The struggle of the Russian principalities with foreign invaders in the 16th century. Feudal fragmentation The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders XII

4.Rus’ struggle against foreign invasions in the 13th century. Rus' and the Horde in the 13th-14th centuries. The 13th century in the history of Rus' is a time of armed resistance to the onslaught from the east (Mongo-Tatars) and northwest (Germans, Swedes, Danes).

The Mongol-Tatars came to Rus' from the depths of Central Asia. The empire formed in 1206, led by Khan Temujin, who accepted the title of Khan of all Mongols (Genghis Khan), by the 30s. XIII century subjugated Northern China, Korea, Central Asia, and Transcaucasia to its power. In 1223, in the Battle of Kalka, the combined army of Russians and Polovtsians was defeated by a 30,000-strong detachment of Mongols. Genghis Khan refused to advance into the southern Russian steppes. Rus' received almost a fifteen-year respite, but could not take advantage of it: all attempts to unite and end civil strife were in vain.

In 1236, Genghis Khan's grandson Batu began a campaign against Rus'. Having conquered Volga Bulgaria, in January 1237 he invaded the Ryazan principality, ruined it and moved on to Vladimir. The city, despite fierce resistance, fell, and on March 4, 1238, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich was killed in the battle on the Sit River. Having taken Torzhok, the Mongols could go to Novgorod, but the spring thaw and heavy losses forced them to return to the Polovtsian steppes. This movement to the southeast is sometimes called the “Tatar round-up”: along the way, Batu robbed and burned Russian cities, which courageously fought against the invaders. The resistance of the residents of Kozelsk, nicknamed the “evil city” by their enemies, was especially fierce. In 1238--1239. Mongolo-Tatars conquered the Murom, Pereyaslav, and Chernigov principalities.

North-Eastern Rus' was devastated. Batu turned south. The heroic resistance of the inhabitants of Kyiv was broken in December 1240. In 1241, the Principality of Galicia-Volyn fell. The Mongol hordes invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, reached Northern Italy and Germany, but, weakened by the desperate resistance of Russian troops, deprived of reinforcements, retreated and returned to the steppes of the Lower Volga region. Here in 1243 the state of the Golden Horde was created (the capital of Sarai-Batu), whose rule the devastated Russian lands were forced to recognize. A system was established that went down in history as the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The essence of this system, humiliating in spiritual terms and predatory in economic terms, was that: the Russian principalities were not included in the Horde, but retained their own reigns; the princes, especially the Grand Duke of Vladimir, received a label to reign in the Horde, which confirmed their presence on the throne; they had to pay a large tribute ("exit") to the Mongol rulers. Population censuses were conducted and tribute collection standards were established. The Mongol garrisons left Russian cities, but before the beginning of the 14th century. The collection of tribute was carried out by authorized Mongol officials - Baskaks. In case of disobedience (and anti-Mongol uprisings often broke out), punitive detachments - armies - were sent to Rus'.

Two important questions arise: why did the Russian principalities, having shown heroism and courage, fail to repel the conquerors? What consequences did the yoke have for Rus'? The answer to the first question is obvious: of course, the military superiority of the Mongol-Tatars was important (strict discipline, excellent cavalry, well-established intelligence, etc.), but the decisive role was played by the disunity of the Russian princes, their feuds, and inability to unite even in the face of a mortal threat.

The second question is controversial. Some historians point to the positive consequences of the yoke in the sense of creating the prerequisites for the creation of a unified Russian state. Others emphasize that the yoke did not have a significant impact on the internal development of Rus'. Most scientists agree on the following: the raids caused severe material damage, were accompanied by the death of the population, the devastation of villages, and the destruction of cities; the tribute that went to the Horde depleted the country and made it difficult to restore and develop the economy; Southern Rus' actually became isolated from the North-Western and North-Eastern, their historical destinies diverged for a long time; Rus''s ties with European states were interrupted; tendencies towards arbitrariness, despotism, and autocracy of princes prevailed.

Having been defeated by the Mongol-Tatars, Rus' was able to successfully resist aggression from the north-west. By the 30s. XIII century The Baltic states, inhabited by tribes of Livs, Yatvingians, Estonians and others, found themselves in the power of the German crusading knights. The actions of the Crusaders were part of the policy of the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy to subjugate pagan peoples to the Catholic Church. That is why the main instruments of aggression were the spiritual knightly orders: the Order of the Swordsmen (founded in 1202) and the Teutonic Order (founded at the end of the 12th century in Palestine). In 1237, these orders united into the Livonian Order. A powerful and aggressive military-political entity established itself on the borders with Novgorod land, ready to take advantage of the weakening of Rus' to include its northwestern lands in the zone of imperial influence.

In July 1240, the nineteen-year-old Novgorod prince Alexander defeated Birger's Swedish detachment at the mouth of the Neva in a fleeting battle. For his victory in the Battle of Neva, Alexander received the honorary nickname Nevsky. That same summer, the Livonian knights became more active: Izborsk and Pskov were captured, and the border fortress of Koporye was erected. Prince Alexander Nevsky managed to return Pskov in 1241, but the decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on the melted ice of Lake Peipsi (hence the name - Battle of the Ice). Knowing about the favorite tactics of the knights - formation in the shape of a tapering wedge ("pig"), the commander used flanking and defeated the enemy. Dozens of knights died after falling through the ice, which could not withstand the weight of heavily armed infantry. The relative safety of the northwestern borders of Rus' and the Novgorod land was ensured.

In the second half of the 12th century. The Mongol tribes were united under his rule by the leader Temujin (Genghis Khan (“great khan”). The Mongol ruler went down in history as one of the most brutal conquerors of peoples. Genghis Khan managed to create a very combat-ready army that had a clear organization and iron discipline. In the first decade of the 13th century The Mongol-Tatars conquered the peoples of Siberia, China, the lands of Central Asia, and the countries of Transcaucasia.

After this, the Mongol-Tatars invaded the possessions of the Polovtsians, a nomadic people who lived adjacent to the Russian lands. Polovtsian Khan Kotyan turned to the Russian princes for help. They decided to act together with the Polovtsian khans. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River. The Russian princes acted inconsistently. The princely feuds led to tragic consequences: the united Russian-Polovtsian army was surrounded and defeated. The captured princes were brutally killed by the Mongol-Tatars. After the battle on Kalka, the winners did not advance further into Rus'.

