Pharmacological properties and uses of the herb. Clefthoof: description of the herb and reviews of its use. Use of European clefthoof in medicine.

From alcoholism? Reviews from those who have repeatedly used this herbal remedy for addiction will be presented in the materials of the presented article. You will also learn about what properties the herb in question has, how it should be used correctly, etc.

general information

What is European hoofweed? This herbaceous plant is used very often for alcoholism. It belongs to the genus Kopyten and the Kirkazon family.

Biological description and distribution

European hooffoot (treatment of alcoholism with the help of this herb must be carried out very carefully) is a perennial evergreen plant with a rooting creeping and branched stem, as well as a creeping cord-like rhizome.

The seeds are spread by ants. It blooms in April-May, and the seeds ripen only in June.

The plant in question has a pungent, specific aroma. It spreads not only by seeds, but also by vegetative means (through the growth of rhizomes).

In Russia, the hoofweed grows in the forest-steppe and forest zones in the south of Western Siberia, as well as in the European part. It can be found in deciduous, coniferous and coniferous-deciduous dark forests.

Composition and main properties

Is European hoofweed effective against alcoholism? Reviews claim that this plant really helps overcome addiction. However, it should be used with extreme caution. This is due to the fact that such grass is poisonous.

The composition of the plant in question includes essential oils, various resins, starch, alkaloids, tannins, mucus, flavonoids, glycosides and much more.

What properties does the European ungulate have? This remedy helps against alcoholism (consumer reviews are listed at the very end of the article) due to its toxic qualities. In addition, the mentioned plant has extensive pharmacological properties. It can have expectorant, emetic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, laxative and hemostatic effects. It should also be noted that this herb has diuretic, antipyretic, anthelmintic, wound-healing, soothing and anti-sclerotic properties.

Externally, this plant is used to treat scabies, various wounds and purulent ulcers.

Features of the grass

European coffin for alcoholism (the drug recipe will be presented below) should be used only with the consent of the dependent person. Otherwise, this can lead to disastrous consequences.

The popular name of this plant sounds like “wild pepper”. This is due to the fact that when rubbed, its leaves begin to emit a specific odor. Sometimes it resembles the aroma of pepper, turpentine or camphor.

As mentioned above, the rhizome of the herb in question contains a large amount of essential oil, which has a sharp, bitter taste. It is very complex in composition and mainly contains volatile asarone. This substance, as well as other components of the essential oil, made the plant very poisonous. It can easily disrupt kidney function, as well as cause nausea, stomach pain, vomiting and spontaneous abortion. If you consume the plant or infusions based on it in large quantities, it can even lead to death.

Despite the presence of toxic substances, many people very often use European hoofweed for alcoholism. Reviews from experts say that when used correctly, it is an excellent healer. It should be noted that such medicinal raw materials are used not only in traditional, but also in folk medicine.

Precautionary measures

Why is European clefthoof used for alcoholism? Reviews (a photo of the herb is presented in this article) say that this plant can cause a strong aversion to alcohol. But at the same time, its use can disrupt the function of the kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract. In addition, water infusions of coffin significantly increase blood pressure.

In connection with all of the above, we can safely note that the plant in question cannot be used independently. Experts say that such use must be supervised by a doctor. Moreover, for safety, this medicinal raw material must be combined with other herbs that neutralize its harmful effects.

What plants can be combined with?

With regular use of this herbal mixture, a person’s craving for alcoholic beverages noticeably decreases.

The product in question can be found in almost any pharmacy. Moreover, some people use it not only to treat alcoholism, but also to ease hangovers, calm people down, and relieve irritability.

Effect of the drug

How quickly do herbal mixtures based on European hoof begin to work? Experts say that after the first day a person’s craving for alcoholic beverages noticeably weakens. His thoughts about drinking alcohol cease to be obsessive. The patient’s somatovegetative disorder also decreases. In other words, his hypertension and tachycardia disappear, heart pain subsides, thirst and nausea go away.

With regular use of the infusion, a significant improvement in the patient’s condition can be observed after 2-3 days. The dependent person's mood becomes consistently elevated. His anxiety and irritability go away, his sleep stabilizes, and his pathological craving for drinking alcohol decreases.

It should also be noted that herbal mixtures with hoofed grass can significantly reduce the feeling of pleasure from drinking alcoholic beverages. Thanks to these properties, the medicinal raw material in question compares favorably with other anti-alcohol drugs.

Directions for use (recipe)

How should I use European hoofed coffin for alcoholism? In a water bath, you need to heat the mixture made from several spoons of herbal tea and water. After this, the medicine must be covered with a lid and left in this form for 25-35 minutes. After time, the infusion should be used according to the doctor’s recommendations.

