Botanical gardens of Russia: list, review, description. Botanical gardens, their scientific profile and tasks The role of botanical gardens in the world

Botanical museums

Oldest university botanical gardens (location)

Organizations that have documented collections of living plants are called botanical and are used for educational purposes, conservation of biological diversity, and participate in scientific developments and demonstrations. There are more than 2000 such organizations in the world, the list of botanical gardens in Russia reaches 73 units, all of them are united by the main goal - the conservation and use of plant resources to improve human well-being. Gardens have different geographical locations and are extremely important for the development of society as a whole. They contain a variety of varieties and types of plants.

The development of issues of garden construction and decorative structure occupies a key place in botanical gardens. Most of these organizations serve departments of botany at universities and operate as a base for educational institutions. Botanical gardens contribute to the growth of highly qualified specialists in the field of botany. Despite all these advantages, the main goal is the development and maintenance of the plant world.

History of the development of botanical gardens

The very first botanical gardens in Russia began to appear in St. Petersburg and Moscow. The purpose of their creation was to grow medicinal crops, but over time, other types of plants began to appear.

The history of the development of green areas has a close connection with the development of botany as a science. From the beginning of the 18th century, apothecary gardens began to appear in our country, growing valuable apothecary plants from which drugs were made. The spread of such gardens began during the reign of Peter I, in St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Moscow and many other cities.

The role of botanical gardens in the world

Floristic research and comprehensive forwarding activities have contributed to deepening the knowledge of the flora and plant nature of our country and all green crops around the world. Thanks to this, the rarest representatives of wild flora and new crops began to be developed. Botanical gardens systematically organize expeditions and trips, conduct comprehensive scientific research in the field of experimental botany, considering the main problems that plants face during acclimatization, and study environmental issues, biology, physiology and geographical location of plants. These studies had a beneficial effect on the mobilization of domestic resources.

Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after N.V. Tsitsina

The main Russian museum of plant nature was created in Moscow in January 1945. Its fundamental goal was to preserve the rarest green areas - the Leonovsky forest and the Erdenevskaya grove, the area of ​​which occupied more than 300 hectares. Architects Rosenberg and Petrov made a great contribution to the landscape design, thanks to which the garden was as close to natural conditions as possible.

Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after N.V. Tsitsina collected in his collection more than 15,000 species of plant wealth, of which 1,900 are representatives of trees and shrubs, about 5,000 different species of plants from the tropics and subtropics, as well as a garden of endless flowering. This wildlife museum conducts excursions in its arboretum, during which visitors walking around the museum get acquainted with a huge variety of plant crops, learn about the benefits and harms of organisms, and also learn many new facts about indoor floriculture.

Amur Botanical Garden

The Amursk Botanical Garden was founded in 1994; its territory occupies 200 hectares. In this area there are about 400 representatives of vascular plants, of which 21 are listed in the Red Book. This museum participates in exhibitions, filming on television, and conducts lectures on landscape design.

The Amur Garden has three zones: the first zone is the island, the second is the right bank of the river, and the third is the administrative and economic area. A large area of ​​forests belongs to nature reserves, and in some parts excursions are held, which are divided by complexity, distance, and age group of visitors. The Key Route has seven main locations.

St. Petersburg Botanical Garden at State University

The Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University is located in the city itself and suffers greatly from the effects of transport and environmental pollution. It began to be created in the 19th century. Active replenishment of the collection began in 1844, and in 1947 its official name was approved - the Botanical Garden at the State University. The main goal of this organization at that time was the educational process. The number of species had increased to 2,500 by 1896, and in 1901 an arboretum was founded.

This organization is a division of a state university, as a result of which its collection is selected in such a way that the educational process in botanical departments takes place visually. Thanks to this, students have the opportunity to gain in-depth knowledge in the study of botany. Botanical gardens of Russia make a valuable contribution to the development and education of society.

