Mineral salts, fiber, enzymes, fatty acids, etc.

Tobacco - herbaceous plant. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,200 different substances, of which over 200 are dangerous to the human body. Among them, nicotine, tobacco tar, carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide), etc. are especially harmful. Radioactive substances and heavy metals contained in tobacco smoke have strong toxic and destructive properties for the human body. In smokers, they accumulate in the bronchi, lungs, liver and kidneys. Tobacco dry distillation products contain tar, tar, and carcinogenic substances (benzpyrene). Smokers are 20 times more likely to develop malignant tumors of the lungs, esophagus, stomach, larynx, nights, lower lip, etc. The longer a person smokes, the more likely he is to die from this serious disease.

Smoking- a bad habit that consists in inhaling the smoke of smoldering tobacco - this is one of the forms of substance abuse. It has a negative impact on the health of smokers and those around them. The nicotine contained in tobacco smoke almost instantly enters the bloodstream through the alveoli of the lungs. In addition to nicotine, tobacco smoke contains a large amount of combustion products of tobacco leaves and substances used in technological processing.

According to pharmacologists, tobacco smoke, in addition to nicotine, contains carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, essential oils and a concentrate of liquid and solid products of combustion and dry distillation of tobacco, called tobacco tar. The latter contains about a hundred chemical compounds of substances, including a radioactive isotope of potassium, arsenic and a number of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons - carcinogens, chemicals whose effects on the body can cause cancer (Fig. 1).

Nicotine. Up to a third of the total toxicity of tobacco smoke comes from nicotine. It is an oily clear liquid with an unpleasant odor and a bitter taste.

Nicotine is a drug - it is he who causes addiction to tobacco and is one of the most dangerous plant poisons. For a person, the lethal dose of nicotine is from 50 to 100 mg, or 2 - 3 drops - this is the dose that enters the bloodstream after smoking 20 - 25 cigarettes. The smoker does not die because such a dose is introduced gradually, not in one go, but for 30 years he smokes about 20,000 cigarettes, absorbing an average of 800 g of nicotine, each particle of which causes irreparable harm to health.

Nicotine enters the body with tobacco smoke. Its neutralization occurs mainly in the liver, kidneys and lungs, but the decay products are excreted from the body within 10-15 hours after smoking.

Nicotine is a nerve poison. In animal experiments and observations on smokers, it was found that nicotine in small doses excites nerve cells, promotes increased breathing and heart rate, heart rhythm disturbances, nausea and vomiting. In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of CNS cells. Disorders of the nervous system are manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of the hands, and a weakening of memory. Nicotine also affects the endocrine glands, causing vasospasm, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Detrimentally affecting the sex glands, it leads to the development of sexual weakness in men - impotence.

Rice. 1. The effect of tobacco on the human body

Carbon monoxide(carbon monoxide, CO) upon admission and the body causes oxygen starvation, as it disrupts the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to carry oxygen from the lungs to all organs and tissues, which causes suffocation in a person. When smoking, the regular intake of CO2 in the body leads to a decrease in the capacity of the respiratory system and to a limitation of physical activity. For this reason, when smoking, brain cells receive less oxygen, and mental performance decreases. It is clear that smoking is also incompatible with physical education and sports.

tobacco tar is an exceptionally strong carcinogen, ie. a substance that causes cancer. After smoking a cigarette, it is clearly visible on the filter in the form of a brown coating. But, smoking a pack of even so-called “light” cigarettes a day (in which the content of tobacco tar is lowered), a person introduces up to 700-800 g of tobacco tar into his body per year. Therefore, it is not surprising that lip cancer occurs 80 times in smokers, 67 times in the lungs, and 12 times more often in the stomach than in non-smokers. It is tobacco tar that has a strong destructive effect on the palatine tonsils, destroying their cells and causing the development of tonsillitis and more frequent tonsillitis.

The effect of smoking on the body

There is not a single organ or system in the human body that would not be adversely affected by tobacco smoke and its components.

The central nervous system of a smoker is in a state of constant tension due to the excitatory effect of nicotine. But at the same time, less blood flows to it (due to spasm of the cerebral vessels), and the oxygen content in it, which is necessary to maintain the active activity of the brain, is reduced. But even the oxygen that comes to the brain is hardly used by the brain cells, so the smoker has reduced mental performance, weakened memory, and volitional qualities suffer. In addition, he feels increased irritability, sleep is disturbed and headaches are often noted.

Getting into the respiratory tract, tobacco smoke has a detrimental effect on the whole respiratory system. Thus, harmful substances contained in tobacco smoke cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi. As a result, chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract develops, colds and colds and infectious diseases, tonsillitis and other disorders of the tonsils occur more often. After smoking, the action of small cilia of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is inhibited for 20 minutes, which, with their rapid flicker, expel harmful and mechanical substances that have got here and settled on the mucous membrane. Prolonged smoking leads to irritation of the vocal cords and narrowing of the glottis, which changes the timbre and color of the sounds pronounced, the voice loses its clarity and sonority, becomes hoarse.

A typical sign of a smoker is a cough with the release of dark-colored mucus, especially tormenting in the morning. Cough causes the lungs to expand by reducing their elasticity and ability to collapse on exhalation to such an extent that the alveoli are completely emptied of rich CO., air. All this provokes the development of shortness of breath and makes breathing difficult. Long-term chronic inflammation of the airways and lungs leads to a decrease in their resistance and the development of acute and chronic diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchial asthma.

A person who smokes regularly develops many diseases. circulatory systems: high blood pressure, disorders of cerebral circulation and heart activity up to myocardial infarction, etc. The heart rate during smoking increases by 10-18 beats per minute and is restored only after 15-20 minutes. Considering that the consequences of smoking one cigarette persist for 30-40 minutes after stopping smoking, this means that by smoking a new cigarette every half hour, the smoker keeps the circulatory system in a state of constant tension. For example, during the day his heart makes up to 10-15 thousand extra contractions.

There is an unpleasant smell from the smoker's mouth, the tongue is covered with a gray coating, which is one of the indicators of improper activity gastrointestinal tract

By irritating the salivary glands, nicotine causes increased salivation. The smoker not only spits out excess saliva, but also swallows it, exacerbating the harmful effect of nicotine on the digestive apparatus. There are other changes in the state of the organs of the oral cavity: the destruction of tooth enamel, the development of caries and the appearance of yellow plaque on the teeth, loosening and bleeding of the gums.

During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the amount of gastric juice is increased, and its composition is changed; appetite decreases, and digestion is inhibited (which is why a smoker grabs a cigarette when he feels hungry). As a result, all these causes often lead to the development of stomach ulcers.

Tobacco smoke reduces the sharpness of the sense of smell and taste, so smokers often do not distinguish between the taste of sweet, salty, bitter, sour. In addition to these effects on the body, smoking gives a number of other consequences and complications. In particular, in smoking men aged 25-40, sexual activity is half that of non-smokers.

Only 25% of tobacco smoke enters the lungs of a smoker, the remaining 75% poison the air, harming others - this phenomenon is called "passive smoking". The concentration of tobacco smoke in indoor air that is hazardous to the health of non-smokers is created when only a few cigarettes are smoked, so non-smokers in a family in which only one person smokes passively “smoke” up to 10 cigarettes per day.

Reasons for addiction to smoking different. At first, this is usually an imitation, then in the process of smoking a persistent conditioned reflex is developed, and, finally, the main reason for the development of long-term chronic tobacco smoking is addiction to nicotine as one of the varieties of drug addiction.

The vast majority of smokers do not enjoy smoking and are ready to quit this addiction, but refer only to the "lack of will." In fact, the main reason is the lack of motivation, goals. That is why up to 99% of smokers, getting to doctors with severe consequences of smoking (myocardial infarction, brain stroke, signs of cancer), instantly forget about smoking. It has been found that more than 70% of smokers can easily quit smoking because they do not have a true need for tobacco. Therefore, the smoker should, without waiting for dangerous consequences, realize that this habit itself can become a serious prerequisite for a life-threatening disease.