Many gardeners like to use plants in their plots that decoratively cover the soil under the trees and form a green and elegant carpet on it. The most common and unpretentious among them is the European hoof. It is a perennial, low growing and evergreen plant.

In nature, there are more than 60 species of this pretty grass. The most common and famous are Siebold's hooffoot, which grows mainly in the Far East, and Canadian hoofweed, native to the USA and Canada. The plant got its name from the interesting shape of its bright green leaf, which resembles the outline of a horse’s hoof.

Over its many years of reign in the gardens and forests of the European part of Russia, the European hoofed grass has received many different names. Most popular names are associated with its healing and beneficial properties:

• ipecac. Infusions and decoctions prepared from the root of the coffin are used to stimulate vomiting;
• wild pepper or wild ginger. If you pick a leaf of the plant and rub it with your fingers, you can feel its bitter taste;
• core. Coffin tincture normalizes cardiac arrhythmia. In a number of countries, European coffin is used in pharmacological preparations used for chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• fever grass. Coffin has an excellent anti-inflammatory and expectorant effect and is effectively used to treat ARVI, bronchitis, and persistent cough.

This plant is also called butterbur, earthen incense, undergrowth and turpentine root.

Note! The plant contains the poisonous component “asaron”; coffin should be used with extreme caution and only under the supervision of a physician.

Women during pregnancy and lactation, as well as young children, should not use preparations containing this perennial.

European hoofweed (Asarum Europaeum) Since ancient times, it has been successfully used by healers and physicians. Even the legendary scientist Avicenna prescribed coffin root to his patients to treat dropsy, liver ailments and as a means to increase potency.

Botanical characteristics of the ungulate

The plant has a brownish recumbent stem, which is covered with small hairy roots and larger creeping roots. Young shoots with roots spread along the ground and take root - this is how a small, neat bush is formed, which gradually occupies more and more space. The plant grows up to 5-15 cm.

Hoof grass has small single flowers of a dark red hue in the shape of a bell. The flowering of a perennial may not be noticed if you do not look under its wide leaves. The flowers bloom in late spring, and after a month the bell flower turns into a small box with seeds. Very often the seeds are taken away by ants who love to feast on them. It is with the help of ants that grass is pollinated by seed.

The flowers of the plant are bisexual, i.e. they contain both pistils and stamens. Thanks to this property, self-pollination of the grass can occur if the ants have not done this.

In winter, the leaves of the perennial are well preserved under snow cover; after wintering, some of them fall off the stem. The remaining leaves from last year are dark in color, thick and shiny. Young leaves are lighter and more tender.

On a note! To use the coffin for medicinal purposes, its roots and leaves are usually used.

Roots should be harvested in spring or autumn. Leaves are best collected during flowering or immediately after it. However, they will not lose their properties, even if they are collected until the arrival of autumn. Clefthoof leaves are dried in the shade, with good air ventilation or in dryers at a temperature of no more than 35 °C. The resulting raw materials are kept in glass containers, but not more than 1 year.

Pharmacological properties and uses of the herb

The chemical composition of European ungulate contains a sufficient amount of biologically active substances and trace elements. For example, essential oils, various useful resins, organic acids and their salt components, tanning components, alkaloids, starch, etc. The evergreen perennial can be used for medicinal purposes either independently or in combination with other healing plants and herbs.

European hooffoot is used as an emetic, sedative, diuretic and choleretic agent. In addition, the herb helps:

• effectively fight human helminths;
• relieve chronic inflammatory processes in the body;
• improve digestion, used to treat gastritis, enteritis, some liver diseases and gastric ulcers;
• fight epilepsy, relieve headaches and some neurotic conditions;
• treat purulent acne and wounds, eczema and other inflammatory skin processes;

In addition, the essential oil extracted from the roots of the perennial is successfully used in dentistry, perfumery and the food industry.

Magical uses of the herb

The medicinal herb is used by folk healers and official medicine to prepare tinctures, decoctions, powders, medicinal ointments and creams for external use.

However, the plant is often used for more than just medicinal purposes. Magic also recognizes his healing abilities.

Dried leaves of the herb are used to fumigate a house to cleanse it of evil spirits. To protect against the evil eye or damage, small dry roots of the plant are often hidden in body amulets and amulets. There was also a custom of hanging dried hoofs over the door to protect animals from the evil eye.

Alcoholism treatment, recipes

In Rus', this herb was successfully used to get rid of alcoholism. Moreover, the healers knew the recipes that were used when an alcoholic did not recognize his problem, i.e. the treatment was carried out without the knowledge of the drinker. This recipe has survived to this day.

