Scientists have deciphered the most ancient alphabet on earth. Category alphabets Types of alphabets in the world

Leonova Alina

Research project "In the world of alphabets. What alphabets are there?"

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Municipal educational institution "Secondary school"

with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 36"

In the world of alphabets.

What alphabets are there?

Saransk, 2013

Introduction

Target: acquaintance with different types of alphabets and their significance in human life.

Tasks:

1. Familiarize yourself with the materials on the origin of the alphabet.
2. Find out the meaning of the word "alphabet".
3. Explore different types of alphabet.
4. Assess the importance of the alphabet in human life.

Object of study: alphabet.

Subject of study:technology, technique of constructing icons at different times.

Research methods:analysis, comparison, description.

Relevance: Project research has shown significant possibilities for humans to use a variety of alphabets to receive and transmit information.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Alphabet

1.1. Origin of the alphabet

1.2. The concept of "alphabet"

Chapter 2. Types of alphabet

2.1. Outdated alphabets

2.3. Telegraph alphabet

2.4. Braille

Conclusion

Bibliography

Applications

Introduction

The first attempt to save the word was a picture. It took hundreds of years for it to become familiar - a conventional combination of dashes, wedges and lines. But what did you have to do to be understood? Draw every object? Every word? Is part of a word a syllable? What could be more interesting than exploring what is, at first glance, obvious? And what, if not language, do we use every day? And, as you know, in language there is such a thing as an alphabet. This is what I want to talk about.

Chapter 1. Alphabet

1.1. Origin of the alphabet

In 1947, during archaeological excavations in Jordan, manuscripts in Hebrew were found on the shores of the Dead Sea. In the 1st century BC, these scrolls were hidden from the Roman conquerors. In them, scientists read one of the early versions of the Bible. The manuscript was written in syllabary. This writing was used until the number of words increased hundreds of times (it was no longer possible to remember all the syllables denoting different words). So gradually the need arose to divide the word into smaller parts than syllables - into letters. Moreover, each letter must represent its own sound. Scientists, unfortunately, do not have a single version about the origin of the first alphabet. Most likely, this great invention did not belong to any one person and, like all changes in language, happened gradually. The first alphabet appeared in Greece in the 1st millennium BC. It is believed that the Greeks borrowed their letter from the Phoenicians, adding new, missing signs to indicate vowel sounds. The Phoenician language had 22 consonant syllabaries, which were taken as the basis for the letter icons of the new Greek alphabet. In 403 BC, the so-called Ionic alphabet was officially introduced in Athens, the main Greek city, which was then adopted throughout Greece. After the advent of the alphabet, all the sounds of a language could be easily written using a small number of letters. The first books began to appear. They were handwritten: they were written on sheets of papyrus by monastic scribes. Such books have reached us; they are called manuscripts. In the modern world, there are already dozens of different alphabets, but they all trace their origins to the first Greek alphabet, which was once born on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

1.2. The concept of "alphabet"

Alphabet – these are all the letters of the Russian language, arranged in a certain order. Each letter in the alphabet has its own strictly defined place and its own name. The words alphabet and alphabet mean the same thing. The word alphabet came to us from the Greek language. It is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: “alpha” and “vita”. Word ABC came to us from the Old Church Slavonic language. It is formed from the names of the first two letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet: “az” and “buki”. The spelling, shape and number of letters has constantly changed over time, but now we have a Russian alphabet consisting of 33 letters. People communicate with each other using words. Words are made up of letters. Letters form various words, and it is words that give us the concept of a particular object or event.

Chapter 2. Types of alphabet

2.1. Outdated alphabets

The first Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - was created based on the Greek alphabet in 863. We still use this alphabet (of course, in a modified version). The Slavic alphabet is named Cyrillic in honor of its creator, Kirill. Cyril developed an alphabet based on the Greek alphabet together with his brother Methodius. They are often called the Thessaloniki brothers, since they come from the Greek city of Thessaloniki (otherwise called Thessaloniki). They even created 2 alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic, but Glagolitic was forgotten over time (in Rus' it was used only in the very first years of the development and spread of writing). Our Russian alphabet comes from the Cyrillic alphabet. On its basis, the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Bulgarian alphabets were also created - that’s why these languages ​​are so similar. Of course, the alphabet that we use now bears little resemblance to the ancient Old Church Slavonic alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet is in many ways similar to our modern script. If you look at the letters of this alphabet, you will see that many letters have disappeared from our modern use:

yus big and yus small (they denoted nasal vowels; these sounds remained in Polish and French);

instead of fita and fert we use the letter f;

instead of zelo and earth - the letter z;

instead of yat and is - the letter e;

xi and psi.

