Spanish verbs. Irregular verbs in Spanish Spanish irregular verbs

Moods

In order to immerse yourself in the grammar of the Spanish language, let’s return briefly to the school course of the Russian language.

Do you remember that in Russian there are moods:

• indicative - when we imagine the process as real,
• imperative - when we order or ask to do something,
• conditional - when we talk about possible or desirable actions.

The same moods exist in Spanish. Plus, one more thing is added to them - the subjunctive, which will be discussed later.

Time

Each mood has its own branched system of tenses. There are many more of them than in Russian, sixteen to be exact. But don’t be alarmed in advance – we will gradually master them.

And let's start studying the aspectual-tense system of the Spanish verb from the simplest tense - present indicative. Presente de Indicativo.

This tense is used to indicate

• simple action happening at the moment:

Yo escucho la música.
I listen to music.

• long-term action that began in the past and continues to the present:

Estudiamos El idioma español.
We are studying Spanish.

• repeating actions in the present:

Siempre compramos frutas en este mercado.
We always buy fruits at this market.

• actions planned for the near future:

Mañana voy a Cusco.
Tomorrow I will go to Cusco.

In today's lesson we will talk about regular Spanish verbs in this tense.

Regular verbs

All regular verbs are divided into three groups depending on their ending:

• verbs ending in -AR,
• verbs starting with -ER,
• verbs starting with -IR,

As in Russian, Spanish verbs are conjugated. Verb conjugation depends on personal pronouns (see lesson 4).

Verbs starting with -ar

Learn a few verbs of the first group.

bailar - to dance
cantar - to sing
cenar - to have dinner
comprar - buy
desayunar - to have breakfast
escuchar - listen
estudiar - to study
fumar - to smoke
hablar - to speak
practicar - to practice, to practice
preguntar - to ask
trabajar - to work

Using the example of a verb hablar get acquainted with the conjugation of verbs of the first group.

habl-ar – to speak

In place of the ending –ar we substitute new endings.

Please note that the word You in Spanish it behaves differently than in Russian. Is our You with a capital letter for one person takes the same ending as words He And she. And the word You for a group of people has the same endings as the word They.

Let's look at examples of how these verbs behave in speech:

Yo trabaj o en un colegio.
I work at school.

Tú cant as muy bien.
You sing very well.

Mi hermano no problem a la música classica.
My brother doesn't listen to classical music.

Mi hermana bail a muy bien.
My sister dances very well.

Usted no fuss a¿verdad?
You don't smoke, do you?

Nosotros practical amos taekwondo.
We practice taekwondo.

¿Estudi áis ustedes much?
Do you study a lot?

Los niños pregunt an demasiado.
Children ask too much.

Hoy ustedes cen an en el restaurant Praga.
Today you are having dinner at the Prague restaurant.

Order of words in a sentence

• As you can see from the examples, in negative phrases the negative particle no comes before the verb: Usted no fuma.
• In interrogative sentences without a question word, the word order is as follows - first the verb-predicate, then the pronoun or noun-subject: ¿ Estudiá is ustedes mucho?
• In interrogative sentences with a question word, the question word comes first, then the verb, and after it the subject, expressed by a pronoun or noun: ¿ Dó nde trabaja Usted? - Where do you work?

Some question words

qué - what
quién - who
de qué - from what, about what
de quién - whose, whose, whose
de quiénes - whose
como - how
donde - where
de donde - from where
a donde - where
por qué - why

¿ Quien trabaja en el hospital?
Who works at the hospital?

¿ Có mo canta tu amiga?
How does your friend sing?

All interrogative pronouns in Spanish are written with a graphic accent mark!

As I discussed in Lesson 4, personal pronouns are sometimes omitted in Spanish because grammatical person can be identified by the form of the verb used: ¿De hablas? - What are you talking about?

Learn a few verbs of the second group.

Verbs starting with -er

beber - to drink
comer - eat, eat
creer - to believe
leer - read
romper - to break
vender - to sell
ver - to see

Conjugation of verbs of the second group

com-er – eat, eat

Tú com es mucho.
You eat a lot.

Yo no com o dulces.
I don't eat sweets.

¿Com e s ceviche?
Do you eat ceviche?

Learn a few verbs of the third group.

Verbs starting with -ir

abrir - open
escribir - to write
recibir - to receive
subir - raise, lift, rise
vivir - to live

Conjugation of verbs of the third group

viv-ir – live

Mis amigos viv en en Moscow.
My friends live in Moscow.

