New types of ground transport presentation for students. Presentation on the topic "types of transport"

1. Classification of urban transport The transport complex of a modern city includes intracity passenger transport, intercity and suburban passenger transport, freight transport, specialized transport (transportation of bread, milk, gasoline, household waste removal, medical transport, etc.), as well as various services and departments that ensure its functioning (transport parks or depots, garages, services for the maintenance of tram tracks, electric transport contact networks, stations, parking lots, gas stations, repair and maintenance services). The organization of coordinated work of these parts of a complex transport complex requires management by city authorities.

In turn, depending on the use of vehicles and their accessories, urban passenger transport is divided into: mass - general use; public – for individual use (taxis, departmental cars and buses); individual – personal use (personal cars). Normal life support of a modern city, especially a large one, is impossible without convenient and reliable transport connections.

Of greatest importance for the life of the city are mass types of urban passenger transport, the role of which in a modern city is to provide amenities and reduce the time spent on movement. The level of development of urban passenger transport, the branching and density of the transport and route network in the city, the interval and speed of transport determine the time that city residents are forced to spend on necessary trips. The duration of the trip, determining the phenomenon of transport fatigue of the population, directly affects the productivity and quality of work.

2. Mass types of urban passenger transport. Mass types of urban passenger transport operate on predetermined routes and are characterized by large capacity and high carrying capacity. The most common of these is the bus. Its advantages over other types of urban passenger transport include: - good maneuverability; - relatively small capital investments in traffic organization; - a wide variety of types and types both in capacity (from minibuses to high-capacity Ikarus) and in cost. The disadvantages of this type of transport: - an environmentally harmful type of transport that causes environmental pollution; - relatively low carrying capacity (9-10 thousand passengers per hour).

Thus, the bus is a trackless street type of transport with an autonomous power supply, has high maneuverability and does not require the construction of special track devices. The bus provides the ability to easily change the route network in accordance with fluctuations in passenger flows and organize routes in new residential areas. The main disadvantages of bus transport are related to the complexity of the autonomous internal combustion engine, significant operating costs, relatively small vehicle capacity, environmental pollution, and high noise levels. However, thanks to the advantages of bus transport over other modes and, despite its inherent disadvantages, it has become widespread and is the only mode of transport in small towns and villages with relatively small passenger flows. In terms of performance indicators, a trolleybus is almost as good as a bus, but requires large investments in organizing traffic. The main advantage is an economical and environmentally friendly form of urban transport. The tram has an increased carrying capacity, but the complex design of the moving track requires large investments, in addition, the tram as a type of passenger transport is characterized by extremely low maneuverability.

The main operational indicators that are used in organizing transport services for the population are: - transport capacity; - message speed. There are low, medium, high and very high carrying capacity. The highest carrying capacity is for the tram, and the lowest for the bus. Communication speed is the average speed at which transport moves, taking into account stops and delays on the line. For these types of transport, the average communication speeds are comparable and range from 16 to 18 kilometers per hour. Indicators Types of transport metro tram trolleybus bus Carrying capacity 15 3.5 1 1 Speed ​​of communication, 2 Cost 1.5 1.6 1.3 1 Characteristics of types of urban passenger transport

The main economic criteria for organizing the city’s transport system and choosing the type of urban transport are the amount of capital investments and the cost of transportation (the cost of one passenger-km). For ease of comparison, if we take the worst indicators (lowest carrying capacity, speed of communication, cost) as a unit, then the indicated indicators of the main types of ground urban passenger transport can be estimated in conventional units.

Urban electric transport enterprises (UTE) are more complex to operate and manage; they consist of the following elements: rolling stock, repair base (trolleybus depots, tram depots), energy facilities (contact network), track facilities (trams) and when organizing the management of the UET it is necessary to ensure coordinated and effective work of these units. In the management structure of GET enterprises, there are: the management apparatus itself (chief, accounting, personnel department, financial department, etc.), the rolling stock service (organizing repairs and putting on the line), the traffic service (traffic organization - scheduling, formation release order, including dispatch service - control of traffic on the line and compliance with the schedule and regularity of movement), track maintenance service (maintaining tracks in good condition), energy management service (maintenance and repair of network facilities and electrical substations), and various emergency recovery services and brigades. To increase the efficiency of traffic control and the efficiency of making management decisions, automated traffic dispatch control systems (ADCS) have recently been widely introduced; transport units (trams, trolleybuses) are equipped with special devices that transmit a signal to the dispatcher’s console.