Smoking is one of the leading factors in self-destructive behavior, a long-term suicide. Smoking is not fashionable, smoking is not prestigious! In civilized states, this has long been understood. In our country, the number of cigarettes consumed over the past 17 years has increased from 170 billion to 700 billion.

The fight against smoking and propaganda about the dangers of smoking must begin from primary school age, using all means for this (conversations, lectures, films, posters, etc.) to develop a negative attitude towards smoking in a student. Parents and public organizations should be widely involved in this work.

The effect of smoking on a person

According to the UN data, 3 million people die from tobacco every year in the world, that is, one person dies from smoking every 13 seconds. Studies in Italy have shown that smoking kills 50 times more people than HIV infection. At the same time, smoking affects not only those people who smoke, but also those who, being close to smokers, are forced to inhale tobacco smoke. From such "passive smoking" in the United States, 53 thousand people die every year.

According to WHO, about 90-95% of lung cancer, 45-50% of all cancers and 20-25% of cardiovascular diseases are caused by smoking. Men who smoke are 22 times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers. Smoking is the main cause of malignant neoplasms of the lips, oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, esophagus.

Nicotine, stimulating the vasomotor and respiratory centers of the brain, thereby causes spasms of blood vessels, damage to their walls and contributes to the formation of a sclerotic plaque that narrows the lumen of the vessel. Increased release of norepinephrine by the adrenal glands under the influence of nicotine is dangerous for people prone to cardiac arrhythmias. Nicotine increases the heart's need for oxygen, increases blood clotting, which contributes to thrombosis. Under the influence of nicotine, the number of heart contractions increases by 15-20%. Therefore, constant smoking makes the heart work all the time with increased load and in an irrational mode, which leads to its premature wear.

Substances that enter the blood from tobacco smoke inhibit the absorption of vitamins by the body, in particular vitamin C, the deficiency of which contributes to the deposition of cholesterol in the vessel wall. Another component of tobacco smoke - carbon monoxide - has the ability to bind blood hemoglobin, thus depriving it of the ability to deliver oxygen to organs and tissues. The components of tobacco smoke also contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Among regular smokers aged 45-49 years, mortality from coronary heart disease is three times higher than among non-smokers. Women who smoke are also three times more likely to develop myocardial infarction than non-smokers.

Ammonia contained in tobacco smoke, which, along with high smoke temperature, acids and alkaline radicals, contributes to the development of chronic bronchitis in smokers, does considerable harm. The vital capacity of smokers is on average 400-600 ml less than that of non-smokers.

Smoking also contributes to the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.

Smokers often experience relapses of these diseases, they are more difficult to treat.

Smoking also has a negative effect on the sexual function of men and women. So, in men who started smoking during the development of the genital organs (10-17 years), the number of spermatozoa decreased by 42% compared with the same indicator in the control group, and their mobility - by 17%. This contributes to a decrease, and in some cases, a complete loss of the possibility of fertilization. Experts also link young men smoking with impotence at an earlier age. Smoking girls should be aware that nicotine, changing the complex biological processes in the reproductive system of women, leads to disruption of menstrual function, negatively affects the course of pregnancy, contributes to premature birth and death of newborns, lagging children of smoking mothers in mental and physical development, is one of reasons for not being able to have children. Smoking also affects the appearance of smoking women, causing a change in the natural complexion, yellowing of tooth enamel.

As noted above, smoking is dangerous for non-smokers as well. The risk for them increases by 30-35% in relation to the development of lung cancer and by 25% in relation to the development of coronary heart disease. For example, the wives of smokers are 1.5-2 times more likely to get lung cancer, and the children of smoking parents are 2 times more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia.

The economic losses from smoking are also very tangible. Thus, in the United States, the economic losses associated with the diseases of smokers, their medical care and the decrease in their production activities are estimated at more than $ 100 billion a year, and 225 thousand fires per year caused by smoking (20% of their total number) , about 2.5 thousand people die and more than 5 thousand receive serious burns.

The influence of nicotine

Under the influence of nicotine, excitation of the respiratory center occurs (at high doses in young children - paralysis), excitation of the autonomic nervous system, accompanied by salivation (therefore, in smokers, the separation of saliva sharply increases, a person is forced to constantly spit), constriction of the pupils (vision changes, the flow of information is reduced , the speed of the visual reaction is reduced), an increase in blood pressure (danger of hypertensive crises, the risk of cardiovascular diseases), a decrease in the sensitivity of the olfactory and gustatory analyzers, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract, etc.

The danger lies in the fact that the body quickly gets used to nicotine, but, as a rule, the first meeting with this poison is quite painful for a person:

• in the 1st phase, there are spasms expressed to varying degrees in the throat, esophagus and stomach, repeated profuse vomiting, interruptions in the work of the heart, general agitation, turning into a stupor - “stupefaction”, often loss of consciousness (especially in young children when smoking a large the number of cigarettes) is the phase of a person's acquaintance with tobacco;
• in the 2nd phase, the toxic effect of nicotine gradually weakens and the pleasantly stimulating - euphoric effect of tobacco comes to the fore. Smoking becomes pleasant for a person. It is during this phase that tobacco smoke, which "has a stinking and devilish odour," becomes pleasurable both on its own and mainly as a sign of the euphoric effect associated with smoking. From now on, smokers "thrive for the stench of it and the stinking filth to taste and ... eternal torment for themselves comes forth" ("The Legend of the Origin of Tobacco"). At this phase, tobacco use, the process of smoking itself, is firmly included in the dynamic stereotype of a person, becomes habitual, necessary and desirable;
• in the 3rd phase - the phase of psychological understanding, when a person gradually begins to realize that smoking brings him not only pleasure, but also harm - various inconveniences appear when performing complex work that requires concentration, attention, speed. The Germans have a special designation for such smoking - Kettenraucher (kette - chain, raucher - smoker). Most smokers develop neuroses if they cannot smoke under certain circumstances for a long time (it was noted that smokers deprived of cigarettes became more excitable, their heartbeat, pressure, sweating increased, memory, attention, etc. sharply decreased). If a smoker is accustomed to a particular brand of cigarette, another brand can cause discomfort, coughing, wheezing, bitter taste in the mouth, dizziness and vomiting. Physiological and psychological dependence makes smoking an "inevitable job".

Statistics show that tobacco, depending on its variety, contains from 0.8 to 3% nicotine. Having smoked one cigarette, a person receives from 0.4 to 3.5 mg of nicotine (despite the fact that a dose of 4 mg of this substance causes the phenomenon of intoxication, and a dose of 60 mg is lethal). It is easy to calculate if in 1997 only in our country the amount of tobacco containing more than 5,000 tons of nicotine was consumed and in the USA - more than 8.5 thousand tons, which amounted to approximately 85 and 143 billion lethal doses, which could be with a single If we were to poison the entire population of the globe 57 times, now the amount of tobacco consumed could poison the entire population of the globe 250 times!

The results of the survey show that the age of onset of smoking for males is 7-35 years, for females - 11-38 years. Approximately 98% of smokers consider smoking harmful to themselves; about 2/3 make an attempt to quit; approximately 25% of active smokers experience general malaise and weakness, about 30% - respiratory complications: cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing during exercise; about 10% - irritability, deterioration of sleep, weakening of mental activity, decrease in the body's reserve capacity: frequent colds of infectious diseases; about 5% note coarsening of the voice, yellowing of the teeth, poor complexion.

When inhaling tobacco smoke, the temperature of the smoke in the oral cavity is about 50-60 °C. The destructive effect on the body starts with heat. To introduce smoke from the mouth and nasopharynx into the lungs, the smoker inhales a portion of the air with which the smoke from the mouth and nasopharynx enters the lungs. The temperature of the air entering the mouth is approximately 40°C lower than the temperature of the smoke. Temperature fluctuations cause microscopic cracks on tooth enamel over time. Smokers' teeth begin to decay earlier than non-smokers. The destruction of tooth enamel is facilitated by the deposition of tobacco tar on the surface of the teeth, which causes the teeth to become yellowish and the oral cavity to have a specific smell.