In 1236, under the leadership of Genghis Khan's grandson Batu Khan, the Mongols began a campaign to the west. They conquered Volga Bulgaria and the Polovtsians. In December 1237 they invaded the Ryazan principality. After five days of resistance, Ryazan fell and all the inhabitants died. Then the Mongols captured Kolomna, Moscow, and other cities and in February 1238 approached Vladimir. The city was taken, the inhabitants were killed or taken into slavery. On March 4, 1238, Russian troops were defeated on the Sit River. After a two-week siege, the city of Torzhok fell, and the Mongol-Tatars moved towards Novgorod. But before reaching about 100 km to the city, the conquerors turned back. The reason for this was probably the spring thaw and the fatigue of the Mongol army. On the way back, the Mongol-Tatars encountered fierce resistance from the inhabitants of the small town of Kozelsk, which defended itself for 7 weeks.

The second campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Rus' took place in 1239. The goal of the conquerors was the lands of Southern and Western Rus'. Here they captured Pereyaslavl and Chernigov, and after a long siege in December 1240, the city of Kyiv was captured and plundered. Then Galician-Volyn Rus was devastated. After this, the conquerors moved to Poland and Hungary. They ravaged these countries, but could not advance further; the forces of the conquerors were already running out. In 1242, Batu turned his troops back and founded his state in the lower reaches of the Volga, which was called the Golden Horde.

The main reason for the defeat of the Russian principalities was the lack of unity between them. In addition, the Mongol army was numerous, well organized, the most severe discipline reigned in it, reconnaissance was well organized, and advanced methods of warfare were used at that time.

The Golden Horde yoke had a heavy impact on the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Russian lands. More than half of the famous Russian cities were devastated by the Mongol-Tatars, many of them became villages after the invasion, some disappeared forever. The conquerors killed and enslaved a significant part of the urban population. This led to economic decline and the disappearance of some crafts. The death of many princes and warriors slowed down the political development of the Russian lands and led to the weakening of the grand ducal power. The main form of dependence was the payment of tribute. It was collected by the so-called Baskak, led by the Great Baskak. His residence was in Vladimir. The Baskaks had special armed detachments; any resistance to cruel exactions and violence was mercilessly suppressed. Political dependence was expressed in the issuance of special letters to the Russian princes - labels for the right to reign. The formal head of the Russian lands was considered the prince, who received from the khan the label to reign in Vladimir.

At a time when Rus' had not yet recovered from the barbaric invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, it was threatened from the west by Swedish and German knights, who set themselves the goal of subjugating the peoples of the Baltic states and Rus' and converting them to Catholicism.

In 1240, the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the Neva. The Swedes' plans included the capture of Staraya Ladoga, and then Novgorod. The Swedes were defeated by the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich. This victory brought great fame to the twenty-year-old prince. For her, Prince Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky.

In the same 1240, the German knights of the Livonian Order began their attack on Rus'. They captured Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye, the enemy was 30 km from Novgorod. Alexander Nevsky acted decisively. With a swift blow, he liberated Russian cities captured by the enemy.

Alexander Nevsky won his most famous victory in 1242. On April 5, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipus, which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice. At the beginning of the battle, the German knights and their Estonian allies, advancing in a wedge, penetrated the advanced Russian regiment. Alexander Nevsky's wars carried out flank attacks and surrounded the enemy. The crusading knights fled. In 1243 they were forced to make peace with Novgorod. This victory stopped Western aggression and the spread of Catholic influence in Rus'.

Topic: The struggle of Rus' with foreign conquerors in the 13th century

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University: VZFEI

Year and city: Vladimir 2009

Plan
1. History of the Mongol state and its conquests before coming to Rus'.
2. The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the establishment of the yoke (1238 - 1242)
3. The struggle of the Russian people with the Tatar-Mongols in 1242 - 1300.
4. The struggle of the Russian people against Swedish-German aggression

1. History of the Mongol state and its conquests before coming to Rus'.

Since ancient times, primitive peoples lived in the steppes of Central Asia, whose main occupation was nomadic cattle breeding. By the beginning of the 11th century. The territory of modern Mongolia and southern Siberia was inhabited by Kereits, Naimans, Tatars and other tribes who spoke the Mongolian language. The formation of their statehood dates back to this period. The leaders of nomadic tribes were called khans, noble feudal lords were called noyons. The social and state system of nomadic peoples had its own specifics: it was based on private ownership not of land, but of livestock and pastures. Nomadic farming requires constant expansion of territory, so the Mongol nobility sought to conquer foreign lands.

In the second half of the 12th century. The Mongol tribes were united under his rule by the leader Temujin. In 1206, a congress of tribal leaders awarded him the title of Genghis Khan. The exact meaning of this title is unknown; it is assumed that it can be translated as “great khan”.

The power of the Great Khan was enormous; control of individual parts of the state was distributed among his relatives, who were strictly subordinate to the nobility with their squads and a mass of dependent people.

Genghis Khan managed to create a very combat-ready army, which had a clear organization and iron discipline. The army was divided into tens, hundreds, thousands. Ten thousand Mongol warriors were called “darkness” (“tumen”). Tumens were not only military, but also administrative units.

The main striking force of the Mongols was the cavalry. Each warrior had two or three bows, several quivers with arrows, an ax and a rope lasso, and was good with a saber. The warrior's horse was covered with skins, which protected it from arrows and enemy weapons. The head, neck and chest of the Mongol warrior were covered from enemy arrows and spears by an iron or copper helmet and leather armor. The Mongol cavalry had high mobility. On their short, shaggy-maned, hardy horses they could travel up to 80 km per day, and with convoys, battering rams and flamethrowers - up to 10 km.

The Mongolian state emerged as a conglomerate of tribes and nationalities, devoid of an economic basis. The law of the Mongols was “yasa” - records of customary law put at the service of the state. The capital of the Tatar-Mongols was the city of Karakorum on the Orkhon River, a tributary of the Selenga.