The area of ​​the garden's greenhouse reaches 1,300 square meters, and the number of its representatives is 2,200 different varieties of subtropical and tropical crops, herbaceous plants, and shrubs. The garden’s collection also includes more than 800 species of cacti and succulents. An interesting fact is the presence of specimens that managed to live for more than 70 years.

The northernmost botanical garden in Russia

The botanical garden, located above the Arctic Circle, was founded in 1931. The goal of this project is to study the behavior of plants from different climates in a low temperature zone. Over the entire period of the garden’s existence, about 30,000 species of flora visited it, of which 3,500 were able to adapt to difficult conditions. Various studies are also carried out in the park.

The collection of the botanical garden includes more than 650 representatives of moss, more than 400 species of different plant crops, approximately 1000 varieties of wildlife from the subtropics and tropics. The number of visitors per year is more than 3,500 people. Snowdrops, living herbariums and a rock garden are some of the most unique representatives of this place. The garden also interacts with more than 30 countries around the world, with which it exchanges seeds and plant sprouts.

Great contribution to education

Botanical gardens are engaged in mass educational work. Many gardens have specialized nurseries that supply institutions and the public with planting and sowing materials. They also provide advisory support, give advice on the use and application of various plants, pay attention to botanical work in schools, create clubs for young botanists, and organize educational gardens for nature lovers.

Regardless of their directions, botanical gardens have a common important goal - the creation and maintenance of valuable plant crops and the dissemination of knowledge about living nature and the benefits of the living world for humans. The botanical gardens of Russia serve as a striking example of landscape design, and are also an excellent place for the population to relax, which awakens in people a love for the living area.

Defines a botanical garden as an organization that has documented collections of living plants and uses them for scientific research, biodiversity conservation, display and educational purposes.

"GOST 28329-89. Greening cities. Terms and definitions" defines that a botanical garden is " special purpose green area, which houses a collection of tree, shrub and herbaceous plants for research and educational purposes."

Thus, different definitions of the term "botanical garden" imply that it is either a "territory" or an "organization".

A modern botanical garden is an urban, specially protected natural green area, based on the resources of which the management organization creates landscape gardens and contains documented collections of living plants and/or preserved plant samples containing functional units of heredity that are of actual or potential value for the purposes of scientific research and education , public displays, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, tourism and recreational activities, production of plant-based services and marketable products to improve human well-being.

As a rule, botanical gardens have auxiliary units or institutions - greenhouses, herbariums, libraries of botanical literature, nurseries, excursion and educational departments, zoobotanical gardens or zoos.

Botanical gardens, in which trees are studied mainly, are called arboretums, or arboretums; shrubs - frucicetum; lianas - viticetum. Some botanical gardens are of a very narrow scientific nature and are not open to the public.

There is a worldwide tendency to strengthen the ecological, environmental and socially significant functions of botanical gardens in urbanized areas. In this regard, for example, the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboretums (Arboretums) recently changed its name to a new one - American Association of Public Parks and Arboretums, and some African botanical gardens are being rebranded as “ecology centers.”

Historical overview

The first botanical garden was founded at the beginning of the 14th century by Matteo Silvatico (lat. Matthaeus Silvaticus) at the medical school in Salerno.

In Western Europe, botanical gardens began with monastery gardens, and in Russia with “pharmaceutical gardens.”

In addition to those mentioned, botanical gardens were famous: in Germany - in Berlin, Halle, Munich, Belvedere near Weimar, in Dick near Dusseldorf, in Austria - Schönbrunn in Vienna, in Sweden - Uppsala (founded in 1657) and Lund, in Italy - Palermo (founded 1779).

