Protein in the biochemical analysis is increased. What does the indicator of total protein in the blood mean and what is its norm? Why and when donate blood for analysis

Perhaps the development of physiological hypoproteinemia in the last months of pregnancy, during lactation, against the background of prolonged physical exertion, as well as in bedridden patients.

What diseases cause a decrease in the amount of protein in the blood
Hypoproteinemia is a sign of the following diseases:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreatitis, enterocolitis)
• surgical interventions
• tumors of different localization
• liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver tumors or liver metastases)
• poisoning
• acute and chronic bleeding
• burn disease
• glomerulonephritis
• thyrotoxicosis
• the use of infusion therapy (the intake of large volumes of fluid into the body)
• hereditary diseases (Wilson-Konovalov disease)
• fever

Increasing the amount of protein in the blood
The development of hyperproteinemia is a rare phenomenon. This phenomenon develops in a number of pathological conditions in which the formation of pathological proteins occurs. This laboratory sign is detected in infectious diseases, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphogranulomatosis, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis. Perhaps the development of relative hyperproteinemia ( physiological) with abundant water loss: vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, burns, also with diabetes insipidus and nephritis.

Medications affecting protein content
Some medications affect the concentration of total protein in the blood. So, corticosteroids, bromsulfalein contribute to the development of hyperproteinemia, and estrogen hormones lead to hypoproteinemia. An increase in the concentration of total protein is also possible with prolonged clamping of the vein with a tourniquet, as well as the transition from the "lying" to the "standing" position.

How to take a protein test?
To determine the concentration of total protein, blood is taken from a vein, in the morning, on an empty stomach. The break between the last meal and the time of the test should be at least 8 hours. Sweet drinks should also be limited. To date, the protein concentration is determined by the biuret or microbiuret (if the concentration is very low) method. This method is universal, easy to use, fairly cheap and fast. There are few errors when using this method, so it is considered reliable and informative. Errors mainly occur when the reaction is incorrectly formulated or dirty dishes are used.

Albumin, types of globulin, norms, reasons for increasing or decreasing indicators

What are protein fractions, norms
Blood protein is represented by several types, which are called protein fractions. There are two main fractions of total protein - albumins and globulins. Globulins, in turn, are represented by four types - α1, α2, β and γ.

Violations of this ratio of protein fractions is called dysproteinemia.Most often, various types of dysproteinemia accompany liver diseases and infectious diseases.

Albumin - the norm, the reason for the increase, decrease, how to take an analysis
Let's consider each protein fraction separately. Albumins are a very homogeneous group, half of which is in the vascular bed, and half in the interstitial fluid. Due to the presence of a negative charge and a large surface, albumins are able to carry various substances on themselves - hormones, drugs, fatty acids, bilirubin, metal ions, etc. The main physiological function of albumins is to maintain pressure and reserve amino acids. Albumins are synthesized in the liver and live 12-27 days.

Albumin increase - causes
An increase in the concentration of albumin in the blood ( hyperalbuminemia) may be associated with the following pathologies:

• dehydration, or dehydration (loss of body fluid through vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating)
• extensive burns

Vitamin A intake in high doses also contributes to the development of hyperalbuminemia. In general, a high concentration of albumin has no significant diagnostic value.

Decreased albumin - causes
Decreased albumin concentration ( hypoalbuminemia) can be up to 30 g / l, which leads to a decrease in oncotic pressure and the appearance of edema. Hypoalbuminemia occurs when:

• various nephritis (glomerulonephritis)
• acute liver atrophy, toxic hepatitis, cirrhosis
• increased capillary permeability
• amyloidosis
• burns
• injuries
• bleeding
• congestive heart failure
• pathology of the gastrointestinal tract
• fasting
• pregnancy and lactation
• tumors
• with malabsorption syndrome
• thyrotoxicosis
• taking oral contraceptives and estrogen hormones

How is the analysis given?
To determine the concentration of albumin, blood is taken from a vein, in the morning, on an empty stomach. As preparation for the test, it is necessary to exclude food intake for 8-12 hours before donating blood and avoid strong physical exertion, including prolonged standing. The above factors can distort the picture, and the result of the analysis will be incorrect. To determine the concentration of albumin, a special reagent is used - bromcresol green. Determination of albumin concentration by this method is accurate, simple and short. Possible errors occur when blood is not properly processed for analysis, dirty dishes are used, or the reaction is incorrectly formulated.

Globulins - types of globulins, norms, causes of increase, decrease

α1-globulins -α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, norms, causes of increase, decrease

The composition of this protein fraction includes up to 5 proteins, and they normally make up 4% of the total protein. Two have the greatest diagnostic value - and.

α1-antitrypsin (serine proteinase inhibitor) regulates the activity of blood plasma enzymes - trypsin, thrombin, renin, plasmin, kallikrein and elastase. The normal content in the blood of a healthy person is 2-5 g / l. This protein is an acute-phase protein, that is, an increase in its concentration occurs during inflammation and oncological diseases. Complete or partial deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leads to obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema) and progressive cirrhosis at a young age.

α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) involved in the transfer of hormones - testosterone and progesterone. Normally, it contains 0.55 -1.4 g / l in the blood serum. The concentration of orosomucoid increases 3-4 times in acute and chronic inflammations and after operations. Determination of the concentration of orosomucoid is used to monitor the dynamics of the development of inflammation or to control oncology (an increase in the concentration of this protein indicates a tumor recurrence).