Many Cyrillic letters have changed their style over time. The names of modern letters have also become shorter. Cyrillic letters originally also had a numerical meaning, that is, they were used instead of numbers. Starting from the time of Peter I, the Cyrillic alphabet, from which some letters were excluded, received the name of the Russian civil alphabet. Thus, a slightly modified Cyrillic alphabet formed the basis of our modern alphabet.

2.2. Alphabet of ancient “dead languages”

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the most letters - 72 - are contained in the Khmer language alphabet, the fewest - 12 (a, e, g, i, k, o, p, r, s, t, u, v) - in the language alphabet Rotokas of Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea). The oldest letter of the alphabet is the letter "o", which has remained unchanged in the same form in which it was adopted in the Phoenician alphabet (about 1300 BC). This letter there designated a different, consonant sound, but the modern “o” came from it. The most ancient was the alphabet of the city-state of Ugarit, known since the Middle Ages. 2nd millennium BC e., the order of signs in which corresponds to the order of signs in Phoenician, Hebrew and some others. From the Phoenician alphabet come the Greek and Aramaic alphabets, which gave rise to most modern writing. The Greek alphabet serves as a model for the creation of the Latin alphabet. During the era of the Roman Empire, the Latin language and writing became widespread. Its influence intensified in the Middle Ages due to the transition to Christianity of all the peoples of Europe. In the early Middle Ages, under Greek influence, the creation of the Old Slavic Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets and other alphabets took place, where the order, names and shape of the characters exactly, or with certain changes, corresponded to the Greek. Latin is considered a dead language - it is not a spoken language, but can be used in specialized literature (for example, medical, cited in a historical context). Latin is one of the most ancient written Indo-European languages. A large number of words in European (and not only) languages ​​are of Latin origin. The Latin alphabet is the basis for writing many modern languages.

2.3. Telegraph alphabet

Morse code, “Morse code” (Morse code began to be called only from the First World War) - a method of character coding (representation of letters of the alphabet, numbers, punctuation marks and other symbols by a sequence of signals, for example, long and short: “dashes” and “dots” ). The duration of one point is taken as a unit of time. The duration of a dash is equal to three dots. The pause between elements of one character is one dot, between characters in a word is 3 dots, between words is 7 dots. Named after the American inventor and artist Samuel Morse. The original Morse code table was significantly different from the codes that are heard on amateur bands today. Firstly, it used messages of three different durations (“dot”, “dash” and “em dash” - 4 times longer than the “dot”). Secondly, some symbols had pauses within their codes. The principle of Morse code encoding is based on the fact that letters that are more often used in the English language are encoded with simpler combinations of dots and dashes. This makes learning Morse code easier and transmissions more compact. Morse code is a means of transmitting messages in places where other means are not available.

2.4. Braille

Braille is a dotted font designed for writing and reading by blind people. Developed in 1824 by the Frenchman Louis Braille, the son of a shoemaker. Louis, at the age of three, lost his sight as a result of eye inflammation, which began when the boy injured himself with a saddlery knife (like an awl) in his father’s workshop. At the age of 15, he created his raised dot typeface, inspired by the simplicity of artillery captain Charles Barbier’s “night type,” which was used by the military of the time to read dispatches in the dark. Louis took into account such a disadvantage of the “night font” as the large size of the characters, which limits the number of characters per page.

To represent letters, Braille uses 6 dots arranged in two columns, 3 in each. One of the features of Braille is that the text is written from right to left, then the page is turned and the text is read from left to right. When writing, dots are pierced, and since you can only read by convex dots, you have to write text on the reverse side of the sheet. This is one of the difficulties when teaching this font. Points are numbered from top to bottom in columns. The numbering of points when recording is in reverse order - first along the right column, then along the left: point 1 is in the upper right corner, below it is point 2, in the lower right corner is point 3. In the upper left corner is point 4, below it - point 5, in the lower left - point 6. Later, the extended Braille system appeared, where two more points were added: 7 under point 3 and 8 under point 6. The presence or absence of dots (punctures) in the cell gives a specific symbol. Since special writing instruments are used to write in Braille - a device and a stylus, Braille letters cannot be changed in size or emphasized, or their configuration can be changed in any way. Therefore, to highlight letters and words, special characters are used: capital and small letters (placed in front of the desired letters), italics, bold and bold fonts (signs are placed before and after the highlighted characters), superscript and subscript, mathematical root (one character is placed at the beginning , another at the end) and so on.