Tobacco smoke irritates the salivary glands. The smoker swallows part of the saliva. Toxic substances of smoke, dissolving in saliva, act on the gastric mucosa, which can eventually lead to gastric and duodenal ulcers. Chronic smoking is usually accompanied by bronchitis. Chronic irritation of the vocal cords affects the timbre of the voice.

It loses its sonority and purity, which is especially noticeable in girls and women. As a result of smoke entering the lungs, the blood in the alveolar capillaries, instead of being enriched with oxygen, is saturated with carbon monoxide, which, by combining with hemoglobin, excludes part of the hemoglobin from the normal breathing process.

Electronic cigarettes and nicotine. Whatever the manufacturers of electronic cigarettes write, they somehow bypass the harm from nicotine. When smoking e-cigarettes, nicotine also enters the lungs and is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Already 8 seconds after puffing an electronic cigarette, it enters the brain. And only 30 minutes after stopping smoking an electronic cigarette, the concentration of nicotine in the brain begins to decrease, as it begins to be distributed to all tissues and organs in the body. The ability of nicotine to bind to cholinergic and nicotinic receptors of the central nervous system and other structures, to activate opioid receptors in the brain, causes addiction to nicotine. Nicotine is one of the causes leading to Buerger's disease.

Manufacturers of electronic cigarettes forget to mention that nicotine causes cell mutations, and these mutations only increase in the next generations.

The "targets" of tobacco smoke are the most important structures of the body - blood cells, brain, lungs and nerve cells. The components of tobacco smoke affect the lumen of the lung alveoli. Tobacco smoking causes chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, digestive organs, cardiovascular system, and poisons the fetus in the womb.

Smokers suffer from all organ systems, but primarily the respiratory system. Smoker's bronchitis is well known, accompanied by a painful cough. The lungs of smokers lose their elasticity, become inflexible, which reduces their vital capacity: smokers cannot run for a long time, they develop shortness of breath, cough. After smoking a cigarette, vasoconstriction is observed for about 30 minutes. This leads to an increase in the workload on the heart. Over the years, heavy smokers develop "lameness" - pain in the limbs even with a short load. The disease can progress and lead to gangrene and the need for amputation. Smokers' teeth tend to be yellow and cracked. This contributes to the development of caries and tooth decay.

After smoking, spontaneous release of digestive juices occurs, even in the absence of food. They corrode the walls of the stomach, which leads to ulcers - a very common disease among smokers and, as a result, the appearance of bad breath. Smoking increases the risk of malignant neoplasms of the tongue, larynx, esophagus, bladder, etc.

The harmful effects of smoking do not become obvious immediately, and when they are fully manifested, it is not always easy to eliminate them or at least weaken them, and sometimes even impossible. So, the risk of getting lung cancer increases in direct proportion not only to the number of cigarettes smoked daily, but also to the length of smoking. When smoking 20 cigarettes at once, a person receives a lethal dose of nicotine. After one puff, nicotine enters the brain in 7 seconds, and in 15-20 seconds - in the toes. The death rate among smokers is 15 times higher than among non-smokers.

The risk of lung cancer as a result of smoking depends on the amount of tobacco smoked and on its quality, the danger of tobacco products is directly dependent on the content of tar and nicotine in them.

Tar from smoking accumulates in the lungs. To clean them, the elastase enzyme is activated. It breaks down the resin, but at the same time the lung tissue, destroying the lungs and reducing their ability to deliver oxygen to the blood. As a result, emphysema often develops - a serious, sometimes fatal disease.

But the main danger for a smoker is tobacco tar. It has been established that tobacco tar contains various aromatic substances and resins that can cause the development of malignant tumors - carcinogens. The most active carcinogen is benzpyrene. If a rabbit's ear is smeared several times with tobacco tar, a malignant tumor appears in this place.

The most powerful poison in the products of combustion of tobacco is carbon monoxide. Hemoglobin, a protein that supplies oxygen to organs and tissues, combines with carbon monoxide three hundred times faster than with oxygen. This causes the blood to lose its ability to carry oxygen. Tobacco smoke contains 8% carbon monoxide. The degree of oxygen deficiency after smoking one cigarette is the same as when an untrained person rises to a height of 3000 meters above sea level. If a teenager smokes, then chronic oxygen starvation leads to growth retardation, a decrease in the body's defense response to infection - immunity. The brain is especially sensitive to oxygen starvation.

A number of flavorings are added to cigarettes that are either carcinogenic themselves or produce carcinogenic products when burned.

Tobacco smoke is a hot mixture of harmful gases, vapours, liquids and solids that result from the combustion of tobacco leaves. Measurements have shown that at the end of cigarettes, cigarettes, and especially cigars, develop the temperature is very high (600-900°C). Wherein dry distillation of tobacco (pyrolysis). Many organic substances burn to gaseous products, some liquids evaporate, and solids turn into the finest microscopic dust, forming harmful substances. Thus, tobacco smoke is an aerosol of gases, liquids and solids.

The chemical composition of tobacco smoke is very complex. In forDepending on the quality, grade and composition of tobacco, 1200 components are distinguished in it.

The harmful gaseous components of tobacco smoke include: carbon monoxide ( II) (carbon monoxide) and carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde, methane, arsenic oxide ( III), ethane, nitric oxide(I ), etc. It should be taken into account that even substances that are harmless in the normal state are toxic when hot and sprayed.

Compared to gaseous liquid fractions of tobacco smoke are more diverse and toxic. Of the liquid substances that have a toxic effect on the body, more than 30 different substances have been found in tobacco smoke. acids, over 20 alcohols, 27 aldehydes and ketones, 65 ali phatic hydrocarbons and 45 phenols, forming that tank tar, essential oils. Among the many kitties lot of tobacco smoke especially strong poisons are hydrocyanic, formic and oily.

Hydrocyanic acid is a deadly poison. One drop of it is enough to instantly kill a person; it paralyzes cellular and tissue respiration. Despite the fact that the content of hydrocyanic; acid in the smoke is small, it increases oxygen starvation and disrupts the metabolism in the brain, heart and muscle tissues. Acids strongly irritate the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and alveoli, facilitating the penetration of tobacco poisons into the bloodstream and causing inflammation of the larynx, pharynx, and upper respiratory tract.

Of the subliming alcohols, the poisons are methyl vyy, ethyl, propionic, butyric and higher polyhydric alcohols, called fusel oils. They poison lung tissue, easily penetrate into the bloodstream, especially affecting the nervous system. Aldehydes and ketones are harmful decomposition products of organic substances; pain Most of them have a bitter taste. Together with Serovodo by birth and nicotine, they cause profuse salivation, nausea and the urge to vomit.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and phenols (among them benzpyrene and benzathracene), which are part of tobacco tar, lead to malignant neoplasms.

Tobacco tar and tar stick easily to thininner lining of the lungs and alveoli for normal gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. Depositing on the teeth and gums, tar leads to inflammation of the oral mucosa, the formation of brown plaque and tooth decay, which is the cause of bad breath.

Influencing the autonomic functions of the body, nicotine changes the secretion of the adrenal glands, increasing the release of the hormone adrenaline and its effect on the heart and blood vessels. Therefore, when smoking, the heart rate increases sharply, while peripheral blood vessels constrict for a long time. Per minute, the frequency of contractions increases by 20-30 beats, and vasospasm sharply increases blood pressure, disrupts the nutrition of tissues and muscles, the brain, kidneys, liver, and skin.

Nicotine is a poison that stops the conduction excitations through the nerve ganglions. In the whole body violation of this transmission prevents the nervous regulation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory and other systems, metabolism, endocrine glands. It has been established that nicotine interferes with the absorption of vitamin C by the body, destroying it, causing increased deposition of lime and cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels, which leads to sclerotic changes.

Nicotine is especially harmful to the body during muscular activity, as it disrupts blood circulation and the regulation of vital organs and muscle tissue itself. At the same time, the harm of smoking can be reduced only to nicotine would be too one-sided. Nicotine is only one of the main poisons, the narcotic effect of which which creates a craving for smoking and the formation of a harmful, anti-hygienic habit, turning into a disease - nicotine addiction. Attention should also be paid to other components of tobacco smoke that poison the body, reduce its protective properties, disrupt growth and development, contributing to the emergence of various diseases.