How to pass the analysis?
To determine the concentration of α1-globulins, blood is taken from a vein, in the morning, on an empty stomach. The method for quantifying the concentration of these proteins is accurate, but rather complicated, so its determination should be carried out by an experienced and highly qualified person. The method is quite lengthy, it takes several hours. The blood must be fresh, without signs of hemolysis. Errors in the determination occur when the personnel are not sufficiently qualified or the rules for preparing blood for analysis are violated.

α2-globulins -α2-macroglobulin,haptoglobinnorms,ceruloplasmin,reasons for the increase, decrease

Normally, the amount of α2-globulins is 7-7.5% of the total blood protein. In this fraction of proteins, α2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin have the greatest diagnostic value. Haptoglobin 0.8-2.7 g/l ceruloplasmin
α2-macroglobulin-synthesized in the liver, monocytes and macrophages. Normally, its content in the blood of adults is 1.5-4.2 g / l, and in children it is 2.5 times higher. This protein belongs to the immune system and is cytostatic (stops the division of cancer cells).
A decrease in the concentration of α2-macroglobulin is observed in acute inflammation, rheumatism, polyarthritis and oncological diseases.
An increase in the concentration of α2-macroglobulin is detected in liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, myxedema and diabetes mellitus.

Haptoglobin consists of two subunits and circulates in human blood in three molecular forms. It is an acute phase protein. The normal content in the blood of a healthy person is less than 2.7 g / l. The main function of haptoglobin is the transfer of hemoglobin to the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, where hemoglobin is destroyed and bilirubin is formed from it. An increase in its concentration occurs with acute inflammation, and a decrease in hemolytic anemia. When incompatible blood is transfused, it may disappear altogether.

ceruloplasmin- a protein with the properties of an enzyme that oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+. Ceruloplasmin is a depot and carrier of copper. In the blood of a healthy person, it normally contains 0.15 - 0.60 g / l. The content of this protein increases during acute inflammation and pregnancy. The inability of the body to synthesize this protein is found in a congenital disease - Wilson-Konovalov's disease, as well as in healthy relatives of these patients.

How to take an analysis?
To determine the concentration of α2-macroglobulins, blood from a vein is used, which is taken strictly in the morning, on an empty stomach. Methods for determining these proteins are laborious and rather long in time, and also require high qualification.

β-globulins -transferrin,hemopexin,norm, reasons for increase, decrease

This fraction makes up 10% of the total protein in blood serum. The highest diagnostic value in this protein fraction is the determination of transferrin and hemopexin.
Hemopexin 0.50‑1.2 g/l
Transferrin(siderophilin) is a reddish protein that carries iron to the depot organs (liver, spleen), and from there to the cells that synthesize hemoglobin. An increase in the amount of this protein is rare, mainly in processes associated with the destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia, malaria, etc.). Instead of determining the concentration of transferrin, the determination of the degree of its saturation with iron is used. Normally, it is saturated with iron only 1/3. A decrease in this value indicates iron deficiency and the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia, and an increase indicates an intensive breakdown of hemoglobin (for example, with hemolytic anemia).

Hemopexin It is also a hemoglobin-binding protein. Normally, it is contained in the blood - 0.5-1.2 g / l. The content of hemopexin decreases with hemolysis, liver and kidney diseases, and increases with inflammation.

How to pass the analysis?
To determine the concentration of β-globulins, blood from a vein is used, which is taken in the morning, on an empty stomach. The blood must be fresh, without signs of hemolysis. Carrying out this sample is a high-tech analysis that requires highly qualified laboratory assistant. The analysis is laborious and rather time consuming.

γ-globulins (immunoglobulins) - the norm, the reasons for the increase and decrease

In the blood, γ-globulins make up 15–25% (8–16 g/l) of the total blood protein.

The γ-globulin fraction includes immunoglobulins.

Immunoglobulins- these are antibodies that are produced by cells of the immune system to destroy pathogenic bacteria. An increase in the number of immunoglobulins is observed when immunity is activated, that is, during viral and bacterial infections, as well as inflammation and tissue destruction. A decrease in the number of immunoglobulins can be physiological (in children 3-6 years old), congenital (hereditary immunodeficiency diseases) and secondary (with allergies, chronic inflammation, malignant tumors, long-term treatment with corticosteroids).

How to pass the analysis?
Determination of the concentration of γ-globulins is carried out in blood from a vein taken in the morning (before 10 am), on an empty stomach. When passing an analysis for the determination of γ-globulins, it is necessary to avoid physical exertion and strong emotional upheavals. To determine the concentration of γ-globulins, various methods are used - immunological, biochemical. Immunological methods are more accurate. In terms of time costs, both biochemical and immunological methods are equivalent. However, immunological should be preferred due to their greater accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.

Glucose - the norm, the reasons for the increase and decrease, how to prepare for blood donation for analysis?

Blood glucose norm and physiological hyperglycemia
Glucose is a colorless crystalline substance with a sweet taste and is formed in the human body during the breakdown of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen). Glucose is the main and universal source of energy for cells throughout the body. Also, glucose is an antitoxic agent, as a result of which it is used for various poisonings, entering the body through the mouth or intravenously.