2.5. Mathematical and computer alphabet

When a letter, essay is written, a report or lecture is read, then within a certain time the thought is expressed using correctly selected sentences. When reading a book, article or other printed information, there is a relationship between a chain of a number of sentences that define certain arguments. In mathematics, sentences are also used, which are written both in the native language and in a mathematical language where various symbols are used. Mathematical sentences are meaningful and connected in a logical structure. Any sentence, as a rule, is formed from words, and words, in turn, are composed from letters of the required alphabet. The mathematical alphabet consists of Arabic numerals from zero to nine, Latin symbols used to denote variables, signs to indicate actions, relation signs, and symbolic notations such as parentheses and commas.In mathematical logic and mathematics, alphabet is a frequently used synonym for set. The elements of the alphabet are called symbols (sometimes letters) by analogy with the symbols (letters) of natural alphabets. As in natural languages, in mathematics, alphabetic symbols are usually used as elementary parts of more complex objects - words, formulas, etc. Examples of finite alphabets are the alphabets of natural languages, the alphabet underlying Morse code, and the alphabet generally accepted for representing information in COMPUTER. The set of natural numbers provides a characteristic example of an infinite (countable) alphabet.

Conclusion

Today we take the alphabet for granted, forgetting what an extraordinary invention it is. The value of the alphabet lies in its elegant simplicity, in its ability to express sounds with twenty or thirty individual letters. It may seem strange that the ancients spent so much time creating an alphabet, having struggled for millennia with incredibly cumbersome writing systems such as hieroglyphs.All our letters have had a difficult journey.But the alphabet seems simple and understandable only because it is familiar to us. This is one of those rare inventions that was successful due to its simplicity, but the invention itself was not an easy feat.A good knowledge of the alphabet helps a person in life. By studying the history of the alphabet, we study the history of our language, the history of our country. So let’s be educated, smart and continue to study the Russian language, its history and current state.

Bibliography

1. Morse code http://ru.wikipedia .

2. Types of alphabetshttp: ru.science.wikia.com .

3. Encyclopedia “Around the World”

Modern scientists consider writing one of the characteristic features of civilization. The ancients considered it a divine gift. One way or another, it was writing that became an important step in the transfer of accumulated experience. In our review of 10 ancient writing systems. Some are still used today, while other scientists have not been able to fully decipher them.

1. Braille

This is the only tactile writing system on this list. Braille was invented in 1821 by blind Frenchman Louis Braille, who was inspired by “night writing,” a code of raised dots used by the French military. Up to this point, Braille had been able to read books with raised letters, but he also wanted to write books. Braille eventually invented his own writing system, which used just six dots to represent a letter (night writing used 12 dots). During Braille's lifetime, this system did not gain much popularity, but after his death it became a means of written communication for the blind and visually impaired. Today, Braille has been adapted into a huge number of languages ​​around the world.

2. Cyrillic

In the 9th century AD, the Greek brothers Methodius and Cyril invented two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic, as a writing system for the Old Church Slavonic language. The Cyrillic alphabet, which was derived from the Glagolitic alphabet and the Greek alphabet, eventually became the preferred system for writing Slavic languages. Cyrillic is used today in the writing of many Slavic languages ​​(Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Belarusian and Serbian), as well as a number of non-Slavic languages ​​that came under the influence of the Soviet Union. Throughout history, the Cyrillic alphabet has been adapted to write more than 50 languages.

3. Cuneiform

Cuneiform is known as the earliest known writing system in the world. It first appeared in the 34th century BC. among the Sumerians (who lived in the territory of modern southern Iraq). Cuneiform was adapted to write several languages ​​(including Akkadian, Hittite and Hurrian), and later the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets were based on it. For more than 3,000 years, cuneiform was very common in the Middle East, but it was gradually replaced by the Aramaic alphabet. Cuneiform finally disappeared in 100 AD.

4. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs

Egyptian hieroglyphs are believed to have originated shortly after Sumerian cuneiform, around 3200 BC. Along with the well-known hieroglyphs, there are two other ancient Egyptian writing systems: hieratic (used primarily for religious purposes) and vernacular (for most other purposes). This writing system served as inspiration for the creation of the first alphabet.

5. Chinese writing

Chinese writing is not only famous for being used by a huge number of people, but also for being one of the oldest continuously used writing systems in the world. It originated in the 2nd millennium BC and is used to this day. Initially, symbols were pictograms that showed similarities with what the symbol meant. Each pictogram represented a whole word. Chinese characters have been adapted into other languages ​​due to China's enormous influence in East Asia. Chinese characters were adopted by the Koreans and Japanese (the meaning of the symbols), as well as the Vietnamese (the sound or meaning of the symbols). In the 20th century, Chinese writing was divided into two main forms: traditional and simplified in order to increase the country's literacy rate.

