sharpness and become difficult to observe. They can be displayed in another way - discretely. In this case, these will be sharp, disconnected movements, which seem to be torn off from each other. This option also does not contribute to the quality assessment of the image.

Hence the question - is there any way to change the situation and make the image as realistic as possible? Of course, this can be done by increasing the frame rate. It is this parameter that will enhance the clarity and contrast of objects in motion.

Some may ask: “Where do the missing frames come from that turn several sparse frames into a single whole smooth movement? It is known that the source of the video signal is not involved in transmitting them.” The answer may surprise some, but it sounds like this: the missing frames have to be “invented.” And this activity is carried out by a special chip - a “creator” - a video processor. He is responsible for creating new frames and inserting them between existing, intermediate ones. In addition to this function, the video processor manages to do other, no less useful things: noise reduction, color correction, and image sharpening.

Let's dig deeper and consider what real frequency a modern LED TV can operate at.
As a rule, TVs use a matrix made using IPS technology or its modification; matrices using this technology provide good color rendering of about 99% and viewing angles of 178° both vertically and horizontally, which is important for watching TV, because the viewer is not always sitting right in front of the TV.

After carrying out simple calculations, you can determine the following: the response of the IPS matrix is ​​about 5 ms, therefore 1000/5 = 200 frames per second. A standard TV matrix can display about 200 frames per second, but this is ideal; in practice, the response time can be longer, for example 7 milliseconds.

Manufacturers install 3 types of matrices in TVs

Matrices that can show 60 frames per second

Matrices that can show 120 frames per second (the most common types of matrices)

Matrices that show 240 frames per second (usually installed in expensive models)

What is the frame rate in different standards (must be presented for later understanding of the operating principle).

1080i: Interlaced standard at 25, (29.97) or 30 fps

1080p: Progressive scan standard allowing frame rates of 24, 25, 30, 50 or 60 frames per second

720p: Progressive (interlaced) scan standard, allowing frame rates of 50 or 60 frames per second

SD: Standard digital television 50 or 60 frames per second.

Analog signal: 25 frames per second.

TV that does not have a dynamic scenes index

In such a TV, the image is displayed at the frame rate at which it receives the signal; the TV does not perform any correction or improvement of the signal. As a rule, leading manufacturers of television equipment no longer produce televisions without an index of dynamic scenes.

Dynamic scenes index 100

On TVs with a dynamic scene index of 100, image improvement occurs by adding 1 frame between the existing two. Typically identical to the existing one. If the TV uses a 60 Hz matrix, then image improvement can only be seen when viewing an image with a frame rate of less than 60. If an image is shown with a frame rate of 60, it is technically impossible to improve it.

Dynamic scenes index 200

Basically the same essence as with index 100, only the algorithm for processing the image by the processor itself changes.

Dynamic scenes index 400-600

On TVs with a dynamic scene index of 400-600, 2-3 frames are added between existing frames, and a matrix supporting a frequency of 120 Hz is used. Which intermediate frames are created between real ones, identical or newly created ones depends on the algorithm of the processor, but given that TVs with dynamic scenes indexes of 100 and 400 use the same processors, we can assume that identical repeating frames are created. Also, with such indexes, local dimming is mandatory.

Theoretically, it is already possible to improve even a high-definition image, although in practice this is not noticeable from user reviews.

Dynamic scenes index 800-1200

In TVs with such indexes of dynamic scenes, higher-class matrices are used that are capable of showing more than 120 frames per second, and faster processors are installed that, when analyzing a frame, create intermediate frames that are not only identical, but also create individual intermediate frames by analyzing real frames.

According to reviews from owners of TVs with different indexes, the following picture emerges: the difference is indeed observed in the quality of display of dynamic scenes on TVs, for example, with an index of 100 and 200, but already above 400 or 600 the difference is imperceptible and this can already be attributed to marketing ploys manufacturers.

In addition, the TV cannot always correctly convert or create intermediate frames, and sometimes the improved image may be worse in quality than the original one. In a picture, showing an object in motion and saying that several new intermediate frames are being created is one thing, and creating a real one is quite another; very often, when creating intermediate frames, so-called digital artifacts are created.

Today, the world's leading electronics companies use a frame rate per second of 200. These are Samsung, LG and Sony. How do they reach such a powerful size? In order for the TV to produce a true 200 frames per second, video processors (usually two of them) insert three more intermediate images between successive frames of a standard 50 Hz video stream.

As a result of the new high-tech procedure, dynamic scenes took on a completely new vision. 200 Hz technology will allow you to examine in the smallest detail a complex maneuver of a football player or a swift blow of a boxer. Now any sports match on TV is a real holiday, creating a complete feeling of being at the stadium or gym. It should be noted that the favorites of the new technology are not only sports TV shows, but also all films that imply swiftness and speed. Gamers who have a TV with a refresh rate of 200 Hz will also be happy with the realism of the world in which they play.

However, not all manufacturers are so honest and have followed the path of an honest scan of 200 Hz. Some have opted for a "workaround" maneuver, proposing something different from 200-Hz sweep, but referred to by that term.

As mentioned above, an honest manufacturer uses the following scheme to improve the quality of a dynamic image: the MEMC data interpolation method, based on the creation of additional frames. Other manufacturers, hiding behind the loud frame refresh rate of their screens of 200 Hz, use another method that has nothing to do with increasing the frame rate. They use backlight suppression technology (Scanning Backlight - the so-called scanning backlight technology). The use of this technology is explained by its ability to eliminate the blurring effect of a dynamic image.