Recipe 1. One tablespoon of dry root is poured into a glass of water, boiled over low heat for 5 minutes and left for an hour. In order for the patient to accept the resulting infusion without suspicion, 1 spoon of the product is diluted with 200 grams of vodka and allowed to be taken 2 times a day on an empty stomach.

Taking such “mysterious vodka” the patient begins to vomit and, as a result, has an aversion to alcohol. After 3-4 procedures, alcohol will cause vomiting even without the use of hoof tincture.

There were also special treatment methods when a person himself wanted to stop drinking and free himself from this harmful habit. Over time, recipes for treating alcoholism with the help of green perennials have not been lost, but only improved and slightly modified.

Recipe 2. Take 1 tsp. coffin and mixed with 2 tsp. green walnut peel. A teaspoon of the resulting mixture is diluted in 4 liters of wine and left for 14 days. Take 1 glass per day on an empty stomach. This recipe also causes a feeling of nausea and vomiting and, as a result, self-medication occurs by voluntarily giving up alcohol.

However, due to the fact that the plant contains the poisonous component “asarone”, independent use of herbs for drunkenness is strictly not recommended. An overdose of the drug is unacceptable - it can lead to serious consequences and complications. The herb cleftfoot for alcoholism is permissible only in special anti-alcohol mixtures that combine compatible herbs and plants that weaken the craving for alcohol and have a general healing effect. In particular, the “StopAlcohol-Elite” herbal collection has proven itself well, which, in addition to cleft wolf, includes tansy, wormwood, and other unique plants of the northern and western parts of Russia.

Flower in garden design

Under natural conditions, wild hoofed grass grows in the forest. In the garden plot, cultivated plant varieties will be indispensable and full-fledged participants in the shady spots of the garden, as well as decoration for the design of alpine slides.

The grass blends harmoniously with other lovers of shaded areas of the garden. For example, European hoofed grass will look great if it grows nearby, decorative fern or small coniferous bushes. Hoofweed decorates the garden almost the entire season: in early spring after the snow melts, the perennial will delight the owner with its green bushes, and with the onset of cold weather it will go green and alive under the snow. The hoofed grass does not require special care; it loves watering and care. It would be useful to remove weeds in a timely manner.

Another advantage of grass is its reproduction on the site. To do this, you need to cut off a section from the main bush and plant it in a new place. The plant prefers soils rich in humus - loamy and clayey. You can reproduce at any time.

It’s worth getting to know such a wonderful and useful plant better and decorating your garden with neat bushes of European hoof.

European hoofweed- Asarum europaeum L. is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Aristolochiaceae family, which has a peculiar odor. The hoof has a creeping branched rhizome, from which above-ground shoots arise. They are stemless and consist, as a rule, of two (less often three) long-petioled leaves and one flower, the peduncle of which is attached directly to the rhizome.
The leaves have a rounded kidney-shaped leaf blade, shaped like a horse's hoof print, hence the Russian name of the plant. The leaf blade is dark green, glossy, leathery, pubescent with appressed hairs, 5-8 cm in diameter. The leaves bloom in late spring or early summer and go green under the snow. In the spring, they continue to live, photosynthesize, thereby providing the plant with organic substances, and die off only after the appearance of young leaves of a new generation.
A flower with a simple bell-shaped perianth, greenish-brown outside and brownish-red inside, with 3 ovoid pointed lobes curved inward. Stamens 12. Pistil with lower ovary and 6 styles. It blooms in April - May, the fruits ripen in June. The fruit is a 6-cell capsule. The seeds are ovoid, about 3 mm long, with a wrinkled surface of a grayish-brown color.

Spread of hoofed claw

The European hoofweed, as reflected in the name, is distributed mainly in Europe, but the eastern edge of its range extends beyond the Ural ridge into Western Siberia. In our country it grows in the forests of the European part, the Urals, and adjacent regions of Siberia. The hoofed grass has an isolated part of its range in Altai.
Grows in deciduous and mixed forests. It especially loves forest ravines in oak groves and areas with hazel thickets.