There are fewer solid fractions in tobacco smoke than gaseous and liquid ones, but their effect on the body is even more detrimental. These fractions include: arsenic compounds, radioactive and carcinogenic substances, soot. It is estimated that 1 ml of tobacco smoke contains 600,000 fine soot particles. They clog the lung tissue, make it difficult to breathe. Arsenic oxide ( III) is an extremely toxic compound that poisons the lungs and nervous system.

Scientists have found radioactive polonium (210 Rho) in tobacco smoke with a decay period of 138 days. When smoking, 80% of polonium passes from tobacco into smoke. It emits alpha(a) particles. When smoking two packs of cigarettes, a person emits radiation of 36 rad, and the allowable dose established by the International Council for Radiation Protection is 6 rad. Considering that tobacco smoke also contains radioactive lead C 20 Rv), bismuth (210 Bi ), (40 K ), emitting beta (B) particles, then the total radiation when smoking a pack of cigarettes reaches 50 rad. This is quite enough to cause cancer of the lips, larynx, lungs and other organs with prolonged smoking. In the lungs of smokers, 7 times more radioactive polonium was found than in non-smokers, in the liver - 3 times, in the heart - 2 times, in the kidneys - 1.5 times. Many scientists believe that the presence of these substances is more dangerous than the action of other substances in tobacco smoke combined.

Thus, when smoking, many substances in a hot mixture of gases, vapors and dust act on the body. They easily penetrate into the blood, and through the walls of the capillaries - into all cells, tissues and organs.

The education of students' intolerant attitude to smoking should begin with an explanation of the composition of tobacco smoke and disclosure of the toxic effect of its components on all organs and systems of the body.

The influence of tobacco smoke on the human body has been studied in physiological, toxicological and social terms.

Physiological studies have made it possible to find out the effect of smoking and tobacco smoke on all systems and organs. we are a person, on his mental and physical work property.

Toxicological studies have shown that tobacco smoke and its individual components have a toxic effect on living organisms, revealed the mechanism of acute and chronic poisoning when smoking.

Smoking, depending on the strength of tobacco, its doses, duration of action, leading to acute or chronic nic poisoning of the body. Acute poisoning is called a sharp violation of the vital functions of the body as a result of a single smoking of a large amount of tobacco.

The first introduction into the body of a whole complex of toxic substances of tobacco smoke causes a sharp protective reaction: salivation and tearing, nausea, breath holding, coughing with simultaneous impairment of the nervous, respiratory, circulatory and other systems. The composition of the blood changes dramatically, which has a strong effect on the medulla oblongata.

Acute poisoning is accompanied by a brain disorder blood circulation, spasm of the heart vessels, reduce change in body temperature, clouding or loss of consciousness. To provide first aid to the injured blows put on the back and apply to the forehead cold compresses, and in case of cardiac arrest - make artificial respiration, massage the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heart, and then send it to a medical facility.

Acute poisoning is especially dangerous for children and adolescents, whose protective properties and resistance to adverse conditions are much lower than in adults.

Chronic poisoning causes painful changes structural-morphological and functional nature resulting from prolonged smoking. In chronic poisoning, the activity of all vital organs and systems is disrupted, efficiency decreases, sexual impotence occurs, premature aging occurs, growth and development of the body are delayed in children. Smoking children and teenagers ki do not tolerate infectious diseases, themlower protective functions and immunity of the body, they do not resist bacterial poisons and do not withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures. It should be emphasized that for protective functions and immunity, harm but not only smoking itself, but also being in smoky premises.

It can be thought of as a series of immediate and supporting means of strikes on the main systems of the body.

The army of smokers has surpassed 1.3 billion and continues to grow. And this is despite the fact that almost 5 million people die every year from smoking. No war or epidemic does such damage to humanity as a cigarette. But people stubbornly continue to pay millions of dollars for something that kills them.

The first cigarette does not bring pleasure to anyone. After smoking, unpleasant sensations appear: dizziness, nausea, cough. But if for some reason a person decides to continue smoking, then the body gets used to nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke. In the first months, smoking can cause mild euphoria, mobilize internal resources, or vice versa, calm. But over time, these feelings disappear. Nicotine, although it is by nature a poison (toxin), is included in the metabolism. Simply put, the body gets used to the fact that this substance is constantly in the blood. When its concentration decreases, the nervous system gives a signal that it is time to replenish supplies. Then there is a desire to smoke another cigarette. Most often, from the first cigarette to the formation of nicotine addiction or tobacco substance abuse, it takes 1 year.

How does smoking affect the human body?

Tobacco smoke consists of 4000 components. The most famous of these are nicotine and tar. But other components are no less dangerous: poisons, radioactive substances, heavy metals. Don't rely on a cigarette filter to protect you. Even the most modern of them capture only 20% of the substances contained in the smoke.

How do harmful substances enter the body?

When you inhale, the temperature at the tip of the cigarette reaches 800 degrees. Under such conditions, dry distillation of tobacco occurs. This means that the inhaled air, passing through the layer of heated tobacco, carries with it volatile substances and the smallest solid particles. They penetrate the mouth, trachea, bronchi and enter the alveoli of the lungs with the air flow. Due to the fact that tobacco smoke is an aerosol of small particles, they quickly reach the most remote parts of the respiratory system. Through the wall of the alveoli, permeated with blood vessels, harmful substances easily penetrate into the blood and are carried throughout the body. So, 8 seconds after the first puff, the brain already feels the effect of nicotine.

Components of tobacco smoke	Their effect on the body	Consequences of exposure
Nicotine - one of the strongest drugs, a toxic alkaloid that causes addiction on a par with heroin. This poison is the plant's natural defense against being eaten by animals.	It acts on acetylcholine receptors, as a result of which the release of adrenaline increases. This substance causes: acceleration of the heartbeat, vasoconstriction, rapid breathing, increased pressure, activation of metabolic processes. It has a stimulating effect on the nervous system: concentration and efficiency increase, short-term memory improves, anxiety disappears, pleasure centers in the brain are stimulated. But after 20 minutes, the concentration of nicotine in the blood begins to decline. This is accompanied by inhibition of the brain, inhibition of thought processes. The smoker's acetylcholine receptors become accustomed to nicotine stimulation. The absence of it in the blood causes discomfort.	The first reaction is brain stimulation, increased concentration of attention and reaction speed, moderate euphoria. Then the excitation is replaced by inhibition: mental retardation, weakness of the skeletal muscles, trembling in the hands. In smokers, brain cells die faster than in other people. There is a theory that nicotine can cause schizophrenia. From the side of the cardiovascular system: heart attack, stroke, aortic aneurysm, arterial hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary heart disease. Digestive system: circulatory disorders lead to gastritis and peptic ulcer, the formation of gallstones. Cancer tumors. Nicotine changes the DNA structure of cells and causes cancer. Nicotine leads to the development of mental and physical dependence.
tobacco tar consists of aromatic substances and resin.	They contain substances that cause mutations in cells, leading to the formation of malignant tumors. The resins condense and deposit on the teeth, oral mucosa, vocal cords, bronchial walls, and in the alveoli of the lungs. They disrupt the work of the ciliated epithelium responsible for the cleansing of the bronchi, damage the alveolar sacs. Soot particles make the lungs susceptible to infectious diseases. Resins inhibit the immune system. It is not effective enough to destroy bacteria and malignant cells.	Cracks and yellowing of tooth enamel. Hoarseness of voice, cough. Bronchitis and emphysema. The likelihood of pneumonia and tuberculosis increases. Malignant tumors of the larynx, esophagus, lungs.
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is a product of the combustion of tobacco. It makes up 8% of tobacco smoke and is 200 times more active than oxygen is absorbed by hemoglobin.	In smokers, carbon monoxide combines with the blood, taking the place of oxygen and causing oxygen starvation. The brain suffers the most from lack of oxygen. Carbon monoxide has a toxic effect on nerve cells and disrupts the passage of a nerve signal through them. To provide the organs with oxygen, the heart works harder. Gradually, it increases in volume and wears out.	Memory impairment, decreased intelligence, exacerbation of mental illness, headaches, decreased sensitivity. Angina pectoris, arrhythmia. Myocardial infarction, cardiac asthma. Damage to the walls of the coronary arteries supplying the heart leads to heart attacks. Pneumonia.
Carcinogens: benzene, cadmium, aminobiphenyl, beryllium, arsenic, nickel, chromium.	Penetrate into the cell and damage the genetic material contained in the nucleus. As a result, the risk of the formation of malignant cells that give rise to cancerous tumors increases. Penetrating through the placenta, cause mutations in the fetus.	Cancer of the lips, tongue, larynx, esophagus, stomach, lungs. Physical and mental anomalies in a child.
Hydrocyanic acid(hydrogen cyanide) is a poisonous substance that disrupts the absorption of oxygen in tissues.	It impairs the supply of oxygen to tissues, disrupting its transfer from hemoglobin to the cell. It has a toxic effect on the nervous system. Together with ammonia, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde, it disrupts the work of the ciliated epithelium of the bronchi, which is responsible for the self-cleaning of the respiratory tract. This leads to the accumulation of tobacco tar in the lungs.	Mental abilities deteriorate. Increases the risk of heart attack. Emphysema of the lungs.
Arsenic- deadly poison.	It has a toxic effect on the kidneys, digestive and nervous systems. Damages the genetic material of cells, causing mutations and the development of malignant tumors.	Abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. Loss of strength and muscle weakness. Cardiovascular insufficiency. Depression of the central nervous system, deterioration of thinking and memory. Cancer tumors.
Radioactive components: lead-210, polonium-210, potassium-40, radium-226, thorium-228 and cesium-134.	They are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body, becoming an internal source of radioactive radiation. Radioactive isotopes contribute to cell mutation and the appearance of cancerous tumors. In the first trimester of pregnancy cause abnormalities in the development of the fetus.	They provoke asthma. Toxic effect on the kidneys. May contribute to the development of toxic nephropathy. Makes bones brittle, leading to osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures. Abortion. Cancer tumors.
free radicals very active oxygen molecules, deprived of one electron.	Once in the body, they take an electron from the molecules that make up the cells of the body, thereby damaging them and causing oxidative stress.	Premature aging of the skin, other organs and tissues. Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease. Heart disease, atherosclerosis, phlebitis, thrombosis. Chronic lung diseases. Cancer tumors.
Nitrosamines highly toxic nitrogen compounds that are formed from tobacco alkaloids.	They change the structure of the DNA molecule and lead to the growth of cancer cells.	Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland, esophagus and lungs.