With the beginning of the predatory campaigns, in which the feudal lords sought ways to replenish their incomes and possessions, a new period began in the history of the Mongolian people, disastrous not only for the conquered peoples of neighboring countries, but also for the Mongolian people themselves. The strength of the Mongol state lay in the fact that it arose in the local feudal society in the early stages of its development, when the feudal class still unanimously supported the aggressive aspirations of the great khans. In their attack on Central Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe, the Mongol invaders encountered already feudal-fragmented states, split into many possessions. The internecine hostility of the rulers deprived the peoples of the opportunity to provide an organized rebuff to the invasion of the nomads.

The Mongols began their campaigns by conquering the lands of their neighbors - the Buryats, Evenks, Yakuts, Uighurs, and Yenisei Kyrgyz (by 1211). They then invaded China and took Beijing in 1215. Three years later, Korea was conquered. Having defeated China (finally conquered in 1279), the Mongols significantly strengthened their military potential. Flamethrowers, battering rams, stone-throwers, and vehicles were adopted.

In the summer of 1219, an almost 200,000-strong Mongol army led by Genghis Khan began the conquest of Central Asia. Having suppressed the stubborn resistance of the population, the invaders stormed Otrar, Khojent, Merv, Bukhara, Urgench, Samarkand and other cities. After the conquest of the Central Asian states, a group of Mongol troops under the command of Subedei, bypassing the Caspian Sea, attacked the countries of Transcaucasia. Having defeated the united Armenian-Georgian troops and caused enormous damage to the economy of Transcaucasia, the invaders, however, were forced to leave the territory of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, as they encountered strong resistance from the population. Past Derbent, where there was a passage along the shores of the Caspian Sea, the Mongol troops entered the steppes of the North Caucasus. Here they defeated the Alans (Ossetians) and Cumans, after which they ravaged the city of Sudak (Surozh) in the Crimea.

The Polovtsians, led by Khan Kotyan, the father-in-law of the Galician prince Mstislav the Udal, turned to the Russian princes for help. They decided to act together with the Polovtsian khans. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir-Suzdal did not participate in the coalition. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 on the Kalka River. The Russian princes acted inconsistently. One of the allies, the Kiev prince Mstislav Romanovich, did not fight. He took refuge with his army on a hill. The princely feuds led to tragic consequences: the united Russian-Polovtsian army was surrounded and defeated. The captured princes were brutally killed by the Mongol-Tatars. After the battle on the river. Kalka, the winners did not advance further into Rus'. For the next few years, the Mongol-Tatars fought in Volga Bulgaria. Due to the heroic resistance of the Bulgars, the Mongols were able to conquer this state only in 1236. In 1227, Genghis Khan died. His empire began to disintegrate into separate parts (usuls).

2. The beginning of the Tatar-Mongol invasion and the establishment of the yoke (1238 - 1242)

In 1235, the Mongol khural (tribal congress) decided to launch a large campaign to the West. It was headed by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu (Batu). In the fall of 1237, Batu’s troops approached Russian lands. The first victim of the conquerors was the Ryazan Principality. Its residents asked the Vladimir and Chernigov princes for help, but did not receive support from them. Probably the reason for their refusal was internecine hostility, or perhaps they underestimated the impending danger. After five days of resistance, Ryazan fell, all residents, including the princely family, died. Ryazan was no longer revived in its old place (modern Ryazan is a new city, located 60 km from old Ryazan; it used to be called Pereyaslavl Ryazansky).

In January 1238, along the Oka River, the Mongols moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal land. The battle with the Vladimir-Suzdal army took place near the city of Kolomna, on the border of the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal lands. In this battle, the Vladimir army died, which actually predetermined the fate of northeastern Rus'.

The population of Moscow, led by governor Philip Nyanka, offered strong resistance to the enemy for 5 days. After being captured by the Mongols, Moscow was burned and its inhabitants were killed.

On February 4, 1238, Batu besieged Vladimir, the capital of North-Eastern Rus'. His troops covered the distance from Kolomna to Vladimir (300 km) in a month. While part of the Tatar-Mongol army surrounded the city with siege engines, preparing the assault, other armies dispersed throughout the principality: with battles they captured Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver, Yuryev, Dmitrov and other cities, 14 in total, not counting villages and churchyards. A special detachment occupied and burned Suzdal, the invaders killed some of the inhabitants, and drove the rest, both women and children, “barefoot and without covering” into their camps in the cold. On the fourth day of the siege, the invaders broke into the city through gaps in the fortress wall next to the Golden Gate. The princely family and the remnants of the troops locked themselves in the Assumption Cathedral. The Mongols surrounded the cathedral with trees and set it on fire. The capital of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' with its wonderful cultural monuments was plundered on February 7.

After the capture of Vladimir, the Mongols split into separate detachments and destroyed the cities of northeastern Rus'. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, even before the invaders approached Vladimir, went to the north of his land to gather military forces. The hastily assembled regiments were defeated on the City River in 1238, and Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich himself died in the battle.

The Mongol hordes moved to the north-west of Rus'. After a two-week siege, the city of Torzhok fell, and the way to Novgorod was opened for the Mongol-Tatars. But, having not reached the city about 100 km, the conquerors turned back. The reason for this was probably the spring thaw and the fatigue of the Mongol army. The withdrawal was in the nature of a “round-up”. Divided into separate detachments, the invaders “combed” Russian cities. Smolensk managed to fight back, other centers were defeated. The greatest resistance to the Mongols was provided by the city of Kozelsk, which defended for seven weeks. The Mongols called Kozelsk an “evil city.”

The second campaign of the Mongol-Tatars against Rus' took place in 1239 - 1240. This time the target of the conquerors was the lands of Southern and Western Rus'. In the spring of 1239, Batu defeated southern Rus' (Pereyaslavl South), and in the fall - the Chernigov principality. In the autumn of the following 1240, Mongol troops, having crossed the Dnieper, besieged Kyiv. After a long defense, led by Voivode Dmitry, Kyiv fell. Then in 1241 the Galician-Volyn Rus was devastated. After this, the conquerors split into two groups, one of which moved to Poland and the other to Hungary. They ravaged these countries, but did not advance further; the forces of the conquerors were already running out.

