What kind of rashes occur with HIV? Skin rashes during HIV infection: features, description and treatment. What types of rashes are there?

You will find a list of them at the bottom of the page.

Skin rashes often occur with HIV infections. In most cases, the rash is an early sign of HIV and occurs within two to three weeks after exposure to the virus. A skin rash can also be a symptom of other, less dangerous conditions, such as an allergic reaction or skin problem. If in doubt, go to the doctor and get tested for HIV. This way, you will receive appropriate treatment for your problem.

Steps

Part 1

Recognizing HIV rash symptoms

Examine your skin for a red, slightly raised, very itchy rash. An HIV rash often results in various pimples and blemishes on the skin. In people with fair skin, the rash is red, while in people with dark skin it is dark purple.

Look for rashes on the shoulders, chest, face, torso, or arms. It is in these areas of the body that it appears most often. However, it happens that the rash goes away on its own within a few weeks. Some people confuse it with an allergic reaction or eczema.

Pay attention to other symptoms that may occur along with the rash. These symptoms include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Mouth ulcers
• Diarrhea
• Muscle pain
• Spasms and pains throughout the body
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Blurred or unclear vision
• Loss of appetite
• Joint pain

1. Beware of rash triggers. This rash occurs due to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes in the body. An HIV rash can occur at any stage of infection, but usually appears in the second or third week after exposure to the virus. This is the stage of seroconversion and during this period the infection can be detected in a blood test. Some patients do not go through this stage at all, so their rash appears at later stages of infection.

Part 2

Getting medical care

Get tested for HIV if you have a mild rash. If you have not yet been tested for HIV, then your doctor will take a blood test to check if you have the virus. If the result comes back negative, your doctor will check to see if the rash was caused by an allergic reaction to the food or if it is due to something else. You may also experience skin problems such as eczema.

Seek immediate medical attention if your body breaks out in a severe rash. A severe rash may be accompanied by other symptoms of infection, such as fever, nausea or vomiting, muscle pain, and mouth ulcers. If you have not yet been tested for HIV, your doctor will take a blood test from you. Depending on the test results, the doctor will prescribe anti-HIV medications and appropriate treatment.

Contact your doctor if symptoms worsen, especially if they worsen after taking medications. You may become hypersensitive to certain drugs, which can make your HIV symptoms worse. Your doctor will advise you to stop taking your medications and prescribe more appropriate treatment. Symptoms of hypersensitivity usually resolve within 24-48 hours. There are three main classes of anti-HIV drugs that can cause rash:

• Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
• Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
• Protease inhibitors
• Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as nevirapine (Viramune), are the most common cause of drug-induced skin rash. Abacavir (Ziagen) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that can also cause skin rash. Protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase) and tipranavir (Aptivus) also cause rash.

1. Do not take medications that cause an allergic reaction. If your doctor tells you to stop taking a medicine because it is causing a sensitivity or allergic reaction, do so. Taking this medication again may cause an even more severe reaction, which may develop and make your condition even worse.

   Ask your doctor about bacterial infections that may be causing the rash. Due to a malfunctioning immune system, patients with HIV have an increased incidence of bacterial infections. Staphylococcus aureus most often found in HIV-infected people and can lead to superficial pyoderma, inflammation and suppuration of hair follicles, cellulite and ulcers. If you have HIV, ask your doctor to test you for Staphylococcus aureus.

Part 3

Treating rashes at home

Apply medical cream to the rash. To relieve itching and other discomfort, your doctor will prescribe you an antiallergic ointment or medicine. These symptoms can also be relieved by using an over-the-counter antihistamine cream. Apply the cream according to the instructions.

Avoid direct sunlight or extreme cold. It is these two factors that provoke the appearance of the rash and can worsen it.

• If you plan to go outside, apply sunscreen all over your body or wear pants and long sleeves to protect your skin.
• Wear a coat and warm clothes when going outside to protect your skin from the extreme cold.

1. Take cool showers and baths. Hot water will cause even more inflammation. Instead of hot showers and baths, opt for cold baths and cold baths to relieve rashes.

   Switch to a mild soap or shower gel with herbal extracts. Soaps with chemical ingredients can cause skin irritation, as well as dryness and itching. Buy mild soap (baby soap or herbal shower gel) from your local pharmacy.

   Wear soft cotton clothing. Wearing clothing made from synthetic fibers that are not breathable can cause sweating and skin irritation.

   • Tight clothing can also chafe the skin and make the rash worse.

2. Continue taking your antiviral medications. Complete your course of treatment with the anti-HIV medications prescribed by your doctor. Provided that you do not have an allergic reaction to the drug, this will help increase the number of T cells and eliminate various symptoms, including a rash.

As soon as the human body is infected with the terrible immunodeficiency virus, completely irreversible consequences begin, which are almost impossible to cope with. Taking into account the fact that for some, HIV can remain in the body for years, not manifest itself at all, and only then the condition will sharply worsen, you should be attentive to your health, well-being, and skin condition as well.

Why and where do acne appear with HIV?

HIV acne on the body in the first stages may not cause any suspicion in a person at all, especially if he does not yet know that he is already a carrier of the virus. Since defense mechanisms are systematically destroyed and the level of resistance to external infections and bacteria gradually decreases, you can notice how rashes gradually appear on the body, even in places where there were none before.

Acne on the face due to HIV may at first seem like ordinary acne, but traditional home remedies for prevention and treatment will not give any result in this case. Gradually, isolated rashes on the face begin to become inflamed, and more and more often one can observe the formation of abscesses, which will later begin to unite. Such pronounced pink pimples with painful sensations are called acne, and while a person who is not infected with AIDS has a chance to get rid of the problem, then someone who is infected has practically no chance.

Acne on the head with HIV is also no exception. As a rule, rashes gradually appear throughout the body. If at first the ulcers and inflamed areas were only on the face, then after a while such lesions are already present on the head. In cases where a specialized examination has not been carried out before, then with such symptoms it is simply necessary to run to a specialist and undergo all tests. Acne due to HIV, photos of which are widely available on the Internet, clearly show what will happen if specialized drug treatment is not started immediately.

Lesions of the skin and mucous membranes are early symptoms of HIV infection. Any pathological changes in all systems of the body, as on the screen, are immediately reflected in the condition of the skin. Therefore, for a correct diagnosis, it is very important to take a close look at various skin diseases. HIV infection gives rise to a very wide range of skin diseases, which are conventionally divided into neoplastic, infectious and dermatoses of unknown origin. What all these groups have in common is that the diseases have atypical symptoms and are extremely difficult to treat. At the very beginning of infection, the patient must be correctly diagnosed HIV rash: it may be a sign of acute exanthema, similar at the same time to hemorrhagic allergic vasculitis, measles, pityriasis rosea, and syphilitic elements of the second period.

Acute exanthema is observed in HIV-infected people 2 to 8 weeks after infection. The main place of localization is the torso, although sometimes it is noted by the appearance of a number of elements on the skin of the neck and face. Skin rashes can be combined with lymphadenopathy, fever, diarrhea, and severe sweating. All the symptoms taken together resemble severe infectious mononucleosis or influenza. As immunodeficiency increases, the exanthema rash is complemented by a herpes rash, manifestations of molluscum contagiosum, etc. The acute inflammatory nature of this disease is complicated by the generalization of the rash over the skin of the entire body.