With an increase in glucose concentration above 6 mmol / l, they indicate the presence of hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can be physiological, that is, occurring in healthy people and pathological, that is, detected with various disorders in the human body.
Physiological hyperglycemia includes:

• alimentary (after meals, sweet drinks)
• neurogenic - under stress

Causes of high blood glucose
Pathological hyperglycemia occurs in the following diseases:

• neuroendocrine disorders (for example, obesity, polycystic ovaries, premenstrual syndrome, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, etc.)
• diabetes
• diseases of the pituitary gland (eg, acromegaly, pituitary dwarfism, etc.)
• adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma)
• enhanced thyroid function
• infectious hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver

Decreased blood glucose - causes
In addition to hyperglycemia, it is possible to develop hypoglycemia- lowering blood glucose levels below 3.3 mmol / l. Hypoglycemia can also be physiological or pathological. Physiological hypoglycemia occurs when:

• unbalanced diet, in which a large amount of refined carbohydrates (white flour products, confectionery, potatoes, pasta) and few vegetables, fruits, vitamins
• in newborns
• dehydration
• lack of food or eating before bed

Physiological hypoglycemia is eliminated by a simple change in lifestyle, diet, or it goes along with the end of a certain physiological process (menstruation, the neonatal period). Pathological hypoglycemia accompanies certain diseases:

1. overdose of insulin or other sugar-lowering drugs
2. kidney, liver and heart failure
3. exhaustion
4. hormonal imbalances (depletion of cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon)
5. pancreatic tumor - insulinoma
6. congenital anomalies - hypersecretion of insulin, autoimmune hypoglycemia, etc.

How to pass the analysis?
To determine the concentration of glucose, blood is taken from a finger or vein. The main condition for obtaining the correct analysis is its delivery in the morning and on an empty stomach. In this case, this means that after the evening meal and until the test is taken, one must refrain from any food and drink. That is, do not even drink tea in the morning, especially sweet. Also, on the eve of the test, you should not eat fat - fat, fatty meat, etc. It is necessary to exclude excessive physical exertion and strong emotions. Determination of the concentration of glucose in the blood from the finger, and in the blood from the vein produced by one method. This enzymatic method is accurate, specific, easy to perform and short-lived.

Bilirubin - types, norms, causes of decrease and increase, how to pass the analysis?

Direct and indirect bilirubin - where is it formed and how is it excreted?

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment that is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. With the breakdown of 1 g of hemoglobin, 34 mg of bilirubin is formed. When hemoglobin is destroyed, one part of it - globin decomposes to amino acids, the second part - heme - decomposes with the formation of iron and bile pigments. Iron is used again, and bile pigments (products of the conversion of bilirubin) are excreted from the body. Bilirubin formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin ( indirect), enters the bloodstream, where it binds to albumin and is transported to the liver. In liver cells, bilirubin combines with glucuronic acid. This bilirubin associated with glucuronic acid is called straight.

Indirect bilirubin is very toxic, as it can accumulate in cells, primarily in the brain, disrupting their function. Direct bilirubin is non-toxic. In the blood, the ratio of direct and indirect bilirubin is 1 to 3. Further, in the intestine, direct bilirubin splits off glucuronic acid under the action of bacteria, and itself is oxidized to form urobilinogen And stercobilinogen. 95% of these substances are excreted in the feces, the remaining 5% are absorbed back into the bloodstream, enter the bile and are partially excreted by the kidneys. An adult excretes 200-300 mg of bile pigments daily with feces and 1-2 mg with urine. Bile pigments are always found in gallstones.

In newborns, the level of direct bilirubin can be much higher - 17.1-205.2 µmol / l. An increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood is called bilirubinemia.

High bilirubin - causes, types of jaundice
Bilirubinemia is accompanied by the appearance of yellow coloration of the skin, sclera of the eyes and mucous membranes. Therefore, diseases associated with bilirubinemia are called jaundice. Bilirubinemia can be of hepatic origin (in diseases of the liver and biliary tract) and non-hepatic (in hemolytic anemia). Separately, there is jaundice in newborns. An increase in the concentration of total bilirubin in the range of 23-27 µmol / l indicates the presence of latent jaundice in humans, and at a concentration of total bilirubin above 27 µmol / l, a characteristic yellow color appears. In newborns, jaundice develops when the concentration of total bilirubin in the blood is above 51-60 µmol / l. Hepatic jaundice is of two types - parenchymal and obstructive. Parenchymal jaundice includes:

• hepatitis (viral, toxic)
• cirrhosis of the liver
• toxic liver damage (poisoning with alcohol, poisons, salts of heavy metals)
• tumors or metastases to the liver

With obstructive jaundice, the secretion of bile synthesized in the liver is disrupted. Obstructive jaundice occurs when:

• pregnancy (not always)
• pancreatic tumor
• cholestasis (blockage of the bile duct by stones)

Non-hepatic jaundice refers to jaundice that develops against the background of various hemolytic anemias.

Diagnosis of various types of jaundice
To distinguish what kind of jaundice we are talking about, the ratio of different fractions of bilirubin is used. These data are presented in the table.

type of jaundice	direct bilirubin	indirect bilirubin	Direct/total bilirubin ratio
Hemolytic (non-hepatic)	Norm	Moderately elevated	0,2
Parenchymal	Promoted	Promoted	0,2-0,7
Obstructive	Dramatically increased	Norm	0,5

The determination of bilirubin is a diagnostic test for jaundice. In addition to jaundice, an increase in the concentration of bilirubin is observed with severe pain. Also, bilirubinemia can develop while taking antibiotics, indomethacin, diazepam and oral contraceptives.