Medicinal value of hoofed grass and methods of medicinal use

Different parts of the coffin contain biologically active substances, in particular essential oil. Unfortunately, the plant is poisonous, which is partly why it is not used in scientific medicine. But homeopaths highly respect the hoof, its toxicity in this case does not matter, since the poison is contained in homeopathic medicines in negligible doses.
For medicinal purposes, the underground part (rhizomes with roots dug up in early spring), leaves (collected during flowering) or the whole plant are used.
Popular names for hoofweed: undergrowth, hoofgrass, undergrowth, undergrowth, black buttercup, wine root, earthen incense, heart, undergrowth, oblap, wild pepper, hairweed, meun.
People believed that the root cured dropsy (“water flow disease”) and helped “those with jaundice” (that is, those with jaundice).
Coffin has been known as a medicinal plant for a long time. In the time of Avicenna it was considered a healing remedy of Chinese origin. The scientist wrote: “The roots are the most useful thing that is in it. Its strength is the same as that of calamus, but greater.” Helps with dropsy, inflammation of the sciatic nerve and old pain, especially the infusion. Increases the amount of male semen.
In folk medicine, coffin is used as an antifever, diuretic, anthelmintic, choleretic, cardiac, expectorant, and emetic. Clefthoof is also used for headaches, epilepsy, tongue paralysis, gout, rheumatism, and hypertension. Tea from the rhizome promotes digestion and relaxes the intestines, so it can be used for gastritis, liver diseases, and in a mixture with immortelle inflorescences - for hepatitis. It is believed that long-term ingestion of the root causes an aversion to alcohol.
In folk medicine in other countries, hoofed grass is used for dropsy, jaundice, malaria, and nervous eczema. In Hungary, children with spastic bronchitis are treated with a preparation from the coffin herb called ozaropect, which has some advantages over other drugs of similar action.
In European medicine, the hoof was used to treat eye diseases (from cataracts) and was used as an antidote for poisoning. Usually in such cases the powder from the root was given to sniff, and the smell of the hoofed grass caused vomiting, which helped cleanse the stomach.
An aqueous infusion of leaves and roots can increase cardiac activity, constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure, similar to adrenaline.
Take 1 g of raw material per 1 glass of water. Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day (at least 10 days) before meals.

In folk medicine, they use a mixture of coffin leaves and immortelle inflorescences (1 part each) to treat patients with diphtheria.
Take 15 g of the mixture per 1 cup of boiling water. Infuse, wrapped, for an hour, strain. Take 1 glass during the day in 3 divided doses.

The best way to use coffin is to take it with milk.
The reference book by A. Meyer (1781) says the following about the hoof: “... in small quantities with cow's milk, the boiled root expels bile phlegm through the bottom, cleanses the stomach of bad phlegm; powder from the leaves is sniffed in order to expel phlegm that has accumulated in the head during prolonged headaches... In German soil, milkweeds put the leaves in freshly milked milk to make it thicker and give more cream.”
The juice from the leaves is rubbed onto areas affected by scabies.

Contraindications. When consuming preparations from the coffin, we must not forget that the plant is slightly poisonous and requires medical supervision. The plant should not be used by pregnant women.
Traditional medicine uses coffin decoction in the treatment of lung cancer.
Pour in a third of a teaspoon of the root crushed in a mortar! a glass of boiling water, close tightly and simmer in a water bath for 30 minutes. Remove from heat, let it brew for a while and take it warm 3-4 times a day after meals. The decoction can be stored for no more than two days!
The plant is poisonous, so it is recommended to take no more than one tablespoon, strictly adhere to the dosage and alternate a monthly course of treatment with a monthly break.

A decoction of the root of the coffin is also used in the treatment of asthma. Pour two grams of root into 1 cup of boiling water and leave for 30 minutes. in a water bath. Adults take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day, and children take 1 teaspoon 4 times a day after meals.
This decoction also helps in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Taking the decoction alternates with taking a mixture of wild rosemary and stinging nettle or the same mixture with the addition of tricolor violet, ephedra and valerian root. Marsh wild rosemary herb - 25g, small stinging nettle herb - 15g. Brew 1 liter of boiling water, let it brew, take half a glass 5-6 times a day.

The roots and leaves of the coffin plant give excellent results in the treatment of cardiopulmonary insufficiency, providing excellent support for the heart.
To prepare the decoction, take 1/2 teaspoon of crushed roots and 1 teaspoon, flush with the edges of the crushed leaves of the plant. Pour boiling water and keep in a water bath for 30 minutes, after cooling, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 4-6 times a day. The course of treatment is 3-4 weeks. This treatment can be repeated several times a year. There are no contraindications. Traditional healers note the excellent tonic properties of this decoction.
The popular names of hoofed grass - wine root, emetic root - did not appear by chance. In villages, the root of the plant has long been used when it was necessary to induce vomiting in a patient, especially in case of food poisoning (a strong decoction: 2 teaspoons per 1 glass of boiling water).