The main danger is that most of the substances found in tobacco are not excreted from the body, but accumulate in it. Thus, the more cigarettes you smoke and the more solid your history as a smoker, the more harmful ingredients affect you. For example, if you smoke for more than 10 years, then the likelihood of lung cancer and adenoma increases by 5 times. Therefore, the sooner you give up this addiction, the higher the chance of maintaining health.

What are the harms of smoking?

Deterioration of the skin. Tobacco smoke contains a large amount of free radicals. They damage the molecules that make up skin cells, leading to premature aging. Vasospasm, which is observed 30-90 minutes after smoking one cigarette, disrupts the nutrition of the skin and slows down the formation of collagen by 40%. Due to the lack of elastic fibers, the skin acquires a flabby, wrinkled appearance and a grayish tint.

development of caries. The flow of hot air with resin particles damages the enamel of the teeth. It turns yellow and is covered with microcracks. Gradually, the cracks increase, bacteria and acids penetrate into them, destroying the deeper layers of the tooth and causing caries. This leads to the fact that 45% of smokers over 65 do not have their teeth. Among non-smokers, this figure is 2 times lower.

Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs. Tobacco smoke, saturated with caustic particles, irritates the mucous membrane of the mouth, larynx, trachea and bronchi, causing its atrophy. It becomes thinner and performs its protective functions worse. The villous epithelium, which should bring out foreign particles and microorganisms, does not cope with its task. The lungs become clogged, favorable conditions are created for the reproduction of bacteria. Therefore, smokers often suffer from bronchitis and pneumonia. So, 90% of people who have been smoking for more than 7 years suffer from “smoker's bronchitis”.

Chronic emphysema. Tobacco tar is deposited in the small bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. This substance leads to the destruction of cells. Small bronchioles collapse and when you exhale, the pressure in the lungs increases sharply. The walls of the alveoli become thinner and collapse, leading to the formation of cavities. The tissue of the lung ceases to be elastic and stretches, which leads to an increase in the volume of the chest. Gas exchange in the lungs is disturbed. They do not sufficiently enrich the blood with oxygen, the body experiences oxygen starvation. According to statistics, 9 out of 10 people with emphysema are smokers. The disease develops over 10-15 years if you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day.

Peptic ulcer of the stomach and 12 duodenal ulcer. Smoking reduces the production of saliva, which partially neutralizes the action of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Tobacco smoke causes the release of digestive juices in the stomach and small intestine, even if there is no food there. Active substances corrode the mucous membrane of the digestive organs, leading to the appearance of erosions. These minor injuries do not heal, but turn into ulcers due to poor blood supply and reduced immunity. Therefore, gastric ulcer in smokers occurs 2 times more often than in their peers.

Poisoning of the nervous system. Nicotine is a poison that has a toxic effect on the nervous system. This toxin affects the nervous system: the brain and cells of the intermediate ganglions that control the work of internal organs. Nicotine disrupts the passage of nerve impulses from the brain to organs and muscles. This leads to a decrease in all kinds of sensitivity. Smokers do not feel the taste and aroma so clearly, their sense of touch is disturbed, chills are often observed. Violation of the nervous regulation leads to indigestion: constipation and painful intestinal cramps.

Stroke. Smokers have a 2-fold increased risk of ischemic stroke (associated with circulatory disorders). This is the result of a sharp narrowing of the vessels of the brain or blockage of one of them with a blood clot. Vascular weakness and a short-term increase in pressure during smoking cause a rupture of the vessel, accompanied by a hemorrhage in the brain - a hemorrhagic stroke. People who smoke have it 4 times more often than their peers.

Cancer tumors. Carcinogenic components of tobacco smoke penetrate the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body. They damage the DNA of cells. Such cells with altered genetic material become the basis of a cancerous tumor. Immune suppression leads to the fact that insufficient killer cells are produced in the body. Their task is to recognize and destroy mutated cells. In smokers, this mechanism of protection against cancer is impaired, and they often become victims of oncological diseases. So 90% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Cancer often affects other organs: lips, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, kidneys, prostate, rectum, pancreas and thyroid glands.

Osteoporosis. Tobacco toxins stimulate the production of two proteins that are responsible for flushing calcium from bones. These substances activate osteoclast cells, which are responsible for the destruction of old bone tissue. Therefore, in smokers, bones are destroyed faster than they are restored.

Vascular disorders. Under the influence of tobacco combustion products, the walls of blood vessels become dense, insufficiently elastic, brittle and covered with cracks. The content of cholesterol in the blood increases, which is deposited on the walls in the form of atherosclerotic plaques. They narrow the lumen of the vessel. The likelihood of thrombus formation and inflammation of the vein wall around it increases. The separation of a blood clot can cause sudden death. The narrowing of the coronary vessels, which provide the work of the heart, provokes the development of coronary heart disease and heart attack.

Obliterating endarteritis. In smokers, blood flow in the extremities is reduced by 35-40%. The reason lies in the chronic vasospasm and the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of the vessels. In addition, a violation of the conduction of nerve impulses leads to a decrease in sensitivity. The disease begins with rapid fatigue, intermittent lameness. Later, tissues deprived of blood supply and innervation die off, and gangrene begins.

Slow wound healing. The deterioration of blood circulation and a decrease in metabolism lead to the fact that skin cells do not divide actively enough. As a result, wound healing is slower. It has been noticed that smokers have 50% more width of the scar formed at the site of surgical sutures.

Visual impairment and tearing caused by the irritating effect of tobacco smoke and optic nerve atrophy. With increased sensitivity in smokers, swelling of the eyelids may occur. The narrowing of the vessels of the eyeball disrupts the function of the retina, leads to the death of its cells, which negatively affects visual acuity.