The part of the Mongol Empire, under whose rule the Russian lands fell, received the name Golden Horde in historical literature.

3. The struggle of the Russian people with the Tatar-Mongols in 1242 - 1300.

Despite the terrible devastation, the Russian people waged a partisan struggle. There is a legend about the Ryazan hero Evpatiy Kolovrat, who gathered a squad of 1,700 “braves” from those who survived the massacre in Ryazan and inflicted considerable damage on the enemy in Suzdal. Kolovrat's warriors unexpectedly appeared where the enemy was not expecting them, and terrified the invaders. The people's struggle for independence undermined the rear of the Mongol invaders.

This struggle also took place in other lands. Leaving the borders of Rus' to the west, the Mongol governors decided to secure food for themselves in the western region of the Kyiv land. Having entered into an agreement with the boyars of the Bolokhov land, they did not destroy the local cities and villages, but obliged the local population to supply their army with grain. However, the Galician-Volyn prince Daniil, returning to Rus', launched a campaign against the traitorous Bolokhov boyars. The princely army “destroyed their cities with fire and the rows (shafts) of their excavations,” six Bolokhov cities were destroyed and thereby the supply of the Mongol troops was undermined.

The inhabitants of Chernigov land also fought. Both ordinary people and, apparently, feudal lords took part in this struggle. The papal ambassador Plano Carpini reports that while he was in Rus' (on the way to the Horde), the Chernigov prince Andrei “was accused before Batu of taking Tatar horses from the land and selling them to another place; and although this was not proven, he was still killed.” Stealing Tatar horses became a widespread form of struggle against steppe invaders.

The Russian lands devastated by the Mongols were forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Golden Horde. The continuous struggle waged by the Russian people against the invaders forced the Mongol-Tatars to abandon the creation of their own administrative authorities in Rus'. Rus' retained its statehood. This was facilitated by the presence in Rus' of its own administration and church organization. In addition, the lands of Rus' were unsuitable for nomadic cattle breeding, unlike, for example, Central Asia, the Caspian region, and the Black Sea region.

In 1243, the brother of the great Vladimir prince Yuri, Yaroslav II (1238 - 1247), who was killed on the Sit River, was called to the khan's headquarters. Yaroslav recognized vassal dependence on the Golden Horde and received a label (letter) for the great reign of Vladimir and a golden tablet (paizda) - a kind of pass through the Horde territory. Following him, other princes flocked to the Horde.

To control the Russian lands, the institution of Baskakov governors was created - leaders of military detachments of the Mongol-Tatars who monitored the activities of the Russian princes. Denunciation of the Baskaks to the Horde inevitably ended either with the prince being summoned to Sarai (often he was deprived of his label, or even his life), or with a punitive campaign in the rebellious land. Suffice it to say that only in the last quarter of the 13th century. 14 similar campaigns were organized in Russian lands.

Some Russian princes, trying to quickly get rid of vassal dependence on the Horde, took the path of open armed resistance. However, the forces to overthrow the power of the invaders were still not enough. So, for example, in 1252 the regiments of the Vladimir and Galician-Volyn princes were defeated. Alexander Nevsky, from 1252 to 1263 Grand Duke of Vladimir, understood this well. He set a course for the restoration and growth of the economy of the Russian lands. The policy of Alexander Nevsky was also supported by the Russian church, which saw the greatest danger in Catholic expansion, and not in the tolerant rulers of the Golden Horde.

In 1257, the Mongol-Tatars undertook a population census - “recording the number.” Besermen (Muslim merchants) were sent to the cities, who were in charge of collecting tribute. The size of the tribute (“output”) was very large, only the “tsar’s tribute”, i.e. the tribute in favor of the khan, which was first collected in kind and then in money, amounted to 1,300 kg of silver per year. The constant tribute was supplemented by “requests” - one-time exactions in favor of the khan. In addition, deductions from trade duties, taxes for “feeding” the khan’s officials, etc. went to the khan’s treasury. In total there were 14 types of tribute in favor of the Tatars.

Population census in the 50s - 60s of the 13th century. marked by numerous uprisings of Russian people against the Baskaks, Khan's ambassadors, tribute collectors, and census takers. In 1262, the inhabitants of Rostov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, and Ustyug dealt with the tribute collectors, the Besermen. This led to the fact that the collection of tribute from the end of the 13th century. was handed over to the Russian princes.

The Mongol-Tatar invasion had a great influence on the historical fate of Russia. In all likelihood, the resistance of Rus' saved Europe from Asian conquerors.

The Mongol invasion and the Golden Horde yoke became one of the reasons for the Russian lands lagging behind the developed countries of Western Europe. Huge damage was caused to the economic, political and cultural development of Rus'. Tens of thousands of people died in battle or were taken into slavery. A significant part of the income in the form of tribute was sent to the Horde.

The old agricultural centers and once-developed territories became desolate and fell into decay. The border of agriculture moved to the north, the southern fertile soils received the name “Wild Field”. Many crafts became simplified and sometimes even disappeared, which hampered the creation of small-scale production and ultimately delayed economic development.

The Mongol conquest preserved political fragmentation. It weakened the ties between different parts of the state. Traditional political and trade ties with other countries were disrupted. The vector of Russian foreign policy, which ran along the “south-north” line (the fight against the nomadic danger, stable ties with Byzantium and through the Baltic with Europe) radically changed its focus to “west-east”. The pace of cultural development of Russian lands has slowed down.

4. The struggle of the Russian people against Swedish-German aggression.

At a time when Rus' had not yet recovered from the barbaric invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, it was threatened from the west by an enemy no less dangerous and cruel than the Asian conquerors. Back at the end of the 11th century. The Pope proclaimed the beginning of the crusades against the Muslims who had taken possession of Palestine, on the lands of which the main Christian shrines were located. In the First Crusade (1096 - 1099), the knights captured significant territories in the Middle East and founded their own states. A few decades later, European warriors began to suffer defeats from the Arabs. One after another, the crusaders lost their possessions. The Fourth Crusade (1202 - 1204) was marked by the defeat not of Muslim Arabs, but of Christian Byzantium.