Causes of jaundice in newborns

Newborn jaundice due to other reasons. Consider causes formation of jaundice in newborns:

• in the fetus and newborn, the mass of red blood cells and, consequently, the concentration of hemoglobin, per fetal weight, is greater than in an adult. Within a few weeks after birth, there is an intense breakdown of "extra" erythrocytes, which is manifested by jaundice
• the ability of the newborn's liver to remove bilirubin from the blood, formed as a result of the breakdown of "extra" erythrocytes, low
• hereditary disease - Gilbert's disease
• since the intestines of the newborn are sterile, therefore the rate of formation of stercobilinogen and urobilinogen is reduced
• premature babies

In newborns, bilirubin is toxic. It binds to brain lipids, which leads to damage to the central nervous system and the formation bilirubin encephalopathy. Normally, neonatal jaundice disappears at 2-3 weeks of age.

How to take an analysis?
To determine the concentration of bilirubin, blood is taken from a vein, in the morning, on an empty stomach. You should not eat or drink for at least 4-5 hours before the procedure. The determination is carried out by the unified method of Endrashik. This method is easy to use, takes little time, and is accurate.

Urea - the norm, the reasons for the increase, decrease, how to pass the analysis

Urea norm and physiological increase in urea
Urea is a low molecular weight substance that is formed as a result of the breakdown of proteins. The body removes 12-36 grams of urea per day, and in the blood of a healthy person, the normal concentration of urea is 2.8 - 8.3 mmol / l. Women are characterized by a higher concentration blood urea compared with men. On average, blood urea with normal protein metabolism is rarely higher than 6 mmol / l.

A decrease in the concentration of urea below 2 mmol / l indicates that the person has a low-protein diet. Elevated blood urea above 8.3 mmol / l is called uremia . Uremia can be caused by certain physiological conditions. In this case, we are not talking about any serious illness.

So, physiological uremia develops with:

• unbalanced diet (rich in proteins or low in chlorides)
• fluid loss from the body - vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, etc.

In other cases, uremia is called pathological, that is, it occurs as a result of any diseases. Pathological uremia occurs with increased protein breakdown, kidney disease, and pathologies not associated with the kidney. Separately, it should be noted that a number of drugs (for example, sulfonamides, furosemide, dopegyt, lasex, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, etc.) also lead to uremia.

Causes of increased urea
So, uremia develops against the background of the following diseases:

• chronic and acute renal failure
• glomerulonephritis
• anuria (lack of urine, the person does not urinate)
• stones, tumors in the ureters, urethra
• diabetes
• burns
• gastrointestinal bleeding
• intestinal obstruction
• poisoning with chloroform, mercury salts, phenol
• heart failure
• parenchymal jaundice (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

The highest concentration of urea in the blood is observed in patients with various pathologies of the kidneys. Therefore, the determination of the concentration of urea is used mainly as a diagnostic test for kidney pathology. In patients with renal insufficiency, the severity of the process and the prognosis are assessed by the concentration of urea in the blood. Urea concentration up to 16 mmol/l corresponds to moderate renal failure, 16-34 mmol/l - severe renal dysfunction and above 34 mmol/l - very severe kidney pathology with poor prognosis.

Decreased urea - causes
Decreased urea concentration in the blood is rare. This is mainly observed with increased protein breakdown (intensive physical work), with high protein requirements (pregnancy, breastfeeding), with insufficient intake of protein from food. A relative decrease in the concentration of blood urea is possible - with an increase in the amount of fluid in the body (infusion). These phenomena are considered physiological. A pathological decrease in the concentration of blood urea is detected in some hereditary diseases (for example, celiac disease), as well as in severe liver damage (necrosis, cirrhosis at a late stage, poisoning with salts of heavy metals, phosphorus, arsenic).

How to take an analysis
The determination of the concentration of urea is carried out in the blood taken from a vein in the morning, on an empty stomach. Before passing the analysis, it is necessary to refrain from eating for 6-8 hours, and also avoid strong physical exertion. Currently, urea is determined by the enzymatic method, which is specific, accurate, quite simple and does not require long time-consuming. Also, some laboratories use the urease method. However, the enzymatic method is preferred.

Creatinine - the norm, the reason for the increase, how to get tested

Creatinine norm
Creatinine is the end product of protein and amino acid metabolism and is produced in muscle tissue.

The content of creatinine in the blood can be higher in athletes than in ordinary people.

Causes of increased creatinine
Increasing blood creatine creatininemia - a diagnostic sign of the development of pathological processes in the kidneys and the muscular system. Creatininemia is detected in acute and chronic nephritis (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), nephrosis and nephrosclerosis, as well as thyrotoxicosis (thyroid disease) or muscle damage (trauma, compression, etc.). Taking certain medications also forms an increased blood creatinine content . These drugs include - vitamin C, reserpine, ibuprofen, cefazolin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, mercury compounds.

In addition to determining the concentration of creatinine in the diagnosis of kidney diseases, the Rehberg test is used. This test assesses the cleansing function of the kidneys based on the determination of creatinine in the blood and urine, as well as the subsequent calculation of glomerular filtration and reabsorption.

How to take an analysis
Determination of creatinine concentration is carried out in blood from a vein taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Before taking the test, it is necessary to abstain from food for 6-8 hours. On the eve, you should not abuse meat food. To date, the determination of creatinine concentration is carried out by the enzymatic method. The method is highly sensitive, specific, reliable and simple.

Uric acid - the norm, the reasons for the increase, decrease, how to get tested

The norm of uric acid
Uric acid is the end product of the metabolism of purines, the building blocks of DNA. Purines break down in the liver, therefore, the formation of uric acid also occurs in the liver, and it is excreted from the body by the kidneys.