Sexual problems. Premature ejaculation, reduced potency, deterioration in sperm quality - these problems are associated with impaired blood supply to the genital organs. Due to vasoconstriction and damage to the arteries, blood flow to the penis worsens, which reduces the quality of erection. The spermatozoa of smokers are not sufficiently mobile and less capable of fertilization, as they have been exposed to nicotine and other substances. If the fusion of the egg and the sperm damaged by nicotine did occur, then the fetus is worse attached to the wall of the uterus.

What are the social and psychological causes of smoking?

Thanks to films, the image of a brutal man or a femme fatale is inextricably linked with smoking. In adolescence and adolescence, young people strive to make the same impression. They try to raise their social status with the help of this “attribute of adulthood”. In addition, young people are not convinced by the data on long-term health effects. Therefore, the army of smokers is mainly replenished by people under 21 years old.

Sociologists have conducted research to identify the social and psychological causes of smoking. Young people were asked "Why did you start smoking?". Opinions were divided in this way.

Curiosity 40%. In the mind of most non-smokers, the thought periodically arises: “What kind of pleasure does a smoking person get, what sensations does he have?”
The desire to join the company - 20%. A person is driven by the fear of becoming an outcast in a smoking company. This applies to both groups of teenagers and adults who have come to a new team. It seems that the most important issues are resolved in the smoking room. And who does not smoke, he remains outside of public life.
Peer pressure - 8%. Smoking peers often agitate to "try", ridicule those who do not smoke.
Stress Relief - 6%. The life of teenagers is full of stress, internal conflicts and quarrels with others. Their nervous system is not yet stable and young people resort to smoking to relax.

Psychologists who study nicotine addiction identify a number of socio-psychological reasons.

1. Self-affirmation in the eyes of peers, the desire to become cooler.
2. Striving to be an adult. Prove your “maturity” to yourself and others.
3. Extra pleasure. They start smoking in a comfortable situation: on vacation with friends, drinking alcoholic beverages.
4. Nothing to keep yourself busy. Smoking helps pass the time, replaces computer games.
5. Impress and live up to expectations. To create an image of a tough guy, young people have to smoke.
6. According to Freud, smoking is a consequence of "oral fixation". Up to a year, all the pleasant moments are associated with sucking. If for some reason to deprive him of a child, then a psychological trauma remains for life and oral fixation occurs. An adult who has endured such a situation continues to suck a pen, bite his nails or smoke.
7. The pleasure of the process, playing with a cigarette, the opportunity to purchase beautiful accessories: ashtrays, lighters, smoke rings.
8. Increasing concentration and performance. The first 15-20 minutes after smoking a cigarette, the brain works more productively. Some use this effect to improve performance.
9. Conditioned reflex. For some, a break at work, drinking alcohol, coffee may be associated with smoking. A person reaches for a cigarette only in these situations.
10. Fear of gaining weight. Smoking activates the metabolism. Therefore, people who are trying to lose weight at any cost resort, including smoking.
11. Lack of awareness about the dangers of smoking. So most young women do not know how dangerous smoking is for future offspring.
12. Heredity. There is a theory that if a mother smoked during pregnancy, then her child, having matured, will be prone to smoking, as he constantly lacks nicotine.

No smoking law

On February 23, 2013, Federal Law No. 15-FZ "On protecting the health of citizens from the effects of second hand tobacco smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption" was adopted. He is called:

• protect non-smokers from the effects of passive smoking;
• protect youth from the temptation to join the ranks of smokers;
• help to get rid of addiction, those who already smoke.

This law is successfully fulfilling its mission. Cigarette consumption has already fallen by 8%. Experts say that the document will save 200,000 lives a year. And this, you see, is a significant figure.

What methods are used to fight smoking, according to the law?

• Smoking ban in public places which entered into force on June 1, 2014. Smoking is prohibited in workplaces, in rooms where they teach, treat and provide a variety of services. The ban applies to trains, platforms, railway stations, airports, restaurants, clubs, beaches, playgrounds, stairwells of apartment buildings, and places of trade. Smoking a cigarette is allowed only in specially designated areas or rooms equipped with ventilation. Although such restrictions caused an uproar among the smoking part of the population, they nevertheless helped to significantly reduce the number of cigarettes smoked.
• Rising prices for cigarettes. Minimum prices for cigarettes have been set and excises on tobacco products have increased. The government believes that a standard pack of cigarettes should cost at least 55 rubles in order to significantly reduce the demand for them.
• Marking on a pack of cigarettes. Each pack must contain truthful information about the content of nicotine and other harmful substances, as well as one of the warning labels about the dangers of smoking. They are placed on the front side and occupy 50% of the area. The inscription on the back of the pack must occupy at least 30%.
• Information fight against smoking. Education should be carried out in the family, at school and at work, as well as in the media. The goal is to teach people to take care of their health and provide comprehensive information about the dangers of smoking.
• Tobacco advertising ban. Commercials and promotions that are aimed at promoting smoking or any brand of tobacco products are prohibited. Smoking is prohibited in films and programs for children. But in programs for an adult audience, smoking scenes should be accompanied by captions with anti-advertising.
• Medical assistance aimed at combating nicotine addiction. Physicians are required to diagnose a smoker's psychological and physical addiction to nicotine. It is the duty of the health worker to explain to the person what risks he is exposed to and to help get rid of the bad habit.
• Restriction of trade in tobacco products and prohibition of illegal trade. Tobacco products can now only be sold in shops or trade pavilions. Putting packs of cigarettes on display is prohibited. Instead, there should be an alphabetical listing with prices, but no product logos or other advertising elements. It is forbidden to sell cigarettes a hundred meters from educational institutions. It is forbidden to trade at railway stations, service enterprises, in premises occupied by authorities and youth organizations.
• Protecting children from tobacco use. It is forbidden to sell cigarettes to minors. Therefore, the seller has the right to demand a passport to make sure that he does not commit a crime.

There are different types of liability for violation of this law. For example, for smoking in the wrong place, you will have to pay a fine of up to 50 thousand rubles. But if your health was harmed due to non-compliance with the norms of the law, then it is possible to demand compensation from the culprit.

How to quit smoking?

E-Sigs

Electronic Cigarette- a high-tech device that simulates the process of smoking. Its main parts:

• indicator light - simulates the fire of a cigarette;
• the accumulator providing work of a cigarette;
• steam generator - a spray device that creates steam;
• a replaceable cartridge that contains a liquid that determines the taste of the vapor. One cartridge replaces a pack of regular cigarettes.

When you take a puff, a stream of air passes through the steam generator and a fragrant vapor is formed, consisting of the smallest particles of smoking liquid. Its advantage over a regular cigarette is the absence of tobacco combustion products: tar, carcinogens. In addition, others do not suffer from tobacco smoke.

Electronic cigarettes are considered by some as a means to help people quit smoking. It can help reduce physical dependence on nicotine. In the initial stages, e-liquid with a high nicotine content is used. After a while, it is replaced with another liquid with a lower nicotine content. Thus, they are gradually switching to a nicotine-free filler.

Negative aspects of electronic cigarettes

Experts say that these devices are no less harmful than traditional tobacco products. It is possible that they are much more dangerous than expected.

Facts about the dangers of electronic cigarettes:

Synthetic components and flavorings are used to create liquids, which penetrate deep into the lungs. Regular inhalation of such substances can lead to bronchial asthma and other undesirable consequences.

Vapor has been proven to contain glycerol and its esters, propylene glycol, combustion products of flavors and substances emitted by the materials from which the cigarette is made. These components are harmful to health, they have a toxic effect on the body and cause kidney pathology.

Smoking is a bad example for children. They don't care what their parents smoke. Therefore, there is a high risk that children will become addicted to this bad habit.

WHO experts propose to ban the use of electronic cigarettes until serious clinical trials are carried out and a law regulating their production is worked out.

Since June 1, 2013, the sale of electronic cigarettes has been banned in Russia in accordance with the law on the prohibition of smoking. These devices fit the description of “tobacco-imitating products” and are therefore subject to the ban.