Women, exhausted by their husbands' drunkenness, also resorted to the help of hoofed grass, adding a tablespoon of a strong decoction of rhizomes to a glass of vodka. When a man vomits thoroughly after each drinking session, he involuntarily begins to be wary of strong drinks.
And you can use the plant in the same way as its compiler F. Loevsky writes about it in “The Complete True Common People's Russian Medical Book,” published in Moscow in 1856: “Powder from the root is very useful in any drink that is consumed by a voracious drinker.” hoof grass, and little by little, so that you don’t vomit, but feel sick; or take the powder from the inner rind of buckthorn or elderberry, or the root of hellebore 2 spools per bottle of wine and leave for 3 or 4 days, and then give a glass 3-4 times a day; or take the inner rind of elderberry or the root of the hoofed grass, or the root of the white hellebore, in order to make strong tea, and add so much to every drink so that it does not vomit, but only makes you feel sick.”

A decoction of hoofed grass, prepared from 1/2 teaspoon of plant roots and 200 ml of boiling water (steam in a water bath for 30 minutes, take 1 tablespoon 5-6 times a day), increases the amount of male semen and is used in the treatment of impotence.
This is how Odo of Mena wrote about the hoof in his treatise “On the Properties of Herbs”:
This herb causes urine; if you drink it, it cleanses
Regula, in the same way it calms the liver,
Treats dropsy and frequently treats ischias,
And with the suffering of the uterus, a decoction from it helps.
Drink it, and it will drive away, they say, jaundice;
Vomiting like hellebore, she will cleanse the hypochondrium,
But such cleansing is by no means cruel, and even
It’s not scary at all when cleansing is done this way;
First of all, take into account age and strength
Those whom you want to cleanse, and the time, consider the years.
After all, it should be given little by little to both elders and children,
Give more to young people, as well as middle-aged people,
Fat and strong people should be given more than thin people.
And to weak husbands, and within cold limits it is given
More than in warm ones, and in all those hardened by any work
Give her more than the relaxed with sluggish idleness.
Having carefully weighed all this, and in other similar cases
Use this herb and any herbs to your advantage,
Those that weaken our intestines and cleanse our stomach by vomiting.
In particular, I will tell you how the vulgago (hoof) is usually given.
You pick three dozen fresh grass leaves, adding
There is enough pure wine for them all to immerse themselves in it;
Let them soak in this wine all night, and in the morning
Together with the wine where they lay, you grind them, rubbing them.
Then boil the greens along with fatty and fresh pork,
Give it to the patient in sufficient quantity at first,
Let him take strong white and wine if he wishes.
The juice of Aquarius, which is prepared like this, you give him to drink.
Such a number of leaves is enough to be strong and tall.
But the rest should (as we reported) be reduced.
Taking into account the age, strength of the patient and the time of year!

EUROPEAN HOOF. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MEDICAL APPLICATION

N.N. Shurevich, A.A. Markaryan

Department of Pharmacy with a course of social pharmacy Faculty of postgraduate professional education of pharmacists MMA named after. THEM. Sechenova st. Skladochnaya, 1, building 17, Moscow, Russia, 127018 tel. +79114636467, email. mail: [email protected]

The purpose of the work was to study the chemical composition and pharmacological properties, as well as the use in medical practice of the raw material of European hoofed grass, as well as drugs based on it. The article describes some pharmacognostic features of the dried medicinal plant raw material of the European ungulate; the chemical composition of various parts of plants, as well as the possibility of using freshly harvested and dried medicinal plant raw materials, cleft wolf, in medical and homeopathic practice.

Keywords: European hoofweed, asaron.

In the list of vascular plants of the flora of the USSR, the Kirkazonaceae family - Aristolochiaceae Juss. is represented by two genera: kirkazon (Aristolochia L.) and hoofweed Asarum L. (Asiasarum F. Maer.). The coffin genus is represented by four species: European coffin - Asarum europaeum L., heterotropoid coffin - Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt, intermediate hoof - Asarum intermedium (C.A. Mey.), Siebold's hoof - Asarum Sieboldii Mig. .

European hooffoot (Asarum europaeum L., family Kirkazonaceae - Aristolochiaceae Juss) is a perennial herbaceous polycarpic plant with an epigeogenic plagiotropic, creeping rhizome immersed in the forest floor, consisting of monocyclic monocarpic shoots that grow acrosympodially. The root system includes a rhizome with numerous thin adventitious roots, extending evenly along the entire length of the rhizome surface. They appear on each annual shoot growth in number from 1 to 16, with an average of 6-7. The length of adventitious roots is 5-50 cm, on average 10-12 cm, diameter 0.2 cm. The depth of root penetration on sod-podzolic and gray forest soils is determined mainly by the thickness of the humus horizon and is 5-10 cm; on leached chernozems under forests it can reach 50 cm. Each shoot ends with a terminal flower. The renewal bud is large, develops in the axil of the upper middle assimilating leaf, branching occurs due to smaller buds in the axils of the lower scale-like leaves. The number of lateral branches is 2-4. The rhizome includes from 5 to 15 annual shoots, their length is 2-5 cm, diameter 0.5 cm. At the base of the annual growth, 2-3 lower scale-like leaves appear, ovoid, pointed, folded along, and pubescent. Median assimilating leaves -

two, with dark green, leathery, rounded kidney-shaped, entire-edged plates, 4.7 cm long, 6.5 cm wide. The plates are covered with short appressed hairs. The venation is palmate-reticulate. The petioles are long (5-K cm), slightly curved at the base, rising along with the shoot apex, grooved at the top, pubescent with long, spaced hairs (Fig. 1). Blooms in April-May.