Of the non-European botanical gardens, it should be noted:

• in Asia - in Kolkata and Chennai (India); in Sri Lanka; in Java in Bogor; to Guangzhou;
• in Africa - in Cape Town (founded in 1848); in Mauritius; in the Canary Islands;
• in North America - in New York, Philadelphia, Cambridge (Massachusetts, USA);
• in Central and South America - in Mexico; Rio de Janeiro ; Cayenne; in Jamaica (Kingston);
• in Australia - in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

In Russia

In Russia, the first botanical garden is the "Apothecary Garden", the oldest botanical garden in Russia, founded by Peter I in Moscow in 1706. In 1709, Peter I founded an apothecary garden in Lubny, and in 1714 in St. Petersburg under the name of the Aptekarsky Garden.

In the first quarter of the 18th century, botanical gardens were established in Moscow (by Count A.K. Razumovsky), Dorpat and Vilna.

By the end of the 19th century, botanical gardens existed in all university cities in Russia. Of the university botanical gardens, the oldest is Moscow, founded in 1804, then Dorpat - in 1806, which belonged to the most outstanding attractions of the city, Kremenets, led by V. Besser - in 1807, Kharkov - in 1809, founded by V.N. Karazin. The Kiev and Warsaw botanical gardens also contained many different species.

Famous were the Imperial Nikitsky Botanical Garden near Yalta, founded in 1812 by H. H. Steven, the Uman Tsaritsyn Botanical Garden, gardens at horticulture schools and the botanical garden in Tiflis, which served as the central botanical and acclimatization station for the entire Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

The largest botanical gardens in the world are united in the International Council of Botanical Gardens (English) Russian (BGCI).

Botanical gardens of Russia

• Botanical Garden of Moscow State University “Aptekarsky Ogorod” is the oldest botanical garden in Russia. Founded by Peter the Great in Moscow in 1706, in 1805 it was transformed into the Botanical Garden of Moscow University.
• The Botanical Garden of Tver State University is the northernmost botanical garden with an exhibition of steppe plants, the only one of its kind in the Upper Volga region. Located in the Zavolzhsky district of Tver. An object of historical, cultural and natural heritage - an archaeological monument. Founded in 1879.
• in St. Petersburg - one of the oldest botanical gardens in Russia. It grew out of the Aptekarsky vegetable garden founded in 1714 on Aptekarsky Island.
• (PABSI) of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kirovsk) is the northernmost botanical garden in the country (67°38" N) and one of three botanical gardens in the world located beyond the Arctic Circle.
• Botanical Garden of Petrozavodsk State University (BS PetrSU) Petrozavodsk) - founded in 1951 on the northern coast of Petrozavodsk Bay of Lake Onega among coniferous forests located on the southern slopes of a relict volcano. Located on the northern borders of the natural distribution of a number of woody plant species, it is an introduction step between the St. Petersburg and Polar-Alpine Botanical Gardens.
• The Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS (Moscow) is the largest botanical garden-institute in Russia.
• The Biryulevsky Arboretum is the second botanical garden in Moscow in terms of the number of rare species of trees and shrubs.
• The Botanical Garden of Perm University is the oldest botanical garden in the Urals, possessing one of the largest collections of plants in open and closed ground. Founded in 1922 by A. G. Genkel.
• The Siberian Botanical Garden is the first botanical garden beyond the Urals, founded in 1885 in Tomsk.
• The Botanical Garden of Irkutsk State University (BS ISU) is the only one in Baikal Siberia (near Lake Baikal).
• Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg State University - founded in the 19th century on the initiative of A. N. Beketov.
• Sochi Arboretum - founded in 1892.
• Penza Botanical Garden named after I. I. Sprygin - founded in 1917.
• SamSU Botanical Garden - founded on August 1, 1932.
• South Siberian Botanical Garden (Altai State University, Barnaul) - studies the flora of the Altai mountainous country.
• Botanical Garden of Syktyvkar State University (61°41" N) - created in 1974, covers an area of ​​32 hectares; in 2007, plants of 395 species of 226 genera of 78 families from fifteen regions of the globe grew in the garden in the open ground.
• Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• Rostov Botanical Garden (Rostov-on-Don) is a botanical garden-institute of the Southern Federal University.
• The Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the SB RAS (Novosibirsk) is the largest botanical garden-institute in Siberia.
• FEB RAS (Vladivostok) - the largest botanical garden-institute in

On February 14, 1706, on the northern outskirts of Moscow, behind the Sukharev Tower, Peter I founded the Apothecary Garden for growing medicinal plants. Nowadays the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov is one of the oldest botanical scientific institutions in Russia. Today we decided to talk about the seven most famous botanical gardens in Russia.