In the largest cities of the country there are off-street types of passenger transport: -metropolitan, the functioning of which falls under federal competence in coordination with city authorities; -monorail, which is undergoing trial operation in Moscow. In some cities, water, rail and other types of transport are used as intracity passenger transport. When organizing the city's transport complex, the features of urban passenger transport as a management object must be taken into account.

Connection with the city layout and the capacity of the road network Possibility of competition between modes of transport Significant fluctuations in passenger flows over time and in directions Features of urban passenger transport Large share of preferential categories of passengers Coincidence in time of production and consumption of services Competition of the municipal and private sectors in road transport Possibility different methods of payment for services (one-time or travel tickets for a certain period, advance payment) High degree of wear and tear of vehicles and high costs for their renewal Features of the city’s transport complex

For the organization of urban passenger transport in the city, the most important thing is to ensure that the capacities of individual links and elements of the transport system correspond to the expected volumes of passenger transportation. The main elements of the transport sector are, firstly, rolling stock, secondly, track devices, thirdly, the power supply system, and fourthly, devices for storing and repairing rolling stock.

The calculations are based on the determination of passenger flows for all types of travel at different periods of the day, day, season and year. It is the magnitude of passenger flows that determines the general nature and volume of transport work in the city, as well as the composition and size of the transport sector. In this case, the following indicators are calculated: 1. The annual volume of traffic (A) is determined by the formula: A = n * N (thousand passengers per year), where N is the number of city residents (thousands of people); n – transport mobility of the population, characterizes the number of trips per person per year.

The following factors influence the amount of transport mobility of the population: - population of the city; - size and shape of the urban area; - city planning; - the degree of development of urban passenger transport, which depends on the degree of provision of the city with transport and is determined by the number of carriage or parking spaces provided to the population and the quality of the designed transport network; - level and state of traffic organization on city streets.

Transport mobility of the population is constantly changing for the following reasons: - increase or decrease in the level of well-being of the population and tariffs for urban transport services; - an increase in the number of trips for cultural and everyday purposes - concentration of places of employment, etc. To determine the indicator of population mobility, various methods (tabular, graphic, empirical) and criteria are used (depending on the employment of the population, the size and layout of the city territory, according to time balance). In large-scale calculations, in practice, the following formula is used: where: the number of movements per worker per year (work trips); α is the share of the amateur population, varies from 0.4-0.6; K tr - coefficient of use of transport for work purposes; the number of movements for cultural and everyday purposes per year per resident; Kk-b - coefficient of use of transport for cultural and everyday purposes; λ - transfer coefficient from route to route or to different modes of transport, depends on the convenience of planning the city’s transport and route network, is accepted in the range from 0 to 0.4; q - coefficient taking into account those coming from the suburbs, ranges from 0.07 to 0.1; f is the share of passengers absorbed by mass urban passenger transport in the range of 0.8-0.85 of the total.

2 The annual volume of urban transport (P), which determines the size of transport enterprises, is calculated using the formula: where A is the volume of traffic (the number of passengers transported per year), 1 cp is the average travel distance of one passenger (km), its value is determined on the basis various kinds of surveys of passenger flows, but for practical purposes the most convenient and simple method of calculating travel distance is the method using empirical formulas: lav. = 1.3 + 0.3 Fc lmax = 1.3 + 0.72 Fc lmin = 1.3 + 0.13 Fc Fc – residential (city area excluding industrial, warehouse, railway, etc. territories) territory cities. (sq.km.)