As for the frequency, a TV that has a pseudo-200 Hz mode and uses Scanning Backlight technology has a real frame refresh rate of 100 Hz. The screen is divided into three horizontal parts, in which the backlight turns on and off. To make an image with a refresh rate of 100 Hz look like an image with the original refresh rate of 200 Hz, a dark rectangle “running” at a frequency of 100 times per second is simply added to the image on the screen. Of course, this innovation has nothing to do with a true frame rate of 200 Hz. Naturally, this technology is much cheaper than the first one discussed above.

Proponents of the method, based on dimming the backlight of the screen, argue that black inserts help minimize the effect of blur on an object that is in motion, making edges clearer in intermediate frames. Also, extinguishing the lamp allows you to slightly reduce energy consumption.

But fans of this particular method of image smoothing do not talk about its shortcomings. And they exist, and quite a lot. Firstly, the smoothness of dynamic scenes does not become greater, since the viewer sees the same 100 real frames per second as without this technology. Secondly, extinguishing the lamps reduces the overall brightness of the image. And thirdly, Scanning Backlight brings flicker and blur to TV screens, forcing us to mentally return to the time when CRT TVs ruled the roost.

Thus, supplementing the video sequence with an intermediate frame apparently improves the perception of everything happening on the screen. To a greater extent, this applies to scenes in which the leading “roles” are played by fast-moving objects or characters. What adds to the attractiveness of this technology is the ability to adjust the degree of processing of intermediate images, which can be used by almost everyone: sports fans, movie lovers, and sophisticated gamers. But all these advantages are fully revealed and realized only in TVs with a true 200 Hz frame rate, and these are usually TVs in the PREMIUM segment.

In June 2015, LG unexpectedly changed the virtual image quality index, if previously it was called MCI ( Motion Clarity Index) the motion improvement index was originally designated in hertz, but then the hertz designation disappeared because it absolutely did not correspond to reality. At the beginning of 2015, TVs also had the MCI index, but in June LG removed the MCI index and introduced the PMI index, an image enhancement index Picture Mastering Index.

Picture Mastering Index

According to the manufacturer's idea, the index should display the quality of the picture on the TV screen. On the one hand, it’s like assigning 10 stars to a TV for image quality and technical capabilities. Naturally, the cheapest models with the simplest matrices and low-power processors will receive 2 stars. And if we consider an OLED TV, then 9 or 10 stars.

Picture Mastering Index value

When the index was first invented, it had a value of up to 2000 units, and in 2019 this index became 4000 units. Every year, to show that TVs are getting better, the index increases.

In fact, the index means absolutely nothing. For example, in the USA it is not used at all in LG TVs, since the manufacturer cannot explain how it is calculated, and if it is simply invented, then in the event of lawsuits it is quite possible to prove that the manufacturer is deceiving customers.

The manufacturer seems to say that a TV with an index of 3000 is better than a TV with an index of 2000. But this does not mean that a TV with an index of 2000 shows worse. It just has a simpler processor installed, or sound without a subwoofer.

Let's say the index Picture Mastering Index shows the buyer that a TV with a high PMI index has some features, making it more perfect.

» we tell you what certain characteristics mean in descriptions of electronics and other “complex” things, and also what you should pay attention to Special attention when purchasing them.

In our new material we talk about the intricacies of choosing TVs.

What are the screens of modern TVs?

Most modern TVs can be divided into two categories based on screen type - LCD (or LCD) and OLED.

The first technology is based on liquid crystals, through which the light of a powerful lamp or, as in newer models, LEDs passes. Such TVs are distinguished by a high level of brightness and an affordable price, although there are also expensive options. The main advantage of this technology is durability. There are also premium quantum dot LCD TVs (QLED).

QLED is an attempt to achieve the picture quality of OLED TVs using LED panels with a set of the latest technologies - in particular, metal Quantum Dot. The brightness of such a TV is 1500-2000 nits, while last year's models produced up to 1000 nits.

Devices with OLED technology are more technically advanced: such models are made using organic light-emitting diodes, which do not need a general backlight because they emit light themselves. Due to this, in OLED TVs, each individual pixel can be illuminated or turned off, rather than the entire screen. This allows you to achieve the deepest blacks by turning off certain pixels, wider viewing angles and minimal response time.

One of the disadvantages of TVs using organic LEDs is their higher price compared to LCD models. The difference can reach several hundred rubles.

Types of LCD screen matrices

LCD screens can be built on different matrices, and the final image quality depends on them. The two most common types of such matrices are IPS and VA.

The first technology stands for In-Plane Switching. Its essence is in liquid crystal molecules, which are located parallel to the screen plane.

A high-quality IPS display has high brightness, wide viewing angles and natural color reproduction. The only downside is that the black color is not deep enough.

VA displays (vertical alignment) are a compromise solution between IPS and TN+film type matrices. The latter are practically not used today due to low picture quality and poor viewing angles.

Screens with VA matrices have high image contrast, but in general they are slightly inferior to IPS matrices.

How to choose screen resolution and diagonal

You should choose the screen diagonal based on the amount of free space in the room and the distance from which you are going to watch TV.

This parameter is quite individual. Some people like to look at a 55-65-inch screen from a distance of one and a half meters and see part of the image, while others, on the contrary, prefer to capture the entire TV. In this case, the choice depends rather on your preferences.

Screen resolution is measured in pixels and indirectly affects its size. Pixels are the small squares that make up the display. They can only be noticed when looking directly at the panel from a distance of several centimeters.