Apothecary garden in Moscow

The Apothecary Garden in Moscow or the Branch of the Botanical Garden of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University is the oldest botanical garden in Russia, which was founded by Peter I in Moscow in 1706. This botanical garden is also one of the oldest parks in Moscow. Initially, the Apothecary Garden was created in order to grow medicinal plants on its territory. There is a legend associated with this oldest garden that Peter himself personally planted three coniferous trees - spruce, fir and larch - in the newly created garden. Even under Peter, the garden was rich in greenhouses, rare plant species, and was also a favorite place for research by famous botanists.

Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg

The Imperial Botanical Garden in St. Petersburg, whose name now sounds like the Botanical Garden of the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarova RAS is also one of the oldest botanical gardens in Russia. The garden itself is located on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg. The garden was opened by Peter the Great in 1714. Today, this famous botanical garden in Russia is subordinate to the Botanical Institute named after V. L. Komarov, is its department and, accordingly, is part of the structure of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the Botanical Garden of the BIN RAS, the plant collection includes more than eighty species. The museum's exposition at the garden is dedicated to the vegetation of the Earth, the history and evolution of plants, plant resources of Russia, as well as the relationship between plants and humans.

Biryulevsky Arboretum

Biryulyovsky Arboretum is one of the most famous gardens in Russia, which is located in Moscow. This garden is the second among Moscow parks in terms of the number of rare specimens of trees and shrubs. The arboretum is located in East Biryulyovo and is part of the Biryulyovo Forest Park. This garden was opened in 1938, but there is a certain secret connected with it, that the layout of the arboretum was already contained on the topographic map of the Moscow province of General Schubert in 1832. Now the Biryulyovsky Arboretum contains more than 250 rare species of trees, shrubs and other plants.

Botanical Garden of Tver State University

The Botanical Garden of Tver State University is the northernmost botanical garden in Russia with an exposition of steppe plants. The garden is located in the Zavolzhsky district of Tver, not far from the confluence of the Tvertsa and the Volga. Also, this unique garden of the Upper Volga region is an object of historical, cultural and natural heritage, more precisely, an archaeological monument. Initially, the garden was founded by the merchant of the First Guild I. Bobrov in 1879. At that time, oaks and larches were planted in the garden, which have survived to this day. This botanical garden features about 350 species of trees and shrubs, as well as more than 2,000 specimens of herbaceous plants. Eight exhibitions and six stock collections have also been created here. The ancient pond in the garden has been known since the 18th century.

Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute

The Polar Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute is located in the city of Kirovsk, Murmansk region, and is one of 11 institutes of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This unique garden is the northernmost botanical garden in Russia, as well as one of the three gardens in the world located above the Arctic Circle. The decision to create a botanical garden in the Khibiny Mountains was made on August 26, 1931 with the participation of Academician A.E. Fersman. This botanical garden conducts research on the acclimatization of new plant species, their reproduction for the population, and other work. More than 400 plant species of the Murmansk region are collected here.

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Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS

The Main Botanical Garden named after N.V. Tsitsin RAS is the largest garden-institute in Russia, as well as the largest botanical garden in Europe, which has the richest collections of plants. The most interesting thing is that this garden presents the most diverse flora of all continents and climatic zones of our planet. This unique botanical garden is distinguished by a large number of exhibitions dedicated to plants of Russia, the tropics and other climatic zones. The garden's living collections include 8,220 species and 8,110 forms and varieties of plants. The garden was founded on April 14, 1945.