3. The volume of passenger flows characterizes the distribution of passenger traffic across directions and sections of the city’s transport network. Passenger flows are characterized by capacity - the number of passengers passing through a given section of the route in one direction in a certain time. The average passenger flow (Pt) in the city is calculated by the formula: Pt = P: Lc, where Lc is the length of the city’s transport network. (km.) The city's transport network is organized taking into account the following requirements: - it must provide the shortest connections between residential areas and the main points of passenger attraction; - the density of the network should be such as to ensure a pedestrian approach to the passenger transport line (no more than m to stopping points); - transport networks should pass in the direction of the main passenger flows; - the length of the transport network must be in accordance with the general plan of the city and the number of vehicles.

A characteristic feature of urban transport that influences its design and organization of operation and traffic along city routes is the uneven distribution of passenger flows over time and territory of the city, which creates maximum and minimum loads on the route network. Passenger flows during peak hours determine the nature of mass movements and are the basis for determining the need for rolling stock, when deciding questions about the carrying capacity of transport and the city's road network. Patterns of changes in passenger flows are called fluctuations. The more significant the fluctuations in passenger flows, the lower the transport utilization rates, and the less economical the city’s transport system. On weekdays, the nature of fluctuations in passenger flows is determined mainly by the start and end times of the work of most enterprises and organizations in the city.

Fluctuations in passenger flows by hour of day when calculating the transport system are taken into account by the “peak” coefficient. Taking into account the unevenness of passenger flows, the movement of passenger transport on city routes is organized, for example, a stepped schedule for the release of transport units on the line is used, which in general repeats the nature of the passenger flow schedule. In accordance with the schedule, during hours with minimal passenger traffic, part of the rolling stock is parked in bus and trolleybus depots and tram depots. The operating mode of urban transport should also be linked to the operating schedule of large city-forming enterprises. The unevenness of passenger flows is manifested not only by the hours of the day, but also by the length of the transport network, by directions of movement, as well as by the seasons of the year and days of the week.

Fluctuations in passenger flows along the length of the transport network and routes are stable and depend on the layout of the city, the routing of transport lines and other factors. To study fluctuations, various methods of surveying passenger flows are used (questionnaire, tabular, coupon, visual, ticket, survey, automated and others) on the basis of which a cartogram of passenger flows is compiled. A cartogram of passenger flows is a graphical representation of the passenger load on individual sections of the transport network for a certain period of time and is used in organizing the movement of passenger transport.

The unevenness of passenger flows along sections of the transport network when designing and organizing transport routes is taken into account by the corresponding coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum flow in a certain section of the network to the average flow of passengers in the transport network. The value of this coefficient is usually greater in large cities due to a more extensive transport network. The distribution of passengers along the routes is determined using the coefficient of uneven occupancy of the rolling stock along the length of the route, which represents the ratio of the product of the maximum number of passengers by the length of the haul to the total volume of transport work in a given direction. This coefficient is used when organizing the city's route system.

Management of the organization of passenger transportation in the city by city authorities is designed to ensure that the needs of all segments of the population are met with minimal loss of time. Therefore, the main comprehensive criterion for assessing the quality of transport services for the city population is the indicator of the total time spent (T) by passengers on a trip (movement). This indicator can be determined by the following formula: T = tn1 + texpected. + tmov. + tn2, min. where tn1 is the time of approach to the stop, tn2 is the time of approach from the stop to the destination. The values ​​of these terms directly depend on the density of the city’s transport network. With a uniformly distributed network tn1 = tn2, then: T = 2tn + t is expected. + t move t expected – the average time a passenger waits for a vehicle depends on the interval of transport on the route, as well as on compliance with the traffic schedule. t movement – the average travel time of a passenger in urban transport depends on the operating speed, as well as on the number of transfers from route to route made by the passenger (transfer ratio).

Assessment of the convenience of the movement interval from the passenger's point of view Movement interval, minutes Very convenient Convenient Moderately convenient Less convenient Inconvenient Up to more than 10 Assessment of the movement interval The value of this indicator should not exceed 1 hour, otherwise the phenomenon of “transport fatigue” occurs, which leads to a sharp decrease in productivity labor.