There are three types of permission:

1. HD - 1366×768 - approximately 1,000,000 pixels
2. FHD (Full HD) - 1920×1080 - approximately 2,000,000 pixels
3. UHD (Ultra HD) or 4K - 3840×2160 - approximately 8,300,000 pixels

If, when choosing, you are faced with the fact that the screen has the same size but a different resolution, remember: on a TV with a higher resolution, the device can display more details. The more there are, the more realistic the image. True, this rule only works when watching videos or other content in high resolution.

You should only choose a model with HD resolution if its diagonal is no more than 30-32 inches. Otherwise, individual pixels may be clearly visible even from several meters away when viewing high-definition video. Basically, such TVs are used to watch TV channels through a regular antenna. For example, somewhere in the country.

Flagship TV models from most manufacturers are equipped with a resolution of 3840 by 2160 pixels, although more budget options. This resolution is called Ultra HD (UHD). “People” sometimes also call it 4K. This is four times more than in “classic” Full HD.

These TVs can be viewed from very close distances. Individual dots will not be visible when viewing a video with the same resolution. But such devices cost several hundred rubles more than Full HD TVs.

If you are choosing a TV for several years in advance, as is usually the case, then it is better to start looking at UHD models. There is more and more content for this resolution every day, and the realism of the picture on such TVs is noticeably higher.

Scan frequency and dynamic scene index

The screen refresh rate setting shows how often the display refreshes the playing image. The higher this indicator, the smoother the objects on the screen move.

Another important parameter is the index of dynamic scenes. This indicator affects the smoothness of the movement of objects on the screen. But different manufacturers use slightly different technologies to achieve this effect, usually a whole complex. Therefore, it is logical to compare this index only within the model range of one manufacturer.

The principle of operation of this parameter is quite simple. Using a special chip, the TV “adds” additional frames to the original image, which creates a feeling of greater smoothness of what is happening.

The higher the value of this index, the smoother the picture. We recommend choosing models with an indicator of at least 1400 units.

Digital television

All modern models are equipped with built-in TV tuners that can “read” terrestrial, cable and satellite digital television, including HD format.

SmartTV

With the exception of the most budget models, many TVs today are equipped with Smart TV systems. By connecting such a device to the Internet, you can use the built-in browser, interactive applications, online cinemas and other useful services. In most models this can be done via Wi-Fi.

Each manufacturer has its own platform and its own operating characteristics of smart systems. But you can run basic applications like YouTube or online cinemas on each of them. Otherwise, all systems differ little from each other: the nuances mainly relate to the interface, not functionality.

For example, Samsung uses its own operating system – Tizen. It supports multitasking mode, where you can work with two programs simultaneously on one screen. This becomes the main advantage of the system - its operating speed is high.

LG also uses its own version of the system called WebOS ( latest version– 3.0). Visually, it differs little from the Tizen system. WebOS comes with a remote-pointer that differs from other systems in shape.

Another popular system is Android TV. It is used, for example, in Sony TVs. The main advantage of the system is a big library third party programs, including games. Another interesting feature is voice control and search.

To understand which one is right for you, it’s best to try them in action yourself (for example, in the demo area in a store).

Sound system

In most models, the sound power is 20 W, in top models it reaches 40 W, and they also have an additional subwoofer. This is usually enough for the user, but if you want more, there is an option to purchase additional acoustics.

More technically advanced devices sometimes have a larger number of speakers, but such TVs also cost significantly more.

What ports does a modern TV need?

TVs are equipped with a large number of various ports. If the device supports smart functions and has a built-in player, it is important that the case has several USB ports, preferably version 3.0.

Another important point is the presence on the TV of several (preferably at least three) HDMI connectors to which game consoles and other “smart” devices are connected.

If we're talking about about a 4K TV, then pay attention to the version of HDMI connectors. Most Full HD models are equipped with version 1.4 ports, but to transmit images in a resolution of 3840 by 2160 at 60 frames per second, an HDMI connector of at least version 2.0 is required.

Summary

Based on the type of display, TVs can be divided into models with LCD and OLED screens. The former are in great demand due to their excellent balance of price and quality. There are also QLED TVs - an attempt to achieve the picture quality of OLED TVs using LED panels. TVs with an OLED matrix are more technically advanced, but cost significantly more.

The diagonal of the display should be selected depending on the size of the room and the distance from which you are going to watch TV. Screen resolution is an equally important parameter. The “golden mean” is Full HD (1920 by 1080 pixels), however, if you want your device to be relevant in a few years, you should take 4K.

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TV support for “3D” 3D video. The principle is that when viewing it, the picture for the left and right eyes is slightly different - just like when looking at real objects. Due to this, the image acquires volume. To view 3D, special glasses are usually required, and in many models they need to be purchased separately.

This function is found only in models with screens with a resolution of 4K and higher (see “Resolution”). It allows you to increase the resolution of the original “picture” to 4K (3840x2160), if it was initially lower - for example, viewing a movie in 4K that was originally recorded in Full HD (1920x1080). In this case, we are not just talking about “stretching” the image to fill the entire screen (all TVs are capable of doing this), but about special processing, thanks to which the actual video resolution is increased. Of course, such video will still be inferior to content originally recorded in 4K; however, upscaling provides a noticeable improvement in quality compared to the raw signal.

Upscaling to 8K

TV support for Upscaling up to 8K.

This feature is only available on models with 8K resolution screens. It allows you to increase the resolution of the original “picture” to 8K (7680x4320 or similar), if it was initially lower - for example, viewing a movie in 8K that was originally recorded in 4K (3840x2160) or even Full HD (1920x1080). In this case, we are not just talking about “stretching” the image to fill the entire screen (all TVs are capable of doing this), but about special processing, thanks to which the actual video resolution is increased. Of course, such video will still be inferior to content originally recorded in 8K; however, upscaling provides a noticeable improvement in quality compared to the raw signal.

