Accounting. The concept of accounting accounts and their purpose Double entry in accounts and its meaning

The organization's funds are constantly involved in production activities. For the management of an organization, it is necessary to know what funds it has, from what sources they were obtained, and for what purpose they are intended.

The balance sheet is a method of economic grouping of an organization's property according to its composition, location and sources of its formation in monetary value as of a certain date.

In terms of the economic content of property, the balance sheet is a combination of tangible and intangible assets, financial assets and cash. Equality is always observed, the total of the balance sheet asset is equal to the total of the balance sheet liability and is called the balance sheet currency. This equality follows from the fact that assets and liabilities reflect the same funds, but grouped according to different characteristics.

The balance sheet can be presented in the form of a table in which the organization’s economic assets are grouped by composition, location (asset) and by sources of education (liability).

The balance is presented in the form of a two-sided table, which is the most common. However, the balance sheet can also be presented in the form of a one-sided table, in which asset items are placed first, and then liabilities.

In Russia, the form of the balance sheet is developed by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and is advisory in nature - organizations can supplement, reduce and modify it.

I Non-current assets;

II Current assets.

In the liabilities side of the balance sheet, the sources of property formation are grouped into three sections:

III Capital and reserves;

IV Long-term liabilities;

V Short-term liabilities.

In each of these five sections, separate lines called balance sheet items reflect the corresponding types of economic assets and the sources of their formation, indicated in the classifications of economic assets by composition and nature of use and by sources of formation and intended purpose.

4. The concept of accounting accounts, their structure and purpose.

An accounting account is the main unit of information storage, which, after summarizing all accounting information, is necessary for making management decisions.

Accounting accounts are a method of current interconnected reflection and grouping of property by composition and location, by the sources of its formation, as well as business transactions according to qualitatively homogeneous characteristics, expressed in monetary, natural and labor measures.

For each type of property, liability and operation, separate accounts are opened with its own name and digital number (code), which correspond to each balance sheet item, For example, 01 “Fixed assets”, 04 “Intangible assets”, 10 “Materials”, 20 “Fixed assets”, 50 “Cash”, 51 “Cash accounts” 52 “Currency accounts”, 75 “Settlements with founders”, 99 “Profit and losses", 80 "Authorized capital", etc.

Each account is a two-sided table: the left side of the account is debit (from the Latin “should”), the right side is credit (from the Latin “believes”). For some accounts, debit means an increase, credit means a decrease, and for others, on the contrary, debit means a decrease, and credit means an increase.

Depending on the content, accounting accounts are divided into active, passive and active-passive.

Accounts are active by:

Economic content, i.e. These are those accounts that are intended to account for property by availability, composition and location;

Balance sheet, i.e. when accounts (items) are located in the active part of the balance sheet;

Balance (remaining), i.e. if accounts have a debit balance.

Accounts are considered passive by:

Economic content, i.e. when accounts reflect the accounting of property according to the sources of its formation;

Balance sheet, i.e. if accounts (items) are located in the passive part of the balance sheet;

Balance, i.e. those accounts that have a credit balance.

In addition to active and passive accounts, in accounting practice, active-passive accounts are used, which can have a debit or credit balance at the same time.

If one balance is displayed for an active-passive account, then it is effective and shows the final result from opposite operations. For example, in account 99 “Profit and Loss” both profits and losses are reflected, but at the end of the month the final financial result is displayed - profit (if the balance is credit) or loss (if the balance is debit).

In some cases, the effective balance cannot be displayed in active-liability accounts; this happens when the operating balance distorts accounting indicators. For example, account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” could replace two accounts: “Settlements with debtors” - an active account and “Settlements with creditors” - a passive account.

The need to take into account these calculations on one account is explained by the constant change in mutual settlements; a debtor can become a creditor and vice versa, and it is impractical to split this account into two separate ones.

The book is intended for those who need to learn how to use accounting accounts in a short time. Using examples of accounting entries, the entire process of an organization’s economic activity can be easily traced: from the receipt of goods, works (services) to their implementation, from primary documentation to reporting. Accounting entries are given for each operation in a complete form, so their logical chain and sequence are visible, which greatly facilitates the process of mastering the subject. The 3rd edition has been completely updated, new examples have appeared, and the material has been brought into compliance with current legislation. The book will be useful to novice accountants and students of economics.