Causes of high uric acid levels
An increase in the concentration of uric acid ( hyperuricemia) in the blood of a healthy person occurs during exercise, fasting or eating food rich in purines - meat, red wine, chocolate, coffee, raspberries, beans. In the presence of toxicosis in pregnant women, the concentration of uric acid may also increase. An abnormal increase in uric acid in the blood is a diagnostic sign gout. Gout is a disease in which only part of the uric acid is excreted by the kidneys, and the rest is deposited as crystals in the kidneys, eyes, intestines, heart, joints and skin. As a rule, gout is inherited. The development of gout in the absence of a hereditary factor occurs with malnutrition with a large amount of purine-containing foods. Hyperuricemia can also develop with blood diseases (leukemia, lymphoma, B12-deficiency anemia), hepatitis and biliary tract pathology, certain infections (tuberculosis, pneumonia), diabetes mellitus, eczema, psoriasis, kidney diseases and alcoholics.

Low uric acid levels - causes
Low uric acid is rare. In healthy people, this phenomenon occurs with a diet poor in purines. A pathological decrease in the level of uric acid accompanies hereditary diseases - Wilson-Konovalov's disease, Fanconi anemia.

How to pass the analysis?
An analysis to determine uric acid must be taken in the morning, on an empty stomach, blood from a vein. Preparation does not require special measures - just do not abuse food rich in purines. Uric acid is determined by the enzymatic method. The method is widespread, simple, convenient and reliable.

Protein is an important component necessary for the functioning of the body. Its different types are involved in all biochemical processes. They take part in immune defense and blood coagulation, transfer various substances (lipids, minerals, pigments, hormones, drugs) to organs and tissues, maintain pH balance in the blood, keep blood elements in suspension, ensure its viscosity and fluidity.

All proteins contained in the blood and differing in properties, structure and purpose are called "total protein". Serum contains globulins and albumins. In addition, there is also fibrinogen in the plasma, so the total plasma protein is higher than the serum protein. A blood test allows you to determine both the total content and the concentration of individual fractions. If the serum protein is elevated, they speak of hyperproteinemia.

Norm

At different ages, their own norm of protein concentration:

• from 43 to 68 g / liter - for newborns;
• from 48 to 72 - for children under 1 year old;
• from 51 to 75 - for children from 1 to 4 years old;
• from 52 to 78 - for children from 5 to 7 years old;
• from 58 to 78 - for children from 8 to 15;
• from 65 to 80 - for adults;
• from 62 to 81 - for people over 60 years old.

According to its general level, the degree of violation of protein metabolism in the body is assessed. Determination of its concentration is necessary in the diagnosis of cancer, kidney and liver diseases, severe burns, and malnutrition. Elevated protein indicates violations in the body. According to this indicator alone, it is impossible to establish the cause, it is necessary to conduct additional studies.

Reasons for the increase

Hyperproteinemia is absolute and relative.

Absolute increase is a rather rare occurrence. It is due to the production of abnormal proteins, increased synthesis of immunoglobulins, or intensive production of proteins during the acute period of the disease. In this case, the causes of increased protein may be as follows:

1. Chronic polyarthritis.
2. Hodgkin's disease.
3. Cirrhosis of the liver.
4. chronic hepatitis.
5. Chronic and acute infectious diseases.
6. Blood poisoning.
7. Autoimmune diseases (sarcoidosis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis).
8. A particularly high level of protein is observed in paraproteinemic hemoblastoses: Waldenström's disease, multiple myeloma and others. Its concentration can reach about 120-160 g/liter.

Absolute hyperproteinemia is observed in many serious diseases, including infectious, oncological, autoimmune and others.

Concerning relative increase protein, it is due to the fact that the blood becomes thicker due to dehydration. The reasons for this condition may be as follows:

1. Intestinal obstruction.
2. Diabetes insipidus.
3. Severe burns.
4. Severe injuries.
5. Acute bleeding.
6. Profuse diarrhea.
7. Strong vomiting.
8. Cholera.
9. Peritonitis is generalized.
10. Increased perspiration.
11. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
12. Chronic nephritis.

Protein concentration can also increase in healthy people. In these cases, it rises for a short time and quickly returns to normal. False hyperproteinemia is observed:

• when a tourniquet is applied to the forearm during blood sampling;
• with a sharp rise from the bed, that is, a change from a horizontal position to a vertical one.

Conclusion

The total protein in a biochemical blood test is of no particular diagnostic value. Any deviations from the norm require additional research. If an elevated level of total protein is found in the blood, you need to find out why this happened. In most cases, this is a signal of a malfunction in the body. As a rule, its high level cannot be the norm. It is necessary to quickly make an appointment with a doctor for examination, diagnosis and treatment, since such a condition can be dangerous to health and life.

Protein in the blood is an important component of the protein volume of the body. It determines the total concentration of albumin and globulins in blood plasma. Timely analysis makes it possible to diagnose dangerous diseases. The indicator is measured in g / liter. The analysis is carried out in a clinic in compliance with all international standards. Any deviations from the norm should not be left without the attention of doctors. Protein fractions and protein consist of complex amino acids that take part in the vital processes of the body. They mainly serve to transport all kinds of nutrients.

An analysis of the total protein in the blood helps to determine the quality of the work of many internal organs of a person. In particular, these are:

• kidneys;
• liver;
• pancreas;
• stomach bladder.