Response time

Such screens differ from conventional LED matrices in the backlight design: multilayer color filters in such backlighting are replaced with a thin-film light-transmitting coating based on nanoparticles, and traditional white LEDs are replaced with blue ones. This allows you to achieve a significant increase in brightness and color saturation while simultaneously improving the quality of color reproduction, and also reduces the thickness and reduces power consumption of the screen. The disadvantage of QLED matrices is traditional - high price.

Brightness

The maximum image brightness provided by the TV screen.

The image on the screen should be bright enough so that you don’t have to strain your eyes unnecessarily to view it. However, too high brightness is undesirable - it will also lead to fatigue. In this case, the optimal brightness level depends on the surrounding conditions: the more intense the ambient light, the brighter the TV screen should be. So, on a sunny day, the screen may have to be turned up to maximum, and in the evening, in dim light, a relatively dim image will be more comfortable. In addition, we note that large screens require higher brightness, since they are designed for a greater distance to the viewer.

Thus, the higher the number in this point, the greater the brightness margin this model has, the better it will perform in intense external lighting. The lowest figure sufficient for more or less comfortable viewing in any conditions is considered to be 300 cd/m2 for models with a diagonal of up to 32", 400 cd/m2 for models in the range of 32 - 55" and 600 cd/m2 for large screens of 60". and more. In this case, the brightness margin in any case will not be superfluous. But with lower indicators, you may have to darken the room somewhat for comfortable viewing.

Static Contrast

The level of static contrast provided by a television screen.

Contrast in a general sense is the ratio in brightness between the brightest white and the darkest black that the screen can produce. All other things being equal, the higher the screen contrast, the better quality color reproduction and detail, the lower the likelihood that it will be impossible to see details in too bright or too dark areas of the image. Static contrast describes the maximum difference in brightness achievable within one frame, without changing the brightness of the image - this is its difference from dynamic contrast (see below).

Static contrast values ​​are significantly lower than dynamic contrast, but this characteristic is the most “honest”. It is on this that the properties of the image visible on the screen at a particular moment depend; it is this that describes the basic properties of the screen, without taking into account the software tricks provided by the manufacturer in the “stuffing” of the TV.

Dynamic Contrast

This technology is designed to expand the range of brightness reproduced by the TV; Simply put, an HDR model will display brighter whites and darker blacks than a “regular” TV. In practice, this means a significant improvement in color quality. On the one hand, HDR provides a very “lively” image, close to what the human eye sees, with an abundance of shades and tones that a regular screen cannot convey; on the other hand, this technology allows you to achieve very bright and rich colors.

It is worth considering that to fully use this function, you need not only an HDR TV, but also content (movies, television broadcasts, etc.) that was originally designed for HDR. Also note that there are several different HDR technologies that are not compatible with each other. Therefore, when purchasing a TV with this function, it is highly advisable to clarify which version of HDR it supports.

Brightness/Contrast Improvement

TV support for one or another brightness/contrast enhancement technology.

As a rule, in this case, software processing of the image is meant in such a way as to improve brightness and/or contrast (if necessary). The specific processing methods may vary - in particular, in some cases we are actually talking about turning regular content into HDR (see above), and some manufacturers do not specify technical details at all. The effectiveness of different technologies can also vary, and it also depends heavily on the specific content: in some cases the improvement will be obvious, in others it may be almost invisible. We also note that this function It doesn’t always come in handy, so in most models it can be turned off.

Color enhancement

The CI interface is used to connect to tuners (in this case built-in) so-called. CAM modules. CAM modules, in turn, are used to connect smart cards of cable and satellite television broadcasting operators; With the help of such cards, subscriptions are managed and encrypted channels are viewed. Accordingly, 2 CI modules allow you to connect 2 CAM modules to one TV at once - that is, use two subscription packages without having to change the CAM module or smart card every time to switch between these packages.

Teletext

The TV supports teletext function.

Teletext is information service, which allows, along with a regular television “picture,” to transmit text information - news, weather forecasts and much more. In this case, the text is divided into pages, between which you can switch from the remote control. This function is available even in analogue television broadcasts, and the advent of digital TV has significantly expanded its capabilities. True, with the development of Internet technologies, teletext is becoming less and less relevant - nevertheless, it is still used by many television companies.

Picture in Picture

Features and Features

AirPlay. The TV supports AirPlay technology, usually in version AirPlay 2. Initially, this technology was created to broadcast multimedia content from Apple gadgets (iPhone, iPad, etc.) to external devices, including TVs. At the same time, it allows you not only to play such content, but also provides many additional features - broadcasting additional information (the name of the audio track, album cover), controlling playback from the TV remote control, etc. In AirPlay 2, in turn, the format was added “multiroom” - the ability to simultaneously broadcast several signals to compatible devices installed in different places in the house (for example, a movie on a TV and an online radio program on acoustics in the kitchen). In addition, this version introduced support for voice control via Siri and a number of technical aspects were improved (in particular, buffering of content transmitted in streaming mode).