During the Crusades, knightly and monastic orders were created, called upon to convert the vanquished to the Christian faith with fire and sword. They wanted to conquer the peoples of Eastern Europe as well. In 1202, the Order of the Sword Bearers was formed in the Baltic states (knights wore clothes with the image of a sword and cross). Back in 1201, the knights landed at the mouth of the Western Dvina (Daugava) River and founded the city of Riga on the site of a Latvian settlement as a stronghold for the subjugation of the Baltic lands.

In 1219, Danish knights captured part of the Baltic coast, establishing the city of Revel (Tallinn) on the site of an Estonian settlement. In 1224, the crusaders took Yuryev (Tartu).

To conquer the lands of Lithuania (Prussians) and southern Russian lands in 1226, the knights of the Teutonic Order, founded in 1198 in Syria during the Crusades, arrived. Knights - members of the order wore white cloaks with a black cross on the left shoulder. In 1234, the Swordsmen were defeated by the Novgorod-Suzdal troops, and two years later - by the Lithuanians and Semigallians. This forced the crusaders to join forces. In 1237, the Swordsmen united with the Teutons, forming a branch of the Teutonic Order - the Livonian Order, named after the territory inhabited by the Livonian tribe, which was captured by the Crusaders.

The Knights of the Livonian Order set themselves the goal of subjugating the peoples of the Baltic states and Rus' and converting them to Catholicism. Before this, the Swedish knights began an attack on Russian lands. In 1240, the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the Neva River. The Swedes' plans included the capture of Staraya Ladoga, and then Novgorod. The Swedes were defeated by the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich. The young prince with a small retinue secretly approached the enemy camp. A detachment of militia led by Novgorodian Misha cut off the enemy’s path to retreat. This victory brought great fame to the twenty-year-old prince. For her, Prince Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky.

The Battle of the Neva was an important stage in this struggle. The victory of the Russian army, under the leadership of our great ancestor Alexander Nevsky, prevented the loss of the shores of the Gulf of Finland and the complete economic blockade of Rus', did not interrupt its trade exchanges with other countries, and thereby facilitated the further struggle of the Russian people for independence, for the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

In the same 1240, a new invasion of North-West Rus' began. Knights of the Livonian Order captured the Russian fortress of Izborsk. When this became known in Pskov, the local militia, which included combat-ready Pskovites “to the core,” opposed the knights; however, the Pskovites were defeated by superior enemy forces. In an unequal battle, the princely governor in Pskov also fell.

German troops besieged Pskov for a whole week, but were unable to take it by force. If not for the traitorous boyars, the invaders would never have taken the city, which in its history withstood 26 sieges and never opened the gates to the enemy. Even the German chronicler, a military man himself, believed that the Pskov fortress, provided that its defenders were united, was impregnable. A pro-German group among the Pskov boyars existed for a long time. It was noted in the chronicle back in 1228, when the traitor boyars entered into an alliance with Riga, but then this group kept in the shadows, including the mayor Tverdila Ivankovich among its supporters. After the defeat of the Pskov troops and the death of the princely governor, these boyars, who “were better than the Germans,” first achieved that Pskov gave the children of the local nobility to the crusaders as collateral, then some time passed “without peace,” and finally, boyar Tverdilo and others “let down” the knights to Pskov (captured in 1241).

Relying on the German garrison, the traitor Tverdilo “himself began to rule Plskov with the Germans...”. His power was only an appearance; in fact, the entire state apparatus was taken over by the Germans. The boyars, who did not agree to treason, fled with their wives and children to Novgorod. Tverdilo and his supporters helped the German invaders. Thus, they betrayed the Russian land, and the Russian people, the working people who inhabited cities and villages, were subjected to robbery and ruin, putting the yoke of German feudal oppression on them.

By this time, Alexander, who had quarreled with the Novgorod boyars, left the city. When Novgorod was in danger (the enemy was 30 km from its walls), Alexander Nevsky returned to the city at the request of the veche. And again the prince acted decisively. With a swift blow, he liberated Russian cities captured by the enemy.

Alexander Nevsky won his most famous victory in 1242. On April 5, a battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi, which went down in history as the Battle of the Glaciers. At the beginning of the battle, the German knights and their Estonian allies, advancing in a wedge, penetrated the advanced Russian regiment. But Alexander Nevsky’s soldiers launched flank attacks and surrounded the enemy. The crusading knights fled: “And they chased after them, beating them, seven miles across the ice.” According to the Novgorod chronicle, in the Battle of the Ice, 400 knights died and 50 were captured. Perhaps these numbers are somewhat exaggerated. German chronicles wrote about 25 dead and 6 prisoners, apparently underestimating the losses of their knights. However, they were forced to admit the fact of defeat.

The significance of this victory is that: the power of the Livonian Order was weakened; The liberation struggle in the Baltics began to grow. In 1249, papal ambassadors offered Prince Alexander assistance in the fight against the Mongol conquerors. Alexander realized that the papal throne was trying to drag him into a difficult struggle with the Mongol-Tatars, thereby making it easier for the German feudal lords to seize Russian lands. The proposal of the papal ambassadors was rejected.

Test 5

Match:

1. Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.
2. Accession to the kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich.
3. Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

1. Election by the Zemsky Sobor of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom - A. 1613
2. Accession to the kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich - B.

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The first meeting of the Russians with the Mongols - the battle of Kalka River in 1223 IN 1237 Grandson of Genghis Khan Khan Batu began an invasion of North-Eastern Rus'. The first of the Russian lands to be attacked Ryazan principality. The Ryazan princes refused to submit to the Mongols. The principality was devastated and ruined. Its capital, Ryazan, after several days of continuous assault, was taken, plundered, and then the city was razed to the ground. A legend has been preserved about the remarkable feat of the Ryazan boyar Evpatiya Kolovrata, who himself attacked Batu’s army, managed to inflict heavy losses on the enemy and died heroically in battle with the invaders.

After Ryazansky, it was the turn Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Cities were taken and burned Kolomna, Moscow and etc . The capital of the principality of Vladimir, after a fierce assault, was taken and subjected to complete destruction. Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich was at that time outside the city, gathering an army. After the capture of Vladimir March 4, 1248 on the river City The prince's army was destroyed by the Mongols, and the prince himself died during the battle.