No viv o con mis padres.
I don't live with my parents.

¿Dónde viv es?
Where do you live?

Now let's put three tables together to have all the information in one place.

Comments on the table:

• Regardless of the group, all verbs in the first person singular end in -O:hablo , como , vivo .
• Verbs ending in - ar keep the vowel - a in all forms except first person singular: habl a s, habl a, habl a mos, habl á is, habl a n.
• Verbs ending in - er keep the vowel e in all forms except first person singular: com e s.com e.com e mos, com é is, com e n.
• The conjugation of verbs of the third group is similar to the conjugation of verbs of the second group, with the only difference being that in the forms We And You instead of a vowel - e a vowel appears - i: vivi mos, viví s.
• In the endings of second person plural verbs, the vowel is always stressed: hablá is, comé is, viví s.

Lesson assignments

1. Pedro nunca (preguntar) ………………… en clase, es muy tímido.

Pedro never asks in class, he is very modest

2. ¿(hablar) ………………… español tu esposo?

Does your husband speak Spanish?

3. ¿(bailar)…………………salsa ustedes?.

Do you dance salsa?

4. Mis hijos (estudiar) ………………… en el colegio Pitágoras.

My children study at the Pythagoras school.

5. Yo no (fumar) ………………… .

I do not smoke.

6. ¿Por qué no (comer) …………………, hijo?

Why don't you eat, son?

7. ¿Qué (vender) ………………… en la farmacia?

What do they sell at the pharmacy?

8. Los rusos (leer) …………………

Russians read a lot.

9. Mi abuela (creer) ………………… en Dios.

My grandmother believes in God.

10. No (ver) ………………… muy bien.

I can't see very well.

11. ¿(recibir) ………………… vosotros cartas?

Are you receiving letters?

12. Nosotros (vivir) ………………… mucho tiempo en La América Latina.

We live a lot of time in Latin America.

13. Mario (escribir) ………………… una composición.

Mario is writing an essay.

14. Yo (subir) ………………… las escaleras.

I go up the stairs.

15. Tú (abrir) ………………… la ventana.

You open the window.

1. español / habláis / no / vosotros
2. casa/desayunamos/en/nunca
3. en/María/un/compra/supermercado/productos
4. estudio/dos/yo/idiomas
5. tú / en / hospital / el / trabajas / grande
6. bebe / vodka / por qué / esposo / tu
7. donde/tus/viven/amigos
8. restaurante / comen / un / en / mis / clientes
9. el/tú/abres/en/libro/página/la/25
10. mi/esposo/carros/vende

1. ¿Cómo te llamas?
2. ¿De donde eres?
3. ¿Dónde lives?
4. ¿Dónde trabajas?
5. ¿Dónde estudias?
6. What does it mean?
7. ¿De qué hablas?
8. ¿Por qué estudias español?
9. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa?
10. ¿Fumas?
11. ¿Qué deporte practicas?
12. ¿Qué vino tomas?
13. ¿Qué música escuchas?
14. ¿Qué libros lees?
15. ¿Bailas bien?

Task 1. Write the verb in the correct form.

1. pregunta
2. Habla
3. Bailan
4. estudian
5. comes
6. venden
7. Recibís
8. vivimos
9. escribe
10. abres

Task 2. Make up phrases from these words. Translate these phrases.

1. Vosotros no habláis español. -You don't speak Spanish.
2. Nunca desayunamos en casa. – We never have breakfast at home.
3. María compra productos en un supermercado. – Maria buys groceries in the supermarket.
4. Yo estudio dos idiomas. – I am studying two languages.
5. Tú trabajas en el hospital grande. – You work in a big hospital.
6. ¿Por qué bebe vodka tu esposo? – Why does your husband drink vodka?
7. ¿Dónde viven tus amigos? – Where do your friends live?
8. Mis clientes come en un restaurante. – My clients eat in some restaurant.
9. Tú abres el libro en la página 25. – You open the book on page 25.
10. Mi esposo vende carros. – My husband sells cars.

Task 3. Answer the questions.

Your answers will, of course, differ from mine. But I’ll still answer it myself so that you have an example of the correct answers.