6. Brahmi

Numerous writing systems used in South Asia are descended from Brahmi. Over the next millennium, Brahmi divided into dozens of regional systems, which began to be associated with the languages ​​of their respective regions. The southern group of these scripts spread throughout Southeast Asia, while the northern group spread to Tibet. Today, the Brahmi script is used in many Asian countries (especially India), and is also used for religious purposes in areas where Buddhism is common.

7. Arabic writing

Due to the large number of people speaking Arabic, as well as the widespread use of Islam, the Arabic alphabet has become the second most commonly used alphabet in the world. The Arabic script is used mainly in North Africa, Western and Central Asia. The alphabet originated around 400 AD. (200 years before the rise of Islam), but the spread of Islam and the writing of the Koran led to major changes in the Arabic writing system.

The Greek alphabet was a huge step forward in the development of alphabets, especially since vowels were distinguished separately for the first time. The Greek alphabet has been around since 800 BC. to this day, and over its long history it has been used to write Hebrew, Arabic, Turkish, Gaulish and Albanian. They tried to use Greek writing back in Mycenaean Greece, but the Greek alphabet was the first successful attempt, which was already implemented in Ancient Greece. The Greek alphabet had a huge influence on other writing systems; it was on its basis that the Cyrillic and Latin alphabet arose.

The Latin alphabet is the most widely used alphabet in history. The Latin alphabet, which emerged as a variant of the Greek alphabet around 700 BC, quickly spread first across Europe and then throughout the world. The Latin alphabet spread following the expansion of the Roman Empire into Western Europe, and then with the spread of Christianity in the Middle Ages into Central and Northern Europe. Some Slavic languages ​​also began to use this alphabet with the adoption of Catholicism. European colonization then brought the Latin alphabet to the Americas, Africa, Oceania and Asia.

9. Proto-Sinaitic and Phoenician writing

Proto-Sinaitic writing was the first alphabet, and as such it is effectively the parent of almost all alphabetic writing systems that came after it. It originated in Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula around 1900 BC. and was inspired by Egyptian hieroglyphs. Phoenician writing is a direct descendant of Proto-Sinaitic and differs little from it. It was widely distributed by Phoenician merchants throughout the Mediterranean, and came to be used as the alphabet of several languages.

People have always strived for knowledge of the secret. , which set out complex and mysterious rituals, is the key to communicating with the other world. True, many of these books were never read by anyone.

In the modern era, there are many alphabets. There are alphabets of the peoples of the world used for communication, “dead” and lost, international and alphabets for technical purposes.

In addition to the Russian alphabet, our website discusses in detail other popular and in-demand alphabets:

Popular alphabets:

Today it is difficult to imagine the life of mankind without the alphabet. However, once upon a time he was not there. It is interesting to look at the origins of the first alphabets, to understand the idea of ​​their creation, the first experience of use.

The emergence of the alphabet

With the development of Homo sapiens, an urgent need arose to develop a unified way of transmitting history, advice and traditions from generation to generation. Initially, drawings and spoken word were used to solve this problem. The carriers of information were people who passed on their knowledge to generations through speech. However, this method was ineffective. The accumulation of knowledge, changes in speech concepts and the subjective perception of oral transmission of data led to inaccuracies and the loss of many important aspects of history. Therefore, humanity is faced with the need to develop a unified system for transferring accumulated knowledge.

Northern Syria is considered the ancestor of the alphabet; the creation of the alphabet marked the beginning of the development of writing.

Egypt is called the ancestor of writing, but it was used in the 27th century BC. Egyptian hieroglyphs cannot be considered an alphabet in the usual sense. Over time, the alphabet developed, changed by various peoples, and new systems and letters were developed.

The word “alphabet” itself has an ancient history; the word appeared after the emergence of the first alphabet, only 700 years later.

The word “alphabet” in its familiar sound appeared in the Phoenician alphabet by combining its first two letters into one word.

International alphabet

There is an international alphabet developed in 1956 by the ICAO. This is the phonetic alphabet accepted for use by most international organizations, including NATO. The basis for its creation was the English language. The alphabet includes letters and numbers with a fixed sound. Essentially, the international alphabet is a set of sound signals. The alphabet is used for radio communications, transmission of digital codes, military signals and identification names.

Popular alphabets

Each language has its own alphabet: English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, German, Italian and others. English is considered to be an international language, it is studied in educational institutions, it is used at international conferences, it is used for negotiations, and it is often installed by default in computer programs and information systems. Most of the languages ​​are branches of Latin. Therefore, in the fields of science and medicine, the Latin alphabet is the undisputed leader.

alphabetonline.ru - Russian alphabet online

1. The longest alphabet in the world is Cambodian. It has 74 letters.

2. At one time, the ampersand sign (&) was a letter of the English alphabet.

3. The Taki language, spoken in parts of French Guinea, consists of only 340 words.

4. Benjamin Franklin in the 18th century.

I found more than 200 synonyms for the word drunk in English.