Along with exanthema, the most common disease affecting HIV-infected people is called Kaposi's sarcoma. A malignant neoplasm covers the skin with a rash in the form of spots or nodules of different colors: red, purple, brown. Sarcoma damages the oral cavity (mucous membrane of the gums, palate), and lymph nodes. Lesions may also appear on internal organs.

Shingles is also a common sign of AIDS infection. The rash is variable: mild limited forms are replaced by severe ulcerated manifestations with constant relapses.

Papular rash is another fairly common skin disease in AIDS patients. Papular rash with HIV is characterized by fluctuations in the number of elements: from several to hundreds. Small in size, reddish in color, skin rashes cover the head, neck, torso, and limbs.

Since AIDS is an incurable disease today, it is impossible to talk about it. But pharmacological agents of the latest generation help modern medicine to make it a little easier and prolong the lives of those deeply unhappy people who have contracted HIV infection.

is the first sign of infection. However, in most cases, such manifestations go unnoticed, which contributes to the further progression of the pathology. Therefore, if such a symptom occurs, you should make sure that such a terrible disease does not exist.

Few people know how a rash manifests itself during HIV infection in women and men; a photo will help you find out the answer to such a question, and you can find them yourself. Also, at the appointment, the dermatologist is able to show a photo of the primary symptoms of an HIV rash.

In most cases, a rash due to HIV (see photo) occurs in the following forms:

The above types of rashes on the body due to HIV infection are most often diagnosed in patients. Each of the ailments has its own clinical characteristics, and depending on them, the approach to treating these diseases differs.

What kind of rash occurs with HIV infection?

Depending on the location of the rashes on the body due to HIV, they are divided into two large groups: exanthemas and enanthems.

An exanthema is any rash on the skin caused by HIV (photo), localized only on the outside and provoked by exposure to the virus. Enanthema also denotes the presence of similar elements of dermatoses, however, they are located only on the mucous membranes and are caused by various negative factors. Enanthema often appears in the early stages of immunodeficiency, but it is worth understanding that such a disease can develop independently, regardless of the presence of the virus in the body.

In the photo, a rash on the skin during the acute stage of HIV is accompanied by a vivid clinical picture. In infected patients, any dermatoses are characterized by particularly aggressive development. However, they are difficult to treat and are accompanied by repeated relapses.

Where does a rash appear with HIV? Such questions often interest patients. A doctor can answer them; also, when this sign appears, it is important to conduct a differential diagnosis and find out the cause of such an ailment. How long the rash symptoms last during the acute stage of HIV depends on the type of pathology and the treatment measures taken. In most cases, the elements are located on the body, but can also affect the skin of the neck and face. Often the rash in HIV-infected people at an early stage, a photo of it is shown here, is accompanied by acute manifestations. These include:

• Increased sweat production.
• A disorder of the intestines, manifested in the form of diarrhea.
• Fever.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.

A profuse rash with HIV and the first symptoms mentioned above are not always considered as signs of an immunodeficiency state, since clinically they are similar to influenza and mononucleosis. But even with treatment, the elements begin to spread throughout the body, and the patient’s condition worsens. This should already be assessed as a possible infection with AIDS.

It is difficult to say for sure how long it takes for a skin rash to appear due to HIV infection, since each patient’s pathology occurs individually. In most cases, such manifestations are observed 14-56 days after the virus enters the body.

Skin rashes due to HIV infection on the body (photo) caused by fungal microflora

Mycotic lesions of the skin in immunodeficiency are among the most common. This group includes several diseases that progress rapidly. Skin rashes due to HIV are difficult to resolve even with treatment.

Fungal infections can be observed throughout the body; not only the torso is affected, but also the limbs, feet, hands, and scalp.

Skin rashes due to HIV infection (AIDS), photos of which can be shown by a specialist, may be signs of the following pathological conditions:

• Rubrophytia. In most cases it appears atypically. Red skin rash due to HIV (photo) often appears as flat papules. During a microscopic examination, it is possible to detect a huge number of pathogens. This pathology clinically resembles seborrheic dermatitis, exudative erythema, keratoderma affecting the palms and soles. It often causes the formation of paronychia and onychia.
• Candidiasis. The first sign of HIV in men is a rash, a photo of which you can find on your own. Often, immunodeficiency manifests itself this way in the stronger sex. A similar symptom is most often observed in young people; the elements are localized, as a rule, on the genitals, oral mucosa, near the anus, and can often be found on the nails and in the groin area. When the rash spreads over large areas, it can ulcerate, forming weeping surfaces and accompanied by pain. If candidiasis affects the esophagus, patients are bothered by pain when swallowing, difficulty eating, and a burning sensation in the sternum.
• Tinea versicolor. What are the rashes associated with HIV in this case? The pathology is accompanied by individual spots that do not merge; their diameter is no more than 0.5 cm, in some cases they can reach 2-3 cm. Over time, the elements turn into papules or plaques. This symptom can occur at any stage of AIDS.

What types of rashes occur with HIV that are viral in nature?

Skin pathologies of a viral nature in immunodeficiency are also quite common. They can be observed at any stage of disease progression. The following dermatological lesions are considered the most common:

• Lichen simplex. A doctor can show AIDS rashes of this nature during an appointment. They look like blisters that often burst, creating painful erosions that are resistant to healing. Such signs are observed in the anus, oral cavity, genitals, and can also affect the esophagus, bronchi, pharynx, and rarely the hands, legs, spinal cord, and armpits.
• Herpes zoster. Often becomes the first sign of an immunodeficiency state. Accompanied by blisters with exudate; when damaged, painful erosions are exposed. It is difficult to say how long a rash with HIV, which is herpetic in nature, lasts; sometimes it does not go into remission. Often accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes.
• Cytomegalovirus infection. It affects the skin extremely rarely. This sign is an unfavorable prognosis for AIDS.
• Molluscum contagiosum. Elements of this disease are localized on the face, neck, head, and can also affect the anus and genitals. They tend to merge and are accompanied by frequent relapses.

What does a pustular rash look like with AIDS (HIV infection) in women and men: photo

Pustular lesions in immunodeficiency are in most cases caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus. As a rule, patients are concerned about the following ailments:

• Impetigo. It has the appearance of multiple conflicts, which, when damaged, form yellow crusts. They are located mainly on the beard and neck.
• Folliculitis. Clinically, the elements are similar to acne. Does the HIV rash itch or not? As a rule, the pathology is accompanied by itching. In most cases, the upper chest, back, face are affected, and over time other parts of the body are affected.
• Pyoderma. Externally, it resembles condylomas. It is located in large folds of the skin, is difficult to treat, and is prone to constant relapses.

Manifestations of vascular dysfunction

What kind of skin rash occurs when infected with HIV (AIDS), a photo of which is shown here, if the blood vessels are damaged? In this case, telangiectasias, hemorrhages, and erythematous spots are observed. Localization can be very diverse, in most cases the torso is affected.

It is also common for patients to develop a maculopapular rash due to HIV; a photo of it is not difficult to find. It is located on the limbs, upper torso, head, face. The elements do not merge with each other, a similar rash with HIV itches.

Most people infected with the immunodeficiency virus suffer from seborrheic dermatitis. It can occur in localized and generalized form. This pathology is a common sign of AIDS. Accompanied by significant peeling of the affected areas.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Many patients infected with AIDS suffer from such a malignant disease as Kaposi's sarcoma. It can occur in visceral and dermal forms. The latter is accompanied by damage to the skin; with the former, internal organs are drawn into the pathological process. Often they occur in parallel, accompanied by both external and internal signs of the disease.