1. ¿Cómo te llamas? - Me llamo Oksana.
2. ¿De donde eres? – Soy de Rusia.
3. ¿Dónde lives? – Vivo en el Perú.
4. ¿Dónde trabajas? – Trabajo en el Centro Cultural Ruso.
5. ¿Dónde estudias? - No estudio.
6. What does it mean? – Como la comida peruana.
7. ¿De qué hablas? – Hablo de mis hijos.
8. ¿Por qué estudias español? – Por que me gusta el idioma.
9. ¿Dónde compras tu ropa? – Compro ropa en el Centro Comercial.
10. ¿Fumas? - No, no fumo.
11. ¿Qué deporte practicas? – Practico taekwondo.
12. ¿Qué vino tomas? – Tomo vino blanco.
13. ¿Qué música escuchas? – Escucho la música pop.
14. ¿Qué libros lees? – Leo novelas policiacas.
15. ¿Bailas bien? - No, no bailo bien.

Spanish verbs It's not very difficult to learn. Spanish verbs there is a lot in the language, but not all spanish verbs are equally often used in speech. The more spanish verbs a person knows, the richer his oral speech. However, memorizing thousands of Spanish verbs is superfluous; in everyday life they are rarely needed and you can do just fine without them. There are 100 of the most important and necessary Spanish verbs that you need to know! There are a lot of Spanish verbs in the language, but not all of them are used equally often in speech. The table below contains the most common Spanish verbs with the corresponding translation into Russian. This article contains rules for conjugating regular Spanish verbs, as well as the Spanish verbs themselves with conjugation forms in the main tenses. So, first of all, it should be noted that Spanish verbs are conjugated: they change according to persons, numbers, moods and tenses. It is also important to take into account that Spanish verbs are conjugated in relation to four main categories, known as moods: demonstrative, subjunctive, imperative and conditional. Spanish verbs can be used in two voice forms: active (voz activa) and passive (voz pasiva). In addition to the personal verb forms (number, person, mood, voice), the Spanish language also contains impersonal or impersonal (sometimes called infinitive) indeclinable forms, which every Spanish verb must have. To conjugate Spanish verbs, it is also necessary, first of all, to remember their functioning within the framework of fifteen tenses, divided into eight simple tenses and seven complex or compound tenses . All Spanish verbs in the Spanish language, in relation to the presence of features of their formation, are traditionally divided into two main categories: regular and deviant. The peculiarities of conjugation of regular Spanish verbs can be demonstrated by the example of changes in their forms in Indicativo pesente (see table of Spanish verbs). It is necessary to learn only the most important and most commonly used Spanish verbs. In this article you can familiarize yourself with Spanish verbs and a table of Spanish tenses. Spanish has many more verb forms than Russian. This can be explained by the fact that in Russian many features of tense are conveyed using additional words, while in Spanish they are conveyed using a specific form of the verb. There are 8 tenses in the indicative mood of Spanish. The tense of a Spanish verb in Spanish is chosen based on its meaning. For example, “I broke a glass” can be translated into Spanish in two ways: “Rompí el vaso” or “He roto el vaso.” In the first case, the action took place in the past. In the second option, it is implied that the glass has just been broken, and that the fragments are still visible, i.e. the result is clearly present with the present. The table below shows the conjugation of the Spanish verb in different tenses. In Russian, verbs have two types: perfect and imperfect. In Spanish these will be separate tenses. Drawing a conclusion, we can argue that the system of Spanish verbs is a more detailed transmission of semantic shades, and not a simple complication of the language. Below you can see the table of Spanish verb tenses.

Spanish Verb Tenses Chart

1. Indicativo - indicative mood
2. Subjuntivo - subjunctive, subjunctive mood
3. Potencial - conditional mood
4. Imperativo - imperative mood

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The conjugation system for Spanish verbs is very extensive and at first glance may seem confusing, but once you understand the logic of conjugation, everything will fall into place.

Our Spanish language expert, teacher Natalia Volkova, will talk about the classification of Spanish verbs, give examples and advise how to remember them yourself.