Performance indicators of urban passenger transport Total volume of passenger traffic in dynamics Number of passenger-kilometers per resident over a period of time (day, month, year) Occupancy of rolling stock (number of passengers per vehicle-kilometer) Safety level (standard level of road accidents) Performance indicators of urban passenger transport

The main tasks of municipal administration in the sphere of organizing transport services for the population are: - ensuring the reliable condition of transport lines and the development of highways; - modernization of traffic management systems, dispatching and quality control of transport services to the population; - bringing the rolling stock into proper condition, corresponding to technical parameters and standards; - ensuring transportation safety. The functions of local governments in managing the city’s transport complex are shown in the figure

Adoption of rules and procedures for organizing the work of transport Developing a traffic scheme Establishing tariffs for transportation Functions Issuing municipal orders for passenger and specialized transportation and concluding contracts Development of schedules and traffic dispatching Development of a scheme for the development of the road network Monitoring compliance with traffic schedules Organizing a dispatch service Monitoring environmental parameters of transport operation (through the traffic police) Functions of city government bodies in the field of transport

In the conditions of diversity of forms of ownership of vehicles and competition between municipal and private passenger transport, the main mechanisms for regulating and coordinating the activities of transport enterprises are the municipal order for transportation and traffic dispatching. City government bodies may also be vested with state powers to finance municipal and private transport enterprises and carriers to compensate for the transportation of preferential categories of passengers, subject to the receipt of appropriate subventions from the federal or regional budget. The urban transport system of most Russian cities has accumulated many complex problems. One of them is the problem of fare control. Another equally important problem is the wear and tear of rolling stock.

In most Russian cities, municipal passenger transport is almost half worn out. Funds from the city budget, as well as part of the revenue from municipal transport enterprises, are not enough to repair rolling stock, since most of them go to compensate for the travel of privileged categories of the population. An increase in fares only causes an outflow of passengers to private buses, as a result of which municipal transport suffers additional losses. It is also necessary to link the work of internal and external transport. Management of external transport facilities (railway and bus stations, river and sea ports, airports, etc.) is carried out, as a rule, by state enterprises or large joint-stock companies. City authorities are obliged to ensure the “connection” of these objects with intracity transport routes, a network of trade and public catering establishments, and other city services.

To organize and manage the city's transport complex, the administrations of most large cities have structural divisions in charge of urban transport issues. Preferable is a scheme with a single structural unit in charge of passenger transport and maintenance of city roads. A promising scheme is the separation of the municipal customer service for transport services into a separate structure (municipal enterprise). In this case, the structural unit of the administration is assigned the issues of legal regulation of transport activities on the territory of the municipality and financing the transportation of preferential categories of passengers through the municipal order system. The customer service for transport services distributes traffic volumes between municipal and private carriers on a competitive basis, sets traffic schedules, exercises dispatch control and performs other functions of managing transport services to the population.

This presentation is suitable for both a lesson on the surrounding world in grade 1, and for an extracurricular activity on traffic rules in grades 1-2. The presentation shows types of transport: land, underground, water and air, as well as special transport.

The presentation is based on a lesson summary, which was taken from N.V. Ershova’s manual “Traffic rules in elementary school.” Publishing house "PHOENIX" Rostov-on-Don, 2013. The summary is located on pp. 62-65 of this teacher's manual.

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"Presentation for the lesson "Types of transport."

Types of transport /extracurricular activities/

The presentation was made by a primary school teacher at School No. 2098 in Moscow

Khorcheva Olga Alekseevna

PURPOSE of transport

• passenger
• cargo
• special

TYPES OF TRANSPORT - PASSENGER

• Bus
• Trolleybus
• Tram
• Metro
• Taxi

TYPES OF TRANSPORT - CARGO

• Truck
• Airplane
• Train
• Ship

TYPES OF TRANSPORT - SPECIAL

• Street cleaning
• Ambulance
• Police
• Fire Department
• Rescue Service

TELEPHONES OF SPECIAL TRANSPORT

Fire service 01

Police 02

Ambulance 03

RIDDLE 1

Talking car

The car is a passenger car.

RIDDLE 2

Armed, toothy,

He walks, wanders down the street,

It's falling and snowing,

And the janitor just squints.

RIDDLE 3

This car with a red cross

Runs to help the patient.

The car is wearing a white robe,

From a distance her red cross is visible.

RIDDLE 4

There is not a cloud in the sky,

And the torrential rain is pouring down on the asphalt.