Kaposi's sarcoma is characterized by a malignant course, it progresses rapidly and is difficult to respond to therapeutic measures. The rash in this case has a bright red or brown color and is localized on the face, neck, genitals, and oral mucosa. It can become damaged, then patients complain of pain. Often with sarcoma, the lymph nodes become enlarged.

As a rule, the disease develops in young people in the last stages of immunodeficiency, when patients have no more than 1.5-2 years to live.

It is quite difficult to say specifically when a rash appears on the body due to HIV infection, the photo of which can be very diverse, because there are a number of dermatoses, and they can develop both in the initial and late stages of AIDS. If any problems of this nature arise, you should contact a medical facility for diagnosis and find out the true cause of the disease.

HIV is a viral disease that has a devastating effect on the immune system. As a result, the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections, and malignant neoplasms occurs.

After infection, the virus penetrates the living cells of the body, and they are rearranged at the genetic level. As a result, the body begins to independently produce and multiply viral cells, and the affected cells die. HIV multiplies due to immune cells, helpers.

A complete restructuring of the immune system occurs. It begins to actively produce the virus, without creating a protective barrier for pathogenic microorganisms.

Damage to the immune system occurs gradually. After infection, a person does not notice changes in the body. When there are more viral cells than immune cells, a person becomes very susceptible to other diseases. The immune system cannot cope with the pathogen; even the simplest infection is difficult to tolerate.

The progression of the disease is accompanied by the appearance of such signs as: high body temperature, increased sweating, diarrhea, sudden weight loss, thrush of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, frequent colds, skin rashes.

Does HIV rash appear immediately after infection?

One of the first signs of HIV infection is the appearance of skin rashes of various types. In some cases, it is not pronounced and remains unnoticed, which leads to the progression of the disease. When the first symptoms of the disease appear, you should immediately consult a specialist.

HIV infection is accompanied by the appearance of rashes such as:

1. Mycotic lesions. Occurs as a result of fungal infection. Leads to the development of dermatoses.
2. Pyodermatitis. Occurs as a result of exposure to streptococcus, staphylococcus. The elements of the rash are filled with purulent fluid.
3. Spotted rash. Occurs due to damage to the vascular system. Erythematous, hemorrhagic spots and telangiectasias appear on the body.
4. . Indicates a viral infection in the initial stages of the disease. Skin damage is accompanied by severe peeling.
5. Viral damage. The nature of the rash depends on the source of the damage.
6. Malignant neoplasms. It appears during the active development of the disease. Diseases such as hairy leukoplakia and Cauchy's sarcoma develop.
7. Papular rash is characterized by rashes; they can occur as separate elements or form lesions.

Why does a rash appear with HIV?

The first signs of HIV disease are rashes on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes. As a result of the destruction of the immune system by HIV, the body becomes vulnerable to various infections that manifest themselves in the form of skin diseases. The condition of the skin acts as a kind of indicator, the condition of which indicates certain dysfunctions of organs and systems.

Skin diseases of various types occur with HIV. Their manifestations depend on the stage of the disease, the age of the patient, the causative agent: Cosh's sarcoma, candidiasis, warts.

8 days after infection, red spots may appear on the face, torso, genitals, and mucous membranes.

Skin diseases associated with HIV are accompanied by the development of specific symptoms:

• fever;
• weakness;
• diarrhea;
• body aches;
• pain in muscles, joints;
• high body temperature;
• increased sweating.

After infection, skin rashes are chronic. They are practically untreatable and can progress over several years. With further development of the disease, viral, microbial, fungal infections progress: and children, syphilitic, purulent rashes, mycotic lesions.

What does an HIV rash look like in the initial stage photo

HIV rashes are divided depending on the location of the body: exanthema, enanthema.

Exanthema is a skin rash that occurs as a result of a viral infection. The rash appears only on the surface of the skin. Exanthema occurs in the early stages of the disease. Elements of the rash can appear not only on the skin, but also affect the mucous membranes of the larynx and genitals. The first signs of infection appear after 14-56 days, depending on the individual characteristics of the organism.

HIV rash photo makes it possible to visually assess the stage of immunodeficiency. The rashes are difficult to treat, spread throughout the body, and can be on the neck and face. As the disease develops, the rash is accompanied by the appearance of specific symptoms:

• profuse sweating;
• gastrointestinal dysfunction;
• fever;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

First signs of HIV infections are similar to the flu. With further damage to the immune system, a characteristic rash spreads, which cannot be treated, and the patient’s condition worsens.

HIV rash photos in women

Symptoms of HIV in women are slightly different from the disease in men. At the initial stage of the disease the following is observed:

• high body temperature;
• cough;
• a sore throat;
• chills;
• headache;
• muscle and joint pain;
• swollen lymph nodes;
• pain during menstruation in the pelvic area;
• specific discharge from the genitals.

After 8-12 days, rashes appear on the skin, which occurs as a result of exposure to streptococcus and staphylococcus.

1. Impetigo. Appear in the form of conflicts. They are located in the neck and chin area. With mechanical damage, a yellow crust appears.
2. Folliculitis. The external signs resemble those of a teenager, which is accompanied by severe burning and itching. Formations appear in the chest, back, face, then spread throughout the body.
3. Pyoderma. Similar to condylomas. Appears in skin folds. Does not respond well to drug therapy. After treatment there is a high risk of relapse.

What an HIV rash looks like, photos in women can be seen in this article. All details are in the specialized literature, clinic, HIV centers or from a highly qualified specialist. We give a general idea.

Can HIV-infected people be identified by their rash?

One of the main signs of HIV infection in the body is the appearance of skin rashes, which are accompanied by severe itching. They appear 2-3 weeks after infection. In case of HIV infection, it will help determine their origin.

HIV rashes are characterized by the appearance of raised pimples and red spots. It can occur as a separate element or damage the surface of the entire body. At the initial stage of development of the disease, chest, back, neck, arms.

When a viral infection of the body occurs, the rash is accompanied by the appearance of symptoms such as:

• nausea, vomiting;
• formation of ulcers in the oral cavity;
• high body temperature;
• dysfunction of the digestive system;

– an allergic skin reaction, manifested in the form of clearly defined areas of erythema and swelling, usually affecting not only the upper layers of the skin, but also quite deep ones.

The disease is often accompanied by severe itching, burning, and sometimes pain.

It may appear chronic (> 6 weeks).

Urticaria can easily be confused with a number of other dermatological diseases that are similar in symptoms, so it is important to consult a doctor promptly so that the specialist makes the correct diagnosis and prescribes the correct course of treatment.

Let's consider the symptoms and methods of treating urticaria against the background of other diseases.

In contact with

For HIV

HIV infection is a disease caused by immune deficiency. It attacks the patient's immune system, which is the body's natural defense. If a person is infected with HIV, it is more difficult for the body to fight infections.

HIV-infected patients with low white blood cell counts have been reported serious allergic reactions, manifested on the skin in the form of a rash and hyperemia, while high concentrations of leukocytes indicate skin diseases associated with hypersensitivity.

Understanding the nature of the cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection can help determine the patient's immune status.

appears very sharply and suddenly:

1. Hives often occur at the site of injection (such as drugs).
2. Cold allergy is also associated with HIV infection and is sometimes one of the distinctive symptoms by which a specialist can determine that the patient is infected.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis occurs in many AIDS patients.
4. Psoriasis and reactive arthritis are also quite common among HIV patients. These diseases cause painful blisters or plaques to appear on the skin.
5. HIV-infected patients are very sensitive to sunlight; due to its exposure, they often develop sun allergies.