How to memorize verbs on your own

1. Write down and learn not individual verbs, but with the nouns with which they are combined: prestar atención - Attend.
2. Learn verbs with prepositions, since the literal translation from Russian to Spanish is often different: soñar con - dream about (preposition "con" - Russian preposition "s").
3. Speak out your actions and what is happening around you, describe your appearance and emotional state in Spanish. For example: Hablo por telefono. - I'm talking on the phone. Or another example: Mi mamá riega las flores en el balcón. - My mother is watering flowers on the balcony.
4. Learn paired verbs that have similar translations but different meanings. Make sentences with them. For example: escuchar - listen. Escucho música mientras cocino. - I listen to music while I cook. Or: oír - hear. Te oigo muy bien. - I can hear you very well.
5. Distribute verbs into groups according to their grammatical similarity. For example, regular verbs that only change endings: tomar -yo tomo , beber - tú bebes ; as well as verbs of individual conjugation, which are singular in the 1st person. the numbers have a similar form: traveler -yo traigo ,oír - yo oigo , decir -yo digo .
6. Learn words by topic. Make, for example, a list of sports verbs, and then write a sentence or a short story with each of them.
7. Keep a notebook and write down instructions and recipes there. This way you will remember verbs in the imperative mood in practice.
8. Write down and learn verbs immediately with their antonyms. Make up phrases with them: abrir la ventana - open the window, cerrar la puerta - close the door.
9. Draw mind maps with ambiguous verbs that can be used in almost any situation: tener , poner , hacer .
10. Conjugate new verbs in writing and out loud until you use them automatically.

Now let's see how verbs change in conjugation. Important: all changes in verbs apply only to the Presente de Indicativo (present tense).

Regular verbs in Spanish

When conjugated, they change endings, depending on the person and number. There are 3 types of conjugation: verbs of the 1st group with the ending of the infinitive -ar; verbs of the 2nd group with the ending of the infinitive -er; verbs of the 3rd group with the ending of the infinitive -ir.

Verbs of the first group with the ending -AR in the infinitive:

• celebrity - celebrate

Yo celebrity o - I celebrate
Tú celebr as - are you celebrating
Él/Ella/Usted celebr a - he/she/you are celebrating
Nosotros(as)celebr amos - we are celebrating
Vosotros(as)celebr áis - you are celebrating
Ellos(as)/Ustedes celebr an - they/you are celebrating

Verbs of the second group with the ending -ER in the infinitive:

• aprender - teach, study

Yo upend o - I teach
Tú apprend es - you teach
Él/Ella/Usted aprend e - he/she/you teaches
Nosotros(as) aprend emos - we learn
Vosotros(as) aprend éis - you teach
Ellos(as)/Ustedes aprend en - they/you teach (teach)

Verbs of the third group with the ending -IR in the infinitive:

• escribir - write

Yo escrib o - I write
Tú escrib es - you are writing
Él/Ella/Usted escrib e - he/she/you writes
Nosotros(as) escrib imos - we are writing
Vosotros(as) escrib is - you write
Ellos(as)/Ustedes escrib en - they/you write (write)

Irregular verbs in Spanish

Irregular verbs are divided into two types - individual conjugation and deviant. Their conjugation only needs to be memorized, since they have specific forms.

• ir - go, go

Yo voy - I'm going
Here you are - You're going
Él/Ella/Usted va - he/she/you is coming
Nosotros(as) vamos - we are going
Vosotros(as) vais - you go
Ellos(as)/Ustedes van - they/you are going (are going)

Important! Deflecting verbs, when conjugated under stress, change the root vowel, the vowel in the verb ending, or the consonant at the end of the word. The forms in "nosotros" and "vosotros" do not fundamentally change during conjugation.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd groups with endings in -AR, -ER (E changes to IE under stress):

• cerrar - close

Yo c ie rro - I close
Tú c ie rras - you close
Él/Ella/Usted c ie rra - he/she/you closes
Nosotros(as) cerramos - we are closing
Vosotros(as)cerráis - you are closing
Ellos(as)/Ustedes c ie rran - they/you close (close)

• entender - understand, understand

Yo ent ie ndo - I understand
Tú ent ie ndes - you understand
Él/Ella/Usted ent ie nde - he/she/you understand
Nosotros(as) entendemos - we understand
Vosotros(as) entendéis - you understand
Ellos(as)/Ustedes ent ie nden - they/you understand (understand)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: comenzar - begin, despertar - wake up, encender - spark off.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd groups with endings in -AR, -ER (O changes to UE under stress):

• soñar - dream

Yo s ueño - I'm dreaming
Tús ue as - you are dreaming
Él/Ella/Usted s ueña - he/she/you dreams
Nosotros(as)soñamos - we dream
Vosotros(as) soñáis - you are dreaming
Ellos(as)/Ustedes s ue san - they/you dream (dream)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: encontrar - find, meet; mostrar - show, have breakfast; almorzar - eat second breakfast.

Verbs of the 2nd group ending in -IR (E changes to I under stress):

• repetir - repeat

Yo rep i to - I repeat
Tú rep i tes - you repeat
Él/Ella/Usted rep i te - he/she/you repeats
Nosotros(as) repetimos - we repeat
Vosotros(as) repetís - you repeat
Ellos(as)/Ustedes rep i ten - they/you repeat (repeat)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: medir - measure, vestir - to dress, reñir - argue.