Rice. 1. European hoofweed (Lvagit vigoravit I.)

The flower is solitary, apical, develops on a drooping peduncle up to 1-2 cm long, located on the litter or under it. The flower is three-dimensional, has a rudimentary, underdeveloped corolla and 3 brown-brown, fleshy triangular-ovate, 7-9 mm long and 4-6 mm wide sepals, at the end with a lanceolate, inwardly curved point. On the outside, the sepals are covered with thin hairs, on the inside - thick, strong, short in the upper part of the calyx and longer in the flower tube. The sepals grow together in the bud on their sides. There are 12 stamens, arranged in 2 circles; The stamens of the outer circle are small, those of the inner circle are large. The ovary is inferior, its upper part is slightly conical, almost flat. The fruit is a fleshy syncarpous capsule, open; cracks that appear at the base of the column. The seeds with an appendage are triangular-ovate, flattened, 3-3.5 mm long, about 2 mm wide, grayish-brown, finely wrinkled, with a wide and deep groove. The number of seeds in each ovary nest is 1-4. The seeds ripen at the end of June (which ants love). When crushed, the stems and rhizomes emit an odor reminiscent of allspice and camphor.

The raw materials of this plant are included in the pharmacopoeias of the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Poland and Sweden. Based on an extract from it, the drug “E8cago1” (an expectorant) was created in Germany. Raw materials of European cleft wolf are included in the homeopathic pharmacopoeias of the USA and India. In the Russian Federation, the raw material is leaves. The quality of the raw material of the coffin leaf is regulated by VFS 42-3944-00 “European coffin leaf” and includes the following numerical indicators: essential oil - not less than 0.5%; humidity - no more than 14%; total ash - no more than 16%; ash insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid - no more than 4%; other parts of the plant - no more than 2%; browned, darkened leaves - no more than 5%; organic impurities - no more than 1%; mineral impurity - no more than 1%. Leaves of the European hoofweed include

in the composition of the domestic collection “Stopal”, the aqueous extract of which is used for conditioned reflex therapy of alcoholism.

European hooffoot (Ayaagit eigoraeum B.) is used in folk medicine as an emetic, expectorant, and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects. An infusion of leaves is drunk for diseases of the stomach, liver, and kidneys; decoction - for heart disease, alcoholism and poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, nervous excitement, migraines, as a diuretic and for dropsy, for jaundice, malaria, eczema, epilepsy. In addition, a decoction of the roots and rhizomes of the coffin is used as a diuretic for kidney diseases. A decoction of underground organs in milk is especially effective. There is evidence that a decoction of rhizomes increases the amount of male semen. To enhance sexual desire and potency, use an infusion of rhizomes in grape syrup. An aqueous infusion of the plant's raw materials is drunk for diseases of the stomach, liver, kidneys, a decoction for heart disease, alcoholism and poisoning with poisonous mushrooms (as an emetic), nervous excitement, migraines, as a diuretic for dropsy, as well as for jaundice, malaria, eczema, epilepsy . Infusions and decoctions of coffin rhizomes are used for fever, epilepsy, arthritis, kidney and liver diseases, in the treatment of silicosis, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, stomatitis, gastritis, helminthic infestations, bleeding, tumors of various etiologies, asthma, hysteria, migraines, impotence, oligomenorrhea. Powder of rhizomes with milk is taken for diarrhea.

In Siberia, a decoction of underground organs in the form of lotions is used for headaches, and is also taken orally for dyspepsia, enteritis, jaundice and to improve digestion. Old wounds and ulcers are washed with the infusion, and lichens are lubricated. Dried and crushed rhizomes with roots are sniffed for a runny nose, headache, and deafness. Fresh and crushed hoof leaves are applied to abscesses, and their vinegar tincture is applied to the affected areas of the skin for scabies. The eyes are washed with a decoction for various eye diseases.