Therapy methods can only be prescribed by the attending physician. Urticaria is not the most pleasant disease associated with HIV; it only complicates the life of the infected patient.

The medications that the patient takes to maintain immunity are often interact negatively with antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids used in the fight against urticaria.

In this case, the specialist will most likely prescribe non-hormonal ointments(Fenistil-gel).

Also, HIV-infected patients with acute and severe forms of urticaria (blisters and plaques are inflamed) should be very careful, because often the inflammation and rash bleed.

This poses a risk for healthy people to become infected from an HIV-infected patient.

For the flu

Sometimes hives are the immune system's response to a recent infection, such as a cold or flu.

The disease sometimes occurs against the background of taking such drugs How:

• Tylenol;
• Aspirin;
• as well as many antipyretic compounds (Teraflu, Coldrex) if you are allergic to vitamin C.

Hives with flu not dangerous, symptoms usually subside within a few days (maximum week). If the rash is itchy, then you should use the non-hormonal drug Fenistil-gel, or take a Tavegil or Claritin tablet. In this case, you do not need to see a doctor.

For worms

In a study of 50 patients with chronic urticaria, blood samples (complete blood count) and eosinophil (a subtype of white blood cell) blood samples were taken to identify the allergen, as well as a stool sample. All patients had positive results for worms.

1. Itching in the anus (as well as hyperemia of the mucous membranes).
2. Dizziness.
3. Nausea and vomiting.
4. Slight increase in temperature.
5. Constipation or diarrhea.

If you have been tested positive for worms and have symptoms of hives, you should immediately consult an allergist.

When there are worms and urticaria, specialists prescribe to relieve symptoms, as well as anthelmintics(Helmintox, Nemozol, Pirkon). The course of treatment with anthelmintic drugs is about 14 days. And the symptoms of urticaria disappear on the second day.

Patients with giardiasis and urticaria developing against it experiencing the following symptoms:

• increased fatigue;
• nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite;
• diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, cramps;
• characteristic reddish rashes, the rash is often itchy, blisters are usually absent.

Episodes of urticaria are often correlated with the presence of Giardia lamblia in the stool.

Treatment Giardiasis completely relieves the symptoms of urticaria and includes:

1. Metronidazole is an antibiotic (may cause nausea).
2. Tinidazole is an analogue of metronidazole.
3. Nitazoxanide is a popular option for treating children and is available in liquid form.
4. Paromomycin - can be taken with caution during pregnancy.

For pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It is often accompanied by urticaria. It can manifest itself as an allergic reaction to drugs used to treat the disease, and can also become a symptom of jaundice. Jaundice is caused by a build-up of bilirubin in the blood and tissues of the body. The most obvious sign of jaundice is yellow skin and yellow whites of the eyes.

Under treatment urticaria with pancreatitis comprehensively. The main risk factor for developing pancreatitis is excessive alcohol consumption(which is also a common allergen) or the presence of gallstones.

Treatment of acute pancreatitis carried out in a hospital, and the goal is to relieve symptoms, the patient most often takes antibiotics, enzyme replacement (Mezim, Creon). Chronic pancreatitis is treated with antibiotics, pain medications, and changes in diet and vitamin supplementation.

Symptoms of urticaria disappear with this therapy after a few weeks (up to a month).

Antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids are rarely prescribed by a doctor, since they interact negatively with drugs for the treatment of pancreatitis.

For candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection (common in women - thrush). Under normal conditions, the body can contain small amounts of this fungus, but there are times when it begins to multiply.

Most infections are caused by a type of fungus called Candida Albicans.

Typically, candidiasis is not a serious condition and responds well to treatment.

But ignoring symptoms and not seeking medical attention promptly can lead to potentially life-threatening problems, especially in those with weakened immune systems.

There are different types of candidiasis– intestinal, fecal, diffusion (in the intestines), perianal. It is intestinal candidiasis that is usually accompanied by urticaria. His symptoms include:

1. Chronic fatigue.
2. From the gastrointestinal tract: increased gas formation, bloating and cramps, rectal itching, constipation or diarrhea.
3. From the nervous system: depression, irritability, problems with concentration.
4. On the part of the immune system: the appearance of allergies and hypersensitivity to certain chemicals - a rash can occur in various parts of the body, but usually appears on the face, hands, or affects mucous membranes.

If you have candidiasis, it is important to seek medical help. The specialist will most likely will prescribe antifungal drugs(Flucostat, Fluconazole, Intraconazole, Diflucan), antifungal ointments(Clotrimazole, Pimafucin), as well as l medicines to restore intestinal flora(Linex, Bifidumbacterin, Baktisubtil).

While taking them, the symptoms of urticaria disappear within a few days. Taking antihistamines is not required.

For cholecystitis

May develop against the background of cholecystitis. This is an inflammation of the gallbladder. The most common symptom of acute cholecystitis is pain in the upper abdomen.

Other symptoms may include:

• shoulder blade pain;
• nausea, vomiting;
• fever.

All of these symptoms usually occur after eating fatty foods.

Since this is an infectious disease, it can cause hives in patients with allergies. Exacerbation of cholecystitis is often the cause of acute urticaria or Quincke's edema.

In this case, you should immediately consult a doctor. The specialist will prescribe a balanced diet, painkillers (mainly antispasmodics - No-shpa, Spazmolgon), as well as choleretic drugs.

To eliminate local inflammation of urticaria, non-hormonal ointments are prescribed - Fenistil-gel.

responds well to treatment, and allergic symptoms disappear within a few days (up to a week).

For hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus is an infection that affects the liver. Chronic cases if left untreated can lead to liver failure.

Skin rashes can be a sign of hepatitis C and should not be ignored. Hives from hepatitis C can also be associated with liver damage or be a side effect of anti-hepatitis medications.

Against the background of hepatitis C, only acute form of the disease, but rarely it can develop into chronic.

Skin signs of acute viral hepatitis:

1. Acute urticaria is usually observed in patients with viral infections, including hepatitis A, B, C.
2. Hives are accompanied by fever, headache and joint pain.
3. The rash is usually red (sometimes burgundy) and blisters may appear.
4. If you develop hives due to hepatitis C, you should immediately consult an emergency doctor.

Exacerbation of hepatitis C usually lasts up to 6 weeks. Periodic episodes of urticaria may accompany the entire period of exacerbation. The rash develops within a few minutes and lasts for several hours, then subsides.

For acute hepatitis C, the best course of action to treat hives is taking antihistamines and the use of ointments and gels to relieve itching.

Chronic rashes are more difficult to treat due to the ongoing nature of the disease. The specialist will also advise To you:

• limit sun exposure;
• take a warm bath;
• Use body moisturizers and avoid laundry soap.

It is best to consult a doctor as soon as you notice any unusual skin changes.

For eczema

Eczema is a term for a group of conditions that cause irritation or inflammation of the skin. The most common type of eczema is atopic dermatitis. Unlike hives, the itching of eczema is not caused by the release of histamine. Eczema is more likely a consequence of urticaria than a concomitant disease.

Treatment can only be prescribed by a specialist (allergist, dermatologist). But, if the allergy-causing agent cannot be eliminated or identified, then steps to relieve an allergic reaction:

1. Apply non-steroidal creams (Hydrocortisone) to the affected areas along with anti-itch lotions (eg Calamine).
2. Benadryl in tablet form.
3. Corticosteroids.
4. Immunosuppressants are drugs that suppress the immune system (cyclosporine, azathioprine, methotrexate).
5. Immunomodulators (Elidel).