5. Residents of Papua New Guinea speak approximately 700 languages ​​- this is approximately 15% of all languages ​​in the world.

6. The United Nations has six official languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.

7. The Chinese dialect Mandarin is the most widely spoken language in the world, with more than 885 million speakers. In second place is Spanish (332 million), in third is English (322 million). Russian is in seventh place on this list (170 million).

8. There are over 1,000 different languages ​​on the African continent.

9. There are more than 40,000 characters in Chinese writing. The hieroglyph difficulty, trouble is depicted by the same pair of hieroglyphs as the word “woman”.

10. Priests, lawyers and doctors use an average of 15,000 words in their everyday life. Skilled workers - 5-7 thousand words, and farmers - about 1600.

11. The word virus in Latin means poison, and the anthology means a bouquet of flowers.

12. In the vast majority of languages ​​in the world, the word mom begins with the letter M.

“Technology for Youth” No. 02/2011

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A collection of symbols, icons, unusual letters and patterns that can be used both to design a status and to decorate your nickname or name on any social network.

Icons and symbols for statuses

Latin letters in circles:

ⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻⒼⒽⒾⒿⓀⓁⓂⓃⓄⓅⓆⓇⓈⓉⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏ
ⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖⓗⓘⓙⓚⓛⓜⓝⓞⓟⓠⓡⓢⓣⓤⓥⓦⓧⓨⓩ

Uppercase and lowercase letters of the Greek alphabet:

ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩ
αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυφχψω

Inverted letters (Latin and Russian alphabets):

zʎxʍʌnʇsɹbdouɯlʞɾıɥƃɟǝpɔqɐ
ʁєqqıqmmҺtskhfʎɯɔduоnwvʞiεzhǝ6ɹʚgɐ

Emoticons:

㋛ ソ ッ ヅ ツ ゾ シ ジ ｯ ﾂ ｼ ﾝ 〴 ت ☺ ☻ ☹

Roman numerals:

ⅠⅡⅢⅣⅤⅥⅦⅧⅨⅩⅪⅫ
ⅰⅱⅲⅳⅴⅵⅶⅷⅸⅹⅺⅻ

Numbers in circles:

⓵⓶⓷⓸⓹⓺⓻⓼⓽⓾➊➋➌➍➎➏➐➑➒➓
⓪➀➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➈➉⑪⑫⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳
⓿ ❸ ❹ ❾ ❿ ⓫ ⓬ ⓭ ⓮ ⓯ ⓰ ⓱ ⓲ ⓳ ⓴‡ˆ‰‡ˆ‰‡ˆ‰

Zodiac sign icons:

♈♉♊♋♌♍♎♏♐♑♒♓

Flowers and snowflakes:

✽ ✾ ✿ ✥ ❀ ❁ ❃ ❄ ❅ ❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ✢ ✣ ✤ ❋ ٭ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ⁂

Asterisks:

✪★☆✫✬✭✮✯✰⋆✧✩✵✦

Chessmen:

♔♕♖♗♘♙♚♛♜♝♞♟

Hand, index finger:

☚☛☜☝☞☟✌

Message and mail icons:

✉✍✎✏✐✑✒

Card suits with symbols (hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades):

♡ ♢ ♣ ♤ ♦ ♧

Notes:

♪ ♫ ♩ ♬ ♭ ♮ ♯ ° ø

Mathematical fractions:

⅟ ½ ⅓ ¾ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞

Integrals:

∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∯ ∰ ∱ ∲ ∳

Currency signs:

$ € ¥ £ ƒ ₣ ¢ ¤ ฿ ₠ ₡ ₢ ₤

Checkmarks (Nike icon):

Trademark, Copyright, Registered:

Hearts:

♡ ღ ❥ ❤ ❣ ❢ ❦ ❧

Crosses, crosses:

☩ ☨ ☦ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✠ † ┿

Crosses (close, delete):

☒ ☓ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✇ ☣

Circles and circles:

۝ ∅ ❂ ○ ◎ ● ◯ ◕ ◔ ◐ ◑ ◒ ◓ ⊗ ⊙ ◍ ◖◗ ◉ ⊚ ʘ ⊕ ⊖ ⊘ ⊚ ⊛ ⊜ ⊝

Arrows:

↔↕←↖↗→↘↓↙˿≪«»↨⇦⇧⇨⇩⇐⇑⇒⇓⇔⇕⇖⇗⇘⇙⇚⇛⇄⇅⇆⇇⇈⇉⇊↺↻↰↱↲↳↴↵↶↷￩￪￫￬➜➝➞➟➡➥➦➨➩➪➯➱➲⋖⋗⋘⋙⋚⋛⋜⋝≤≥≦≧≨≩≪≫≲≳⇜⇝↫↬↚↛↜↝↞↟↠↡↢↣↤↥↦↧⇢⇣⇪