Verbs of the 3rd group (E changes to IE under stress):

• sentir - regret

Yo s ie nto - I regret
Tús ie ntes - you're sorry
Él/Ella/Usted s ie nte - he/she/you are sorry
Nosotros(as) sentimos - we regret
Vosotros(as) sentis - you're sorry
Ellos(as)/Ustedes s ie nten - they/you are sorry (regret)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: advertir - pay attention, preferir - prefer, mentir - lie.

Verbs of the 4th group (O changes to UE under stress):

• dormir - sleep

Yo d ue rmo - I'm sleeping
Tú d ue rmes - are you sleeping
Él/Ella/Usted d ue rme - he/she/you is sleeping
Nosotros(as) dormimos - we are sleeping
Vosotros(as) dormís - Are you sleeping now
Ellos(as)/Ustedes d ue rmen - they/you are sleeping (sleeping)

Another verb belongs to this type of conjugation: morir - die.

Verbs of the 5th group with endings -UCIR, -CER (in the 1st person singular Z is added before C):

• ofrecer - suggest

Yo ofre zco - I suggest
Tú ofreces - You offer
Él/Ella/Usted ofrece - he/she/you proposes
Nosotros(as) ofrecemos - we offer
Vosotros(as) ofrecéis - You are offering
Ellos(as)/Ustedes ofrecen - they/you offer (offer)

• producer - create

Yo produ zco - I'm creating
Tú produces - you create
Él/Ella/Usted produce - he/she/you creates
Nosotros(as)producimos - we create
Vosotros(as) products - you create
Ellos(as)/Ustedes produced - they/you create (create)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: conducir - drive (a car), traducir - translate.

Verbs of the 6th group ending in the infinitive -UIR (I changes to Y before O, E, A):

• influir - influence

Yo influ yo - I influence
Tú influ ye s - you influence
Él/Ella/Usted influ ye - he/she/you influences
Nosotros(as) influimos - we influence
Vosotros(as) influis - you influence
Ellos(as)/Ustedes influ ye n - they/you influence (influence)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: construir - build, destruir - destroy.

Verbs of the 7th group with infinitive endings in -GER, -GIR (in the 1st person singular G changes to J):

• elegir - choose

Yo eli j o - I choose
Tú Eliges - you choose
Él/Ella/Usted elige - he/she/you chooses
Nosotros(as) elegimos - we choose
Vosotros(as) elegís - you choose
Ellos(as)/Ustedes eligen - they/you choose (choose)

This type of conjugation also includes verbs: coger - take, escoger - choose.

There are more than 12,000 Spanish verbs. Start learning to easily communicate on everyday issues in everyday life.

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The concept of “irregular verbs” is firmly entrenched in linguistics and in the minds of ordinary people who study languages ​​such as English, German and others. But what does this mean? Simply put, these are those verbs that in the forms of the past, present and future tenses do not change in accordance with any general rules. The only way you can learn and understand irregular verbs is by rote learning. But you can still find some matches, making it easier to learn the language.

Spanish irregular verbs

There are many pronouns that are atypical for Russian culture. For example, to address your interlocutor, you need to choose from four options. First, there is the pronoun tu. It is the equivalent of the Russian "you". Usted is used as a polite address to someone who is older or has a higher rank. It's essentially "You" with a capital letter. But then there are discrepancies. For example, if a person is speaking to a group of men, he should address them as vosotros. If his company consists exclusively of women, then a different pronoun must be used - vosotras. If a person has respect for his listeners, then he needs to call them ustedes.

However, in reality, native speakers often do not use pronouns in spoken language. They are needed only to know which form of the verb to use.

Irregular verbs in Spanish are also conjugated based on pronoun, tense and number. But the key factor is still the pronoun.

Main verb

Spanish irregular verbs are quite numerous. But the main one, of course, is the most common in the vast majority of languages ​​of the world: “to be, to appear” - ser.

It’s worth starting with the most important thing, that is, learning how to use this verb in relation to yourself. Without it, it is very difficult to say how a person feels, where he comes from, what he does. Therefore, of all Spanish irregular verbs, ser is taught first.

Yo is the Spanish equivalent of the Russian "ya". When it comes to saying “I am” or “I am,” the Spanish say yo soy. For example, yo soy una mujer, which literally means “I am a woman” (I am a woman).