Eczema difficult to treat. It is especially unpleasant for teenagers due to its external manifestations.

This can lead to depression. In this case, you need to contact a psychotherapist for professional help.

Urticaria itself is not a serious condition. But often it can be accompanied by severe forms of other diseases.

To know exactly what measures need to be taken and what medications to use, consult your doctor. But remember that in most cases, the causes of hives are irritants, its symptoms are harmless, and are almost always temporary.

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When infected with HIV, a person may have no symptoms of the virus that has entered the body for many years. Half of those infected develop a rash in the first weeks of infection, but this sign has no diagnostic value.

Medicine has made many advances over the past decade. Doctors are “growing” organs, new drugs and technologies have appeared, and progress has been made in the treatment of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. But there is still no effective etiotropic drug for AIDS and HIV that can cleanse the body of the virus. Treatment only suppresses the activity of the pathogen. That is why regular laboratory diagnostics is important, because the symptoms of infection are nonspecific. Weakness, headache, fever, and less often, a rash appears with HIV.

Briefly about AIDS and HIV

HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus. It belongs to the retroviruses, damages the cells of the immune system and over time completely “mows down” the lymphocyte link. HIV multiplies in T4 lymphocytes (helper cells). The immune system, faced with a virus, mobilizes and begins to produce more and more new “defenders.” Meanwhile, HIV affects them and, accordingly, multiplies even faster. A vicious circle is formed.

The process of reproduction of viral particles is cyclical. At each stage there are more and more of them, and the defense system becomes weaker. A decrease in the concentration of lymphocytes naturally reduces immunity. As a result, the infected person begins to suffer from opportunistic (secondary) infections that he would normally cope with without problems.

It is not HIV itself that is scary, but the consequences of its reproduction. A person dies from concomitant diseases. They are severe, difficult to treat, and recur.

There are several periods during HIV infection:

• incubation – from infection to the first manifestations;
• initial manifestations resembling influenza;
• latent stage – asymptomatic;
• secondary diseases;
• AIDS is a terminal period.

An AIDS diagnosis means that opportunistic infections have become irreversible. The immune system cannot cope with them even with the help of drugs.

Signs of HIV at different stages

Immediately after infection there are no clinical manifestations for 1-6 months. The length of the incubation period depends on the strength of the immune system of the infected person. At this time, HIV is already killing the first T cells, but tests will not help identify the infection - specific antibodies to the retrovirus have not yet formed in the body.

At the stage of primary manifestations, the patient is also often unaware of HIV infection. 30-50% of those infected develop flu-like symptoms:

• fever;
• aching joints;
• dry cough;
• prostration;
• sweating, especially night sweats;
• stool disorder;
• headache.

Within 2-4 weeks, the malaise goes away, and the HIV-infected person considers that he has recovered. Because the symptoms are nonspecific, the person does not seek help.

In half of the cases, the patient develops an exanthema-type rash on the body. They resemble syphilitic or measles rashes. The papular rash may be barely noticeable or purple on dark skin. Peeling does not develop. The rash gradually goes away on its own. Less commonly, HIV causes ulcers in the mouth, groin, and pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin (hemorrhages).

The latent stage can last for decades. T-lymphocytes are slowly decreasing, but there are still no symptoms of pathologies. During this period, HIV can be detected serologically - by antibodies in the blood.

At stage 4, the body is already so weakened that it cannot resist opportunistic infections. They occur in the following forms:

• intestinal;
• with damage to the mucous membranes;
• cutaneous;
• pulmonary;
• with damage to the nervous system.

Women are at higher risk of contracting HIV from a sexual partner than men. Firstly, more sperm is released than vaginal secretions. Secondly, the vaginal mucosa is more susceptible to HIV than the glans penis. Thirdly, it is more difficult for women to perform intimate hygiene than for men. Sperm remains on the vaginal mucosa for a long time and viral particles enter the body with it.

The manifestations of HIV in women and men are generally similar. But representatives of the fair sex often develop candidiasis, cytomegalovirus infection, and genital cancer due to infection. For men, the more typical “skin” form of the pathology is Kaposi’s sarcoma.

HIV rash

Skin rashes with HIV cannot be called either a characteristic or an early sign of infection. They do not always occur in the initial stages. Typically, skin manifestations of HIV infection are a consequence of:

• opportunistic infections;
• allergies to antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs.

HIV-related hives may go away on their own. If the redness is minor, the doctor does not advise changing the ART drug. Antihistamines will help relieve itching. But when the allergy is severe, the medicine is replaced with an analogue.

Skin lesions during opportunistic infections are determined by the pathogen:

• fungi;
• viruses;
• bacteria.

HIV rashes are varied:

• pyodermatitis - skin damage by bacteria;
• dermatomycosis – fungal infections;
• seborrheic dermatitis;
• herpetic (viral) type exanthema and enanthema;
• redness in the form of spots, telangiectasias (vascular networks), hemorrhages with vascular damage;
• oncological neoplasms of the skin.

Pyodermatitis

When immunodeficiency is already pronounced, opportunistic bacteria begin to multiply on the skin: streptococci and staphylococci. Normally, the body's defenses keep these microorganisms under control. But with HIV, pathogenic agents are activated. Characteristic manifestations of pyodermatitis are pustules - pimples with purulent contents, reminiscent of acne.

Strepto- and staphylococci also cause folliculitis (suppuration of hair follicles). HIV-associated are boils, carbuncles, impetigo of the face, chest, and back.

Pyoderma with HIV is persistent and difficult to treat. In infected people, there are 3 types:

• vegetative;
• diffuse;
• chancriform.

Vegetating pyoderma develops in skin folds. Externally, the rash resembles flat condylomas. In the diffuse form, the lesions merge, the skin is bluish, with erosions, purulent crusts, and scales. The rash is usually located in the lumbar area. Chancriform pyoderma is ulcers and erosions on the buttocks, genitals, and in the area of ​​the lower lip. Children under 13 years of age often develop recurrent abscesses.

In complicated cases in HIV-infected people, not only the skin is affected. The muscle layer is destroyed, necrosis and toxemia develop (bacterial toxins enter the blood).

Dermatomycoses

The most common AIDS-associated diseases are fungal skin lesions. Persistent candidiasis is the first sign of decreased immunity. The pathology is caused by Candida. The genital area is affected, near the anus, around the mouth, and in the armpits. First, redness and blisters with purulent-serous contents form. They merge and open with the formation of erosions and cracks with a white coating. Foci of candidal infection are painful and cause a burning sensation. This mycosis affects 85% of patients.

With HIV infection, lichen versicolor can develop.

The causative agent is the Malassezia fungus. A representative of the same species also causes seborrheic dermatitis - peeling of the skin of the face and head, weeping crusts and scabs. Ringworm appears as dry spots the size of a coin. Their surface is flaky, itchy, and covered with scales. Over time, the spots merge, their color changes from pale cream to brown. The process is complicated by folliculitis.

The mold fungus Alternaria provokes Alternaria blight. A single nodule forms on the skin of an arm or leg. At first it is painless, dense, but over time it turns into an abscess. The suppuration opens and forms an ulcer under the purulent crust. The pathology is often associated with leukemia (a form of blood cancer).

Cryptococci, sporotrichs and histoplasma in HIV cause deep mycoses with damage to internal organs. Skin lesions in these fungal infections are nonspecific, polymorphic, and are often accompanied by the appearance of ulcers, fistulas, and areas of necrosis.