A series: Accountant and auditor

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The given introductory fragment of the book All about accounting accounts (3rd edition) (L. N. Minaeva, 2015) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

How to work with accounting accounts

3.1. Accounting accounts

Accounting accounts are a brilliant invention of mankind.

The use of accounts in accounting allows, despite the diversity of business transactions in various organizations, to unify accounting and bring it to uniform indicators in the balance sheet of the enterprise.

When working with accounting accounts, double entry is used, i.e., each transaction is reflected in the debit of one account and the credit of another account.

This makes it possible to describe all operations according to accounting rules in the journal of business transactions, calculate the balance sheet and display account balances at the end of the reporting period in the enterprise’s balance sheet.

The rules for using accounting accounts are defined and uniform for all users. They resemble the rules of a chess game. Before playing a game of chess, we study the moves. Each figure moves differently. These moves were originally determined by the creators of this exciting game. And we all need to learn these moves in order to use them later during the game. The situation is similar with accounting accounts.

The rules for using accounts are defined initially. They are described in the “Instructions for using the chart of accounts”. We have to study these rules: in what situations each account is applied and how it behaves in the future.

In order to better understand and quickly learn to work with accounting accounts, we will try not to simplify this science and treat each account as the only one and unique. We have to get acquainted with each account, study its behavior, since each of them has its own purpose.

When describing a business transaction, we will use only those accounts that are intended for this purpose according to the rules for their use.

If we look at a typical chart of accounts, we can count about 70 accounts. In practice, not all accounts are used, so first of all, when setting up accounting, it is necessary to draw up a working chart of accounts for a given organization. On average, this figure does not exceed 40.

As an illustration in Chap. 2 shows examples of a working chart of accounts for organizations:

LLC "Vector-1" (trade);

LLC "Vector-2" (production, services).

Accounting in any organization begins with the processing of primary documentation and ends with a report. At each stage of production, entries are made using ledger accounts. To avoid getting lost in the complex jungle of accounting, we will constantly use this table:

3.2. Rules (schemes) for the operation of accounting accounts

When using accounts we will use the following schemes:

By following the entries in the business transactions journal, we will gradually become familiar with the remaining accounts and understand how each account behaves depending on the nature of the transaction performed.

Each business transaction is reflected in two accounts: the debit of one account and the credit of another account - this is an accounting entry.

Please note that accounting reflects not only the fact of payment, but also the moment of accrual (accrued - transferred, issued), as well as the moment of receipt of goods or services (recorded - paid).

At the end of each month, we have to sum up the results, i.e. calculate revenue, allocate VAT on it, write off costs and determine profit. Costs until they are written off to cost will be generated in accounts 44 “Sale expenses” (trade) or 20 “Main production” (production, services), and at the end of the month we will write them off to account 90.2 “Cost of sales”.

In trade at cost, we will also write off the cost of goods sold (account 41). The cost of goods sold can be written off either at the time of shipment or at the end of the month in one entry. It depends on how the organization provides accounting for goods.

Now let’s see how the various facts of the organization’s economic activities will be described.

3.3. Accounting policy of the organization. Moment of revenue recognition. Maintaining a journal of business transactions

In our example, the moment of revenue recognition for accounting and tax accounting is taken on an accrual basis (based on shipment). This means that accounting revenue is recognized at the time the goods are shipped; Revenue for tax purposes is also recognized at the time of shipment of goods.

It must be remembered that revenue for accounting is always recognized on an accrual basis, and revenue for tax accounting can be accepted both on an accrual basis (for shipment) and on a cash basis (for payment). This means that taxes on profits will be charged to the budget depending on the moment of recognition of revenue for tax accounting, and VAT – according to accrual (since 2006).

Let’s imagine that after processing the primary documentation, we have created 5 folders:

"Cash register";

"Purchases";

"Sales";

"Wage".

Now you have to enter all transactions from the primary documentation into the business transactions journal. At this stage, you will already work as a chief accountant, i.e. you must, like every chief accountant of the company:

1. Be able to use the chart of accounts for accounting.

2. Clearly represent and always remember the accounting policies of the organization.

3. Know what is coming at the end of the month:

Allocate VAT on revenue, deal with the VAT budget;

Write off costs to cost;

Determine profit from core activities and other income and expenses;

At the end of the year, accrue dividends, withhold tax on dividends, close sales accounts and other income and expense accounts.