When Spaniards address a friend or good acquaintance, they say tú eres, which means “you are.” Tu eres una mujer translates to "you are a woman."

When talking about a masculine third person, they say él (he) es. If you need to say something like “he is a man,” then you say él es un hombre.

In the case of “her” (in Spanish “she” is translated as ella) and with “you” (in Spanish “you” is translated as usted) it’s absolutely the same. Ella es is nothing more than “she is,” and usted es is “you are.”

For example, ella es una mujer means “she is a woman,” and usted es una mujer means “you are a woman.” Nosotros (plural, masculine) and nosotras (plural, feminine) share the verb ser in the somos form: nosotros somos and nosotras somos. That is, “they (masculine) are” and “they (feminine) are.”

The pronoun vosotros, which means "you" in relation to men, and the pronoun vosotras ("you" in relation to women) are used with the form of the verb ser - sois.

If the conversation is about many men (ellos) or women (ellas), the form of the verb son is used. Ellas son is translated as "they (women) are".

If a person addresses a group of people above him in position, then he should also say ustedes son. This translates to "you (plural) are."

Now it’s worth considering other irregular Spanish verbs with translation.

Verb venir

In the infinitive, venir means "to come." There are six variations of this verb in the present tense.

When a person talks about himself, he uses the vengo form. Yo vengo translates to “I am coming.”

When a person addresses his interlocutor, who is on equal terms with him, he must say tú vienes.

The singular masculine (él) and feminine singular pronouns (ella) are used with the form of the verb viene.

It also matches the pronoun usted or “you”. Usted viene means "You come."

When a person talks about a group of people, including himself and those present, he uses nosotros (if talking only about men) or nosotras (if talking only about women) together with a form of the verb venimos. Nosotros venimos translates to "we come."

The pronouns vosotros and vosotras, which translate as "you" (respectful form), are used in conjunction with venís.

If we are talking about “them” (ellos or ellas depending on the gender) or about “you” (polite form, plural, indefinite gender), then we say vienen.

Verb caer

The second example is the verb caer, which translates as “to fall.”

Together with the first person singular (yo) the form of the verb caigo is used. Yo caigo translates to "I'm falling."

To inform your interlocutor that he is falling, you need to say tu caes.

The pronouns el, ella and usted (he, she and you) are used together with the verb form cae.

Nosotros and nosotras - caemos. For example, nosotros caemos means "we fall."

If a person wants to inform someone that a group of people is falling, he must say ellos caéis. Ustedes caen translates to "you fall."

Finally

Without knowing Spanish irregular verbs, it is impossible to fully master the language. They allow the student to formulate his thoughts much more clearly and accurately. And this, in turn, gives him the opportunity to achieve impressive results in learning Spanish.

Spanish lessons for beginners.

Lesson 8. Present tense of regular and irregular verbs.

This lesson covers the following grammar topics:

• present tense of regular verbs;
• Irregular Verbs;
• verbs with changing stem;
• estar + gerund;
• llevar + gerund;
• desde hace.

EXAMPLES

Hoy hace viento/frío. — It’s windy/cold today.

Fernando está cansado/enfermo. — Fernando is tired/sick.

Alguien viene/llama. - Someone is coming / calling.

Mi hija duerme/está durmiendo. — My daughter is sleeping.

Trabajo./Estoy trabajando. - I am working.

Es muy fácil/demasiado caro. - It's very easy/too expensive.

No me gusta/importa. - I don’t like / don’t care.

What do you think? - How are you doing?

¿Oyes ese ruido? - Do you hear that noise?

¿Qué pasa/está pasando? - What's happening?

GRAMMAR

All verbs in Spanish are divided into three when they end in the infinitive. conjugations.

Verbs ending in -ar refer to I conjugation

Verbs ending in -er refer to II conjugation

Verbs ending in -ir refer to III conjugation

According to the type of conjugation, verbs are divided into correct(conjugated according to a standard scheme) and incorrect(conjugated according to a special scheme for a group of verbs, or according to a special scheme for each verb).

IN present indicative(Presente de indicativo) regular verbs are conjugated as follows.

I conjugation- hablar (to speak)

yo habl o

tú habl as

el/ ella/ usted habl a

nosotros(as) habl amos

vosotros(as) habl áis

ellos/ellas/ustedes habl an

II conjugation- comer (there is)

yo com o

tú com es

el/ ella/ usted com e

nosotros(as) com emos

vosotros(as) com éis

ellos/ellas/ustedes com en

III conjugation - vivir (to live)

yo viv o

tú viv es

el/ ella/ usted viv e

nosotros(as) viv imos

vosotros(as) viv is

ellos/ellas/ustedes viv en

Personal pronouns are often omitted as subjects.