Herbal preparations from the rhizomes of the cleft foot exhibit emetic, expectorant, diuretic, lactogonic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, antispasmodic, tonic, choleretic, laxative, antipyretic, sedative and antisclerotic effects. In the experiment, they increase the strength of capillary walls, reduce heart rate, and increase the force of myocardial contractions. The essential extract of underground organs has an emetic effect. A tincture of fresh leaves was included in the complex tincture “Akofit”, FS 42-60-72 “Fresh leaf of the European hoofed grass”, which was used externally for acute radiculitis and neuralgia. An aqueous infusion of leaves is drunk for headaches, deafness, paralysis with loss of speech, epilepsy, gout and rheumatism, nervous and heart diseases. In Hungary it is used in the treatment of spastic bronchitis. Coffin essential oil has a pleasant scent of allspice and can be used in dental practice, perfumery, and the food industry. In veterinary medicine, powder and aqueous infusion of coffin rhizomes are used as an expectorant, laxative, cardiotonic and diuretic.

Rhizomes contain about 1% essential oil, in its composition: asarone - 30-50% (Fig. 2), asaronic aldehyde - 2-3%, trans-isoasarone, trans-methyliso-eugenol, diazaron, SpH18O ester, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, sesquiterpene alcohol, terpene C10H16 - 1-2%, 1-bornyl acetate - 12-13%, tricyclic sesquiterpene C15H24 - 10-12%, methyl eugenol (or methylisoeugenol) - 15-20%, asaronic acid; phenolic compounds (a-asarone). Triterpenoids: 24a-methylcholesten-5-ol-3p, 24-a-ethylcholestanol-5,22-ol-3p, 24a-ethylcholesten-5-ol-3p, 24a-ethylcholestanol-3p. Higher aliphatic alcohols: n-dodecanol, n-tetradecanol, n-hexadecanol, n-docosanol, n-tetracosanol, n-cis-octadecen-9-ol-1, 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecen-1-ol- 1.

Rice. 2. Structural formula of asarone

The leaves contain steroids (sitosterol), phenol carboxylic acids (d-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic), flavonoids in the hydrolyzate (kaempferol, quercetin), flavonoids (quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-galactoside - trifolin, kaempferol 3-ru-tinoside , quercetin), triterpenoids (cholesten-5-ol-3р, 24а-methylcholesten-5-ol-3р, 24 а-ethylcholestadien-5,22,-ol-3р, 24 а-ethylcholesten-5-ol -3р, 24-ethylcho-lestanol-3Р), higher aliphatic alcohols (n-octadecanol, n-eicosanol, n-tetracosanol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecen-2-ol-1), higher fatty acids (n-hexadecane, n-octadecane, n-octadecene-9, n-octadecadiene-9,12, n-octadecatriene-9,12,15).

Of the physico-chemical methods used to establish the authenticity of the analysis of leaves of the European coffin, TLC for the presence of asarone is known. The content of essential oil, with a norm of at least 0.5%, as an active group of biologically active substances, is determined according to State Fund XI. Distillation time 3 hours.

Considering the use of raw materials from the hoofed grass in allopathy and homeopathic medicine, there is a need to develop new reproducible and unified control methods to control the quality of raw materials and medicines from the European hoofed grass. On the pharmaceutical market there is a variety of herbal medicines based on the raw material of the European hoofed grass, which has found wide use in foreign medicine. The plant is official. The problems of establishing the authenticity of raw materials have been resolved, while the question of proper standardization of biologically active substances in raw materials and dosage forms remains open.

LITERATURE

Atlas of medicinal plants of Russia. - M., 2006. - P. 140-142.

Budantsev A.L., Lesiovskaya E.E. Wild useful plants of Russia. - St. Petersburg: SPHFA, 2001. - pp. 59-60.

State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR XI edition. Vol. 1. - M.: Medicine, 1987. - P. 290.

State register of medicines. - 2001. - T. 1. - P. 223.

Nuzhny V.P., Rozhanets V.V., Efremov A.P. Medicinal plants and phytocompositions in narcology. - M.: KomKniga, 2006. - 512 p.

Plant resources of the USSR. Flowering plants, their chemical composition, use. - Leningrad: Science, 1985. - pp. 19-20.

Cherepanov S.K. Vascular plants of the USSR. - Leningrad: Science, 1981. -S. 35.

Ennet, Diether. Heilpflanzen und Drogen. - Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1990. - P. 133-134.

ASARUM EUROPEUM. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION IN MEDICINE

N.N. Tschurevitch, A.A. Markarian

Department of pharmacy with course social pharmacy Professional education after university for pharmacist faculty Moscow I.M. Sechenov Medical Academy Trofimova str., 8, Moscow, Russia, 119991, tel. +79114636467, email: [email protected]

The purpose of this study is determined by research of chemical compounds and pharmacological properties and application in medicine by raw material of Asarum europeum and the drugs base upon the raw material. In article authors report about pharmacognostic characteristics by drug raw material of Asarum europeum; chemical compounds, which containing in different parts of the plant and possibility by application freshly gathered and desiccated raw material in medicinal and homeopathic practice.