You should always remember: if an organization is a VAT payer, then along with the usual accounting entries there will always be a VAT entry.

Now, armed with all this knowledge, let's start filling out the business transactions journal. We will enter operations in the following sequence:

Purchases;

Sales;

Wage.

Let’s log all transactions from the “Bank” folder:

Let's log all transactions from the "Cash" folder:

Let’s log all transactions from the “Purchases” folder:

Let’s log all transactions from the “Sales” folder:

Let’s log all transactions from the “Salaries” folder:

Let's enter into the journal the calculations for calculating depreciation of fixed assets:

Let’s summarize the results of the month and enter the calculations in the “Results” journal:

At the end of the quarter, we will calculate property tax and profit tax:

At the end of the year, after drawing up the annual balance sheet (“December 32”), we will close accounts 90, 91, 99:

At the end of the year, you can also accrue dividends based on the minutes of the founders’ meeting (in a closed joint stock company - based on the results of the quarter):

Pay attention to how accounts 90 “Sales” and 91 “Other income and expenses” work!

Account 90 “Sales”

Account 91 “Other income and expenses”

So, at the end of each month we sum up the results of our activities and determine the financial result (profit or loss) from the main activity (account 90.9) and the result from other income and expenses (account 91.9). All profit (loss) received for the current month is collected on account 99.1.

At the end of the year, we can use the profit received for dividends, for the formation of funds, etc., and the remaining undistributed profit of the year when reforming the balance sheet (closing accounts) is attributed to the profit of previous years (account 84).

3.4. Organization of separate accounting. Analytical accounting accounts

If an organization carries out several types of activities or one type of activity, but it falls under different tax regimes (Traditional + UTII, simplified tax system + UTII, etc.), then the need arises to maintain separate accounting.

To maintain separate accounting you must:

1. Create sub-accounts for each type of activity:

2. All expenses that relate to all types of activities and that cannot be divided (rent, etc.) are recorded in account 26 “General business expenses.” At the end of the month, these expenses are written off to cost accounts (20.1; 20.2; 44.1) in proportion to revenue.

3. In Form 2 “Profit and Loss Statements” the total value is indicated (in trade only commercial expenses are allocated, account 44).

4. For operational management accounting, you can keep profit records separately for each type of activity (accounts 99.11; 99.12; 99.13, etc.).

When maintaining accounting records, it may be necessary to maintain analytical accounting. In this case, analytical accounts are used, for example, supplier accounts (60.1; 60.2; 60.3, etc.), buyer accounts (62.11; 62.12; 62.13, etc.).

If the requirement to maintain separate accounting is mandatory under different tax regimes, then the organization maintains analytical accounting at its own discretion (to the extent that analytical accounting is necessary for the organization itself). It is mandatory to maintain analytical records of settlement accounts with the budget and funds (68.1; 68.2; 68.4; 68.5; 69.1; 69.2; 69.3, etc.), settlements with accountable persons (71.1; 71.2, etc.).

In production, if there are several workshops, analytical accounts are also used (20.1; 20.2; 20.3, etc.). All general production expenses are charged to account 25 “General production expenses”; all general business expenses are charged to account 26 “General business expenses”, which at the end of the month are written off to cost accounts (20.1; 20.2; 20.3, etc.) in proportion to revenue. The use of analytical accounts in accounting must be reflected in the accounting policies of the organization.

Now let’s look at an example of what the final version of the journal of business transactions looks like in the wholesale trade organization of Vector-1 LLC.

3.5. Log of business transactions for the fourth quarter of 2014

3.6. Calculation of the balance sheet

After filling out the business transactions journal, we calculate the balance sheet.

Let's enter account balances at the beginning of the month.

We determine the total amounts (turnovers) for the month for each account from the business transactions journal: first by debit, then by credit, not forgetting to put a little mark next to each account.

Let's sum up the debit and credit: they should be the same.

We determine the balances for each account at the end of the month. Let's sum up the debit and credit: they should also be the same.