Viral rashes

Every 4th HIV-infected patient suffers from herpetic rashes. They are extensive, the blisters merge to form ulcers up to 30-50 cm. The rashes affect not only the face, but also the body, and are very painful. The erosions are bright red, do not heal for a long time, are difficult to treat and are prone to necrotization. Even while taking acyclovir for HIV, complete healing does not occur. Herpes affects not only the skin, but also internal organs.

With AIDS, warts quickly and actively form on the patient's body. This is how human papillomavirus infection manifests itself. Often in HIV-infected people it is associated with herpes. Multiple warts affect the face, limbs, groin area and genitals.

Herpes zoster and chickenpox are more severe in patients with HIV.

The acute period of chickenpox lasts up to several months. After recovery, there is a high risk of relapse. Chickenpox affects not only the skin, but also the mucous membranes.

Skin rashes with herpes zoster are localized along the nerves. The rash is very painful. First, it covers the scalp, face and gradually descends to the body and limbs. The rash itches. It looks variable. First, a viral exanthema (red spots) appears, then blisters and characteristic “pimples” (pustules) filled with purulent contents.

Neoplasms

More than 90% of HIV-infected people under the age of 35 suffer from Kaposi's sarcoma. It is an aggressive malignant tumor of vascular tissue. With Kaposi's sarcoma, dark maroon spots and plaques appear on the body. Red, painless enanthems (spots) initially form on the oral mucosa; gradually they turn into nodes.

Leukoplakia of the tongue is a benign degeneration capable of malignancy. Leukoplakia is an HIV-associated disease. The tongue, mucous membranes of the cheeks and lips are covered with white formations resembling warts. At first, the areas are painless, and there may be a slight burning sensation. Over time, candidiasis or herpes virus infection occurs.

Other types of rashes

If the skin manifestations of HIV infection are associated with vascular damage, multiple vascular networks are formed. Bruises on the patient’s body occur even without physical impact.

HIV infection affects not only the skin and mucous membranes, but also the nails and periungual ridges. Onychia and paronychia develop.

When a nail is damaged, its color and thickness change. The nail becomes dirty, dull, and uneven. The disease is caused by fungi.

Unlike onychia, paronychia can provoke streptococci and staphylococci. First, erythema (redness) appears around the nail, then itching, and when pressing on the finger, pus is released.

Diagnosis of HIV infection

HIV diagnosis is laboratory only. To confirm or refute infection, you need to take a blood test. During the incubation period, HIV can only be detected by PCR.

From the latent stage to the terminal stage, ELISA (immunofluorescence analysis), RIA (radioisotope method), and agglutination reactions are informative. These methods make it possible to detect not the virus itself, but specific antibodies formed in the body when fighting HIV.

Principles of HIV treatment

For HIV and AIDS, they suppress the virus and fight opportunistic infections. As part of antiretroviral therapy, drugs of 2 groups are used:

• reverse transcriptase inhibitors – nucleoside (NRTI) and non-nucleoside (NNRTI);
• protease inhibitors.

These enzymes are involved in the reproduction of viral particles. By suppressing them, you can stop the reproduction of HIV. But resistance to drugs develops, so drugs must be combined. HIV monotherapy is unacceptable; usually the doctor prescribes 3 or 4 drugs from different groups:

• 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (non-nucleoside) + 1 nucleoside;
• 3 NRTIs;
• 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (non-nucleoside) + 1 protease inhibitor.

Antiretroviral therapy is lifelong. The patient should not stop taking the medications, since they only inhibit the replication of HIV. It is impossible to completely rid the body of the virus.

The most commonly prescribed non-nucleoside drugs are:

• Viramune;
• Delavirdine;
• Nevarapine;
• Ifaverints.

Nucleoside agents are used:

• Stavudin;
• Zalcidabine;
• Lamivudine;
• Ziagen.

Protease inhibitors prescribed for HIV:

• Indinavir;
• Ritonavir;
• Amprenavir;
• Lopinavir;
• Tipranavir;
• Nelfinavir.

Not all HIV medications are well tolerated by the body. Side effects in the form of papules and itchy rashes are caused by Viramune, Ziagen, Tipranavir and Amprenavir.

Prevention of HIV and AIDS

Massive educational work is being carried out to prevent HIV infection. It includes sex education for young people, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, and widespread information about the routes of infection and the peculiarities of the course of the pathology. Since there is a risk of infection through medical instruments, increased attention is paid to the training of medical staff. Sanitary and epidemiological norms and rules are being developed, and work with disposable and reusable instruments is regulated.

For the prevention of AIDS, early diagnosis and clinical observation of all HIV-infected people is important. As well as active identification of virus carriers in risk groups. This category includes injection drug addicts, their sexual partners, women of easy virtue, doctors and persons who have received blood transfusions. Pregnant women must be tested for HIV at least 2 times during gestation. ART in infected women reduces the risk of fetal infection from 40% to 2%.

AIDS is incurable.

But by learning about HIV infection in time, a person can extend his life by decades without losing its quality. Today, dozens of AIDS centers are open throughout the country. There you can be tested for HIV anonymously and free of charge! This opportunity should not be neglected. Even people who do not consider themselves at risk are not immune from HIV infection.

The problem of HIV infection is widespread throughout the world today. This disease is incurable, so a particularly important method of combating it is timely diagnosis and the appointment of adequate treatment. One of the main signs is the presence of specific rashes in patients.

Types of HIV rashes

Skin rashes associated with HIV appear in the earliest stages and are a significant symptom that allows one to suspect this disease.

Fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes

Distinctive signs of HIV are: rapid appearance of lesions over large areas of the body, spread to the scalp, resistance to treatment, severity, reappearance after treatment.

There are 3 forms:

• rubrophytia– a disease manifested in the formation of the following elements on the skin: exudative erythema, seborrheic dermatitis, keratoderma of the palms and soles, etc. It can be represented by one or more of the signs described above.
• pityriasis versicolor– in HIV-infected people it occurs in the form of a rash, represented by red spots approximately 2-4 cm in diameter, turning into pustules and plaques.
• candidiasis of the mucous membranes. The peculiarity lies in the damage to organs that are atypical for healthy people - the trachea, bronchi, genitourinary tract, genitals, and oral cavity. They cannot be cured with conventional antifungal agents; relapses and secondary infections often occur.

Viral lesions, mainly of the mucous membranes

• herpes simplex and herpes zoster. Often manifests itself in the oral cavity, genitals, and anal area. It is difficult to cure and tends to reappear. Severe and painful course, elements of the rash almost always ulcerate.
• molluscum contagiosum– appears on the face, especially often on the skin of the forehead and cheeks, has the appearance of reddish nodules with an indentation at the top.
• hairy leukoplakia– usually occurs in the oral cavity, indicating a severe weakening of the immune system.
• genital papillomas and condylomas, common warts - form on the genitals and in the anal area.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma – is a malignant vascular tumor that can affect internal organs or skin. It looks like red-violet spots, initially small in size. Later they merge, forming a dense conglomerate that affects nearby tissues and lymph nodes.

The disease develops very quickly and mainly affects young people. It is one of the pathognomonic (indicative) symptoms of HIV infection.

Purulent skin lesions or pyodermatitis

They occur like juvenile acne and are resistant to any treatment. Characterized by streptococcal infection.