Triangles:

▲◣◢ ◥▼△▽ ⊿◤◥ △ ▴ ▵ ▷ ▸ ▹ ▻ ▼ ▽ ▾ ▿ ◀ ◁ ◂ ◃ ◄ ◅ ◬ ◭ ◮

Squares and blocks:

❏ ❐ ❑ ❒ ▀ ▄ □ ■ ◙ ▢ ▣ ◘ ◧ ◨ ◩ ◪ ◫ ▤ ▥ ▦ ▧ ▨ ▩ ▱ ▰ ▪ ▫ ▬ ▭ ▮ ▯ ◊ ◈ ☰ ☲ ☱ ☴ ☵ ☶ ☳ ☷ ░ ▒ ▓ ▌█▉▇▆▅▄▃▂

Face emoticons:

͡๏̯͡๏ ٩(̾●̮̮̃̾ ̃̾)۶ ٩(●̮̮̃●̃)۶ ٩(-̮̮̃-̃)۶ ٩(͡๏̯͡๏)۶ ٩(-̮̮̃ ̃)۶ ٩(×̯×) ۶ ( ̪●) d-_-b

Letters for nicknames and statuses:

A -Ꭿ 凡 Ꮨ ∀ ₳ Ǻ ǻ α ά Ά ẫ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ä ª ä Å À Á Â å ã â à á Ã ᗩ ᵰ

B—ℬ Ᏸ β ฿ ß Ђ ᗷ ᗸ ᗹ ᗽ ᗾ ᗿ Ɓ ƀ ხ 方 ␢ Ꮄ

C—☾ ℭ ℂ Ç ¢ ç Č ċ Ċ ĉ ς Ĉ ć Ć č Ḉ ḉ ⊂ Ꮸ ₡ ¢

D—ᗫ Ɗ Ď ď Đ đ ð ∂ ₫ ȡ

E—ℯ ໂ ६ £ Ē ℮ ē Ė ė Ę ě Ě ę Έ ê ξ Ê È € É ∑ Ế Ề Ể Ễ é è ع Є є έ ε

F—ℱ ₣ ƒ ∮ Ḟ ḟ ჶ ᶂ φ

G—Ꮹ Ꮆ ℊ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ġ ġ Ģ ģ פ ᶃ ₲

H—ℍ ℋ ℎ ℌ ℏ ዙ Ꮵ Ĥ Ħ ħ Ή ♅ 廾 Ћ ђ Ḩ Һ ḩ♄

I—ℐ ℑ ί ι Ï Ί Î ì Ì í Í î ϊ ΐ Ĩ ĩ Ī ī Ĭ ĭ İ į Į Ꭵ

J—ჟ Ĵ ĵ ᶖ ɉ

K—₭ Ꮶ Ќ k ќ ķ Ķ Ҝ ҝ ﻸ ᶄ

L—ℒ ℓ Ŀ ŀ £ Ĺ ĺ Ļ ļ λ ₤ Ł ł ľ Ľ Ḽ ḽ ȴ Ꮭ ￡ Ꮑ

M—ℳ ʍ ᶆ Ḿ ḿ ♍ ᗰ ᙢ 爪 ♏ ₥

N—ℕ η ñ ח Ñ ή ŋ Ŋ Ń ń Ņ ņ Ň ň ʼn ȵ ℵ ₦

O—ℴ ტ ٥ Ό ó ό σ ǿ Ǿ Θ ò Ó Ò Ô ô Ö ö Õ õ ờ ớ ọ Ọ ợ Ợ ø Ø Ό Ở Ờ Ớ Ổ ổ Ợ Ō ō

P—ℙ ℘ þ Þ ρ Ꭾ Ꮅ 尸 Ҏ ҏ ᶈ ₱ ☧ ᖘ ק ァ

Q -ℚ q Q ᶐ Ǭ ǭ ჹ

R—ℝ ℜ ℛ ℟ ჩ ᖇ ř Ř ŗ Ŗ ŕ Ŕ ᶉ Ꮢ 尺

S—Ꮥ Ṧ ṧ ȿ ى § Ś ś š Š ş Ş ŝ Ŝ ₰ ∫ $ ֆ

T—₸ † T t τ ΐ Ţ ţ Ť ť ŧ Ŧ ィ 干 Ṫ ṫ ナ Ꮏ Ꮖ テ ₮

U—∪ ᙀ Ũ ⋒ Ủ Ừ Ử Ữ Ự ύ ϋ Ù ú Ú ΰ ù Û û Ü ử ữ ự Џ ü ừ Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ ų Ų ű Ű ů Ů