- Wi-Fi. The TV has a built-in Wi-Fi module. This technology is known primarily as the main method of wireless connection to the Internet and local networks, but relatively recently the possibility of direct connection has appeared different devices via Wi-Fi. At the same time, the throughput (connection speed) depends on the version: Wi-Fi 4 can handle the browser and Full HD video, but for smooth display of 4K video without reloading at the time of viewing... ra you already need Wi-Fi 5. \\TVs with this function, by definition, belong to the Smart TV category (see the corresponding paragraph), but the specific connection capabilities may vary. Among the most popular options are Internet access itself, working with DLNA in local network(see below), video broadcasting via Wi-Di or Miracast (see below), connecting a smartphone as a remote control.

Wi-Fi ready. Possibility of connecting an external Wi-Fi adapter to the TV. For more information about Wi-Fi, see above. Here we note that this option was popular among SmartTV models some time ago entry level: to reduce the cost, the built-in Wi-Fi module was not installed in them, and if desired, the user could purchase an additional adapter. However, nowadays, thanks to the development and cheaper technology, even budget-level TVs can be equipped with their own Wi-Fi modules, and Wi-Fi ready models are almost no longer produced.

Skype support. TV support for Skype messenger. This feature requires, at a minimum, the presence of a pre-installed Skype client and the ability to connect a microphone or webcam for voice and video communication over the Internet. And some models have built-in microphones and/or webcams (see below). It is often possible to use Skype without interrupting TV viewing, but this point should be clarified separately.

- Built-in browser. The TV has its own browser - a program for viewing Internet pages. This allows you to use the TV for web surfing, just like a regular computer with the Internet. True, the capabilities of such surfing may be limited compared to the same PC; however, TVs are becoming more advanced, and more and more models are equipped with full-featured browsers.

- Recording TV shows. Ability to record TV shows watched on the TV. In most cases, recording to a flash drive or other external USB storage device is assumed, but there are other options: if you have a card reader (see “Inputs”), recording to a memory card may be provided, and some advanced TVs are equipped with quite capacious own drives. Be that as it may, this function can be indispensable in cases where you need to save the broadcast - for example, so that someone can watch it later, or to save a TV program featuring a family member to your home collection. In addition, many TVs with this feature also provide a Time Shift mode: if you need to leave the screen, you can “pause the broadcast”, and the TV will start recording it, and upon returning you can continue watching from the moment at which it was interrupted. Please note that some TVs may require the installation of additional software to record TV programs; for such models this function is not always indicated, although technically it is available.

- MHL support. TV support for MHL interface. This interface is used in portable electronics (smartphones, tablets) to transmit high-resolution video and multi-channel audio to an external screen. In fact, it is a combination of microUSB and HDMI (see below): the signal from the portable device is output through the universal microUSB port, and the TV receives video and audio through the HDMI port with MHL support, while simultaneously charging the connected gadget. MHL bandwidth is quite sufficient to work with high-definition video and multi-channel audio.

- Miracast. TV support for Miracast technology. This technology allows you to broadcast video and audio signals via Wi-Fi technology (both to the TV and from it to portable electronics), while both devices are connected directly (Wi-Fi Direct) and do not require additional equipment, and the bandwidth is enough to transmit Full HD video and 5.1 multi-channel audio. Some time ago, TVs used similar WiDi technology, but nowadays it has almost been pushed out of the market, and most manufacturers use Miracast.

- WEB camera. Own built-in webcam, usually installed in a frame above the screen. The main purpose of such a camera is video communication over the Internet, but it can also be used for other purposes - in particular, for gesture control, facial recognition authorization, etc. However, such functions are not required in practice so often, so it is equipped with web cameras There are not many modern TVs - mostly these are high-end models with an abundance of capabilities, initially positioned as multifunctional media centers.

- Bluetooth. Bluetooth technology (any version) is used for direct wireless communication between various devices. The methods of its use on TVs may be different, depending on the functionality specific model(and Bluetooth versions). Thus, it is almost mandatory for Bluetooth TVs to be able to broadcast sound to wireless headphones or speakers. In addition, other use cases may be provided: connecting keyboards, mice and game controllers, direct file exchange with a laptop, remote control from a smartphone or other gadget, etc. These details should be clarified separately. As for specific versions, in many models these details are not specified at all - for use for the originally intended purpose, “just Bluetooth” is sufficient. However, there are exceptions, and here the following options are relevant for modern TVs:

• Bluetooth v 4.0. A version that combines traditional Bluetooth 2.1, a high-speed standard for transferring large files and “Bluetooth with low energy consumption” for small amounts of information. All subsequent versions are built on these three components (with various improvements), and v 4.0 was the first where they appeared all together.
• Bluetooth v4.1. An improvement to version 4.0, which improved compatibility with 4G LTE mobile devices - so that LTE and Bluetooth modules do not interfere with each other when operating nearby at the same time.
• Bluetooth v4.2. Further development of version 4.0; updates that are relevant for TVs mainly include improving the reliability and noise immunity of communications.
• Bluetooth v5.0. The newest version of Bluetooth currently available for TV. One of the key improvements was the presence of two special “Bluetooth low power” modes - increased range (due to reduced speed) and increased speed(due to reduction in range).

  - NFC chip. TV compatibility with NFC technology; The NFC chip itself, as a rule, is built into the remote control or is made as a separate tag; installing it in the TV case is not very convenient. This technology provides wireless communication over short distances, usually up to 10 cm. Theoretically, the methods of its application can be different, but specifically in TVs it is used mainly to simplify communication via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth: just bring an NFC-compatible gadget (for example, a smartphone ) to the TV chip - and the devices recognize each other automatically and either connect immediately, or the user will be required to confirm the connection. In any case, it is easier than setting up the connection manually.