Distinctive features of HIV rash

The course of a rash in the presence of HIV infection in the body has a number of distinctive features:

1. Generalization of the process– spread of the rash over large areas of the body or over several areas (for example, the head, neck and back).
2. Rapid appearance of rash elements(can develop in several areas within 5-7 days).
3. Severe clinical course(pain, there may be a high temperature), frequent ulceration of the primary elements of the rash, the addition of a secondary infection (formation of pustules).

It does not respond well to standard therapy (antifungal, antiviral) and requires the prescription of potent drugs from the same group. Relapses almost always occur after treatment.

Stages of HIV infection

HIV infection occurs in several stages:

Incubation period

From the moment the virus enters the bloodstream until the first clinical signs appear in the body. It can last on average from 2 weeks to 1 month. At this time, the virus multiplies in the human body.

Appearance of the first clinical signs

Follows the incubation period. The virus accumulates in sufficient quantities, which is accompanied by the release of antibodies to it and the body’s reaction to it.

Divided into 3 stages:

• 2A – acute febrile stage– in its manifestation it is similar to a cold: weakness, malaise occurs, body temperature rises, and lymph nodes enlarge in many parts of the body. After 1-2 weeks, these signs disappear.
• 2B – asymptomatic stage– characterized by the complete absence of any clinical symptoms. Most often it lasts several years.
• 2B – stage of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy– there is a gradual multiplication and accumulation of the virus in the body and damage to cells of the immune system (lymphocytes). This stage manifests itself in frequent infectious diseases - pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia. It is at this stage that the first rashes, especially of a fungal and viral nature, may appear. A special feature of this period is that all infectious diseases respond well to treatment with standard drugs. If HIV infection is diagnosed at this stage and therapy is started in a timely manner, the stage can last 10-15 years.

Progression of lymphadenopathy

Infectious diseases become persistent, are more severe and difficult to treat. At this stage, candidiasis of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and herpes lesions of the genital organs often occur, that is, those diseases that are extremely rare in people with a healthy immune system. There is a loss of body weight, and diarrhea often occurs, which cannot be controlled with medication and lasts more than one month. The rashes at this stage also become generalized.

Terminal stage

The duration of the stages may differ from the average and depends on the patient’s lifestyle and the state of his immunity. Timely treatment can significantly delay the stage of AIDS; early diagnosis plays a big role in this.

Associated HIV symptoms

Upon penetration into the body, the virus attacks the cells of the immune system (T-lymphocytes), which leads to disruption of their functioning, weakening of the immune system and the appearance of concomitant HIV diseases. The following symptoms may indicate that a person has HIV infection:

1. Fungal diseases, especially if they appear in organs that are atypical for a healthy person, for example, Pneumocystis pneumonia, genitourinary candidiasis. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection of the brain, is a significant sign of HIV infection. This group also includes fungal skin infections.
2. Frequent viral infections- for example, herpes simplex and herpes zoster with a frequency of occurrence more than once every six months, especially if it is localized on the genitals or in the oral cavity.
3. Malignant diseases– Kaposi’s sarcoma occupies a special place among them and is an important symptom of HIV infection.
4. Bacterial infections– extrapulmonary tuberculosis, secondary lesions due to herpes and candidiasis (usually streptococcal).

What to do if a rash and signs of HIV appear?

The appearance of a rash on the body (especially a widespread one, affecting several areas, difficult to treat and prone to relapse) and signs of HIV (frequent infections, especially fungal and viral lesions) do not necessarily mean infection with the virus, but are often a symptom accompanying HIV and require discovery of the cause occurrence.

The initial method for all applicants is ELISA; according to indications (positive and false-positive results), the following stages are assigned (blotting, PCR), any test is carried out without disclosing information about the patient’s data. If a virus is detected, the patient is given recommendations and referrals to specialists.

Summarizing the above, we can say that although today HIV infection is not completely curable, however, with its early diagnosis and timely treatment, the patient has a significant chance to live for decades. Therefore, if the signs and symptoms described in the article appear, you should immediately be tested for the presence of the virus in the blood. In no case should you leave things to chance; the later the disease is discovered and therapy is started, the worse the patient’s prognosis.

The human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the group of retroviruses and provokes the development of HIV infection. This disease can occur in several stages, each of which differs in clinical picture and intensity of manifestations.

Stages of HIV

Stages of development of HIV infection:

• incubation period;
• primary manifestations are acute infection, asymptomatic and generalized lymphadenopathy;
• secondary manifestations - persistent damage to internal organs, damage to the skin and mucous membranes, generalized diseases;
• terminal stage.

According to statistics, HIV infection is most often diagnosed at the stage of secondary manifestations and this is due to the fact that the symptoms of HIV become pronounced and begin to bother the patient during this period of the disease.

At the first stage of development of HIV infection, certain symptoms may also be present, but they, as a rule, are mild, the clinical picture is blurred, and the patients themselves do not turn to doctors for such “little things.” But there is one more nuance - even if a patient seeks qualified medical help at the first stage of HIV infection, specialists may not diagnose the pathology. Moreover, at this stage of development of the disease in question, the symptoms will be the same in men and women - this often confuses doctors. And only at the secondary stage is it quite possible to hear the diagnosis of HIV infection, and the symptoms will be individual for males and females.

How long does it take for HIV to appear?

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The first signs of HIV infection go unnoticed, but they are there. And they appear on average from 3 weeks to 3 months after infection. A longer period is also possible.

Signs of secondary manifestations of the disease in question may also appear only many years after contracting HIV infection, but manifestations may also occur as early as 4-6 months from the moment of infection.

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After a person becomes infected with HIV, no symptoms or even small hints of the development of any pathology are observed for a long time. It is precisely this period that is called incubation; it can last, in accordance with the classification of V.I. Pokrovsky, from 3 weeks to 3 months.

No examinations or laboratory tests of biomaterials (serological, immunological, hematological tests) will help identify HIV infection, and the infected person himself does not look sick at all. But it is the incubation period, without any manifestations, that poses a particular danger - a person serves as a source of infection.

Some time after infection, the patient enters an acute phase of the disease - the clinical picture during this period may become a reason for diagnosing HIV infection as “questionable”.

The first manifestations of HIV infection in the acute phase of its course strongly resemble the symptoms of mononucleosis. They appear on average from 3 weeks to 3 months from the moment of infection. These include:

When examining a patient, a doctor can determine a slight increase in the size of the spleen and liver - the patient, by the way, may also complain of periodic pain in the right hypochondrium. The patient's skin may be covered with a small rash - pale pink spots that do not have clear boundaries. Often there are complaints from infected people about long-term bowel dysfunction - they are tormented by diarrhea, which is not relieved even by specific medications and changes in diet.

Please note: during this course of the acute phase of HIV infection, increased numbers of lymphocytes/leukocytes and atypical mononuclear cells will be detected in the blood.

The above-described signs of the acute phase of the disease in question can be observed in 30% of patients. Another 30-40% of patients experience an acute phase in the development of serous meningitis or encephalitis - the symptoms will be radically different from those already described: nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature to critical levels, severe headache.

Often the first symptom of HIV infection is esophagitis - an inflammatory process in the esophagus, which is characterized by difficulty swallowing and pain in the chest area.

Whatever the form of the acute phase of HIV infection, after 30-60 days all symptoms disappear - often the patient thinks that he has been completely cured, especially if this period of pathology was practically asymptomatic or their intensity was low (and this can also be ).