— ¿Dónde lives? — Vivo en Londres. - Where do you live? - I live in London.

Irregular Verbs.

In the present tense, some verbs are irregular only in the first person singular, and regular in all other persons and numbers. For example, conocer - conozco(to know - I know) hacer - hago(to do - I do), poner - pongo(put - put), saber - se(to know - I know) salir - salgo(to go out - I’m going out).

Some verbs, e.g. ser(be), estar(be), haber(have), ir(to go) are irregular in many persons and numbers.

Ser (to be)

yo soy

tú eres

usted, el, ella es

nosotros(as) somos

vosotros(as) sois

ustedes, ellos, ellas son

Detail verb ser reviewed in

Estar (to be)

yo estoy

tu estás

el/ ella/ usted está

nosotros(as) estamos

vosotros(as) estáis

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes están

Detail verb ser reviewed in

About the difference between ser And estar you can read it in .

Haber (to have)

yo he

tu has

el/ ella/ usted ha, hay

nosotros(as) hemos

vosotros(as) habéis

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes han

Detail verb haber covered in Lesson 19.

Ir (to go)

yo voy

tu vas

el/ ella/ usted va

nosotros(as) vamos

vosotros(as) vais

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes van

Note.

In many online Spanish dictionaries you can see the conjugation of regular and irregular verbs. A complete table of all forms is offered, for example, by the Reverso - Conjugation service.

Changing the verb stem.

• Some verbs change their stem. This only happens when the stem is stressed, so the changes do not affect the 1st and 2nd person plurals.
• The endings of verbs with a changing stem are the same as those of regular verbs.

Below are the most common verbs in this group.

Change e → ie

Verbs starting with -ar

cerrar (to close), despertar(se) (to awaken, to wake up), empezar (to begin), nevar (it is snowing), pensar (to think)

Verbs starting with -er

encender (turn on, ignite), entender (understand), perder (lose), querer (want), tener (have)

Verbs starting with -ir

herirse (to get hurt), sentir(se) (to feel), preferir (to prefer), venir (to come)

An example of a conjugation with the change e → ie

Pensar (think)

yo pienso

tu piensas

el/ ella/ usted piensa

nosotros(as) pensamos

vosotros(as) pensáis

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes piensan

Note.

Tener(to have) and venir(to come), and verbs derived from them ( mantener- support, convenir- agree), are incorrect in the 1st person singular present tense: tengo(I have), vengo(I come). In other faces they change the same way as pensar in the example above.

Change o → ue

Verbs starting with -ar

acostarse (go to bed), acordarse (remember, agree), comprobar (check), contar (tell), encontrar (find), mostrar (show), recordar (remember), rogar (ask)

Verbs starting with -er

devolver (to return), doler (to be sick), llover (it is raining), moverse (to move), poder (to be able, to be able to), soler (to have a habit), volver (to return)

Verbs starting with -ir

dormir (sleep), morir (die)

Example of conjugation with change o → ue

Volver (to return)

yo vuelvo

tu vuelves

el/ ella/ usted vuelve

nosotros(as) volvemos

vosotros(as) volveis

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes vuelen

Note.

In verb jugar u changes to ue(jue go, jue gas, jue ga, jugamos, jugáis, jue gan).

Change e →i

conseguir (receive, achieve), corregir (correct), elegir (choose), pedir (ask), reír (se) (laugh), repetir (repeat), seguir (follow), servir (serve)

Also pay attention to the 1st person singular form of the following verbs:

conseguir - consigo

corregir - corrijo

elegir - elijo

seguir - sigo

Example of conjugation with change e→ i

Pedir (to ask)

yo pido

tu pides

el/ ella/ usted pide

nosotros(as) pedimos

vosotros(as) pedis

ellos/ ellas/ ustedes piden

Estar + gerund

Design estar + gerund used to express an action occurring at the moment of speech.

The gerund is formed by adding -ando to verbs on -ar, And -iendo to verbs on -ir And -er :

hablar - hablando

hacer - haciendo

escribir - escribiendo

Some spelling changes:

Verbs to -ir, in which e changes to ie- in gerund e changes to i, For example, v e nir-v i Niendo.