Thanks to this procedure, the patient learns information about the exchange of certain chemicals: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. This allows you to identify many diseases in a timely manner and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Norm of protein in the blood

The rate of protein in the blood for both men and women is determined by the number of elements that are being tested. They are:

• total protein - from 64 to 84 grams per liter;
• fibrinogen - from 2 to 4 grams per liter;
• albumins - from 35 to 55 grams per liter;
• globulins are determined only if necessary for each species separately.

Elevated protein in the blood

A qualified doctor should establish various deviations from the norm during the procedure for determining the level of protein in the patient's blood. If it was possible to establish that the presented general indicator is increased, then this may indicate the development of a dangerous infectious disease.

Increased analysis rate. In normal situations, the violation is very difficult to detect. Basically, the problem is determined already at the stage of development of a certain pathology. There is a significant deviation from the norm. The patient experiences dehydration, vomiting, various burns and impaired stool. This is characterized by an increased level of protein in the blood.

If at least one such manifestation appears, then this means that you need to see a doctor. An increased rate requires qualified treatment. An analysis of protein in the blood is able to identify the causes of these processes and make the correct diagnosis. The reason for this failure can be a number of diseases:

• chronic hepatitis;
• scleroderma;
• diabetes insipidus;
• nephritis;
• intestinal obstruction;
• allergic reactions;
• malignant tumors;
• systemic lupus erythematosus;
• rheumatoid arthritis and others.

The treatment of these diseases normalizes the protein index and restores the functioning of the body and the exchange of chemical elements. It must be understood that an increased rate harms the body. For help, you need to contact only a qualified specialist who has all the permissions to provide medical services. If the patient strictly follows the doctor's instructions, then his total protein will normalize.

Causes of low protein in the blood

A decrease in this indicator means the presence of certain processes in the patient's body. These include anemia, chronic bleeding, and kidney disease. The reason may also be a failure in metabolic processes.

The human body becomes more susceptible to infectious diseases. There is chronic fatigue, often lack of appetite and in some cases drowsiness. Reduced protein in the blood is accompanied by failures caused by HIV and other types of immunodeficiency.

The lack of the presented substance is also caused by physiological changes. For example, in pregnant and lactating women, there is a decrease in the protein norm against the background of hormonal changes taking place in her body. A decrease in protein is quite often observed in children under 7 years of age.

A dangerous level of low protein in the body indicates the development of serious disorders. In this case, the general analysis will become normal only after the problem is fixed. These include the following:

1. diseases of the liver and kidneys;
2. excessive physical activity;
3. thermal burns;
4. cancerous diseases;
5. excess water;
6. bowel diseases and others.

There are cases when such failures are caused by a lack of nutrition and neglect of a healthy lifestyle. Experts recommend eating only healthy food and getting rid of bad habits.

Preparation for analysis

If you decide to do an analysis of the total protein in the blood, then you should carefully prepare for it. There are several methods for carrying out such a procedure; the rules for taking tests for it are the same for both adults and children. They are that:

• blood must be taken on an empty stomach;
• before taking the analysis, at least 8 hours must pass after eating;
• blood sampling is carried out before taking medication;
• the day before the procedure, you should exclude the use of fried and fatty foods, as well as refrain from physical activity;
• after fluorography or x-ray, the procedure is not carried out.

Compliance with these rules will help determine the most accurate indicators and identify the current level of health of the patient.

Total protein is the total concentration albumin and globulin- protein molecules that are part of the blood serum.

He is responsible for its coagulation, the level of immunity, the transfer of oxygen through the vessels. This type of protein can be used to judge the body's ability to self-regulate. It gives the blood the necessary density, buoyancy, creating the desired consistency. Its increased indicators are a sign of pathology.

When the content of total protein is more than the accepted norm, this sometimes indicates problems with the thyroid gland, infections of an acute or chronic nature. If the body lacks fluid, this also leads to higher performance. Dehydration occurs with vomiting, diarrhea, hot weather, or after strenuous exercise. Therefore, it is important to immediately replenish water supplies so as not to weaken systems and organs.

In rare cases, a high concentration of total protein signals the presence of a malignant tumor. It happens that the use of certain drugs leads to a violation of the protein balance. This is especially true for medicines based on hormonal or steroid components.

From a medical point of view, an increased content of protein molecules in the blood called hyperproteinemia. A similar phenomenon is not observed in a healthy course of physiological processes.

It is revealed only with the development of deviations, diseases. Elevated protein levels are also considered a gold pointer, allowing timely diagnosis of inflammatory processes. Also, according to the results of the analyzes, one can judge the likelihood of the spread of diseases of the heart or blood vessels, predict their course, and identify possible complications.

Reasons for high protein levels

With increased levels, plasma protein increases by itself or entails thickening of the blood with changes in the amount of circulating contents of the vessels. The reasons for this are varied:

• Development of cancer. At the same time, the metabolic process is disrupted, protein is actively produced.
• Infection in a severe form, which is accompanied by the formation of foci with pus, blood poisoning.
• Pathologies of the immune system that contribute to the manifestation of aggression towards their own cells, tissues that are actually healthy.
• Inflammation chronic nature causing systematic decomposition of cells in organs.
• Acute intestinal pathology, which is accompanied by frequent discharge of liquid feces. Similar happens with dysentery, cholera.
• Severe poisoning, in which diarrhea, repeated vomiting are observed, provoking a large loss of water by the body.
• Intestinal obstruction, which leads to difficulty in the absorption of fluid from the digestive system.
• Profuse bleeding.
• Exceeding the dose when taking medicines, vitamins.
• Frustration of a fatty exchange, development of an atherosclerosis of vessels.
• An allergic reaction that threatens to go into an exacerbation phase or a slowly developing vascular inflammation.
• Diseases of a bacterial nature. The protein level rises with meningitis, tuberculosis.
• Deformation and destruction of tissues, the cause of which was necrosis. This happens with a heart attack, injuries, burns, frostbite of various degrees, after surgery.
• Malfunctions in the endocrine system, which provoke the development of diabetes, obesity, hormonal failure.