Otherwise, we are looking for an error.

To better understand the meaning and principle of calculating the balance sheet, you need to know that all accounting accounts are divided into active And passive(there are also active-passive accounts).

Active accounts in balances (balances) are always reflected in debit. Active accounts reflect property, cash and our debtors (who owes us). Accounts: 01, 04, 10, 41, 44, 50, 51, 62.1, etc. Passive accounts in balances (balances) are always reflected on the loan.

Passive accounts reflect the sources of our assets. These are capital accounts (80, 82, 83), creditors' accounts (60, 68, 69, 70) and profit accounts (99, 84).

The balance at the end of the month is determined as follows:

S – BEFORE START. (D) + REVOLUTION (D) – REVOLUTION (K) =

C – TO THE END. (D) – active accounts;

S – BEFORE START. (K)+ REVOLUTION (K) – REVOLUTION (D) =

C – TO THE END. (K) – passive accounts.

THE CONCEPT OF ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTS

Control over business transactions is carried out using a system of accounting accounts. An accounting account is a way of grouping and reflecting the state and flow of funds of an enterprise. Accounts are opened for each homogeneous type of property in accordance with the classification of accounting objects - accounts “Cash”, “Authorized capital”, etc.

Accounts serve for separate accounting of the enterprise's economic assets and their sources and economic processes, which are grouped according to a certain criterion. Each balance sheet item corresponds to an accounting account with a name and a digital code - the account number (in records, instead of the name of the account, its code is indicated, which speeds up accounting).

The account has the form of a two-sided table showing the status of funds of a certain type and the business transactions carried out with it. The left side of the account is called debit– translated from Latin this means “he must”, the right one is called loan– translated from Latin this means “he believes.”

In connection with the division of the balance sheet into assets and liabilities, active and passive accounts are distinguished. Active accounts take into account the property of the enterprise, passive accounts take into account liability accounts, they are intended to account for the sources of formation of economic funds.

The information is entered into the account as follows. The entry begins by indicating the initial balance. At the beginning of the reporting period (month) or as necessary, an account is opened - it is written into it from the balance sheet balance(balance at the beginning of period). The balance is recorded on the side of the account on which the corresponding item appears in the bilateral balance sheet form. In active accounts, i.e. those in the asset balance, the balance is debit, and in passive accounts it is credit.

After opening an account, business transactions that are carried out with the group of funds corresponding to this account are recorded in it. Business transactions are recorded throughout the reporting period, and accounts are closed at the end of the reporting period.

What means " close an account"? This means calculating the account's debit turnover and credit turnover separately, and then displaying a new balance, which is called the final balance. In this case, the ending balance for a given period becomes the initial balance for the next one.

However, the presence of a balance is not typical for all accounts.

The purpose of the sides of the accounts (debit and credit) depends on whether the account is active or passive.

The difference is on which side of the account the balance is recorded. Transactions that increase the account are recorded on the same side as the opening balance, and transactions that cause the account to decrease are recorded on the opposite side. Closing balance- this is the result of adding the initial balance and the sum of all transactions that caused an increase in the account, minus the amount of transactions that resulted in a decrease in funds.

The amount of business transactions recorded in debit is called debit turnover (debit turnover). Loan turnover (credit turnover) is the sum of transactions recorded on the credit account.

In addition to these accounts, there are accounts that simultaneously reflect the property of the enterprise and the sources of its formation. These are the so-called active-passive accounts.

There are two types of active-passive accounts: with a one-sided balance (debit or credit) and with a two-sided balance - debit and credit at the same time. An example of an account with a one-sided balance is the “Profit and Loss” account.

If income exceeds expenses, then the difference between them gives profit, so the account balance will be a credit one (profit is the source of property formation and is reflected in the liability side of the balance sheet). If income is less than expenses, then the difference between them represents a loss, and the account balance will be a debit.

An example of an active-passive account with a bilateral expanded balance is the account “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”. The debit balance of this account is accounts receivable, and the credit balance is accounts payable. Settlements with debtors and creditors are combined on one account so as not to open different accounts for organizations and institutions that can be either debtors or creditors.

In this account, debit entries can mean either an increase in accounts receivable or a decrease in accounts payable.