V—✔ ✓ ∨ √ Ꮙ Ṽ ṽ ᶌ \/ ℣ ʋ

W—₩ ẃ Ẃ ẁ Ẁ ẅ ώ ω ŵ Ŵ Ꮤ Ꮃ ฬ ᗯ ᙡ Ẅ ѡ ಎ ಭ Ꮚ Ꮗ ผ ฝ พ ฟ

X—χ × ✗ ✘ ᙭ ჯ Ẍ ẍ ᶍ ⏆

Y—ɣ Ꭹ Ꮍ Ẏ ẏ ϒ ɤ ￥ り

Z—ℤ ℨ ჳ 乙 Ẑ ẑ ɀ Ꮓ

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Beautiful letters

On this page beautiful letters for nicknames. Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet and Latin.

Cyrillic letters

Ꭿ ₳ Ǻ ǻ α ά Ǡ ẫ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ä ª ä Å À Á Â å ã â à á Ã ᗩ @ Ⱥ Ǟ

ℬ Ᏸ β ฿ ß ᗷ ᗽ ᗾ ᗿ Ɓ Ᏸ ᗸ ᗹ ᛔ

ℰ ℯ ໂ ६ Ē ℮ ē Ė ė Ę ě Ě ę Έ ê Ê È € É Ế Ề Ể Ễ é è عЄ є έ ε Ҿ ҿ

Ũ ũ Ū ū Ŭ ŭ Ù ú Ú ù Ҋ ҋ

ᛕ ₭ Ꮶ Ќ k ќ ķ Ķ Ҝ ҝ ᶄ Ҡ ҡ

ጠ ᛖ ℳ ʍ ᶆ Ḿ ḿ ♍ ᗰ ᙢ 爪 ♏ ₥

ਮ ዘ ዙ ዚ ዛ ዜ ዝ ዞ ዟ ℍ ℋ ℎ ℌ ℏ ዙ Ꮵ Ĥ Ħ Ή Ḩ Ӈ ӈ

০ ℴ ტ ٥ Ό ó ό σ ǿ Ǿ Θ ò Ó Ò Ô ô Ö ö Õ õ ờ ớ ọ Ọ ợ Ợ ø Ø Ό Ở Ờ Ớ Ổ ổ Ợ Ō ō Ő ő Ӫ ӫ

թ ℙ ℘ ρ Ꭾ Ꮅ 尸 Ҏ ҏ ᶈ ₱ ☧ ᖘ ק ₽ Ƿ Ҏ ҏ

Ⴚ ☾ ℭ ℂ Ç ¢ ç Č ċ Ċ ĉ ς Ĉ ć Ć č Ḉ ḉ ⊂ Ꮸ ₡ ¢

Փ փ Ⴔ ቁ ቂ ቃ ቄ ቅ ቆ ቇ ቈ ᛄ

Letters

Letters in circles:

Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ Ⓔ Ⓕ Ⓖ Ⓗ Ⓘ Ⓙ Ⓚ Ⓛ Ⓜ Ⓝ Ⓞ Ⓟ Ⓠ Ⓡ Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓤ Ⓥ Ⓦ Ⓧ Ⓨ Ⓩ ⓐ ⓑ ⓒ ⓓ ⓔ ⓕ ⓖ ⓗ ⓘ ⓙ ⓚ ⓛ ⓜ ⓝ ⓞ ⓟ ⓠ ⓡ ⓢ ⓣ ⓤ ⓥ ⓦ ⓧ ⓨ ⓩ

Ꭿ ∀ ₳ Ǻ ǻ α ά Ǡ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ä ª ä Å À Á Â å ã â à á Ã ᗩ @ Ⱥ Ǟ

ℬ Ᏸ β ฿ ß Ђ ᗷ ᗽ ᗾ ᗿ Ɓ ƀ ხ ␢ Ᏸ ᗸ ᗹ ᛔ

1. Nushu

The southern Chinese province of Hunan has used a unique alphabet called Nushu since the 12th century. The wonder of it is that Nushu is used exclusively by women. This is their secret alphabet. The fact is that before the onset of the 20th century, before the revolution in China, girls in Hunan Province were prohibited from going to school, which is why they were deprived of the opportunity to learn normal characters. The old women taught the girls the Nushu alphabet - their own, ladies' version of Chinese hieroglyphic writing.

Unlike Chinese, the letters of the Nushu alphabet represent an entire syllable. There are about a thousand of these letters. It may seem like learning 1000 characters is a very difficult task. However, educated Chinese know 7 times more signs for transmitting sounds.