Novgorod escaped the invasion. Not reaching the capital of the rich boyar republic a hundred miles, Batu turned south and headed with the entire horde to rest in the Polovtsian steppes. Passing by a small town Kozelsk, the Mongols were forced to stay for seven weeks. This is exactly how long this town withstood the siege of Batu’s hordes before falling and being completely destroyed. The Mongols called it the “evil city.”

A year and a half later, in 1239–1240 the southern Russian lands led by Kyiv. Then, through the Galicia-Volyn land, the conquering troops invaded Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Some of their detachments reached the Adriatic Sea. However, the ongoing resistance of the devastated, but not completely conquered Russian lands forced the conquerors to stop further war in Europe.

Rus' and the Horde. In Rus' it was established yoke Golden Horde. The Russian lands were forced to admit their vassal dependence on the descendants of Genghis Khan. Russian princes, led by the Grand Duke of Vladimir, had to be confirmed by special letters ( labels). The main part of the taxes imposed on Russian lands was tribute, or " exit" The population had to feed the Khan's ambassadors and messengers and their horses, supply them with means of transportation, etc. Military service was very heavy, due to which Russian troops participated in the conquest of Iran, Southern China, etc. by the Mongols. To supervise Russian lands and collect At first, the tribute khans kept governors in Russian cities - Baskakov. In order to take into account the population and determine the size of the khans’ “output,” a census of the tax-paying population was carried out, which caused great discontent among the Russian people. The violence of the Baskaks caused uprisings in a number of Russian cities. This gradually led to the fact that by the end of the 13th century. The Russian princes themselves began to collect Horde tribute for sending to the khans.

Expansion from the West. Beginning of the 13th century was a time of expansion to the east of Western European countries and religious and political organizations. The ideological justification for this kind of policy was given by the Roman Catholic Church, which sought to assert its influence throughout the Baltic region. In summer 1240 The Swedes attacked the Novgorod lands. IN Neva Battle prince Alexander Yaroslavich, later nicknamed Nevsky, defeated them.

Two years later, the German knights of the Livonian Order captured Pskov, Izborsk, and Koporye. April 5, 1242. On the ice of Lake Peipus, the main forces of the German knights and the Russian army led by Prince Alexander Nevsky met. The prince defeated the crusaders in a battle called Battle on the Ice. The knightly offensive was suspended, but the threat of military and religious-spiritual expansion remained until the victory of the united forces of the Slavs in Battle of Grunwald V 1410g.

Its western neighbor took advantage of the weakening of Rus' as a result of the Mongol invasion: the western Russian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The united ancient Russian nationality split into Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.

The beginning of the formation of the Russian centralized state. Moscow as a center for the unification of Russian lands. In the 14th century Moscow is rising. Reasons for this:

1) flexible policy of the Moscow princes in relation to the Horde and neighboring principalities;

2) a convenient geographical location at the intersection of river and land trade routes, as well as relative protection by other Russian lands from Horde aggression;

3) support from the Russian Orthodox Church.

Moscow especially strengthened under the prince Ivan I Danilovich by nickname Kalita (1325–1340)(kalita - purse for money) thanks to his austerity policies, buying up land, increasing taxes. Under him, the metropolitan see was moved from Vladimir to Moscow.

The policy of the Horde khans was to incite rivalry between the Russian princes (this struggle was especially fierce between the Moscow and Tver princes) and thereby hinder the efforts of the Russian lands aimed at unification. IN 1327 g. Ivan Kalita defeated the uprising in Tver, directed against the Horde tribute collectors led by the khan's relative Cholhan, and received label(letter) for the great reign. In addition to the label, Ivan Kalita received the right to collect the Horde output, the Baska system was finally abolished. The right to collect tribute gave the Moscow prince significant advantages, allowing him to replenish his own treasury.

Under Ivan Kalita, the territorial expansion of the Moscow principality, begun under the first Moscow princes, continued Daniil Alexandrovich and Yuri Danilovich. Kalita acquired labels in the Horde for entire appanage principalities - Uglich, Galich, Beloozero. Throughout his reign, the Moscow prince pursued a flexible policy towards the Horde princes, which made it possible to provide the Moscow principality with a long (almost 40 years) peaceful respite.

The wise policy of Ivan Kalita created him significant authority in the Horde, which allowed his sons Semeon the Proud (1340–1353) And Ivan II the Red (1353–1359) have no competitors when receiving the label for the great reign.

With the grandson of Ivan Kalita Dmitry Ivanovich (1359–1389) The process of strengthening the power of the Moscow dynasty continued: the white stone walls of the Kremlin were erected, and attacks by the Lithuanians were repelled. After the first Russian failure in the Piana River in 1377, on the Vozha River in 1378. Russian troops defeated the Mongols for the first time. In the decisive battle on Kulikovo field September 8, 1380 Dmitry Ivanovich won a major victory over the Horde led by Mamai, for which he received the nickname Donskoy. The victory served as evidence of Moscow's increased role. In addition, the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo contributed to the growth of self-awareness of the Russian people and the unification of the country. But in 1382 khan Tokhtamysh raided Moscow and restored the power of the Horde for another 100 years.

And although Rus' resumed paying tribute to the Horde, its political dependence on it became much weaker. Dmitry Donskoy transferred the right to the great reign to his son Vasily I (1389–1425), without asking the Khan's permission.

Completion of the unification of Russian lands and the formation of the Russian state. After the death of Vasily II, the throne passed to his son without any mention of the Horde. To the board Ivan III (1462–1505) The Moscow principality developed successfully: practically without resistance, many Russian lands were annexed to Moscow - Yaroslavl, Rostov, as well as Perm, Vyatka, with non-Russian peoples living here. This expanded the multinational composition of the Russian state. The Chernigov-Seversky possessions passed from Lithuania.

The Novgorod Boyar Republic, which had considerable power, remained independent of the Moscow prince. IN 1471 g. Ivan III took decisive measures to subjugate Novgorod. The decisive battle took place on Sheloni River, when the Muscovites, being in the minority, defeated the Novgorodians. IN 1478 g. republic in Novgorod was finally liquidated. The veche bell was taken from the city to Moscow. The city was now ruled by Moscow governors.