Medications to help you quit smoking

Name of the drug	Mechanism of action	Reception scheme
Nicotine-like drugs for the treatment of persistent physiological nicotine addiction
Tabex (Cytisine)	The drug contains a substance of plant origin - cytisine. It activates the respiratory center, increases the level of adrenaline and excites the nervous system. Tabex has a nicotine-like effect. This allows you to alleviate unpleasant symptoms after quitting smoking, improve concentration and increase efficiency without cigarettes. Cytisine binds to the same receptors as nicotine. Therefore, if you smoke while taking the drug, then nicotine remains in the blood in an unbound state and causes unpleasant sensations: nausea, dizziness. This makes you want to quit smoking completely.	The first three days take 1 tablet 6 times a day, every 2 hours during the day. Take a break for the night. The less you smoke during this period, the better your health. 4-12 days of treatment - 5 tablets per day. One every 2.5 hours. 13-16 days - 4 tablets, with a break of 3 hours. 17-20 - 3 tablets per day. One at a time, 5 hours apart. 21-25 days 1-2 tablets per day. If it was not possible to reduce the craving for smoking, then the treatment is suspended and repeated after 2-3 months.
lobelin	Lobeline is a plant alkaloid derived from the leaves of Indian tobacco. It has the same stimulant properties as nicotine, but without the harmful properties. Lobelin binds to nicotine-sensitive receptors and reduces the withdrawal symptoms that occur after quitting cigarettes. It reduces irritability, headache increases efficiency.	Take 10-15 drops or 1 tablet 4-5 times a day. The course of treatment is 7-10 days, in some cases it can be extended up to 3 weeks. With long-term treatment, the drug is used 2-3 times a day.
Gamibazin (Anabasin)	A plant-derived substance similar in properties to nicotine. Stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers in the brain. The active substance - anabasin is contained in the leafless barnyard. It binds to nicotine receptors. Therefore, in order not to cause poisoning, it is necessary to stop smoking for the duration of treatment.	Pills. 1-5 days - 8 tablets per day. Dissolve under the tongue. 6-12 days - 6 tablets per day. In the future, every 3 days the dose is reduced by one tablet. The total duration of treatment is 25 days. Chewing gum. This form can be used if you decide to quit smoking right away or to reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke. The first 5 days of treatment, 1 gum 4 times a day. It must be chewed and laid on the cheek. When the feeling of bitterness and tingling has passed, chew the gum a little and place it behind the cheek again. Thus, nicotine will be released in small portions. Every 3-4 days the dose is reduced by 1 gum. The course of treatment is 12 days. Film. The film is glued to the gum or the inner surface of the cheek. The first 3-5 days use 4-8 films per day. From the 5th to the 8th day 3 times a day. Further, the dose is reduced every 4 days. The course of treatment is 15 days.
Nicotine patch Nicorette Analogues: nicotine patches Nicoderm, Nikotrol, Habitrol, Nikitin.	The patch consists of a translucent synthetic material and contains nicotine. Its use allows you to get rid of the withdrawal syndrome. Eliminates sleep disturbance, increased appetite, irritability, decreased attention. In order to get rid of dependence, it is necessary to gradually reduce the dose of nicotine. To do this, 3 types of patches are produced with high, medium and low nicotine content.	For people with high nicotine addiction (up to 2 packs of cigarettes per day), the following scheme is recommended: Nicorette 25 mg - 8 weeks. Nicorette 15 mg - 2 weeks. Nicorette 10 mg - 2 weeks. For those who smoked 1 pack a day, it is recommended to start treatment immediately from the 2nd step. For patches from other manufacturers, the treatment regimen is similar. The patch is applied to clean, dry skin in the morning and removed in the evening. In order for nicotine to be freely absorbed on the skin, there should not be a thick hairline.
Nicotine-free drugs are used in people with less than 5 years of smoking experience
Champix	The active substance blocks the receptors, making them insensitive to nicotine. As a result, a person ceases to enjoy smoking. There are unpleasant sensations associated with intoxication of the body.	1-3rd day 1 tablet at a dosage of 0.5 mg. 4-7 days 2 tablets of 0.5 mg. From day 8, you must stop smoking. From this moment, take 2 tablets (1 mg each) for 11 weeks.
Wellbutrin (Bupropion) (Zyban)	An antidepressant used to combat nicotine addiction. It has a stimulating effect on the psyche, accelerates the release of energy in cells, increases sexual desire, promotes weight loss. It also relieves the anxiety and depression that can accompany smoking cessation.	From the 1st to the 7th day, 1 tablet after meals. After that, take 2 tablets per day. The duration of treatment is 7-9 weeks.

Remember that all of the listed drugs are medicines, have contraindications and can cause side effects. Therefore, be sure to consult your doctor about which remedy and in what dosage is right for you.

Psychological help to quit smoking

90% of smokers try to get rid of nicotine addiction on their own. To do this, it is enough to make a firm decision and create sustainable motivation for yourself.

Think about which of the effects of smoking scare you the most. There are a lot of them:

• Gangrene and amputation of the legs;
• cancerous tumors;
• Decomposition of the lungs;
• Sudden death due to stroke or heart attack;
• Asthma and bronchitis in children who are victims of passive smoking.

Write on one half of the sheet a list of unpleasant consequences that await the smoker. On the other half is a list of "bonuses" that you will get by quitting: beautiful skin, white teeth, fresh breath, healthy lungs... Place this leaflet so that it is constantly visible and keeps you motivated.
Get yourself a piggy bank. Set aside every day the amount you spent on smoking. Periodically give yourself nice gifts with the money you save.

Don't look for signs of withdrawal. Studies have shown that the likelihood of developing a withdrawal syndrome is not so great. If you still notice that your memory has deteriorated, and it has become more difficult to concentrate, then take a tincture of ginseng or eleutherococcus. These natural stimulants, no worse than nicotine, activate the activity of the nervous system and metabolic processes, and in addition, they will help to quickly cleanse the body of toxins.

Who can help in the fight against nicotine addiction?

For individual or group psychotherapy, you can contact a narcological dispensary or a psychologist specializing in getting rid of addictions. Statistics say that psychotherapeutic assistance increases the chances of success by 1.5 times.

Get free help from a psychotherapist can be in state and municipal medical institutions. A prerequisite is a referral from your attending physician from the clinic. In addition, free consultations can be obtained in rehabilitation centers.

Paid consultations can be obtained from public health facilities without a referral. As well as in non-state psychiatric and neuropsychiatric institutions and with a private psychotherapist.

Many effective psychological techniques have been developed to help quit smoking.

1. Methodology of Vladimir Zhdanov

   The technique is known as the Four Stinky Breaths. Its goal is to cause a persistent aversion to smoking. To do this, you need to taste tobacco smoke, chew it.

   When you feel like smoking, do not inhale the smoke into your lungs, but hold it in your mouth. Tilt your head back, close your nose, and chew the smoke vigorously with your mouth closed. After 20 seconds, a nasty aftertaste will appear in your mouth. Continue chewing for another 10 seconds, and then push the smoke into your lungs. Unpleasant sensations and the urge to cough will appear - these are the receptors that are designed to protect you from tobacco smoke. To fix the result, take 2 more puffs of “chewed” smoke.

   Fourth breath - tighten on full lungs. Then cough up the smoke by tensing your abdominal muscles. After that, write down on the pack the date and time when you took 4 stinky breaths. After that, you can't smoke. If the urge to inhale becomes irresistible, then repeat the smoke chewing technique.

   Video lectures by Professor Zhdanov help to strengthen motivation. They act in two directions: they clearly demonstrate the harm from smoking and create the necessary psychological mood.

2. Allen Carr "The Easy Way to Quit Smoking"

   The technique was developed over 30 years ago. Statistics say that every year, thanks to it, 1 million people quit smoking. The purpose of the technique is to help a person quit smoking without willpower, drugs or other aids.

   The essence of the technique is described in the book of the same name. Briefly describe this method can be 2 points.

   1. Make a firm conscious decision that you will never smoke again.
   2. Enjoy your new life and don't get depressed.
   The book is very reasoned to show why you should stop smoking, and what benefits you get by making a choice in favor of a healthy lifestyle. This helps to get rid of doubts and temptations to smoke the “last cigarette”.
   