  - DLNA support. The TV supports the DLNA standard - Digital Living Network Alliance. This standard was created in order to different kinds home and portable electronics - smartphones, tablets, media centers, computers, etc. - could be combined into a single network and easily exchange content within this network, regardless of the model and manufacturer of individual devices. In the case of a TV, this means that you can directly stream video to it via the network from other devices - for example, from a smartphone. The network itself is built on the basis of a regular LAN; to connect to it, both a wired LAN interface and wireless Wi-Fi can be used.

  - Voice/gesture control. TV support for voice and/or gesture control. The specific features and capabilities of such control may vary: in some models, only voice is recognized, in others, gestures are perceived by sensors in the multimedia remote control (see below), in others, to work with gestures you need to buy and connect a webcam, in fourths, such a camera is initially provided (see above), etc. These nuances should be clarified separately. Here we note that the accuracy of voice and gesture control is relatively low, and it usually covers only basic functions. However, even such features can provide significant additional convenience; and voice and gesture recognition technologies are constantly improving.

  - Multimedia remote control. Availability of a multimedia remote control included with the TV. Multimedia remotes are those that have expanded functionality compared to conventional ones; it may include, in particular, a full-fledged QWERTY keyboard for typing, a microphone for voice recognition, a built-in gyroscope for controlling gestures, etc. Such remote controls are mainly equipped with fairly advanced TVs that support Smart TV - for more traditional models, a classic remote control is sufficient without special functions.

Service support

Internet services supported by the TV. This list may include, in particular, multimedia resources (YouTube, Vimeo, Netflix, etc.), social networks (Facebook, Twitter), online television broadcasting systems, as well as more specific resources, sometimes very far from their original purpose TV (for example, game center for online saves and interaction with other players).

Support for a particular service usually means that the TV has special application to access it (or several services at once). Many of these resources can be accessed through a regular browser (see "Features and Features"), but special support often provides additional convenience and advanced capabilities.

USB file format support

File formats that the TV can play from external media (for example, a flash drive) via a USB port. Modern TVs, as a rule, can work with a fairly wide range of formats, including video, audio, pictures and even text documents. At the same time, we note that within the same format they can be used different ways encodings, and some files may turn out to be unreadable even if they formally match the format. This is especially true for inexpensive and outdated TVs.

Inputs

- USB. Connector for connecting external peripheral devices. The presence of USB means at a minimum that the TV is capable of playing content from flash drives and other external USB drives. In addition, other ways to use this input may be provided: recording TV programs on external media (see “Functions and capabilities”), connecting a WEB camera (see ibid.), keyboard and mouse for using the built-in browser and other software, and etc. The specific set of options depends on the functionality of the TV; in each case it should be clarified separately.

- Card reader. A device for working with memory cards, most often SD format. The main use of a card reader is to play content from such cards on a TV; This feature can be especially convenient for viewing materials from photo and video cameras - it is in such devices that memory cards are widely used. There may be other ways to use this function - for example, recording from the air or even exchanging files between the card and the TV drive. It is worth keeping in mind that SD cards have several subtypes - original SD, SD HC and SD XC, and not all of them can be supported by the card reader.

- LAN. Standard connector for wired connection to computer networks (both local networks and the Internet). Found mainly in models that support Smart TV (including devices... features on Android TV; see the relevant paragraphs), however, it can also be used on TVs that do not have these functions - in particular, for working with DLNA (see “Functions and capabilities”), remote control (for example, when used at an exhibition stand), etc. Be that as it may, a wired connection is less convenient than Wi-Fi, but it is cheaper, more reliable and stable, and almost does not depend on “on-air congestion” (the number of simultaneously connected devices).

- VGA. Analog video input, also known as D-sub 15 pin. The VGA interface was originally developed for computers, but due to the advent of more advanced standards like HDMI (see below) and technical limitations (maximum resolution of only 1280x1024, inability to transmit sound), it is considered obsolete and is used less and less. So it makes sense to specifically look for a TV with such a connector mainly in cases where it is planned to be used as a monitor for an outdated computer or laptop.

- S-Video. Analog interface for video signal transmission. Provides for image transmission via two separate channels, due to which it provides a fairly high-quality picture - not as high quality as with a component connection, but noticeably better than with a composite connection (see below for both). Moreover, unlike composite, S-Video uses only one hardware connector. But HD standards are not supported, the same goes for audio transmission. In general, S-Video is a fairly highly specialized interface; nowadays it is quite rare, mainly in professional video equipment, which is why there are few TVs with such inputs on the market.

- DVI. An interface originally created to replace the VGA described above. It has three versions: analog (almost out of use), digital and combined. It is widely used in computer technology, but is quite rare in DVD players, media centers and other video devices. In addition, the digital version of DVI-D in some devices can be used to transmit audio, and it is compatible with the popular HDMI interface through a simple adapter. All this led to the fact that DVI was not widely used in televisions either; although such an input can be very useful for those who plan to use the TV as a screen for a PC or laptop.

- Component. Video interface with 3 connectors, each of which is responsible for its own part of the video signal. This separation provides high throughput and reduced noise, making component input the most advanced analog video interface available today. Thus, it is capable of working with HD, and in terms of image quality it significantly surpasses S-Video and the composite connector, coming very close to HDMI (see below).

- Composite. A combined analog audio/video interface, this connector is usually called the A/V input. Actually, there are usually three connectors in the composite interface - separately for video and the left/right channel of stereo sound (in TVs with one speaker that do not support stereo, one of the audio connectors is missing). The image quality when working through such an input is low, and HD formats are not supported at all; on the other hand, the composite interface is extremely widespread not only in modern, but also in frankly outdated technology such as VHS video recorders.