IN 1480 g. The Horde yoke was finally overthrown. This happened after a clash between Moscow and Mongol-Tatar troops on Ugra River. The Khan was at the head of the Horde troops Akhmat. After standing on the Ugra for several weeks, Akhmat realized that it was pointless to engage in battle. This event went down in history as " standing on the Ugra" Several years before Akhmat’s campaign, Rus' stopped paying tribute to the Horde. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey inflicted a crushing defeat on the Golden Horde, after which its existence ceased.

IN 1497 g. a set of laws was introduced - “ Code of Law» Ivan III, which strengthened the power of the sovereign and introduced uniform legal norms throughout the state. One of the articles of the Code of Laws regulated the transfer of peasants from one owner to another. According to the Code of Laws, peasants could leave the feudal lords only a week before and a week after St. George's Day autumn (November 26), paying elderly. National governing bodies of the country began to form - orders. There was localism- the procedure for obtaining positions depending on the nobility of the family. Local management was carried out on the basis of a system feedings: When collecting taxes from the population, the governors kept part of the funds for themselves. The sovereign's authority was strengthened by the marriage of Ivan III to the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaeologus.

Father's work completed Basil III (1505–1533), adding Ryazan and Pskov, having conquered from Lithuania Smolensk. All Russian lands united into a single Russian state. During the reign of Vasily III, stone construction began in many Russian cities. In Moscow, the Annunciation Cathedral was built in the Kremlin and the Archangel Cathedral was finally completed, into which the remains of the great Moscow princes were transferred. The ditch near the Moscow Kremlin was lined with stone. Wooden walls in Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Kolomna and Zaraysk were replaced with stone ones. And in Novgorod, which the Grand Duke of Moscow loved to visit, in addition to the walls, streets, squares and rows were rebuilt.

Battle of Kulikovo.

Battle of Kulikovo 1380. - the most important event in the history of medieval Rus', which largely determined the future fate of the Russian state. The Battle of Kulikovo Field marked the beginning of the liberation of North-Eastern Rus' from the yoke of the Golden Horde. The growing power of the Moscow principality, the strengthening of its authority among the Russian principalities, and Moscow’s refusal to pay tribute became the main reasons for the plan of the ruler of the Golden Horde, Mamai, to organize a large campaign against Rus'.

By autumn 1380 g. Mamai's main forces crossed the Volga and slowly moved north to meet the allies in the Oka River area. Kolomna was designated as the location for the concentration of Russian troops. For the first time in the history of Rus' in the XII-XIV centuries. such a number of soldiers gathered under the banners of the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich. Having crossed the Oka, the Russian army quickly marched towards the Kulikovo field. 6 September along the Old Dankovskaya road, Russian regiments reached Don River. At the military council, it was decided to cross the river and meet the enemy beyond the Don. On the night of 7 to 8 September The troops crossed the Don and in the early morning of September 8 began to deploy into a battle formation facing the southeast, to the watershed from where Mamai’s forces were moving.

The Russian regiments lined up in the traditional three-line order. The vanguard of the Russian formation was the Guard Regiment, followed by the Advanced Regiment. The main line of Russian combat formation had a three-part division. The Big Regiment was located in the center, its flanks were covered by the regiments of the Right and Left Hands. Behind the large regiment there was a reserve. Anticipating the course of the battle, Russian commanders placed the Left Hand regiment east of the tract “ Green Dubrava“Ambush regiment, consisting of selected cavalry squads. The flanks of the Russian army rested on steep, forested banks rivers Nizhny Dubik and Smolka. Mamai also positioned his troops in linear order. In the center were the mercenary Genoese infantry. On the flanks and behind the infantry there were tumens of Horde cavalry and mercenaries. There was a reserve at the back. The battle began at about 11 o'clock in the morning with attacks by the Horde infantry and cavalry on the Watch and Advanced regiments. Having withstood the first onslaught and suffered heavy losses, the remnants of the regiments retreated to the main forces of the Russian battle formations. Fierce frontal attacks by the Horde cavalry began along the entire line of Russian positions. The Russian regiments held out, and then, creating a numerical superiority,

Feudal fragmentation. The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders. (XII – XIII centuries) Historical tradition considers the chronological beginning of the period of fragmentation to be 1132. Causes of feudal fragmentation: Dominance of subsistence farming; Horizontal order of succession to the throne; Weakening of external danger at the beginning of the 12th century; The strengthening of individual lands and the decline in the importance of the Kyiv throne. Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which the products of labor are produced to satisfy the producers themselves, and not for sale.

Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. North-Eastern Rus' separated from Kyiv during the reign in Suzdal of one of the younger sons of Vladimir Monomakh - Yuri Vladimirovich “Dolgoruky” (1125 - 1157). Andrei Yuryevich “Bogolyubsky” (1157-1174) preferred the Vladimir throne to the Kyiv throne. Best wishes to Vladimiro. During the reign of Vsevolod Yurievich, the Principality of Suzdal reached the “Big Nest” (1176-1212). The nobility is a serving military stratum, personally dependent on the prince, and therefore was the support of princely power. For their service, they received land for temporary use, or payment in kind, or the right to collect some income, part of which went to the collectors themselves.

Galicia-Volyn Principality Strong development of large boyar land ownership. The principality reached its greatest prosperity and power under Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153 -1187). In 1199, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich (1199 -1205) managed to unite the Galician and Volyn principalities, and with his occupation of Kiev in 1203, it came under his power. all of Southwestern Rus'. Further flourishing occurred during the reign of Daniil Romanovich (1201 - 1264) (prince from 1238 permanently), who for over 30 years fought against the boyars, who opposed the strengthening of princely power, and united the entire South. Western Rus' and Kyiv land. Daniil Galitsky and the Poles. Engraving by P. Ivanov, 19th century.