3. Smoking coding

   This method is based on hypnotic suggestion and bio-electrical influence on the subconscious. Coding helps to develop a conditioned reflex directed against smoking.

   The purpose of coding is to inspire a person with an aversion to smoking. Coding is carried out by psychologists and psychotherapists. In some cases, priests and traditional healers own this method.

   Only a person who has already decided to quit smoking can be coded. In the event that he came following the persuasion of relatives, then the effect of coding will be short-lived. Another condition for successful coding is the qualification of a specialist.

   Hypnosis and acupuncture help to enhance the effect on the psyche. Some successfully use the placebo effect. The patient is told that after taking a mega-effective drug, he will never have the desire to smoke again. And although under the guise of a medicine in a capsule there may be ordinary sugar, the idea is firmly rooted in the mind that there is no more craving for tobacco.

4. Neuro-Linguistic Programming. Swing technique

   This technique is based on the reprogramming of the subconscious. Its purpose is to create in the subconscious mind a vivid image of what you want to become. It is suitable for almost all people and helps to get rid of different types of addiction at the same time. NLP is used by psychologists, but you can get rid of bad habits on your own.

   The swing technique consists of five steps.

   Stage 1. Answer the questions.

   • Why do I smoke?
   • How does this change my life?
   • What are the benefits of smoking for me?
   Stage 2. Determine the motive for quitting smoking.
   • What can I achieve by quitting smoking?
   • What benefits will I get if I quit smoking?
   Stage 3. Formation of a negative image of the "starter key"

   Imagine a not-too-pleasant picture of smoking. For example, a yellow bony hand holding a cigarette.

   Stage 4. Formation of a "positive image"

   Imagine a positive picture of yourself proudly telling your friends that you have overcome your addiction.

   Stage 5 Change of images.

   Imagine a negative image, and then replace it with a positive one. Take a short break and repeat the exercise. Gradually increase the pace of changing pictures. You can accompany them with a wave of your hand or a snap of your fingers. The positive image should become more and more vivid in your mind, and the negative image should become clouded until it completely disappears.

5. Acupuncture

   This smoking cessation technique was developed more than 40 years ago by the Chinese neurosurgeon H.L. Venom. It is based on the fact that smoking is a conditioned reflex - the path that a nerve impulse travels in the brain. When nervous excitement once again passes along this path, there is a desire to smoke.

   The goal of acupuncture is to eradicate this reflex. By acting on the reflex points on the auricle or wrist, the specialist interrupts the passage of impulses along the reflex path.

   Sessions should be conducted by an experienced reflexologist. The duration of the sessions is 20-80 minutes. To get a lasting result, one needs 2 sessions, while others need 10-20.

Remember that the only condition that will allow you to quit smoking once and for all is your firm and conscious desire to get rid of this bad habit. If you are determined to get rid of addiction, then you will definitely succeed!

Smoking coding

The effect of nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke on the human body

The main active ingredient in tobacco is, of course, nicotine. According to its pharmacological action, nicotine is a respiratory stimulant. But it was not used in clinical practice due to its high toxicity. Nicotine is a drug that affects nicotine-sensitive cholinergic receptors (n-cholinergic receptors) of the nervous system and has a two-phase effect - the first stage - excitation is replaced by a depressing effect. It affects both peripheral and central n-cholinergic receptors.

Nicotine has a pronounced stimulating effect on the chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus zone, which is accompanied by reflex excitation of the respiratory and vasomotor centers, and with an increase in the concentration of nicotine in the blood, their inhibition is observed. In addition, nicotine excites the n-cholinergic receptors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal glands and, in this regard, increases the release of adrenaline.

Under the influence of nicotine, blood pressure rises (due to excitation of the sympathetic ganglia and the vasomotor center, increased release of adrenaline and direct vasoconstrictive myocardial influence), the heart rate first slows down (excitation of the center of the vagus nerve and intramural parasympathetic ganglia), then significantly increases (stimulating effect on the sympathetic ganglia and release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla). Nicotine also increases the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland, which leads to inhibition of urine output by the kidneys (antidiuretic action). The biphasic action of nicotine is manifested both in relation to the tone of the digestive tract (intestinal motility first increases, and then the intestinal tone decreases), and in relation to the activity of the secretory function of the glands (the function of the salivary and bronchial glands is first increased, then the phase of oppression follows).

Nicotine also has a significant effect on the central nervous system, it contributes to easier excitability of the cerebral cortex and midbrain. At the same time, a two-phase action is also observed: when using the substance, first a short-term phase of excitation, and then a long-term inhibition. As a result of the effect of nicotine on the cerebral cortex, the subjective state noticeably changes. Like any narcotic drug, smoking tobacco causes a short-term stage of euphoria. Short-term excitation of mental activity is due not only to the action of nicotine, but also to irritation of the nerve endings of the oral cavity and respiratory tract by aggressive components of tobacco smoke and a reflex effect on cerebral circulation. In high doses, nicotine causes convulsions. Nicotine has the ability to cause the so-called withdrawal syndrome. With prolonged use, as happens with a smoker, nicotine ceases to stimulate breathing, and with the cessation of use causes its oppression. This is related to the discomfort that a person experiences when quitting smoking. This condition develops during the first day and can last one to two weeks.

In acute nicotine poisoning, hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are noted. Bradycardia is replaced by tachycardia. Blood pressure rises, shortness of breath turns into respiratory depression. The pupils are first constricted, then dilated. There are disorders of vision, hearing, and convulsions. Help in this case is mainly aimed at maintaining breathing, since death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center.

Mild signs of acute nicotine poisoning (sore throat, a nasty taste in the mouth, nausea, there may be vomiting, rapid pulse, convulsions, an increase in blood pressure) are usually observed during the first attempts to smoke. All these unpleasant sensations associated with the first cigarette are not accidental. This is a defensive reaction of the body, and we must use it to refuse the next cigarette. Until the time has come. when it won't be easy.

Chronic nicotine poisoning is usually associated with tobacco smoking. However, it should be borne in mind that: tobacco smoke contains other toxic substances. Symptoms of chronic poisoning are quite diverse. Typical inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and obstruction of the bronchopulmonary tree. There is a violation of the acidity of gastric juice and intestinal motility, as well as many other problems.

When smoking, there is a sharp decrease in the oxygen content in the blood. The carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) contained in tobacco smoke binds to hemoglobin, leading to an increase in the level of carboxyhemoglobin, which can be 15 times higher than that of non-smokers. Thus, the amount of free hemoglobin, which is the carrier of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, is reduced. In this regard, smokers develop chronic tissue hypoxia, including the brain, which significantly impairs their performance.

Ammonia, formaldehyde and other aggressive substances in tobacco smoke irritate the mucous membrane of the mouth, larynx, trachea, bronchi, so smokers often have loose gums, sores in the mouth, the throat often becomes inflamed, which leads to tonsillitis. , hoarseness appears. Toxic substances in tobacco smoke inhibit the activity of alveolar macrophages, which leads to a decrease in the activity of local immune factors and the development of chronic infectious and inflammatory processes.

In recent years, scientists have paid close attention to substances that cause cancer. These primarily include benzopyrene, radioactive isotopes and other tobacco tar substances. If a smoker takes smoke into his mouth and then exhales it through a handkerchief, then a brown stain will remain on the white fabric. This is tobacco tar. It is especially high in cancer-causing substances. Many of these substances have not only toxic, but also mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on cells. This means that they disrupt the normal functioning of the genetic apparatus of the cell, causing the formation of mutant, including tumor cells (if a rabbit's ear is smeared with tobacco tar several times, then a cancerous tumor forms in the animal).

When complex mixtures of toxic compounds (such as tobacco smoke) act on the body, the components that make up the composition can multiply the damaging effect of each other. So, for example, carbon monoxide or fine smoke particles, while not having mutagenic activity, still contribute to the formation of tumor cells in the bronchi and lungs due to disruption of the local immune system (for example, they inhibit the activity of alveolar macrophages).

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