- SCART. The large universal multimedia connector is the largest connector used in modern consumer video equipment. Works primarily with an analog signal, which is why it is considered obsolete; however, it is still not going out of use. One of the reasons for this “longevity” is its versatility: SCART does not have a “proprietary” signal format, this standard only describes the connector. In practice, if you have the appropriate cables, you can connect to such an input different types incoming signals - composite, S-Video, etc. Moreover, it is technically possible for such a connector to function as an output (for the same types of signals). True, the characteristics of SCART connectors on different TVs may be different, so it wouldn’t hurt to check the specific list of compatible interfaces separately.

COM port (RS-232). A connector originally developed for computer equipment. On TVs it is used as a control: by connecting the device to a computer, you can control TV parameters and various settings, sometimes quite specific and inaccessible when using a regular remote control.

- Mini-Jack (3.5 mm). A connector most commonly used as an analog audio (line-in) input. One of the options for using such a connector is to connect audio for a video signal transmitted via VGA, S-Video (see above) or another interface that does not support audio transmission. However, having the appropriate cable, you can connect any audio source to the 3.5 mm mini-Jack port - including mobile device like a smartphone or pocket player. In this case, the sound can be reproduced both through the TV speakers and on external speakers connected to it. Another option for using this input is to connect a microphone for communicating on Skype.

HDMI

The number of HDMI inputs provided in the TV design.

HDMI is a comprehensive digital interface that allows you to transmit high-definition video and multi-channel audio over a single cable. It is widespread in modern HD equipment - in fact, the presence of such an output is mandatory for modern media centers, DVD players, etc. Therefore, LCD TVs in the vast majority of cases are equipped with at least one HDMI port. And the presence of several such ports allows you to simultaneously connect several signal sources and switch between them; in some models the number of HDMIs can reach 4 or even more. At the same time, some manufacturers use technologies that allow you to control devices connected to the TV via HDMI from a single remote control.

HDMI version

HDMI version supported by the TV.

For more information about the interface itself, see above, and its different versions differ in maximum resolution and other features. Here are the options found on modern TVs:

V 1.4. The oldest version currently relevant, released in 2009. However, it supports 3D video and is capable of working with resolutions up to 4096x2160 at a speed of 24 fps, and in Full HD resolution the frame rate can reach 120 fps. In addition to the original v.1.4, there are also improved modifications - v.1.4a and v.1.4b; they are similar in basic capabilities, in both cases the improvements affected mainly work with 3D content.

V 2.0. Significant HDMI update introduced in 2013. In this version, the maximum frame rate in 4K has increased to 60 fps, and audio throughput has increased to 32 channels and 4 separate streams simultaneously. Also among the innovations we can mention support for ultra-wide format 21:9. In update v.2.0a, HDR support was added to the interface capabilities; in v.2.0b this function was improved and expanded.

V 2.1. Despite the similarity in name to v.2.0, this version, released in 2017, was a very large-scale update. In particular, it added support for 8K and even 10 K at speeds up to 120 fps, and also further expanded the capabilities for working with HDR. A special cable was released for this version - HDMI Ultra High Speed, all v... .2.1 cables are only available with this standard, although basic functionality can be used with simpler cables.

Exits

- Mini-Jack (3.5 mm) headphones. Standard 3.5 mm jack for connecting headphones. Headphones can be useful if you need to maintain silence and cannot use the TV speakers - for example, at late times of the day; or vice versa, if the environment is noisy and the TV sound is hard to hear. Most modern “ears” use a mini-Jack plug, so this connector is the standard headphone output on TVs. And in some models, such an output can also be used as a linear output - for example, to connect individual speakers, a sound recording device, etc.

To the subwoofer. A separate output for connecting a subwoofer to the TV - a speaker for reproducing low and ultra-low frequencies. Audio systems without subwoofers usually reproduce these frequencies quite poorly. Using a subwoofer allows you to achieve the deepest and richest sound possible, which is especially important when watching films with a lot of special effects or high-quality recordings from concerts. At the same time, it is worth noting that such outputs are quite rare on TVs: it is assumed that a demanding listener is more likely to be suited to a full-format external audio system than a separate subwoofer.

Coaxial (SPDIF). An interface for transmitting audio in digital format, allowing you to transmit multi-channel audio over a single cable with an RCA connector (“tulip”). In terms of resistance to interference, this article... Andart is somewhat inferior to optical (see below) - this is due to fundamental differences between these interfaces. On the other hand, an electrical cable is more reliable than optical fiber and is not as sensitive to pressure and kinks.

Linear. Standard analog interface for audio transmission; As a rule, it provides two-channel stereo transmission. It is used primarily for connecting active speakers and other audio equipment (for example, audio receivers or power amplifiers) to TVs. Can use different types connectors, but most often either a 3.5 mm mini-Jack or a pair of RCA sockets for tulip cables are provided. Note that this means a separate linear output; in some models this function can be performed by a 3.5 mm headphone jack (see above), but for them the presence of a line output is not indicated.

Optic. Output for transmitting digital audio signal via fiber optic cable; allows multi-channel audio transmission. Notable for its complete insensitivity to electromagnetic interference. On the other hand, fiber optic cable is quite fragile and must be protected from kinks and strong pressure.

VESA wall mount

The size of the VESA wall mount that the TV is designed to support.

The basis for such fastening is a rectangular plate with four holes for screws in the corners. The main characteristic of such a fastening is the distance between the holes - it is measured along the sides of the rectangle and is expressed in two numbers. The original VESA format is 100x100, such mounts are used for most medium-sized LCD TVs. For small screens, mounts of 75x75 are provided, for large ones - 200x200 and more (up to 800x400).