2. Runes

Scandinavian epics tell that runic writing was invented by the supreme god Odin after he hung on a tree for 9 days without food or drink. The rune alphabet was used by the peoples of Northern Europe from the 1st to the 12th centuries. They not only wrote with runes, they used them to tell fortunes. Therefore, each symbol of the Varangian alphabet meant both a separate sound and a whole word filled with secret meanings.

In 1980, runic tablets for fortune telling came back into fashion and began to be used by soothsayers along with decks of Tarot cards. It is believed that runes predict the future more accurately if they are personally drawn with the blood of the god Odin.

3. Calligrams

The religions of the Near and Middle East, Judaism and Islam, have since ancient times forbidden believers to draw living creatures, so as not to create idols for themselves. And artists have come up with a surefire way to get around the ban, using the art of creating calligrams - visual images made up of small words. If we take these words from sacred texts, then they can be used to draw even a peacock, even an elephant (just not a pig, please), and no one will say anything bad.

So Islamic calligraphers got excited. Using verses from the Koran, they began to depict animals, human figures, plants, inanimate swords and mosques. Around the 9th century, Jewish artists invented the so-called. micrography is the art of creating pictures from small letters of the Hebrew alphabet.

4. Tifinagh

The ancient Libyan script "Tifinagh" comes from the ancient, highly modified Phoenician alphabet. Tifinagh is similar to the alphabet of alien invaders from science fiction movies, but it is still used in North Africa by the Berbers - the indigenous inhabitants of Morocco and Algeria. Tifinagh was also used by the indigenous inhabitants of the Canary Islands - the Guanches, who mixed with the Spaniards and adopted Latin writing. Until 2003, the use of the Ancient Libyan script was prohibited in Morocco for political reasons, but it is now the official script of the Berber people.

The most interesting thing about tifinagh is what it consists of - straight and acute angles, bold dots and perfect circles. In some ways it resembles runes, in some ways it resembles an electronic circuit. Having visited some areas of Algeria and read the signs and inscriptions on the walls, you can feel like you are on another planet. And be close to the truth.

Mysterious alphabets, like mysterious languages, die, becoming unnecessary. If a people wants to preserve its identity, it preserves its alphabet, no matter how unnecessary it may be. Thus, only an Indian can become a full member of the North American Cherokee tribe who passes an exam on knowledge of the Cherokee script, developed by the red-skinned “Clematis,” Chief Sequoyah, in 1819 on the basis of a misunderstood Latin alphabet.

Someday we will definitely visit the Indian cryptographers, and now we will continue to study the seven most unusual writing systems on Earth.

5. Voynich Manuscript

The manuscript, called the Voynich manuscript, dates back to the early 15th century and is 240 parchment pages of the greatest mystery. It is written in an unknown alphabet, unlike any other writing system, so to this day this strange manuscript with drawings has not been deciphered. There is not a single word in the book longer than 10 letters. The drawings in color depict plants, astronomical symbols and a lot of nonsense. The question arises: what was the author smoking? By the way, Voynich is a revolutionary of Russian origin who bought a mysterious script from the Jesuits in 1912. His wife wrote a bestseller from the time of our grandmothers, the novel “The Gadfly.”

To answer the question about smoking, you need to plunge into the abyss of theories. There are many versions of the authorship and language of the Voynich manuscript: this is the language invented by the author himself; it is a real language, but carefully coded; it is nonsense with a hidden message; the author did not smoke anything, he is crazy. Latest version: the text is written in the “proto-Ukrainian” language. Now the manuscript is at Yale University, and the one who solves it and translates it into human language is entitled to respect and respect.

6. Nasi

The Naxi people live in southwest China. This ethnic Lolo-Burmese minority numbers 309 thousand people. The Naxi writing system, called Naxi or Dongba, has been around for a thousand years and is so complex that it takes 15 years to learn how to use it.

The Nasi alphabet seems simple and funny, because, like a comic book, it consists of pictures - pictograms. People, animals... But in fact, in Nasi’s texts everything is very confusing, whole words either fall out of the narrative outline or are replaced by “alien” pictures. Nowadays, only a few elderly priests speak the Dongba alphabet. Young people use the Latin alphabet.

7. Witches' alphabet

An alphabet or encryption system of unknown origin, also known as the Theban alphabet. The table of correspondence between witch and Latin letters was first published in 1519 in the manuscript “Polygraphy”, and its authorship is attributed to a certain Honorius from the city of Thebes. It is unknown whether this person is real or fictitious.

Nowadays, adherents of the Western neo-pagan religion Wicca, invented by Gerald Gardner, a retired official who suddenly felt like a sorcerer, have shown interest in the Theban Letter. Wiccans believe in magic and are full of secrets. They use the witches' alphabet to write secret texts and create tattoos. It's fashionable now.