RIDDLE 5

A car quickly goes to the fire,

The driver does not spare gasoline.

This car has water cannons,

The car is eager to join the battle with fire.

QUESTIONS to consolidate the material

• Name the types of transport.
• Which cars are classified as public transport?
• Name special purpose vehicles.
• What are the phone numbers where special vehicles arrive to help the victims?

USED ​​BOOKS

• N.V. Elzhova “Traffic rules in elementary school,” pp. 62-65 (lesson notes). – Rostov-on-Don, “Phoenix”, 2013
• YANDEX Internet resources (pictures)

Svetlana Obukhova
Presentation for classes on the topic “Transport”

Good day, colleagues, who visited my page! I offer you visual material that can be successfully used in classes for familiarization with the outside world, for the development of speech and thinking, in speech therapy games, for the development of logical thinking.

Kinds transport for children - a fascinating, interesting topic that introduces their classification, telling about the features and purpose of each variety. At the same time, the teacher’s task is not only to conduct a conversation, but also to consolidate the information received through various games.

The full development of children is carried out through acquaintance with the world around them. Children are interested in such questions How: what happens transport, why people need it. Introducing preschoolers to transport classification forms in them new knowledge about various types, their characteristics, purpose, enriches their vocabulary, and consolidates the generic concept " transport". In addition, a detailed consideration of this topic allows you to learn next:

Compare different types transport, because it is important for children to be able to find common and distinctive features;

Combine them into groups on common grounds, classify them.

Publications on the topic:

Didactic game “What’s extra?” Topic: "Transport".

Summary of a speech therapy lesson on the lexical topic “Transport” Summary of a speech therapy lesson on the topic “Transport” (senior group) Purpose: Activation and updating of the dictionary on the topic “Transport”. Tasks:.

Summary of GCD in the preparatory group. on the topic: "Air transport". Integration of educational areas: “Communication”, “Cognition”,.

Goals: To introduce children to transport, types of transport, the names of car parts, and to develop coherent speech. Objectives: Educational: To form.

Lesson summary for the senior group on the lexical topic “Transport” Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 37 of Novocherkassk Summary of a lesson on cognitive development.

Lesson summary in the second junior group “Transport” Objectives: -expansion and activation of the vocabulary on the topic; - practical mastery of antonyms-adverbs.

To carry out educational activities in the family on the topic "Transport", it is recommended that parents: Task 1. - observe on the street with the child.

Goal: To give children an idea of ​​the types of transport. Note the characteristic distinctive features of transport. To consolidate children's knowledge about the road and the rules of behavior on it. Develop attention, memory, thinking. Develop children's speech, activate vocabulary: nouns: pedestrian, crossing; adjectives: pedestrian; verbs: goes. Teach children the rules of behavior in public transport through playful images. Objectives: Teach children to denote the word transport, various cars and name the main parts of transport. To develop the ability to take on a role and perform role-playing actions in gaming activities. To form in children an idea of ​​the rules of behavior on the roadway. Material: Toy cars, paintings depicting transport and animals. Game situation “Bus for animals.”

Cognitive - speech Social - personal Artistic - aesthetic Physical development Communication Walk Cognition Reading art. liter. Socialization Labor SafetyHud. creative MusicPhysical education.Health D.I. “Right - wrong”, “Who can name more”, “Assemble the car”. S.r.i. "Bus". Observation of cargo and passenger transport, similarities and differences. Outdoor game “Steam zik”, “Tramway”. "Passenger transport"; "Freight transport"; “Specialized transport”; “How transport helps us. Design: “Car gates.” IN AND. Miryasov "Passenger car". B. Zakhoder “Chauffeur”. V.I. Miryasova “Bus”, “Trolleybus”. Memorizing a poem. Communication situation: “What do I know about transport”; "Fire truck". Imitation game: “I am a driver”; S.r.i. “We’re going to grandma’s.” Foster interest in the life and work of adults, tell children about professions they understand (driver), expand and enrich them about work activities. Imitation game “I am a machine.” Communication situation “How I was traveling on the bus.” D.i. "Children on a walk." Drawing “Remove the wheels of the car”, “Rail for a steam locomotive” Application “Traincars”. Modeling “Traffic light”. M. Rauchwerger “Sparrow and car”. E. Tilichevo y, N. Found "Airplane". Learn to start walking when given a signal. Cultivate endurance and improve the ability to move in a certain direction. Hardening according to the scheme. Contents of works on the topic of transport

Types of transport

Nadezhda Sergeevna Kopytova

Teacher of MKDOU kindergarten No. 4

Bus

There was a bright blue bus, it let everyone in and out,

He decorated the city with himself,

The townspeople were charmed...