Power consumption

Electrical power normally consumed by the TV. This parameter strongly depends on the screen diagonal and sound power (see above), but it can be determined by other parameters - primarily additional functions and technologies implemented in the design. It is worth noting that most modern LCD TVs are quite economical, and most often this parameter does not play a significant role - in most cases, power consumption is on the order of several tens of watts. And even large models with a diagonal of 70 - 90" consume about 200 - 300 W - this can be compared with the system unit of a low-power desktop PC.

Stereo glasses (for 3D)

Availability of glasses for viewing 3D in the TV set. For more information about this feature, see “3D Support”; Let us note here that such equipment greatly simplifies preparation for viewing three-dimensional content - glasses do not have to be purchased separately, and besides, standard models are, by definition, optimally suited for a TV.

Dust and moisture protection

TVs in housings that have additional protection from dust and moisture. Functionally, they, as a rule, do not differ from conventional models, but the protected housing allows you to work without problems in difficult conditions - for example, a bathroom or an open area in a windy and dusty area. It is worth considering that the degree of security may vary; it should be clarified using official documentation.

Let's look at what the dynamic scenes index is and how it technically works on a TV. This description is suitable for indexes of dynamic scenes from any manufacturer.

• Active Motion & Resolution(AMR) at TV Toshiba
• Clear motion rate (CMR) in Samsung TV
• Motion Clarity Index (MCI) in LG TV
• Motionflow XR on Sony TV
• Backlight scanning BLS - scanning backlight in TV Panasonic
• Clear Motion Index (CMI) at TV Thomson
• Perfect Motion Rate (PMR) in Philips TV
• Subfield Motion in plasma Samsung

First, let's look at what real frequency a modern LED TV can operate at.

As a rule, TVs use a matrix made using technology or its modification or VA, matrices using these technologies provide good color reproduction of about 99% and viewing angles of 178° both vertically and horizontally, which is important for watching TV, because the viewer is not always sitting right in front of the TV.

Screen matrices (operating frequency) by carrying out simple calculations you can determine the following, the response of the IPS matrix is ​​of the order 5ms therefore 1000/5=200 frames per second. A standard TV matrix can display about 200 frames per second, but this is ideal; in practice, the response time can be longer, for example 7 miles of seconds.

Manufacturers install 3 types of matrices in TVs

1. 60 frames per second
2. Matrices that can show 120 frames per second (the most common types of matrices)
3. Matrices that show 240 frames per second (usually installed in expensive professional models)

What is the frame rate in different standards (must be presented for later understanding of the operating principle).

• 1080i: interlaced standard with frame rate 25, (29,97) or 30 frames per second
• 1080p: progressive scan standard allowing the use of frame rates 24, 25, 30, 50 or 60 frames per second
• 720p: standard with progressive (interlaced) scanning, allowing the use of frame rates 50 or 60 frames per second
• SD: standard digital television 50 or 60 frames per second.
• Analog signal: 25 frames per second.
• UHD format from 30 to 120 frames per second.

A TV that does not have an index of dynamic scenes.

In such a TV, the image is displayed at the frame rate at which it receives the signal; the TV does not provide and does not perform any correction or improvement of the signal. As a rule, leading manufacturers of television equipment no longer produce televisions without an index of dynamic scenes.

Dynamic scenes index 100

On TVs with a dynamic scene index of 100, the image is improved by adding 1 frame between the existing two. As a rule, identical to the existing one. If the TV uses a 60Hz matrix, then image improvement can only be seen when viewing an image with a frame rate of less than 60. If an image is shown with a frame rate of 60, it is technically impossible to improve it.

Dynamic scenes index 200

Basically the same thing as with index 100, only the algorithm for processing the image by the processor changes.

Dynamic scenes index 400-600

On TVs with a dynamic scene index of 400-600, 2-3 frames are added between existing frames, and a matrix supporting a frequency of 120Hz is used. Which intermediate frames are created between real ones, identical or newly created ones depends on the algorithm of the processor, but given that TVs with an index of dynamic scenes of 100 or 400 use the same processors, we can assume that the same repeating frames are created. Also, with such indexes, local dimming is mandatory.

Theoretically, it is already possible to improve even a high-definition image, although in practice this is not noticeable from user reviews.

Dynamic scenes index 800-1200

In TVs with such indexes of dynamic scenes, higher-class matrices are used that are capable of displaying 120 frames per second, and faster processors are also installed that allow, by analyzing the frame, to create intermediate frames that are not only identical, but also to create individual intermediate ones by analyzing real frames.

According to reviews from owners of TVs with different indexes, the following picture emerges: the difference is indeed observed in the quality of display of dynamic scenes on TVs, for example, with an index of 100 and 200, but above 400 or 600 the difference is unnoticeable and this can already be attributed to the marketing ploys of manufacturers.

The TV cannot always correctly convert or, more correctly, create intermediate frames, and sometimes the improved image can be worse in quality than the original one. In a picture, for example, showing an object in motion and saying that several new intermediate frames are being created is one thing, and creating a real one is quite another. Very often, when creating intermediate frames, so-called digital artifacts are created, which are noticeable in the video below.

Note that every year the indexes of dynamic scenes are growing, this is what the market demands. Well, you understand, a new TV model was released in 2019, and for example, the index in it is the same as in the 2018 TV model. So what is the difference the buyer will say.

And if you show an index higher, of course you can say the TV has a better screen or a new processor. This is good for sales.