Only a doctor can find out the real reason for the excess of the norm based on the symptoms, the general picture of the disease. Self-diagnosis is not recommended, it is better to find time for a visit to a specialist in order to be able to take care of your health.

If increased indicators are found in a child?

In order to determine the cause with certainty, it is necessary to undergo an examination. The only thing not to do is to panic. note on general condition child - is there lethargy, temperature. When there are no alarming symptoms, the baby continues to lead an active lifestyle, there is no point in worrying in advance.

In some cases, the excess of the norm is simply explained by the error of the results. Children are by nature very mobile, and the reliability of the test result depends on many factors. Before starting the procedure, you can’t run or jump a lot - increased physical activity can distort protein indicators. After its completion, you also can’t jump up sharply, you need a little lie down or sit still.

If you do not follow these rules, you can get not entirely truthful information. In such cases, a second blood test is prescribed.

Dehydration

When a child loses a lot of fluid, the blood becomes more viscous, and the production of protein molecules begins. This happens with blood loss, intestinal pathologies. Sometimes the reason may be intoxication of the body due to poisoning with low-quality products, overheating in the sun, or toxic vapors of paints and varnishes entering the lungs. Poisoning is usually accompanied by stool disorder, profuse vomiting.

The reason for the violation of the water balance can be the most common - to consist in intense physical activity. Children move a lot - run, jump, play outdoor games. If the child is also involved in sports or dancing, his body doubly needs to replenish the loss of fluid.

Pathological processes

There are still not the most harmless reasons for the increase in the level of total protein in children. When it comes to illness, this is a sure signal of the development of the inflammatory process.

A deviation from the norm may indicate an allergic reaction, the spread of infection in the body. At the same time, they may be affected circulatory system or respiratory. Injuries or burns also lead to an increased concentration of protein in the blood.

Protein in the blood during pregnancy

Hyperproteinemia can also be observed in women in position. Total protein and its concentration are considered one of the important indicators of health status. He is responsible for the metabolic process and maintaining immunity at the proper level, so a pregnant woman needs to take all the tests on time to keep the situation under control.

Protein - connective tissue base responsible for the strength of many elements of the body. When the expectant mother has a normal content of protein molecules, the work of organs and systems goes smoothly.

Why are scores going up?

If the causes are not related to pregnancy, then this can occur when the water balance is disturbed, exacerbation of chronic diseases, and the development of inflammatory processes. Sometimes this is due to intoxication of the body.

Many pathologies are exacerbated during the period of bearing a child, therefore, before planning a pregnancy, it is better to undergo a thorough examination, if possible. heal your body to avoid future health problems.

What effect does pregnancy have on protein levels?

Its indicators always arouse increased interest among doctors who monitor the condition of a pregnant woman. In the expectant mother, the concentration of total protein sometimes increases. This indicates kidney disease or dehydration.

Especially often there is an excess of the norm at the end of the term, when the child is soon to be born. Then many pregnant women have diarrhea, which leads to fluid loss and an increase in the level of protein molecules in the blood. For security reasons, it is recommended to monitor all especially important indicators based on the results of analyzes throughout the period.

If the blood becomes more viscous under the influence of pathological changes, this will prevent the saturation of the amniotic fluid with useful components. When the baby has a sharp lack of nutrients, he may die.

If you find an increased content of total protein in the blood, be sure to consult a doctor, then the development of the pathology can be stopped at an earlier date and health risks will be less.

A biochemical blood test provides information about the state of each organ and the whole organism. One of the main values ​​of the analysis for assessing a person's condition is the definition of total blood protein - TBP.

The concept of OBK includes the total value of all protein fractions and their subspecies. Knowing the level of total protein, one can judge various changes in the functioning of organs and systems.

In this article, you will learn more about the results of a general blood test for total protein in the blood, about protein norms in men and women.

The meaning and functions of protein in the blood

Total protein regulates the metabolism of amino acids, reflects the concentration of protein molecules in blood plasma. The indicator of protein metabolism characterizes the body's ability to self-heal. Blood plasma contains about 100 different types of proteins. The most famous are compounds of albumins and globulins:

• Globulins - regulate the reaction of the immune system to irritation from the outside;
• Albumins - monitor the composition, viscosity of blood, its circulation, balance the acid-base balance.

Other functions of protein fractions:

• Participate in blood clotting, create obstacles to the formation of blood clots;
• Control the transport of bilirubin, cholesterol, minerals to tissues;
• They combine with the substances of drugs, ensure their delivery to the cells of organs;
• Monitor the reserve of amino acids;
• Participate in the suppression of the inflammatory process;
• Regulate blood volume;
• Take part in the production of hemoglobin, antibodies, hormones, enzymes.

The OBK indicator is used to determine the pathology in the body. To make a diagnosis, protein fractions are additionally determined, as well as non-protein blood components.