Verbs to -ir, as well as some verbs in -er, in which o changes to ue- in gerund O changes to u, For example, d o rmir ​​- d u rmiendo, p o der-p u diendo.

Verbs to -ir, in which e changes to i- in gerund e also changes to i, For example, p e dir-p i diendo.

Regular verbs II and III conjugations with a stem ending in a vowel - have an ending in the gerund -yendo, For example, leer - le yendo .

Estoy leyendo un libro. - I am reading a book.

Mi padre está hablando con mi hermano. — Father (now) is talking to his brother.

Estar + gerund used:

• To express an action occurring at the moment of speech.

What is it like? - What are you doing right now?

• To express an action taking place in the present period of time.

Estoy viviendo en Barcelona. — I (now) live in Barcelona.

• To express an action that began in the past and continues in the present.

Está lloviendo desde anoche. — The rain has not stopped since yesterday evening.

• To express disapproval or surprise.

¡Pero qué estás diciendo! - What are you saying!

Note.

In Spanish, the present simple tense is often used to express an action occurring at the moment of speech.

¿Qué haces? - What are you doing right now?

Estudio español. - I am learning Spanish.

¿Con quién hablas? - Who are you talking with?

Other constructions used to express action in the present

• Design llevar + gerund used when we talk about an action that began in the past and continues in the present.

¿Cuánto tiempo llevas buscando trabajo? — How long have you been looking for a job?

Llevo tres años estudiando inglés. — I have been studying English for three years.

Llevamos dos horas esperando. “We’ve been waiting for two hours already.”

• The semantic verb in this construction can be omitted if the meaning of the statement is clear from the context.

¿Cuánto tiempo llevas (viviendo) en Madrid? — How long have you lived in Madrid?

Ana lleva dos años (trabajando) en la empresa. — Anna has been working in the company for two years.

¿Cuánto tiempo llevan juntos? - How long have they been together?

• Design hace + tense + que + present tense verb can also be used when we talk about an action that began in the past and continues in the present.

¿Cuánto tiempo hace que lives en Barcelona? — How long have you lived in Barcelona?

Hace tres meses que vivo allí. — I’ve been living there for 3 months already.

Hace dos años que estudio francés. — I have been studying French for two years.

The last two sentences can also be formulated as follows:

Vivo allí desde hace tres meses.

Estudio Frances desde hace dos años.

EXERCISES

1. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

a) — ¿ Qué… (tú) los fines de semana? (hacer)

- (Yo) no...nada especial. (hacer)

b) (Yo)…. en Barcelona, ​​mi hermano… en Madrid, y mis padres en Valencia. Y tú, ¿ donde...? (vivir)

c) - Perdone, ¿ ...Vd. donde está el Banco Central? (sabes)

No, (yo) no… . (saber) No...la cuidad. (conocer)

d) Normalmente (yo) … de casa a las 7.00 y mi marido … a las 8.00. Y vosotros, ¿ a qué hora...? (salir)

e) (Yo) … a la oficina en autobús. Tú... en el coche, ¿ verdad? (ir)

2. Write what the people in the photo are doing. Combine phrases and photographs, use the correct form of construction estar + gerund.

1 (comer) en el campo

2 (escuchar) music

3 (jugar) al fútbol

4 (leer) el periódico

5 (nadar) en la piscina

3. You are talking to Fernando, your friend. Ask him how long he has lived in Barcelona, ​​studied German, etc., using hace. Write Fernando's answers using the clues in brackets.

a) Vivir en Barcelona (5 months)

b) Trabajar en la misma empresa (3 años)

c) Estudiar alemán (2 años)

d) Conocer a María (4 años y medio)

e) Jugar al tenis (2 años)

You can find the keys to the exercises in the comments.

Discussion: there is 1 comment

Answers to the exercises.

b) Vivo/vive/viven/vives

c) sabe/ sé/ conozco

d) saldo/ sale/ salis

1. Están comiendo en el campo. (c)

2. Está escuchando música. (f)

3. Están jugando al fútbol. (d)

4. Está leyendo el periodico. (a)

5. Están nadando en la piscina. (e)

6. Está cocinando. (b)

a) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que lives en Barcelona? — Vivo en Barcelona desde hace 5 años.

b) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que trabajas en la misma empresa? — Trabajo en la misma empresa desde hace 3 años.

c) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estudias alemán? — Estudio alemán desde hace 2 años.

d) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que conoces a María? — Conozco a María desde hace 4 años y medio.

e) ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que juegas al tenis? — Juego al tenis desde hace 2 años.

Answer