During this stage of the disease in question, there are no symptoms - the patient feels great and does not consider it necessary to appear at a medical facility for a preventive examination. But it is at the asymptomatic stage that antibodies to HIV can be detected in the blood! This makes it possible to diagnose pathology at one of the early stages of development and begin adequate, effective treatment.

The asymptomatic stage of HIV infection can last several years, but only if the patient’s immune system has not been significantly damaged. The statistics are quite contradictory - only 30% of patients within 5 years after the asymptomatic course of HIV infection begin to experience symptoms of the following stages, but in some infected people the asymptomatic stage progresses rapidly, lasting no more than 30 days.

This stage is characterized by an increase in almost all groups of lymph nodes; this process does not affect only the inguinal lymph nodes. It is noteworthy that it is generalized lymphadenopathy that can become the main symptom of HIV infection if all previous stages of development of the disease in question occurred without any manifestations.

Lymphozules increase by 1-5 cm, remain mobile and painless, and the surface of the skin above them has absolutely no signs of a pathological process. But with such a pronounced symptom as enlarged groups of lymph nodes, the standard causes of this phenomenon are excluded. And here, too, lies the danger - some doctors classify lymphadenopathy as difficult to explain.

The stage of generalized lymphadenopathy lasts 3 months, about 2 months after the start of the stage the patient begins to lose weight.

Secondary manifestations

It often happens that it is the secondary manifestations of HIV infection that serve as the basis for high-quality diagnosis. Secondary manifestations include:

The patient notices a sudden increase in body temperature, he develops a dry, obsessive cough, which eventually turns into a wet one. The patient develops intense shortness of breath with minimal physical activity, and the patient's general condition rapidly deteriorates. Therapy carried out using antibacterial drugs (antibiotics) does not produce a positive effect.

Generalized infection

These include herpes, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and candidiasis. Most often, these infections affect women and, against the background of the human immunodeficiency virus, they are extremely severe.

Kaposi's sarcoma

This is a neoplasm/tumor that develops from lymphatic vessels. More often diagnosed in men, it has the appearance of multiple tumors of a characteristic cherry color located on the head, torso and in the oral cavity.

Damage to the central nervous system

At first, this manifests itself only as minor problems with memory and decreased concentration. But as the pathology progresses, the patient develops dementia.

Features of the first signs of HIV infection in women

If a woman is infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, then secondary symptoms will most likely manifest themselves in the form of development and progression of generalized infections - herpes, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus infection, tuberculosis.

Often, secondary manifestations of HIV infection begin with a banal menstrual cycle disorder; inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs, for example, salpingitis, can develop. Oncological diseases of the cervix - carcinoma or dysplasia - are also often diagnosed.

Features of HIV infection in children

Children who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus during pregnancy (in utero from the mother) have some features in the course of the disease. Firstly, the disease begins its development at 4-6 months of life. Secondly, the earliest and main symptom of HIV infection during intrauterine infection is considered to be a disorder of the central nervous system - the baby lags behind his peers in physical and mental development. Thirdly, children with the human immunodeficiency virus are susceptible to the progression of digestive system disorders and the appearance of purulent diseases.

The human immunodeficiency virus is still an unexplored disease - too many questions arise both during diagnosis and treatment. But doctors say that only patients themselves can detect HIV infection at an early stage - they are the ones who must closely monitor their health and periodically undergo preventive examinations. Even if the symptoms of HIV infection are hidden, the disease develops - only a timely test analysis will help save the patient’s life for several years.

Answers to popular questions about HIV

Due to the large number of requests from our readers, we decided to group the most common questions and answers to them in one section.

Signs of HIV infection appear approximately 3 weeks to 3 months after dangerous contact. An increase in temperature, sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes in the first days after infection may indicate any pathology other than the human immunodeficiency virus. During this period (doctors call it incubation), not only are there no symptoms of HIV, but in-depth laboratory blood tests will not give a positive result.

Yes, unfortunately, this is rare, but it does happen (in about 30% of cases): a person does not notice any characteristic symptoms during the acute phase, and then the disease goes into the latent phase (this is, in fact, an asymptomatic course for about 8 - 10 years ).

Most modern screening tests are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - this is the “gold standard” for diagnosis, and an accurate result can be counted on no earlier than 3 to 6 months after infection. Therefore, the test must be taken twice: 3 months after possible infection and then another 3 months later.

Firstly, you need to take into account the period that has passed since the potentially dangerous contact - if less than 3 weeks have passed, then these symptoms may indicate a common cold.

Secondly, if more than 3 weeks have already passed since the possible infection, then you should not stress yourself out - just wait and 3 months after the dangerous contact undergo a specific examination.

Thirdly, increased body temperature and enlarged lymph nodes are not “classic” signs of HIV infection! Often the first manifestations of the disease are expressed by pain in the chest and a burning sensation in the esophagus, stool disturbances (the person is bothered by frequent diarrhea), and a pale pink rash on the skin.

The risk of contracting HIV infection through oral sex is minimized. The fact is that the virus does not survive in the environment, so in order to be infected orally, two conditions must come together: there are wounds/abrasions on the partner’s penis and wounds/abrasions in the partner’s mouth. But even these circumstances do not in every case lead to HIV infection. For your own peace of mind, you need to take a specific HIV test 3 months after dangerous contact and undergo a “control” examination after another 3 months.

There are a number of medications that are used for post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Unfortunately, they are not available for sale, so you will have to go to an appointment with a therapist and explain the situation. There is no guarantee that such measures will 100% prevent the development of HIV infection, but experts say that taking such medications is quite advisable - the risk of developing the human immunodeficiency virus is reduced by 70-75%.

If there is no opportunity (or courage) to consult a doctor with a similar problem, then there is only one thing left to do - wait. You will need to wait 3 months, then undergo an HIV test, and even if the result is negative, you should take a control test after another 3 months.

No you can not! The human immunodeficiency virus does not survive in the environment, therefore, with people who are classified as HIV-positive, you can without hesitation share dishes, bed linen, and visit the pool and sauna.

There are risks of infection, but they are quite small. So, with a single vaginal sexual intercourse without a condom, the risk is 0.01 - 0.15%. With oral sex, the risks range from 0.005 to 0.01%, with anal sex - from 0.065 to 0.5%. These statistics are provided in the clinical protocols for the WHO European Region for HIV/AIDS treatment and care (page 523).

Cases have been described in medicine where married couples, where one of the spouses was HIV-infected, lived sexually without using condoms for several years, and the second spouse remained healthy.

If a condom was used during sexual intercourse, it was used according to instructions and remained intact, then the risk of becoming infected with HIV is minimized. If, 3 or more months after the questionable contact, symptoms reminiscent of HIV infection appear, then you just need to consult a therapist. An increase in temperature and enlarged lymph nodes may indicate the development of acute respiratory viral infections and other diseases. For your own peace of mind, you should get tested for HIV.

To answer this question, you need to know at what time and how many times such an analysis was taken:

• a negative result in the first 3 months after dangerous contact cannot be accurate; doctors talk about a false negative result;
• a negative HIV test response after 3 months from the moment of dangerous contact - most likely the person being examined is not infected, but another test must be done 3 months after the first for control;
• negative HIV test response 6 months or more after dangerous contact - the subject is not infected.

The risks in this case are extremely small - the virus quickly dies in the environment, therefore, even if the blood of an infected person remains on the needle, it is almost impossible to become infected with HIV by being injured by such a needle. There cannot be a virus in dried biological fluid (blood). However, after 3 months, and then again - after another 3 months - it is still worth taking an HIV test.

Tsygankova Yana Aleksandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category.