The norm of total protein in the blood in women and men

The level of OBK characterizes protein metabolism, makes it possible to judge the rationality of nutrition. When the level changes, the percentage of albumin and globulin in the blood is determined.

The OBK indicator is determined by:

• With diseases of the liver, kidneys;
• In acute and chronic infections of various origins;
• For burns;
• With oncology;
• With impaired metabolism;
• With anemia;
• With severe poisoning;
• With injuries leading to blood loss;
• With diseases of the stomach, intestines, malnutrition, exhaustion;
• With a comprehensive health examination;

It is also important to know the level of protein fractions in the blood plasma before surgical operations, medical procedures, to control the quality of therapeutic measures when taking medicines and for further prognosis of the disease.

Table of norms of total protein in the blood in women and men of different ages (gram / liter):

Deviations from the above norms may be:

• Absolute - changes the rate of protein metabolism, its synthesis and decay;
• Relative - occur when the volume of blood changes, when it decreases in case of increased sweating, diarrhea, bleeding, and when the volume increases, for example, with a drip infusion;
• Physiological - deviations are not related to diseases, but are associated with various conditions of the body (pregnancy, feeding, prolonged bed rest, heavy physical exertion).

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Blood for analysis is taken from a vein, then delivered to the laboratory, where the main components of the plasma are determined. For this, spectrophotometry is used: when the solution is illuminated, its color and intensity change at different protein levels.

Norm for children

In children, BBC is determined to study the work of all organs in order to identify the cause of the ailment, the presence of hidden diseases, and to find out the lack of vitamins and minerals. The result of the analysis is compared with the norms, taking into account the symptoms of the disease.

An increase in fractions in the blood of a child can be with diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal obstruction, as well as with massive burns and infections. With a decrease in OBK in a child, malnutrition or oncology can be suspected.

Table of norms of total protein in the blood in children of different ages:

Immediately after birth, the level of BBC in children can fluctuate: in a premature baby, the indicator is slightly lower than in a baby born at term. With age, the total protein in the child's blood increases.

Causes of high protein

An increase in the total amount of protein fractions in the body is called hyperproteinemia. If there was an increase in the level, then pathological processes develop in the body. It is necessary to determine the reasons for this.

A timely visit to the doctor will help to avoid irreversible changes and serious consequences.

Hyperproteinemia occurs in the following conditions:

• Frequent diarrhea, vomiting - lead to dehydration;
• Intestinal obstruction - prevents the absorption of fluid;
• Cholera - increased blood density;
• Acute bleeding - protein increases due to a decrease in the volume of the liquid part of the blood.

These reasons are relative.

The protein can change upwards for absolute reasons:

• Oncological diseases - metabolism is disturbed, a large amount of proteins is produced;
• Autoimmune processes - lupus, rheumatoid arthritis;
• Chronic inflammation and infection - protein enters the blood from destroyed tissues;
• Blood poisoning - protein is synthesized and decomposed at different rates.

Sometimes TBK can increase for physiological reasons: incorrect collection of analysis (prolonged pulling of the forearm with a tourniquet), a sharp change from horizontal to vertical position of the body, or a heavy load on the body.

In order not to endanger the life of the patient, the increased protein must be reduced.

You can warn the patient by eliminating the cause of the increase. The doctor prescribes treatment, establishes the necessary diet and diet.

Causes of low protein

The level of TBP changes downward as a result of pathological changes in the human body, this is called hypoproteinemia. It can be with a decrease in the synthesis of protein fractions, an increase in its decay, with a violation of protein absorption into the blood or with increased excretion along with urine. This situation may arise:

• With cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors and metastases in the liver, protein synthesis is disturbed;
• In diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreatitis, enterocolitis) - the absorption of protein slows down;
• With diabetes;
• In chronic inflammatory processes in the kidneys - the protein is utilized in the urine;

• With diseases of the thyroid gland;
• In case of burns or frostbite of tissues;
• With injuries, poisoning, bleeding;
• With the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity;
• After surgeries.

Hypoproteinemia for physiological reasons can occur during pregnancy and lactation, with the rejection of meat products, during starvation and in young children, that is, with an increase in the need for protein or a lack of food intake.

It is necessary to raise the lack of protein fractions after finding out and eliminating the cause.

The pathological decrease in OBK with effective treatment normalizes on its own. The physiological decrease in the amount of protein is regulated by a diet that is developed by a nutritionist.

The necessary protein can contain both animal and plant products. The body needs different types of protein, as they have different sets of amino acids. However, animal protein is better absorbed due to its composition.

A large number of albumins and globulins contain:

The diet should also contain foods that do not contain a large amount of protein, but contribute to better absorption of protein and increase its amount: these are vegetable, mushroom dishes, fruits and berries.

Common protein in disease diagnosis

The absolute decrease in the level of TBP is of the greatest importance in the diagnosis, the level decreases mainly due to a decrease in albumin. With the norm of albumin in the blood, the metabolism occurs correctly, this is an indicator of health.

A decrease in the indicator may mean a reduced performance of the body. Loss, increased destruction, lack of synthesis occurs with various pathologies in the body.

The analysis for OBK allows you to judge the severity of the disease, this is the first step in making a diagnosis.

A blood test for protein concentration can also be done for monitoring during clinical observation, to assess the reserve of the body. The analysis is prescribed at the initial visit, with exhaustion, with suspicion of some kind of disease, before surgery or during a medical examination.

This article told you what should be the norm of protein in the blood in women and men, as well as why the protein in the blood is higher than normal or lower. You can find out more about increased protein levels.