Key words: Asarum europaeum, Azaron.

European hoofweed is a beautiful plant with abundant foliage, shaped like a horse's hoof. In the Siberian forests and in the forest zone of the European part of our country, this plant forms a magnificent green carpet under the trees. Today, hoofed grass is often used as an element of landscape design, used to decorate alpine hills and shady areas in botanical gardens.

Description of the plant

European hoofweed (Latin name Asarum europaeum) belongs to the kirkazon family (Latin Aristolochiaceae), and is a low (10-15 cm) perennial herbaceous evergreen plant. The root is a horizontal creeping rhizome.

The leaves of the hoofed grass are juicy green, do not fall off in winter, and are perfectly preserved under the snow. After overwintering and waiting for summer, the leaves of this plant fall off. European hooffoot cannot be confused with any other plant - its leathery leaves almost exactly repeat the shape of a horse's hoof.

The stem of this plant is long, creeping and climbing, hidden in the grass and fallen leaves, brownish-brown, covered with leathery, long-stalked, entire leaves, at the base of which flower buds are formed in the fall.

The flower buds of the hoofed grass overwinter well under fallen leaves and snow. The hoofed grass blooms with brownish flowers, with a purple inner surface and single flowers. Its perianth is simple, bell-shaped, tripartite, greenish in color. After flowering, European hoofed grass forms a fruit in the form of a hexagonal capsule, with small, wrinkled, brownish-gray seeds.

The ungulate blooms in May, and the fruits ripen in June, when the time comes for the ants to feed their larvae. Each coffin seed has a small, fleshy appendage that attracts ants. For the sake of this appendage, the ants take away the seeds of the hoofweed throughout the forest, and they eat only this appendage without damaging the seed itself.

European hooffoot is a plant that is not only unusual in appearance, but also has a peculiar peppery smell. For this smell, which intensifies when you rub its leaves with your hands, the English call it wild ginger, and our people gave it such names as forest pepper, wine root, emetic root, wild pepper, hare root, hoofweed, undergrowth, earthen incense and many more , no less peculiar names.

Coffin has been used since ancient times in folk medicine and even in magic, but modern pharmacology has recently begun to use this plant, mainly as a component of herbal preparations. You must use hoofed grass yourself very carefully because absolutely all parts of this plant are poisonous. Although, if you do not overdose, this plant brings tangible benefits.

Medicinal properties of the plant

European coffin has a wide range of medicinal properties. It is used as an emetic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, hemostatic, expectorant, laxative, wound healing, sedative, antipyretic, diuretic, anthelmintic and antisclerotic agent.

In addition, this plant is effective in treating extensive and purulent wounds, ulcers, and scabies.

The aerial part of the plant and rhizomes contain a mass of biologically active substances and compounds such as glycosides, including the cardiac group, the alkaloid azarin, tannins and resins, starch, mucus, organic acids, as well as their salts, essential oils, among which stands out toxic substance asaron (disappears when the raw material is dried), transisoasarone, etc., flavonoids, various resins, phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins.

Preparation of medicinal raw materials

European ungulate is almost entirely a medicinal raw material, but mainly only leaves and rhizomes are used. The roots are harvested either in spring or autumn.

Harvesting roots in the summer is not recommended. It is better to harvest the leaves of this plant during the flowering period, but this can be done throughout the summer period.

The harvested raw materials must be sorted out, damaged leaves must be removed, and the roots must be thoroughly washed and cut into small pieces. Then spread the raw materials in a thin layer on a clean mat and dry them in the shade, under a canopy or in the attic - the room should be well ventilated and not have access to rain moisture. You can also dry the raw materials in the oven at a temperature not exceeding 50 degrees.

Store finished raw materials for no more than a year, in a dry and cool place. Roots and leaves should be stored separately from each other.

Use in folk medicine

In folk medicine, European coffin has been used to treat a variety of diseases for a very long time, both as an independent medicine and as part of herbal preparations. Coffin is used in the form of decoctions, infusions, compresses and lotions.

Thus, for the treatment of diseases such as gastritis, both acute and chronic, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and biliary tract, pneumonia, as well as chronic and acute bronchitis, epilepsy, decoctions and infusions of this plant are used.

Contraindications

It is strictly forbidden to take coffin in any form during pregnancy. The plant is mildly poisonous, so use should only be started after consulting a doctor. Take strictly according to the prescribed prescription, avoiding overdose.