Novgorod boyar republic. The last prince under whom Kyiv still interfered in the internal affairs of Novgorod was the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh - Vsevolod Mstislavich (1118-1136). From 1136, freedom-loving Novgorod the Great finally became a boyar republic. The economically strong Novgorod boyars did not allow the princely power to establish itself on Novgorod land, so the veche remained here. The city invited princes to lead the armed forces of the republic. Upon entering the city, the prince had to conclude an agreement with Novgorod, with which the boyars protected their rights.

Consequences of feudal fragmentation for Rus'. The inevitable consequence of the dismemberment of the Russian state was princely strife and internal strife, which worsened the foreign policy position of Rus' and weakened its strength in the fight against foreign invaders. Thus, the nomadic Polovtsians, having occupied the Northern Black Sea region, ravaged the Russian lands with constant devastating raids and interfered with the development of political and economic ties between Rus' and the countries of the East. Russian possessions in the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region were lost, the power of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes in the Volga region weakened, Hungary captured Carpathian Rus', Lithuania pushed the Polotsk princes beyond the Dvina, the German-Danish and Swedish invaders became more active, and the Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the ruin of Rus' and the establishment yoke. Another paradoxical consequence was economic recovery. The number of cities and population have increased.

The struggle of Rus' against foreign invaders in the 13th century. At the beginning of the 13th century, the early feudal state of the Mongols was formed in Central Asia, the head of which was proclaimed Genghis Khan in 1206. In a short time, the Mongols conquered Siberia, Northwestern China, Central Asia and Northern Iran, and invaded Transcaucasia from the south. Russian troops first met the Mongols in 1223 at the Battle of the Kalka River. After the death of Genghis Khan, the Western Ulus was inherited by Batu Khan (son of Jochi), his possessions extended to the Volga. In 1235, the Mongols captured the Polovtsian steppes and came very close to the borders of Rus'.

In the winter of 1237, the Mongols invaded the Ryazan principality. Ryazan held out for 5 days. (Efrosyne of Ryazan. The feat of Evpatiy Kolovrat.) Next, Batu moved his army to Vladimir. The Battle of the Moscow River, the capture of Moscow and Vladimir. After the capture of Vladimir, Batu divided his troops, some moved to the Novgorod lands, and some moved west to the Chernigov lands. In the spring, having gathered near the city of Kozelsk, Batu’s troops returned to the Polovtsian steppes. From 1239, the Tatars began to raid southern Rus'. In 1240 they captured Kyiv, Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, and then invaded Galitsko. Volyn principality, and in the spring of 1241 they moved further to the West. The Mongols reached the borders of Italy and Germany, but by the end of 1242 they returned to the Volga steppes.

1243 - the state of the Golden Horde was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages. Its military power had no equal for a long time. The most important trade routes connecting the East and West passed through the territories of the Horde. Stretching from the Irtysh to the Danube, the Golden Horde from an ethnic point of view represented a motley mixture of very different peoples: Mongols, Volga Bulgars, Russians, Burtases, Bashkirs, Mordovians, Yasses, Circassians, Georgians, etc., but the bulk of the Horde’s population were Polovtsians, in among whom, already in the 14th century, the conquerors began to dissolve, forgetting their culture, language, and writing (similar processes were characteristic of other states created by the Mongol conquerors). The capital of the state - the city of Saray - had 75 thousand inhabitants. Cities with a predominance of Russian population were built on the Golden Horde territory - Yelets, Tula, Kaluga. These were the residences and stronghold garrisons of the Baskas. The Mongol invasion inflicted a severe wound on the Russian people. During the first ten years after the invasion, the conquerors did not take tribute, engaging only in looting and destruction. But such a practice meant a voluntary renunciation of long-term benefits. When the Mongols realized this, the collection of systematic tribute began (Horde exit - 1600 kg of silver per year, 14 types of tribute), which became a constant source of replenishment of the Mongol treasury. Relations between Rus' and the Horde took predictable and stable forms - a phenomenon called the “Mongol yoke” was born. At the same time, however, the practice of periodic punitive campaigns did not stop until the 14th century. Rus' retained its statehood and was not directly included in the Golden Horde. Another specific feature was that the oppression was not direct: the oppressor lived far away, and not among the conquered people. .

The Principality of Novgorod and the fight against the Livonian knights. From the north, the Swedish feudal lords began to threaten the Novgorod possessions, and they were the first to move to Rus'. On July 15, 1240, the famous Battle of the Neva took place. This victory stopped Swedish aggression in the East for a long time and retained the mouth of the Neva for Russia, providing free access to the Baltic Sea. But in the same year, the German crusaders, as well as the Danish knights from Revel, began their attack on Rus'. And already in 1241, taking advantage of either numerical superiority or the betrayal of the boyars, they captured a vast territory in the Izborsk-Pskov-Koporye region. Alexander Nevsky gathered an army and marched against the crusaders. With an unexpected blow, the Russian army drove the enemy out of Koporye, and then, with the help of the Vladimir-Suzdal regiments, the enemy was expelled from other cities. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242 on Lake Peipsi. In this battle, the entire flower of Livonian knighthood died. The victory won by Alexander Nevsky on Lake Peipus thwarted the plans of crusader aggression. The Order was forced to ask for peace.

Relations between Alexander Nevsky and the Horde. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky 1221 -1263 In 1247, Yaroslav’s sons, Alexander Nevsky and Andrei Yaroslavich, were summoned to Sarai; they returned home in 1249. The great table of Vladimir went to Andrei, and the Kiev table to Alexander, so he subjugated Novgorod and remained there. Prince Andrey entered into an alliance with Daniil Galitsky and married his daughter. The alliance with Daniel against the Tatars ended in the defeat of Andrei and the Galicia-Volyn principality, all fortresses were destroyed. From 1252 to 1263, Alexander Nevsky was the Grand Duke of Vladimir (the eldest in all of Rus'). He focused on an alliance with the horde. He helped Batu in resolving intra-Horde dynastic disputes. In 1262, Alexander fought against the Livonians and strengthened the diplomatic alliance with the Mongols, peacefully settling a possible conflict with the horde after the beating of the Mongol Baskaks in many Northern Russian cities, preventing a bloody pogrom of Rus'. And in 1269, a Mongol detachment helped the Novgorodians drive the crusaders away from the Novgorod walls.