Tram

The tram rattles loudly:

Outside the window is the month of May.

I sit and write

Ode to the May tram

Metro

Scheme metro looks a little like a multi-colored “centipede”. Only, in truth, each “leg” is like a track for an electric train.

Trolleybus

I am a trolleybus, smart transport, fast and almost silent.

I don't knock on the rails, I spin the wheels,

I manage without gasoline, I work all day for you.

What a disaster!

Lights off -

I can't go without light!

Truck

This is a serious little truck!

He's probably more important

Than a passenger car

Loads are transported by a truck

He's not used to being lazy.

Dump truck

One day I looked into the yard

And suddenly I saw a dump truck!

Such a beautiful dump truck! Seryozha, his friend was holding him.

Here's another picture

And there's a car on it,

But not a truck - a passenger car.

Here's the trunk

here's the salon-

This is a small carriage.

Here is the hood, and there is the engine,

The driver will drive it.

Fire engine

The fire truck is red.

Come on, think about it, why is this necessary? Then, so that everyone, seeing, runs

It wouldn't bother her to go to the side.

Ambulance

Step aside! Way to go! Way to go! An ambulance is flying to the rescue.

The guard's order: “Stop! No progress! Green light only for ambulance!

Postal machine

Blue car with white stripe. She delivers mail in summer and winter. She has a lot of magazines, letters and newspapers. And she brings you a fiery “hello”!

Police car

A police car flashes a blue eye at us,

And her siren sound can be heard far around.

Bulldozer

Who boldly rakes the heaps over the tousled earth? This is a small bulldozer Leveling everything with its nose!

Tractor

This tractor is very strong , Not afraid of holes and bumps. Today he helped us get home without roads.

Tap

He lived at a construction site with a crane, building a large concrete house. He lived very cheerfully. He was not bored and did not grieve. Crane loved his job. In the morning he got up willingly! I washed my face, drank coffee and went to the construction site!

Locomotive

He's going, he's going locomotive Past the fir trees and birches, Past the morning fields, Past the red bullfinches. Past oak and pine, Past summer and spring. Chug, chug, chug, chug, chug puffs and knocks the wheels. Whistling loudly tu-tu-tu, scattering the children. He carries passengers here and there to cities.

Electric train

I ride on rails too, and I look like a train. I just can’t lie down and fall asleep. It's a very short way! just sitting by the window, if you’re tired, take a little nap. but not for long, otherwise you’ll drive past the dacha! The train has a sister - high-speed.... electric train

Train

Thunder can be heard from afar, There are no clouds in the sky yet. This is dispersing the fluff, Train rushes: chug - chuh - chug!

Airplane

The sun is golden in the sky. A large bird flies high, covering us with its wing the Sun in the blue sky. This bird is airplane, He took flight

Helicopter

Rotary-wing hooligan, a hurricane has thrown us. He raised such a storm that they flew straight up to the clouds

Airship

The sky is thick between the clouds. An airship floats by.

This is the very best. Controllable ship.

Rocket

Here, under the rainbow, a rocket soared to the skies. And I will build the same rocket myself.

Boat

It's a miracle if the raft floats across the ocean, And, of course, for boats It's better to take the shortest route.

Boat

I made the word BOAT from letters. By the way, we can go for a ride: after all, the word BOAT contains RIVER. I hit the road: “Bye!”

Steamboat

Paro - steam-steamer!!! He swam in the sea for a whole year, He glided boldly through the waves, He skillfully stayed on the water! He saw different countries, Seas and oceans, Islands and shores, Palm trees, sun and snow.